American History 美国历史
American History
美国历史
美国全称美利坚合众国（英语：United States of America），原为英国殖民地，后因种种因素逐渐兴起而成为一个强大的国家。
北美洲原始居民为印第安人。
16-18世纪，正在进行资本原始积累的西欧各国相继入侵北美洲。
到了十八世纪中期，在北美大西洋沿岸建立了十三块殖民地，殖民地的经济，文化，政治相对成熟。
但是殖民地与英国之间产生了裂痕，英国继续对北美地区采取高压政策，引起了北美地区居民强烈不满。
从1776年到1783年，北美十三州在华盛顿领导下取得了独立战争的胜利。
美国正式诞生，先后制定了一系列民主政治的法令。
逐步成为一个完全独立的民族主权国家。
美国独立后积极进行领土扩展，美国领土逐渐由大西洋沿岸扩张到太平洋沿岸。
经济发生了显著变化，北部、南部经济沿着不同方向发展。
南北矛盾日益加重。
1861年4月至1865年4月，美国南方与北方之间进行的战争，又称美国内战。
最终是北方领导的资产阶级获胜统一全国。
1865年开始了重建时期，逐步废除奴隶制，1877年，南部进行民主重建，制订了民主的进步法令，标志着民主重建的结束。
后来美国完成了工业革命，经济实力大增，两次世界大战奠定了美国在资本主义世界中霸主的地位。
冷战开始后和苏联平分天下。
冷战结束后，美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国。
但是二十世纪八十年代年美国经济情况仍较平稳。
进入90年代，美国计算机产业发展迅速，并带动全球的高科技信息产业，开拓了新一代的产业革命。
American History 英美概况美国历史
American History➢I. America in the colonial era➢II. The War of Independence➢III. The Civil War➢IV. America during the two World WarsI. America in the colonial era➢Who were the very first Americans?➢Who was the first one discovering the new continent?➢After whom was the new continent named?I. America in the colonial era➢1.The very first Americans were Indians.●They created their civilization, known as Maya civilization, dominating Mexico and Central America from 4th to the 10th centuries.●They were the descendants of the Mongoloid (蒙古人种的) people in Asia.●About 20,000 years ago, they traveled to the North American continent across the Bering Strait (白令海峡).➢2. Christopher Columbus is believed to have discovered America.●In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, he believed he had reached India and called the natives Indians.➢In 1500, Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, also under the Spanish flag, drew the conclusion that what he found was a new continent.3. The establishment of colonies➢Since the America was found, the Spanish established many colonies: Florida, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.➢In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy，which put England in a better position to provide support for its New World colonies.3. The establishment of colonies➢Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.➢These 13 colonies were established in different patterns:●crown colonies ( 直辖殖民地),●proprietary colonies ( 业主殖民地),●charter colonies ( 特许公司殖民地),●self-governing or compact colonies ( 自治殖民地或契约殖民地).➢1) The first successful English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607.➢2) In 1620, a group of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth, and built the New Plymouth colony in New England. These Pilgrims drew up the epoch-making Mayflower Compact (五月花契约), which was signed by all adult males on the ship.3. The establishment of colonies➢3) From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. ➢Plymouth remained a separate colony until 1691 when it was combined with Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritans➢People who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England.➢"Puritan" refers to two distinct groups:➢"separating" Puritans, radical Protestants, such as the Plymouth colonists, the pilgrims, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; and➢“non-separating” Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed inreform but not separation.Puritans➢(1) Puritans believed that God had set special duties for everyone to carry out.➢(2) These puritans were well known for their spirit of enterprise and high standard of morality.➢(3) Puritans advocated thriftiness in doing things and rejected all church rituals. They demanded equality and opposed all priestly hierarchy.Puritans➢(4) They believed it was noble to protect human rights in their pursuit of wealth.➢(5) Puritans placed great importance on education and founded Harvard College in 1636. Most of the Puritans were well-educated and wealthy.Puritans3. The establishment of colonies➢4) The Rhode Island Colony was founded by dissenters pushed out of Massachusetts.➢5) The other four colonies: the Connecticut Colony, the New Hampshire colony, Maine, Vermont comprises the region, known as New England.3. The establishment of colonies➢The New Englanders, despite their differences, mostly belong to the Puritan group in religion. Their values include the belief in hard work, thriftiness, accumulation of wealth, self-government, acquisitiveness, and Puritanic morality. Their culture laid the foundation of American values and became the American mainstream culture. And New England has been regarded as the cradle of American democracy.3. The establishment of colonies➢6) New York and New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch while Delaware was founded by the Swedish. These three colonies were later taken over by the English Crown as crown colonies.3. The establishment of colonies➢7) Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. Pen n set up a colony, Pennsylvania, meaning “Penn’s wood”. He adopted a tolerant policy which welcomed any settlers who read the Bible and believed in God. Pennsylvania later played an active role in fighting for America’s independence and against the slave s ystem in the South.3. The establishment of colonies➢8) The other colonies were Maryland, South and North Carolinas, and Georgia.➢So, by 1773, English settlers had occupied 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast.4. Features of American culture:➢1) a blending of European cultures under new circumstances in the New World➢2) less formal but more pragmatic, less conservative and more outspoken;➢3) hard-work, diligence, religious tolerance, respect of individual rights●(people of different national origi ns required social life to show toleration; not interfering in others’ privacy; problems concerning belief became a private affair)➢4) attaching great importance to education●founding Harvard College in Massachusetts 1636 by the Puritans with the original idea of enabling people to read Bible and communicate with God.➢Who were the very first Americans?➢Who is believed to have discovered America?➢After whom America was named?➢Which was the first successful English colony in North America?➢Which was New England comprised of?➢Which were the first 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast?II. The War of Independence➢1. Background➢1) The French and Indian War (The Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763)●The war first broke out in America between French and England, both of which claimed the Ohio River valley.●In 1754, the English colonists started to attack the French troops in this region and this touched off the French and Indian War.●The War, officially declared in Europe in 1756, was also known in Europe as the Seven Years’ War. Many countries in Europe were involved in the war.●Finally, France failed. The French had to sign the 1763 Treaty of Paris and ceded Canada to Britain.➢2) Conflict between England and its colonies:●England imposed new taxes partly in order to defray the cost of fighting the Seven Years’ War, and expected Americans to lodge British soldiers in their homes. The colonists resented the taxes and resisted the quartering of soldiers.●In 1765, the Stamp Act was passed by the English Parliament.●The Act was aiming to collect more taxes from the colonists, which made many colonists unhappy because they were not given a single seat to voice their feelings in the English Parliament at that time, so they raised the slogan of “no taxation without representation”.➢The direct cause: The Boston Tea Party●Because of import duties on tea, many merchants smuggled tea from Holland, instead of importing from England.●In order to deal with the rotting tea in the London warehouses and make more profits, the East India Company,a vital source of British wealth, was allowed by the British Government to sell its tea to the colonies free of import duty.●Colonial merchants were enraged and protested against the unequal treatment. On December 16, 1773, a band of50 men disguised as Indians and led by Samuel Adams dumped 90,000 pounds tea of three British tea-bearing ships lying at anchor in Boston Harbor, worth 90,000 pounds.➢3) the First Continental Congress●In September 1774●held in Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods➢2. process➢1) the first shots●On April 19, 1775, 700 British soldiers were sent to Concord to search for weapons and “rebellious” colonists. When the troops reached Lexington at dawn, they encountered militiamen.●Fighting broke out and the first shots in the American War of Independence were fired.➢2) the Second Continental Congress➢In May, 1775➢held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government.➢It founded the Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington.➢Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence, which the Congress adopted on July 4, 1776.➢The Declaration of Independence➢presenting a public defense of the American War of Independence➢a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke:●men have a natural right to “life, liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”; government can rule only with “theconsent of the governed”; any government may be dissolved when it fails to protect the rights of the people.●This theory is central to the western political tradition.➢3. Results●At first, the war went badly for the Americans.●After endless hard fighting, in October 1777, the Americans defeated the British troops at Saratoga 萨拉托加in Northern New York.●This was the turning point of the War, leading directly to an alliance between the U.S and France. (statue of liberty, 1886)●Finally, in 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, with which, the America won its independence.➢4. After the War of Independence➢1) problem➢How to convert the Confederation into Federation became a big problem for Americans.➢Because of different backgrounds and economic conditions, the 13 states were not closely united.●There were conflicts between radicals and moderates.●Moderates advocated a political economy based on a strong national government that would actively advance commerce and protect private property.●Radicals favoured a different political economy, based on a weaker central government, a more localized democracy, and a hand-off economic policy.➢2) the Constitutional Convention●On May 25, 1787●held in Philadelphia●Fifty-five delegates from all the states except Rhode Island attended the Convention.●These delegates were advocates of a united nation and had been active in the Revolution.●George Washington was elected chairman of the Convention.●James Madison from Virginia took the lead in the work to write a new constitution and he became known as “Father of the U. S. Constitution.”➢3) Federalist Papers 联邦文集●Prominent Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote 85 letters to the newspapers of New York, which were known as the Federalist Papers.●the best explanation of the constitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory➢4) the Bill of Rights人权法案➢The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution, which was called the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals' rights.●Freedom of religion, speech and the press;●The right to keep and bear arms;●The right against unreasonable searches and seizures;●The right against self-incrimination ( 自证其罪).。
American History Ⅱ(1900-1945)
了解美国自1900年至1945年的历史，其中包括美国经济的发展，20世纪初的革新运动，第一次世界大战对美国的影响，20年代的美国，经济危机余罗斯福的"新政"，以及第二次世界大战期间的美国。
1.Econcomic growth in the early 20th century2.Progressivism and some of the reform efforts3.Achievements under President Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson4.Role of the U.S. in WWI5.Characteristics of the 1920s6.Effects of the Great Depression on American society7.Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal8.American objectives and basic policies in WWIIEconomic DevelopmentTremendous growth of the economy between the end of theCivil War and 1900Steam and electricity replaced human muscle. Steel took the place of iron. Machines and oil were used. People and goods could move by railroads. In 1880 a million tons of steel were produced. In 1900 the U.S. produced 245 million tons of coal, ranking first in the world. By 1900 there were 193,000 miles of railroad.Features in the growth of the economy in the early 20thcenturyBeginning in 1899 there emerged a growth of industrial andfinancial mergers. In 1909, corporations turned out 79% of all manufactured products in the United States. By 1910, incorporation had become the dominant type of industrial organization. Together with the growth of corporation, there appeared a professional managerial class who was in charge of the daily management of the corporations.With the development of industry and the extension of railroadnetwork, there was a mushroom growth of cities. In 1920, over 30 million people lived in 32 large city areas, making up 28% of the total population. This is what we call urbanization of America.There was a rapid development of new technology. Apart from theelectricity and stream, there were the automobile, the radio and other developments. In 1908, Henry Ford began the mass-production of cars. By 1918 car registration had reached 2.5 million, which showed the United States was on the way to becoming a nation on the wheels. In 1903, the Wright brothers flew the first aeroplane for a brief 12 seconds. In 1911 Glenn E. Curiss designed and flew a successful plane.ProgressivismThe Muckrakers and the Progressive MovementWith the development of the economy, there also arose a number ofsocial problems. The Muckrakers, a group of reform-minded journalists, made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society. These exposures shocked the people into realizing that something must be done to change the situation.The Progressive Movement, a movement demanding governmentregulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of the large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals, but rather a number of diverse efforts at political, social and economic reforms.In the social area, the demands were improved living conditionsfor the poor in the cities, the banning of child labor, work hour limits for women workers and industrial accident insurance. In the political area, there were demands for reforming the city and state governments, and ending corruption, which was evident in the Gilded Age. In the economic area, there was an attempt to regulate big business to preventprice-fixing and control of the market.Contributions of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow WilsonPushed by the Progressive Movement, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt(1901-09) and Woodrow Wilson (1913-21) contributed to the government regulation of economic development and initiated changes from the 19th century tradition of laissez faire.President Theodore Roosevelt's contributions were threefold:the withdrawal of 200 million acres of public land as forest reserve and initiation of large-scale irrigation projects;the active use of the Sherman Antitrust Act to stop monopolistic business mergers;the adoption of the Hepburn Act of 1906 to regulate railroad prices and do away with rebates.President Wilson put forward his program of NewFreedom and achieved the following:a reduction of tariffs by 10% for the first time sincethe Civil War and a number of items put on the free list;the passage of the Federal Reserve Act whichdecentralized the banking system, provided better bankingfacilities to the neglected South and West, and ensured anadequate currency in the Federal reserve notes undergovernment control;regulation of trusts by stating clearly the unfair business practices and setting up Federal Trade Commissions to hear complaints and to investigate;making available to farmers loans at low rates;8-hour workday for railroad workers and better treatment of seamen;adoption of an income tax;adoption of the 19th amendment of voting right for women.World War I and the United StatesPresident Wilson and U.S. policy in WWIThe First World War, which broke out in June 1914, was the resultof fierce struggle between two imperialist power groups for colonies, markets, and spheres of influence, and of an intense arms race.Most Americans felt that their country had no vital interests inthe outcome of the war. Because of its ethnic ties, cultural tradition, social background and economic connections, the public, generally speaking, was in favor of the Allies(Britain, France, Russia and Italy). On August 4, 1914, President Wilson issued an official statement proclaiming American neutrality.Pro-Ally partiality and U.S. involvementBut the United States was impartial neither in action, nor inthought. It pursued a policy of pro-Ally partiality. Britain and France could buy arms and war materials from the U.S. and get loans from American banks and financial institutions, while Germany could have little access to American resources.When Germany refused to give up its submarine warfare, when Britainand France, exhausted by the war, might lose the war and bring great harm to American business interest, when Germany tried to get Mexico into the war against the U.S. by promising it the return of lost territory of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, the U.S. government declared war on Germany on April 6,1917.The Versailles Treaty System and the Washington SystemThe war ended on November 11,1918, and the Peace Conference (theParis Conference) began on January 18,1919.The conference was actually a conference of division of coloniesof Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain, France and Italy). Although President Wilson put forward a program of Fourteen Points, which was praised by manyas liberal and progressive, he was actually trying to advance American interests.The result of the Paris Conference was the emergence of theVersailles Treaty System in Europe and later it was supplemented by the Washington System in Asia. These two systems lasted from 1919 to 1939 when the Second World War broke out.The United States in the 1920sA period of material successAs a result of the war, the U.S. had changed from a debtor nationto a creditor, that is, other nations owed the U.S. $3.7 billion in 1919.There was further urbanization, new development of technology andmass production in the 1920s. By 1930, urban population had reached 56.2% of the total population and 80% of the town and city homes had electricity.With the growth of production, there was a marked increase in theliving standard of many people. Automobiles, telephones, radios, and refrigerators became more popular by 1929.The government in this period gave direct or indirect help toindustry and business and showed little interest in regulation or control.A friendly government, tariff protection, favorable tax rates and absence of restrictions promoted the development of industry and help bring about huge profits for big business. Foreign trade was greatly expanded and by 1928, there was a favorable balance of trade of $1 billion.A period of intolerant nationalismDuring wartime, there was a demand in the country for patriotismand uniformity. When the war was over, there existed a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism, that is, not allowing views, opinions, or beliefs different from the main trend of views or beliefs. Many believed that American political, economic and social institutions were far better than those anywhere else in the world.There three typical examples of this intolerance:The Red Scare caused by the fear of communism spread quickly after the October Revolution in 1917. In 1919 and 1920, two waves of mass arrests were lunched by the Justice Department, when over 4,000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the United States.The death sentence of Sacco and Vanzetti, who were arrested and put to death to answer for killing two people and stealing ＄16,000 in Massachusetts in 1920, although little evidence wasfound to prove their guilt. Many historians wrotethat they died for their political views ofradicalism.The revival and growth of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)after 1915. In 1924 the KKK claimed a membership offour to five million. It terrorized and attacked notonly blocks, but also progressives, labor unionorganizers, communist or socialist party members.The Great Depression and the New DealThe stock market crash and the Great DepressionThere were serious weaknesses, however, in the American economyin the 1920s. One weakness was that there was no regulation or control over various kinds of investment companies. The banking system lacked stability. Another serious weakness was stock market speculation and over-expansion of credit. The prices of many stocks had no relation to profits or to real value.The first blow to the stock market cameon October 24, 1929, the black Thursday. Tenof millions of shares were dumped on themarket, which drove down the share prices.Billions of dollars of paper profits werewiped out within a few hours. The stock marketcrash was the beginning of a long economic depression.Since President Hoover refused to take strong government actionto make the economy suffering smaller, the situation worsened quickly. The GNP (gross national product) shrank from $87 billion in 1929 to $41 billion in 1933. Over 5,500 banks failed between 1929 and early 1933, wiping out the savings of millions of families. People rushed to banks to take out their money, which further drove banks to bankruptcy. Many rural Americans lost their land and other properties because of foreclosures resulting from their failure to pay interest.Misery and personal sufferings were widespread. Young men and womenabout 2 million in all became "tramps", riding the train to nowhere in particular, hoping to get a job or meal at every stop. Millions of homeless people slept in parks, subways or abandoned buildings. Hungry people were seen looking for scraps of food in garbage cans. In the summer of 1932, a few hundred WWI veterans came to Washington D.C. to demand full payment of bonuses promised by Congress in 1924, but they were driven out of the capital by soldiers with tanks and machine-guns.Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New DealIn 1932, in the depth of the depression, theAmerican people chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their nextpresident who promised a "New Deal" to get America out ofthe depression. Roosevelt had a sure sense of what seemedpractical or possible, and he was a great communicator,able to talk to people in all walks of life. His "firesidechats" over the radio attracted millions of people.The immediate problem Roosevelt faced was how toprevent the possible collapse of the American economic and political system. In his first 100 days in the White House, he made Congress pass a large number of acts, with the purpose of preventing the further worsening of the economic situation and helping the needy people.The New Deal included the following contents:establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency system, overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital;federal government management of relief and establishment of social security systems such as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Corps and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority;stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;formulation and implementation of federal labor laws to raise the role of labor in the relations of production;improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.World War II and the United StatesBeginning of the WarThe Second World War was the result of struggle between the greatpowers for control of the world and military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and militarist Japan. This struggle was worsened by the world economic crisis.From the Japanese attack on China in July 1937 to the German attackon Poland in September 1939, from the attack on the Soviet Union in June, 1941 to the Pearl Harbor incident in December, 1941, the war spread to the whole world and involved all the great powers in the world.Evolution of the American foreign policyIn the early 1930s, the U.S. followed the foreign policy ofisolationism, that is, to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia. From 1935 to 1937, the U.S. Congress passed three neutrality acts to prevent the U.S. from being dragged into the war. They were all signed into law by President Roosevelt.But with the spread of the war, especially after the fall of France,the U.S. gradually moved away from neutrality and tried to assist Britain without running the risk of offending the isolationists in Congress. The Lend-Lease program is a case in point.The bombing of Pearl Harbor changed the whole situation. The nationwas formally in war with the Axis powers, that is, Germany, Italy and Japan. American wartime objectives were the total destruction of the Axis powersand the establishment of a world order afterunconditional victory in accord with Americanideals and interests. And the road to therealization of these objectives was coordinationof American, British and Soviet efforts.American foreign policies towardsBritain and the Soviet UnionWartime American diplomacy largely was American diplomacy towardsBritain and the Soviet Union. There were two guiding principles behind all diplomatic activities: the first was to win the war; the second was to establish a postwar political structure in accord with American interests and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.The most important issue in Anglo-American diplomacy after PearlHarbor was the formulation of a grand strategy. The first was to work out a strategy of Europe for the concentration of resources to defeat Germany first. The second was policy towards the Soviet Union. The two countries agreed that they should give it whatever support they could offer to keep it in the war. But after the Battle of Stalingrad, the two countries were more concerned about Soviet expansion. The postponement of the opening of the Second Front was a reflection of the desire not to give the Soviet Union the possibility of quick expansion. The third was the status of former colonies after the war. Here the two countries had very different views. The United States was eager to take away from France and Britain their former colonies and let them become independent states so as to influence these countries easily. Britain was particularly sensitive to American design and tried its best to protect its interests.American policy towards the Soviet Union was centered on threeconsiderations: to keep the Soviet Union in the war so that the U.S. could win the war with the least sacrifice; to get the Soviet Union into the war against Japan; to influence Soviet foreign policy so that there would be some kind of cooperation after the war but at the same time to be very watchful about Soviet expansive intention.Three summits during the warThe first summit was held at Teheran in November 1943. At theconference it was decided that a large-scale attack on the south of France would be launched in May 1944, which was codenamed Overload.The second conference was held in Yaltain February, 1945, which actually approved are-division of postwar sphere of influence amongthe three powers and decided on the setting-upof a world organization: the United Nations. Itwas also at this conference that Roosevelt hadthe promise of Stalin that the Soviet Union woulddeclare war on Japan three months after thedefeat of Germany.The third conference was held at Potsdam,outside Berlin, during July and August in 1945, which confirmed the temporary division of Europe agreed to at Yalta. At the same time, the conference showed there were great differences among the three powers, which later led to tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.词语注释1 tremendous a. 巨大的，极大的2 merger n.（公司）合并3 incorporation n. 合并，组成公司4 mushroom a. 急速生长的，迅速扩散的5 Henry Ford 亨利·福特（1863-1947），美国汽车制造商，创办福特（Ford）汽车公司（1903），发明装配线生产法，使美国成为汽车大国6 Wright brothers 莱特兄弟，美国飞机发明家，航空先驱者7 Muckrakers 搜集并张扬丑闻的人（含贬义）8 Progressive Movement n. "进步运动"，其广泛涉及美国社会政治和经济领域的一系列改革要求被统称为"进步党主义"(progressivism)9 regulation n. 调节，控制10 diverse a. 多种多样的，不同的11 Gilded Age 镀金时代(gilded a. 镀金的，富有的)。
15-Chapter 15 American History1
第十五章美国历史(Ⅰ)(1600-1900)Ⅰ.发现新大陆"最早的美国人"是印第安人。
没有人知道他们是什么时候或以什么方式来到现被称之为美国的这块土地上。
有些科学家认为他们是从亚洲穿过一度连接西伯利亚和阿拉斯加的大陆桥过来的，这可能发生在3万或4万年前。
在这块土地上，印第安人以狩猎、采集野果、捕鱼和农业为主。
15世纪时期，意大利海员克里斯托夫·哥伦布认为他们向西航行就可以到达印度。
在西班牙王后的支持下，1492年他率船员横渡大洋来到现在的西印度洋的一些小岛上。
他认为自己已经到了印度，而并不知道他已经发现了一个新大陆。
另一个航海家阿美利哥·韦斯普西证实了这块土地不是印度，而是一块新大陆。
因此，这块土地以他的名字被命名为America (美洲)。
Ⅱ.殖民时期美洲的第一块英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。
从1607 年到1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。
它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马萨诸塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北卡罗来纳、南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚。
到1750年，将近有200万人生活在这些殖民地。
他们为什么来?他们为什么离开旧大陆的家园和朋友而来到这块陌生又遥远的土地上呢?是机会这一富有魔力的字眼吸引人们来到美洲。
它吸引来了英国的贵族，他们梦想在荒野上创立更多的庄园；它吸引来了许多在英国找不到工作的木匠、烤面包师、裁缝和其它技术工人；它吸引来最多的是欧洲农场和村庄里的人和无家可归的人们；它给了人们一个过更好生活的机会，这种好生活他们在旧大陆是无望得到的。
许多人到英国殖民地来是为了寻求宗教自由。
他们渴望在自己的教堂里用自己的方式来敬仰上帝。
他们之所以离开自己的国家，是因为他们是宗教迫害的受害者。
第一批新教徒移民就是一个例子。
为了逃避宗教迫害，他们离开英国到荷兰的莱顿生活。
尽管那里气氛比较宽容，但他们担心如果不采取措施，他们的子孙就会变成荷兰人。
美国历史-American-History-1945-1989PPT课件
Career: Actor, Public Official
Political Party: Republican
Died: June 5, 2004
Superpower
1
1960s
I. Kennedy and his New Frontier Policy
A. Kennedy was the youngest man elected President; he was the youngest to die.
B. Democratic, New Frontier: to wipe out poverty(medicare) and end segregation
In contemporary American politics, it is often associated
with the Republican Party. Core conservative principles
include a belief in God and country, and many U.S.
conservatives support a fiscal policy rooted in small
government, laissez faire capitalism, and supply-side（tax-
cut） economics. In foreign policy, American
conservatives usually advocate some moderate aspects of
"American exceptionalism", a belief that the U.S. is unique
american_history 美国历史
The Civil War 1861-1865: Union vs Confederacy
Advantages of the Union? Union had double the population Double the railway track 5 times as many factories
By 1850, Oregon and California become states.
Western Expansion
The belief that America should spread from coast to coast
Political
Fear of Spanish, French, English, and Mexican power Desire to spread Democracy and the American way of life. Desire to spread the institution of slavery
Quiz
1. When was the Civil War? 2. What was 1 cause of the CW? 3. What was another cause of CW? 4. Who was President during CW? 5. Which amendment banned slavery? 6. What was Reconstruction?
American History
(A few points)
Put these events in order:
World War I War of Independence American Civil War The start of expansion to the West
American History 美国历史(1600-1900)
I. Discovery of the New World
II. The Colonial Period
III. The War of Independence
IV. The War of 1812
V. Territorial Expansion and Westward Movement
4. both sides realize that their disputes should be solved through negotiation
பைடு நூலகம்
Manifest Destiny: 1. the inevitability of the founding of the U.S.
2. The legitimacy of the expansion of American Territory
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
A political theory from John Locke (British philosopher)
6.Treaty of Paris (In Sep. 1783 )
It was a historic event: by smashing the fetters of British colonial rule, the American people gained independence, which gave capitalism a chance for freer development. It had great international influence.
American_History英美文学复习 美国历史精华篇
Relations of American Indians with European settlers
• friendship
• American Indians helped the early Europeans to survive
• hostility
• American Indians were killed and driven to mountainous and barren areas known as Indian Reservations, as a result of interests in land and cultural conflicts
Stamp Act
• 印花税，是税的一种，是对合同、凭证、 书据、账簿及权利许可证等文件征收的税 种。纳税人通过在文件上加贴印花税票， 或者盖章来履行纳税义务。
Tea Act
• The British government allowed the company to sell tea at lower price in the colonies through its own people. This took away the tea business from American tea merchants.
– The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. – ―No taxation without representation‖ – ( 无代表， 不纳税）
Washington. The Declaration of Independence
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The Lend-Lease Act: to lend or lease military equipment and other things to Britain and other Allied nations
The legacy of the Neutrality Acts in the 1930s was widely regarded as having been generally negative: they made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as "belligerents"; and they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain against Nazi Germany.
European Arena Pacific Arena
Germany VS
Japan VS
the Soviet Union USA/Britain/Cdy Landing Midway Island
Normandy Landing
In !944, the Allied armies of Britain and the USA landed on the beaches of Normandy in France, which marked the opening of the second European battlefield.
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大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
The allied armies began to move across France and into Germany. The Soviet Union troops were under way. Germany was caught in a pincer movement from both East and West.
President Reagan
Truman Doctrine
On March 12, 1947, Truman stood before Congress and declared that “the world was divided into two opposing camps. It was the duty of the United States to support free people who resisted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure.”
Fat Man Little Boy
America After World War II
▪ Truman and the Cold War ▪ The Eisenhower Doctrine ▪ The Bay of Pig Invasion and the Cuban
Missile Crisis ▪ Situation from President Johnson to
On May 8th, 1944, Germany surrendered. Hitler and some remaining members of his government committed suicide.
The Battle of Midway（turning point)
▪ Blitzkrieg(闪电战） ▪ The Pacific War ▪ Two bombs in
Japan had to surrender unconditionally on August 14th, 1945, which marked the end of the second World War.
On August 6th and 9th, 1945, The US dropped two atom bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing over 200,000 Japanese people.
Hiroshima (广岛）and Nagasaki（长崎） ▪ Unconditional surrender
VS
The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Arena of World War II It took place from June 4 to 7, 1942, exactly six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The United States Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese force and seizing the strategic initiative.
The role played by America before and in the early period of the war
The Neutrality Acts were a series of laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II.
American History 美国历史
America in World War II
▪ 1.From Isolation to Intervention ▪ 2.Battle Against Germany ▪ 3.Battle Against Japan
World War II and the US American wartime foreign policy