罗斯《公司理财》(第9版)课后习题(第7~9章)【圣才出品】
罗斯《公司理财》（第9版）课后习题
第7章风险分析、实物期权和资本预算
一、概念题
1．盈亏平衡分析（break-even analysis）
答：盈亏平衡分析是指根据成本、销售收入、利润等因素之间的函数关系，确定企业实现盈亏平衡时所需达到的销售量，它是敏感性分析方法的有效补充。
盈亏平衡分析包括会计利润和净现值的盈亏平衡点分析。
两者的计算公式如下：
现值的盈亏平衡点=其中EAC代表约当平均成本，T C代表公司所得税税率。
2．实物期权（real options）
答：实物期权是指标的物为非证券资产的期权。
相对于“金融期权”，实物期权具有以下四个特性：
（1）非交易性。
实物期权与金融期权最本质的区别在于非交易性。
不仅作为实物期权标的物的实物资产一般不存在交易市场，而且实物期权本身也不大可能进行市场交易；
（2）非独占性。
许多实物期权不具备所有权的独占性，即它可能被多个竞争者共同拥有，是可以共享的。
对于共享实物期权来说，其价值不仅取决于影响期权价值的一般参数，而且还与竞争者可能的策略选择有关；
（3）先占性。
先占性是由非独占性所导致的，它是指抢先执行实物期权可获得的先发
制人的效应，结果表现为取得战略主动权和实现实物期权的最大价值；
（4）复合性。
在大多数场合，各种实物期权存在着一定的相关性，这种相关性不仅表现在同一项目内部各子项目之间的前后相关，而且表现在多个投资项目之间的横向相关。
实物期权包括扩张期权（the option to expand）、放弃期权（the option to abandon）、延期期权（timing options）和修正期权（options to alter operating scale）等。
在投资决策中，实物期权给投资者一种决策的弹性，使其可以灵活适应市场的各种变化，在最大限度控制风险的同时，又不丧失获得可能出现的有利机会。
3．边际贡献（margin contribution）
答：边际贡献又称税后价差，即每多销售一单位产品对企业税后利润所起的贡献。
其计算公式为：边际贡献＝（销售单价-单位变动成本）×（1-T C）。
它是衡量企业盈利能力的重要指标。
4．场景分析（scenario analysis）
答：场景分析是指分析人员在因素基数值的基础上，分别确定一组“差”的情况（比如销售低、售价低、成本高等）和一组“好”的情况（比如销售高、售价高、成本低等），然后分别计算“差”和“好”两种情况下的净现值，并将计算结果与基数净现值进行比较的一种分析方法。
简单地说，场景分析是一种变异的敏感性分析，它考察一些可能出现的不同场景，每种场景综合考虑了各种变量的影响。
在实务中，这种方法一般是通过计算机模拟计算完成的。
场景分析可为估算项目风险提供数据，但这种方法只考虑项目的几个离散情况，其分析
结果有时不能完全反映项目的风险程度。
5．决策树（decision trees）
答：决策树是指将概率论有逻辑地应用于决策选择中的一种图解方法，是在存在风险或不确定性的情况下进行决策的重要分析方法之一。
在具体应用时，要将实现某一目标的各种方案，实现每一方案可能发生的各种状态，以及出现每种状态的概率及产生的后果，按树枝、树干的关系绘制成图形，通过简单的计算和分析，淘汰经济效益差的方案，保留经济效益好的方案，直至选出最优方案。
作为一种新近发展起来的决策工具，决策树分析简洁、形象，不仅能显示不同投资项目或不同自然状态的结果，而且还能显示整个决策过程；既考虑了投资风险，又兼顾了未来现金流的时间特性；在处理复杂决策问题时，思路比较清晰。
因此，决策树分析在经营管理、投资决策、规模决策等方面得到了广泛应用。
6．敏感性分析（sensitivity analysis）
答：敏感性分析，是指在确定性分析的基础上，通过进一步分析，预测项目主要不确定因素的变化对项目评价指标（如会计内部收益率、净现值等）的影响，从中找出敏感因素，确定评价指标对该因素的敏感程度和项目对其变化的承受能力的一种财务分析方法。
在本书中特指检测某一特定NPV计算对特定假设条件变化的敏感度的投资分析方法。
敏感性分析有单因素敏感性分析和多因素敏感性分析两种。
单因素敏感性分析是对单一不确定因素变化的影响进行分析，即假设各个不确定性因素之间相互独立，每次只考察一个因素，其他因素保持不变，以分析这个可变因素对经济评价指标的影响程度和敏感程度。
单因素敏感性分析是敏感性分析的基本方法。
多因素敏感性分析是假设两个或两个以上互相独立的不确定因素同时变化时，分析这些变化的因素对经济评价指标的影响程度和敏感程度。
7．固定成本（fixed costs）
答：固定成本是指总额在一定的期间和业务量范围内不受业务量变动的影响，保持固定不变的成本。
例如行政管理人员的工资、办公费、财产保险费、不动产税、按直线法计提的固定资产折旧费、职工教育培训费等等，均属固定成本。
当然，固定成本并非永远固定不变，只是在某一特定时期内是固定的。
固定成本总额虽不受业务总量变动的影响，但从单位业务量所负担固定成本多寡的角度来考察，固定成本又是一个变量。
8．变动成本（variable costs）
答：变动成本是指在一定的期间和业务量范围内其总额随业务量的变动而成正比例变动的成本。
如直接材料费、产品包装费、按件计酬的职工薪金、推销佣金以及按加工量计算的固定资产折旧费等等，均属于变动成本。
与固定成本形成鲜明对照的是，变动成本的总量随业务量的变化呈正比例变动关系，而单位业务量中的变动成本则是一个定量。
9．蒙特卡罗模拟（Monte Carlo simulation）
答：蒙特卡罗模拟是指在投资测算基本财务模型的基础上，考虑风险变量因素的动态变化（即不确定性），将风险变量（或子变量）原有的静态取值通过随机抽样实现动态取值，得到可以计算动态经济评价指标的模拟试验。
利用风险评估模型，可以模拟计算经济指标的
N个值，用来反映经济指标的变化规律，并对此规律加以评价。
二、复习题
1．预测风险什么是预测风险?一般情况下，对于新产品或降低成本建议来说，预测风险的程度是否会比较高?为什么?
答：预测风险是指由于预期现金流中的一些错误导致的欠妥的决定所产生的风险。
对于新产品或降低成本建议来说，因为现金流更难预测从而使它的预测风险比较高。
2．敏感性分析和场景分析敏感性分析和场景分析的本质区别是什么?
答：敏感性分析是在一个广泛的价值范围内来研究一个变量，而场景分析是在一个有限的价值范围内研究所有变量。
3．边际现金流一个同事说盯着边际现金流和增加现金流根本没有意义，并提出“听着，如果我们的平均收入不超过我们的平均成本，那么我们将面临负的现金流，并濒临破产。
”你怎么回应?
答：的确，如果平均收入低于平均成本，企业将亏损。
因此这种观点是正确的。
但是，从边际现金流来看，接受一个边际收益超过边际成本的项目很显然会增加营运现金流。
4．盈亏平衡点作为企业的股东，你打算投资新项目，你会更关注会计盈亏平衡点，现金盈亏平衡点（经营现金流为0点时），还是财务盈亏平衡点?为什么?
答：从股东的角度来看，财务盈亏平衡点是最重要的。
一个项目可以超过会计盈亏平衡点和现金盈亏平衡点，但仍低于财务盈亏平衡点，这导致股东的财富减少。
5．盈亏平衡点假设企业正在考虑一个新项目，需要初始投资，在项目期限中销售额与成本相等。
项目首先会到达会计的、现金的、还是财务中哪个盈亏平衡点?其次会到达哪个?最后到达哪个?这个顺序是否一直适应?
答：该项目将首先达到现金盈亏平衡点，其次是会计盈亏平衡点，最后达到财务收支平衡点。
对于一个有初始投资随后才有销售的项目，该顺序将始终适用。
首先到达现金盈亏平衡点是因为它扣除了折旧；其次到达会计盈亏平衡是因为它包括折旧；最后达到包括资金时间价值的财务收支平衡。
6．实物期权为什么传统的NPV分析法趋向于低估项目资本预算的真实价值?
答：传统的NPV分析往往过于保守，因为它忽略了一些可盈利的选择，如扩大有利可图的项目，或放弃无利可图的项目。
改变一个已经被接受的项目决策是有价值的，它增加了项目的净现值。
7．实物期权Mango共和政体正在进行市场自由化，并且同意外商投资。
Tesla制造企业分析了在这个国家投资项目会得到负的净现值。
为什么这家企业会继续投资项目?什么形式的期权更可能使项目增值?
答：是否扩展市场的期权是最有可能影响决策的期权类型。
如果国家刚刚开放其市场，就有可能出现增长潜力。
首先进入一个市场，不论是一个全新的市场，还是新产品，都可以增加公司的知名度和市场占有率。
这可能使竞争者更难以进入市场。
8．敏感性分析和盈亏平衡敏感性分析与盈亏平衡分析如何相互作用?。
Cha04 罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题
The present value of the four new outlets is only $954,316.78. The outlets are worth less than they cost. The Trojan Pizza Company should not make the investment because the NPV is –$45,683.22. If the Trojan Pizza Company requires a 15 percent rate of return, the new outlets are not a good investment.SPREADSHEET APPLICATIONSHow to Calculate Present Values with Multiple Future Cash Flows Using a SpreadsheetWe can set up a basic spreadsheet to calculate the present values of the individual cash flows as follows. Notice that we have simply calculated the present values one at a time and added them up:Summary and Conclusions1. Two basic concepts, future value and present value, were introduced in the beginning of thischapter. With a 10 percent interest rate, an investor with $1 today can generate a future value of $1.10 in a year, $1.21 [=$1 × (1.10)2] in two years, and so on. Conversely, present value analysis places a current value on a future cash flow. With the same 10 percent interest rate, a dollar to be received in one year has a present value of $.909 (=$1/1.10) in year 0. A dollar to be received in two years has a present value of $.826 [=$1/(1.10)2].2. We commonly express an interest rate as, say, 12 percent per year. However, we can speak ofthe interest rate as 3 percent per quarter. Although the stated annual interest rate remains 12 percent (=3 percent × 4), the effective annual interest rate is 12.55 percent [=(1.03)4 – 1]. In other words, the compounding process increases the future value of an investment. The limiting case is continuous compounding, where funds are assumed to be reinvested every infinitesimal instant.3. A basic quantitative technique for financial decision making is net present value analysis. Thenet present value formula for an investment that generates cash flows (C i) in future periods is:The formula assumes that the cash flow at date 0 is the initial investment (a cash outflow).4. Frequently, the actual calculation of present value is long and tedious. The computation of thepresent value of a long-term mortgage with monthly payments is a good example of this. We presented four simplifying formulas:5. We stressed a few practical considerations in the application of these formulas:1. The numerator in each of the formulas, C, is the cash flow to be received one full periodhence.2. Cash flows are generally irregular in practice. To avoid unwieldy problems, assumptions tocreate more regular cash flows are made both in this textbook and in the real world.3. A number of present value problems involve annuities (or perpetuities) beginning a fewperiods hence. Students should practice combining the annuity (or perpetuity) formula withthe discounting formula to solve these problems.4. Annuities and perpetuities may have periods of every two or every n years, rather thanonce a year. The annuity and perpetuity formulas can easily handle such circumstances.5. We frequently encounter problems where the present value of one annuity must beequated with the present value of another annuity.Concept Questions1. Compounding and Period As you increase the length of time involved, what happens tofuture values? What happens to present values?2. Interest Rates What happens to the future value of an annuity if you increase the rate r?What happens to the present value?3. Present Value Suppose two athletes sign 10-year contracts for $80 million. In one case, we’retold that the $80 million will be paid in 10 equal installments. In the other case, we’re told that the $80 million will be paid in 10 installments, but the installments will increase by 5 percent per year.Who got the better deal?4. APR and EAR Should lending laws be changed to require lenders to report EARs instead ofAPRs? Why or why not?5. Time Value On subsidized Stafford loans, a common source of financial aid for collegestudents, interest does not begin to accrue until repayment begins. Who receives a bigger subsidy,a freshman or a senior? Explain.Use the following information to answer the next five questions:Toyota Motor Credit Corporation (TMCC), a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation, offered some securities for sale to the public on March 28, 2008. Under the terms of the deal, TMCC promised to repay the owner of one of these securities $100,000 on March 28, 2038, but investors would receive nothing until then. Investors paid TMCC $24,099 for each of these securities; so they gave up $24,099 on March 28, 2008, for the promise of a $100,000 payment 30 years later.6. Time Value of Money Why would TMCC be willing to accept such a small amount today($24,099) in exchange for a promise to repay about four times that amount ($100,000) in the future?7. Call Provisions TMCC has the right to buy back the securities on the anniversary date at aprice established when the securities were issued (this feature is a term of this particular deal).What impact does this feature have on the desirability of this security as an investment?8. Time Value of Money Would you be willing to pay $24,099 today in exchange for $100,000 in30 years? What would be the key considerations in answering yes or no? Would your answerdepend on who is making the promise to repay?9. Investment Comparison Suppose that when TMCC offered the security for $24,099 the U.S.Treasury had offered an essentially identical security. Do you think it would have had a higher or lower price? Why?10. Length of Investment The TMCC security is bought and sold on the New York StockExchange. If you looked at the price today, do you think the price would exceed the $24,099 original price? Why? If you looked in the year 2019, do you think the price would be higher or lower than today’s price? Why?Questions and Problems: connect™BASIC (Questions 1–20)1. Simple Interest versus Compound Interest First City Bank pays 9 percent simple intereston its savings account balances, whereas Second City Bank pays 9 percent interest compounded annually. If you made a $5,000 deposit in each bank, how much more money would you earn from your Second City Bank account at the end of 10 years?2. Calculating Future Values Compute the future value of $1,000 compounded annually for1. 10 years at 6 percent.2. 10 years at 9 percent.3. 20 years at 6 percent.4. Why is the interest earned in part (c) not twice the amount earned in part (a)?3. Calculating Present Values For each of the following, compute the present value:4. Calculating Interest Rates Solve for the unknown interest rate in each of the following:5. Calculating the Number of Periods Solve for the unknown number of years in each of thefollowing:6. Calculating the Number of Periods At 9 percent interest, how long does it take to doubleyour money? To quadruple it?7. Calculating Present Values Imprudential, Inc., has an unfunded pension liability of $750million that must be paid in 20 years. To assess the value of the firm’s stock, financial analysts want to discount this liability back to the present. If the relevant discount rate is 8.2 percent, what is the present value of this liability?8. Calculating Rates of Return Although appealing to more refined tastes, art as a collectiblehas not always performed so profitably. During 2003, Sotheby’s sold the Edgar Degas bronze sculpture Petite Danseuse de Quartorze Ans at auction for a price of $10,311,500. Unfortunately for the previous owner, he had purchased it in 1999 at a price of $12,377,500. What was his annual rate of return on this sculpture?9. Perpetuities An investor purchasing a British consol is entitled to receive annual paymentsfrom the British government forever. What is the price of a consol that pays $120 annually if the next payment occurs one year from today? The market interest rate is 5.7 percent.10. Continuous Compounding Compute the future value of $1,900 continuously compounded for1. 5 years at a stated annual interest rate of 12 percent.2. 3 years at a stated annual interest rate of 10 percent.3. 10 years at a stated annual interest rate of 5 percent.4. 8 years at a stated annual interest rate of 7 percent.11. Present Value and Multiple Cash Flows Conoly Co. has identified an investment projectwith the following cash flows. If the discount rate is 10 percent, what is the present value of these cash flows? What is the present value at 18 percent? At 24 percent?12. Present Value and Multiple Cash Flows Investment X offers to pay you $5,500 per year fornine years, whereas Investment Y offers to pay you $8,000 per year for five years. Which of these cash flow streams has the higher present value if the discount rate is 5 percent? If the discount rate is 22 percent?13. Calculating Annuity Present Value An investment offers $4,300 per year for 15 years, withthe first payment occurring one year from now. If the required return is 9 percent, what is the value of the investment? What would the value be if the payments occurred for 40 years? For 75 years? Forever?14. Calculating Perpetuity Values The Perpetual Life Insurance Co. is trying to sell you aninvestment policy that will pay you and your heirs $20,000 per year forever. If the required return on this investment is 6.5 percent, how much will you pay for the policy? Suppose the Perpetual Life Insurance Co. told you the policy costs $340,000. At what interest rate would this be a fair deal? 15. Calculating EAR Find the EAR in each of the following cases:16. Calculating APR Find the APR, or stated rate, in each of the following cases:17. Calculating EAR First National Bank charges 10.1 percent compounded monthly on itsbusiness loans. First United Bank charges 10.4 percent compounded semiannually. As a potential borrower, to which bank would you go for a new loan?18. Interest Rates Well-known financial writer Andrew Tobias argues that he can earn 177percent per year buying wine by the case. Specifically, he assumes that he will consume one $10 bottle of fine Bordeaux per week for the next 12 weeks. He can either pay $10 per week or buy a case of 12 bottles today. If he buys the case, he receives a 10 percent discount and, by doing so, earns the 177 percent. Assume he buys the wine and consumes the first bottle today. Do you agree with his analysis? Do you see a problem with his numbers?19. Calculating Number of Periods One of your customers is delinquent on his accounts payablebalance. You’ve mutually agreed to a repayment schedule of $600 per month. You will charge .9 percent per month interest on the overdue balance. If the current balance is $18,400, how long will it take for the account to be paid off?20. Calculating EAR Friendly’s Quick Loans, Inc., offers you “three for four or I knock on yourdoor.” This means you get $3 today and repay $4 when you get your paycheck in one week (orelse). What’s the effective annual return Friendly’s earns on this lending business? If you were brave enough to ask, what APR would Friendly’s say you were paying?INTERMEDIATE (Questions 21–50)21. Future Value What is the future value in seven years of $1,000 invested in an account with astated annual interest rate of 8 percent,1. Compounded annually?2. Compounded semiannually?3. Compounded monthly?4. Compounded continuously?5. Why does the future value increase as the compounding period shortens?22. Simple Interest versus Compound Interest First Simple Bank pays 6 percent simpleinterest on its investment accounts. If First Complex Bank pays interest on its accounts compounded annually, what rate should the bank set if it wants to match First Simple Bank over an investment horizon of 10 years?23. Calculating Annuities You are planning to save for retirement over the next 30 years. To dothis, you will invest $700 a month in a stock account and $300 a month in a bond account. The return of the stock account is expected to be 10 percent, and the bond account will pay 6 percent.When you retire, you will combine your money into an account with an 8 percent return. How much can you withdraw each month from your account assuming a 25-year withdrawal period?24. Calculating Rates of Return Suppose an investment offers to quadruple your money in 12months (don’t believe it). What rate of return per quarter are you being offered?25. Calculating Rates of Return You’re trying to choose between two different investments, bothof which have up-front costs of $75,000. Investment G returns $135,000 in six years. Investment H returns $195,000 in 10 years. Which of these investments has the higher return?26. Growing Perpetuities Mark Weinstein has been working on an advanced technology in lasereye surgery. His technology will be available in the near term. He anticipates his first annual cash flow from the technology to be $215,000, received two years from today. Subsequent annual cash flows will grow at 4 percent in perpetuity. What is the present value of the technology if the discount rate is 10 percent?27. Perpetuities A prestigious investment bank designed a new security that pays a quarterlydividend of $5 in perpetuity. The first dividend occurs one quarter from today. What is the price of the security if the stated annual interest rate is 7 percent, compounded quarterly?28. Annuity Present Values What is the present value of an annuity of $5,000 per year, with thefirst cash flow received three years from today and the last one received 25 years from today? Usea discount rate of 8 percent.29. Annuity Present Values What is the value today of a 15-year annuity that pays $750 a year?The annuity’s first payment occurs six years from today. The annual interest rate is 12 percent for years 1 through 5, and 15 percent thereafter.30. Balloon Payments Audrey Sanborn has just arranged to purchase a $450,000 vacation homein the Bahamas with a 20 percent down payment. The mortgage has a 7.5 percent stated annualinterest rate, compounded monthly, and calls for equal monthly payments over the next 30 years.Her first payment will be due one month from now. However, the mortgage has an eight-year balloon payment, meaning that the balance of the loan must be paid off at the end of year 8. There were no other transaction costs or finance charges. How much will Audrey’s balloon payment be in eight years?31. Calculating Interest Expense You receive a credit card application from Shady BanksSavings and Loan offering an introductory rate of 2.40 percent per year, compounded monthly for the first six months, increasing thereafter to 18 percent compounded monthly. Assuming you transfer the $6,000 balance from your existing credit card and make no subsequent payments, how much interest will you owe at the end of the first year?32. Perpetuities Barrett Pharmaceuticals is considering a drug project that costs $150,000 todayand is expected to generate end-of-year annual cash flows of $13,000, forever. At what discount rate would Barrett be indifferent between accepting or rejecting the project?33. Growing Annuity Southern California Publishing Company is trying to decide whether to reviseits popular textbook, Financial Psychoanalysis Made Simple. The company has estimated that the revision will cost $65,000. Cash flows from increased sales will be $18,000 the first year. These cash flows will increase by 4 percent per year. The book will go out of print five years from now.Assume that the initial cost is paid now and revenues are received at the end of each year. If the company requires an 11 percent return for such an investment, should it undertake the revision? 34. Growing Annuity Your job pays you only once a year for all the work you did over theprevious 12 months. Today, December 31, you just received your salary of $60,000, and you plan to spend all of it. However, you want to start saving for retirement beginning next year. You have decided that one year from today you will begin depositing 5 percent of your annual salary in an account that will earn 9 percent per year. Your salary will increase at 4 percent per year throughout your career. How much money will you have on the date of your retirement 40 years from today?35. Present Value and Interest Rates What is the relationship between the value of an annuityand the level of interest rates? Suppose you just bought a 12-year annuity of $7,500 per year at the current interest rate of 10 percent per year. What happens to the value of your investment if interest rates suddenly drop to 5 percent? What if interest rates suddenly rise to 15 percent?36. Calculating the Number of Payments You’re prepared to make monthly payments of $250,beginning at the end of this month, into an account that pays 10 percent interest compounded monthly. How many payments will you have made when your account balance reaches $30,000? 37. Calculating Annuity Present Values You want to borrow $80,000 from your local bank tobuy a new sailboat. You can afford to make monthly payments of $1,650, but no more. Assuming monthly compounding, what is the highest APR you can afford on a 60-month loan?38. Calculating Loan Payments You need a 30-year, fixed-rate mortgage to buy a new home for$250,000. Your mortgage bank will lend you the money at a 6.8 percent APR for this 360-month loan. However, you can only afford monthly payments of $1,200, so you offer to pay off any remaining loan balance at the end of the loan in the form of a single balloon payment. How large will this balloon payment have to be for you to keep your monthly payments at $1,200?39. Present and Future Values The present value of the following cash flow stream is $6,453when discounted at 10 percent annually. What is the value of the missing cash flow?40. Calculating Present Values You just won the TVM Lottery. You will receive $1 million todayplus another 10 annual payments that increase by $350,000 per year. Thus, in one year you receive $1.35 million. In two years, you get $1.7 million, and so on. If the appropriate interest rate is 9 percent, what is the present value of your winnings?41. EAR versus APR You have just purchased a new warehouse. To finance the purchase, you’vearranged for a 30-year mortgage for 80 percent of the $2,600,000 purchase price. The monthly payment on this loan will be $14,000. What is the APR on this loan? The EAR?42. Present Value and Break-Even Interest Consider a firm with a contract to sell an asset for$135,000 three years from now. The asset costs $96,000 to produce today. Given a relevant discount rate on this asset of 13 percent per year, will the firm make a profit on this asset? At what rate does the firm just break even?43. Present Value and Multiple Cash Flows What is the present value of $4,000 per year, at adiscount rate of 7 percent, if the first payment is received 9 years from now and the last payment is received 25 years from now?44. Variable Interest Rates A 15-year annuity pays $1,500 per month, and payments are madeat the end of each month. If the interest rate is 13 percent compounded monthly for the first seven years, and 9 percent compounded monthly thereafter, what is the present value of the annuity? 45. Comparing Cash Flow Streams You have your choice of two investment accounts.Investment A is a 15-year annuity that features end-of-month $1,200 payments and has an interest rate of 9.8 percent compounded monthly. Investment B is a 9 percent continuously compounded lump-sum investment, also good for 15 years. How much money would you need to invest in B today for it to be worth as much as Investment A 15 years from now?46. Calculating Present Value of a Perpetuity Given an interest rate of 7.3 percent per year,what is the value at date t = 7 of a perpetual stream of $2,100 annual payments that begins at date t = 15?47. Calculating EAR A local finance company quotes a 15 percent interest rate on one-year loans.So, if you borrow $26,000, the interest for the year will be $3,900. Because you must repay a total of $29,900 in one year, the finance company requires you to pay $29,900/12, or $2,491.67, per month over the next 12 months. Is this a 15 percent loan? What rate would legally have to be quoted? What is the effective annual rate?48. Calculating Present Values A 5-year annuity of ten $4,500 semiannual payments will begin 9years from now, with the first payment coming 9.5 years from now. If the discount rate is 12 percent compounded monthly, what is the value of this annuity five years from now? What is the value three years from now? What is the current value of the annuity?49. Calculating Annuities Due Suppose you are going to receive $10,000 per year for five years.The appropriate interest rate is 11 percent.1. What is the present value of the payments if they are in the form of an ordinary annuity?What is the present value if the payments are an annuity due?2. Suppose you plan to invest the payments for five years. What is the future value if thepayments are an ordinary annuity? What if the payments are an annuity due?3. Which has the highest present value, the ordinary annuity or annuity due? Which has thehighest future value? Will this always be true?50. Calculating Annuities Due You want to buy a new sports car from Muscle Motors for$65,000. The contract is in the form of a 48-month annuity due at a 6.45 percent APR. What will your monthly payment be?CHALLENGE (Questions 51–76)51. Calculating Annuities Due You want to lease a set of golf clubs from Pings Ltd. The leasecontract is in the form of 24 equal monthly payments at a 10.4 percent stated annual interest rate, compounded monthly. Because the clubs cost $3,500 retail, Pings wants the PV of the lease payments to equal $3,500. Suppose that your first payment is due immediately. What will your monthly lease payments be?52. Annuities You are saving for the college education of your two children. They are two yearsapart in age; one will begin college 15 years from today and the other will begin 17 years from today. You estimate your children’s college expenses to be $35,000 per year per child, payable at the beginning of each school year. The annual interest rate is 8.5 percent. How much money must you deposit in an account each year to fund your children’s education? Your deposits begin one year from today. You will make your last deposit when your oldest child enters college. Assume four years of college.53. Growing Annuities Tom Adams has received a job offer from a large investment bank as aclerk to an associate banker. His base salary will be $45,000. He will receive his first annual salary payment one year from the day he begins to work. In addition, he will get an immediate $10,000 bonus for joining the company. His salary will grow at 3.5 percent each year. Each year he will receive a bonus equal to 10 percent of his salary. Mr. Adams is expected to work for 25 years.What is the present value of the offer if the discount rate is 12 percent?54. Calculating Annuities You have recently won the super jackpot in the Washington StateLottery. On reading the fine print, you discover that you have the following two options:1. You will receive 31 annual payments of $175,000, with the first payment being deliveredtoday. The income will be taxed at a rate of 28 percent. Taxes will be withheld when the checks are issued.2. You will receive $530,000 now, and you will not have to pay taxes on this amount. Inaddition, beginning one year from today, you will receive $125,000 each year for 30 years.The cash flows from this annuity will be taxed at 28 percent.Using a discount rate of 10 percent, which option should you select?55. Calculating Growing Annuities You have 30 years left until retirement and want to retirewith $1.5 million. Your salary is paid annually, and you will receive $70,000 at the end of the current year. Your salary will increase at 3 percent per year, and you can earn a 10 percent return on the money you invest. If you save a constant percentage of your salary, what percentage of your salary must you save each year?56. Balloon Payments On September 1, 2007, Susan Chao bought a motorcycle for $25,000. Shepaid $1,000 down and financed the balance with a five-year loan at a stated annual interest rate of8.4 percent, compounded monthly. She started the monthly payments exactly one month after thepurchase (i.e., October 1, 2007). Two years later, at the end of October 2009, Susan got a new job and decided to pay off the loan. If the bank charges her a 1 percent prepayment penalty based on the loan balance, how much must she pay the bank on November 1, 2009?57. Calculating Annuity Values Bilbo Baggins wants to save money to meet three objectives.First, he would like to be able to retire 30 years from now with a retirement income of $20,000 per month for 20 years, with the first payment received 30 years and 1 month from now. Second, he would like to purchase a cabin in Rivendell in 10 years at an estimated cost of $320,000. Third, after he passes on at the end of the 20 years of withdrawals, he would like to leave an inheritance of $1,000,000 to his nephew Frodo. He can afford to save $1,900 per month for the next 10 years.If he can earn an 11 percent EAR before he retires and an 8 percent EAR after he retires, how much will he have to save each month in years 11 through 30?58. Calculating Annuity Values After deciding to buy a new car, you can either lease the car orpurchase it with a three-year loan. The car you wish to buy costs $38,000. The dealer has a special leasing arrangement where you pay $1 today and $520 per month for the next three years. If you purchase the car, you will pay it off in monthly payments over the next three years at an 8 percent APR. You believe that you will be able to sell the car for $26,000 in three years. Should you buy or lease the car? What break-even resale price in three years would make you indifferent between buying and leasing?59. Calculating Annuity Values An All-Pro defensive lineman is in contract negotiations. Theteam has offered the following salary structure:All salaries are to be paid in a lump sum. The player has asked you as his agent to renegotiate the terms. He wants a $9 million signing bonus payable today and a contract value increase of $750,000. He also wants an equal salary paid every three months, with the first paycheck three months from now. If the interest rate is 5 percent compounded daily, what is the amount of his quarterly check? Assume 365 days in a year.60. Discount Interest Loans This question illustrates what is known as discount interest. Imagineyou are discussing a loan with a somewhat unscrupulous lender. You want to borrow $20,000 for one year. The interest rate is 14 percent. You and the lender agree that the interest on the loan will be .14 × $20,000 = $2,800. So, the lender deducts this interest amount from the loan up front and gives you $17,200. In this case, we say that the discount is $2,800. What’s wrong here?61. Calculating Annuity Values You are serving on a jury. A plaintiff is suing the city for injuriessustained after a freak street sweeper accident. In the trial, doctors testified that it will be five years before the plaintiff is able to return to work. The jury has already decided in favor of the plaintiff. You are the foreperson of the jury and propose that the jury give the plaintiff an award to cover the following: (1) The present value of two years’ back pay. The plaintiff’s annual salary for the last two years would have been $42,000 and $45,000, respectively. (2) The present value of five years’ future salary. You assume the salary will be $49,000 per year. (3) $150,000 for pain and suffering. (4) $25,000 for court costs. Assume that the salary payments are equal amounts paid at the end of each month. If the interest rate you choose is a 9 percent EAR, what is the size of the settlement? If you were the plaintiff, would you like to see a higher or lower interest rate?62. Calculating EAR with Points You are looking at a one-year loan of $10,000. The interest rateis quoted as 9 percent plus three points. A point on a loan is simply 1 percent (one percentage point) of the loan amount. Quotes similar to this one are very common with home mortgages. The interest rate quotation in this example requires the borrower to pay three points to the lender up front and repay the loan later with 9 percent interest. What rate would you actually be paying here? What is the EAR for a one-year loan with a quoted interest rate of 12 percent plus two points? Is your answer affected by the loan amount?63. EAR versus APR Two banks in the area offer 30-year, $200,000 mortgages at 6.8 percent andcharge a $2,100 loan application fee. However, the application fee charged by Insecurity Bank and Trust is refundable if the loan application is denied, whereas that charged by I. M. Greedy and Sons Mortgage Bank is not. The current disclosure law requires that any fees that will be refunded if the applicant is rejected be included in calculating the APR, but this is not required with nonrefundable。
罗斯《公司理财》笔记和课后习题详解(风险分析、实物期权和资本预算)【圣才出品】
第7章风险分析、实物期权和资本预算7.1 复习笔记从某种意义上来说，公司的战略分析可以看作“寻找净现值为正值的投资项目”的过程。
分析正NPV来源的过程通常被称作公司的战略分析。
在实际操作中，可以使用决策树、场景分析、敏感性分析和盈亏平衡分析等分析工具来评估不确定性对项目增量现金流量的影响。
1．敏感性分析（1）定义敏感性分析是指它在确定性分析的基础上，进一步分析不确定性因素对投资项目的最终经济效果指标的影响及影响程度。
敏感性因素一般可选择主要参数（如销售收入、经营成本、生产能力、初始投资、寿命期、建设期、达产期等）进行分析。
若某参数的小幅度变化能导致经济效果指标的较大变化，则称此参数为敏感性因素，反之则称其为非敏感性因素。
（2）优点①敏感性分析可以表明NPV分析是否值得信赖。
如果在所有变量的正常估计中，出现一个错误就将大大改变NPV，那么人们就有理由对净现值法进行怀疑。
②敏感性分析可以指出在哪些方面需要搜集更多的信息。
（3）缺点①敏感性分析可能会更容易造成经理们的安全错觉。
因为可能存在过分乐观估计悲观状态值的情形。
②敏感性分析只是孤立地处理每个变量的变化，而实际上不同变量的变化很可能是相互关联的。
【例7.1】敏感性分析评价净现值通过（）。
[清华大学2017金融硕士]A．改变计算净现值假设B．改变一个变量同时其他变量不变C．考虑不同的经济形势D．以上全部【答案】B【解析】敏感性分析是用来检测某一特定净现值计算对特定假设条件变化的敏感度的一种分析方法。
标准的敏感性分析，是假定其他变量处于正常估计值，计算某一变量的三种不同状态下可能估计出的NPV。
2．场景分析场景分析经常被用来消除敏感性分析所存在问题的影响。
所谓的场景分析简单来说就是考察一些可能出现的不同场景，其中每个场景都综合了各种变量的影响。
3．盈亏平衡分析盈亏平衡分析是指根据成本、销售收入、利润等因素之间的函数关系，确定企业实现盈亏平衡时所需达到的销售量，它是敏感性分析方法的有效补充。
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解[视频详解](折现现金流量估价)【圣才出品】
【圣才出品】](https://360docs-1393072327.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com/810ed282482fb4daa58d4bf0.webp)
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解]第4章折现现金流量估价[视频讲解]4.1复习笔记当前的1美元与未来的1美元的价值是不同的，因为当前1美元用于投资，在未来可以得到更多，而且未来的1美元具有不确定性。
这种区别正是“货币的时间价值”。
货币的时间价值概念是金融投资和融资的基石之一，资本预算、项目决策、融资管理和兼并等领域均有涉及。
因此有必要理解和掌握相关的现值、终值、年金和永续年金的概念和计算公式。
1．现值与净现值现值是未来资金在当前的价值，是把未来的现金流按照一定的贴现率贴现到当前的价值。
以单期为例，一期后的现金流的现值：其中，C1是一期后的现金流，r是适当贴现率。
在多期的情况下，求解PV的公式可写为：其中，C T是在T期的现金流，r是适当贴现率。
净现值的计算公式为：NPV=-成本+PV。
也就是说，净现值NPV是这项投资未来现金流的现值减去成本的现值所得的结果。
一种定量的财务决策方法是净现值分析法。
产生N期现金流的投资项目的净现值为：NPV=其中，-C0是初始现金流，由于它代表了一笔投资，即现金流出，因而是负值。
2．终值一笔投资在多期以后终值的一般计算公式可以写为：FV=C0×（1+r）T其中，C0是期初投资的金额，r是利息率，T是资金投资持续的期数。
一项投资每年按复利计息m次的年末终值为：其中：C0是投资者的初始投资；r是名义年利率。
当m趋近于无限大时，则是连续复利计息，这时T年后的终值可以表示为：C0×e rT。
连续复利在高级金融中有广泛的应用。
3．名义利率和实际利率名义年利率是不考虑年内复利计息的，不同的银行或金融机构有不同的称谓，比较通用的是年百分比利率（APR）；实际利率（EAR）是指在年内考虑复利计息的，然后折算成一年的利率。
名义利率和实际利率之间的差别在于名义利率只有给出计息间隔期下才有意义。
4．年金年金是指一系列稳定有规律的，持续一段固定时期的现金收付活动，即在一定期间内，每隔相同时期（一年、半年或一季等）收入或支出相等金额的款项。
罗斯《公司理财》笔记和课后习题详解(股票估值)【圣才出品】
第9章 股票估值9.1 复习笔记1．普通股估值（1）股利与资本利得①股票价格等于下期股利与下期股价的折现值之和。
②股票价格等于所有未来股利的折现值之和。
（2）不同类型股票的估值①零增长股利 股利不变时，股票的价格由下式给出：()120211Div Div Div P R R R =++=++在这里假定Div 1＝Div 2＝…＝Div 。
②固定增长率股利 如果股利以恒定的速率增长，那么一股股票的价格就为：()()()()()()2302341111111Div g Div g Div g Div Div P R R gR R R +++=++++=+-+++式中，g 是增长率；Div 是第一期期末的股利。
③变动增长率股利分阶段进行折现，注意折现的时间点。
【例9.1】假设某企业每年净利润固定是4400万元，并且该企业每年将所有净利润都作为股息发放给投资者，该企业共发行了1100万股的股票，假设该企业股息对应的折现率是10%，并且股息从一年后开始第一次发放，那么该企业股票今天的价格是多少？（）[清华大学2015金融硕士]A．4元B．44元C．400元D．40元【答案】D【解析】该企业每年发放的固定股息为：4400÷1100＝4（元/股），利用零增长股利模型，该企业股票今天的价格为：4÷10%＝40（元）。
【例9.2】A公司普通股刚刚支付了每股2元的红利，股票价格当前为100元每股，可持续增长率为6%，则该公司普通股的资本成本为（）。
[中央财经大学2015金融硕士] A．6.4%B．7.3%C．8.1%D．8.8%【答案】C【解析】根据固定增长股票的价值模型：10D P R g=- 则该公司普通股的资本成本为：()10216%6%8.12%100D R g P ⨯+=+=+=【例9.3】今年年底，D 公司预期红利为2.12元，红利会以每年10%的速度增长，如果该公司的必要收益率为每年14.2%，其股票现价＝内在价值，下一年预期价格为（ ）元。
Cha07 罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题
to abandon, and timing options.4. Decision trees represent an approach for valuing projects with these hidden, or real, options.Concept Questions1. Forecasting Risk What is forecasting risk? In general, would the degree of forecasting risk begreater for a new product or a cost-cutting proposal? Why?2. Sensitivity Analysis and Scenario Analysis What is the essential difference betweensensitivity analysis and scenario analysis?3. Marginal Cash Flows A coworker claims that looking at all this marginal this and incrementalthat is just a bunch of nonsense, and states, “Listen, if our average revenue doesn’t exceed our average cost, then we will have a negative cash flow, and we will go broke!” How do you respond?4. Break-Even Point As a shareholder of a firm that is contemplating a new project, would yoube more concerned with the accounting break-even point, the cash break-even point (the point at which operating cash flow is zero), or the financial break-even point? Why?5. Break-Even Point Assume a firm is considering a new project that requires an initialinvestment and has equal sales and costs over its life. Will the project reach the accounting, cash, or financial break-even point first? Which will it reach next? Last? Will this order always apply?6. Real Options Why does traditional NPV analysis tend to underestimate the true value of acapital budgeting project?7. Real Options The Mango Republic has just liberalized its markets and is now permittingforeign investors. Tesla Manufacturing has analyzed starting a project in the country and has determined that the project has a negative NPV. Why might the company go ahead with the project? What type of option is most likely to add value to this project?8. Sensitivity Analysis and Breakeven How does sensitivity analysis interact with break-evenanalysis?9. Option to Wait An option can often have more than one source of value. Consider a loggingcompany. The company can log the timber today or wait another year (or more) to log the timber.What advantages would waiting one year potentially have?10. Project Analysis You are discussing a project analysis with a coworker. The project involvesreal options, such as expanding the project if successful, or abandoning the project if it fails. Your coworker makes the following statement: “This analysis is ridiculous. We looked at expanding or abandoning the project in two years, but there are many other options we should consider. For example, we could expand in one year, and expand further in two years. Or we could expand in one year, and abandon the project in two years. There are too many options for us to examine.Because of this, anything this analysis would give us is worthless.” How would you evaluate this statement? Considering that with any capital budgeting project there are an infinite number of real options, when do you stop the option analysis on an individual project?Questions and Problems: connect™BASIC (Questions 1–10)1. Sensitivity Analysis and Break-Even Point We are evaluating a project that costs$724,000, has an eight-year life, and has no salvage value. Assume that depreciation is straight-line to zero over the life of the project. Sales are projected at 75,000 units per year. Price per unit is $39, variable cost per unit is $23, and fixed costs are $850,000 per year. The tax rate is 35 percent, and we require a 15 percent return on this project.1. Calculate the accounting break-even point.2. Calculate the base-case cash flow and NPV. What is the sensitivity of NPV to changes inthe sales figure? Explain what your answer tells you about a 500-unit decrease in projected sales.3. What is the sensitivity of OCF to changes in the variable cost figure? Explain what youranswer tells you about a $1 decrease in estimated variable costs.2. Scenario Analysis In the previous problem, suppose the projections given for price, quantity,variable costs, and fixed costs are all accurate to within ±10 percent. Calculate the best-case and worst-case NPV figures.3. Calculating Breakeven In each of the following cases, find the unknown variable. Ignoretaxes.4. Financial Breakeven L.J.’s Toys Inc. just purchased a $250,000 machine to produce toy cars.The machine will be fully depreciated by the straight-line method over its five-year economic life.Each toy sells for $25. The variable cost per toy is $6, and the firm incurs fixed costs of $360,000 each year. The corporate tax rate for the company is 34 percent. The appropriate discount rate is12 percent. What is the financial break-even point for the project?5. Option to Wait Your company is deciding whether to invest in a new machine. The newmachine will increase cash flow by $340,000 per year. You believe the technology used in the machine has a 10-year life; in other words, no matter when you purchase the machine, it will be obsolete 10 years from today. The machine is currently priced at $1,800,000. The cost of the machine will decline by $130,000 per year until it reaches $1,150,000, where it will remain. If your required return is 12 percent, should you purchase the machine? If so, when should you purchase it?6. Decision Trees Ang Electronics, Inc., has developed a new DVDR. If the DVDR is successful,the present value of the payoff (when the product is brought to market) is $22 million. If the DVDR fails, the present value of the payoff is $9 million. If the product goes directly to market, there is a50 percent chance of success. Alternatively, Ang can delay the launch by one year and spend $1.5million to test market the DVDR. Test marketing would allow the firm to improve the product and increase the probability of success to 80 percent. The appropriate discount rate is 11 percent.Should the firm conduct test marketing?7. Decision Trees The manager for a growing firm is considering the launch of a new product. Ifthe product goes directly to market, there is a 50 percent chance of success. For $135,000 the manager can conduct a focus group that will increase the product’s chance of success to 65 percent. Alternatively, the manager has the option to pay a consulting firm $400,000 to research the market and refine the product. The consulting firm successfully launches new products 85 percent of the time. If the firm successfully launches the product, the payoff will be $1.5 million. If the product is a failure, the NPV is zero. Which action will result in the highest expected payoff to the firm?8. Decision Trees B&B has a new baby powder ready to market. If the firm goes directly to themarket with the product, there is only a 55 percent chance of success. However, the firm can conduct customer segment research, which will take a year and cost $1.8 million. By going through research, B&B will be able to better target potential customers and will increase the probability of success to 70 percent. If successful, the baby powder will bring a present value profit (at time of initial selling) of $28 million. If unsuccessful, the present value payoff is only $4 million. Should the firm conduct customer segment research or go directly to market? The appropriate discount rate is15 percent.9. Financial Break-Even Analysis You are considering investing in a company that cultivatesabalone for sale to local restaurants. Use the following information:The discount rate for the company is 15 percent, the initial investment in equipment is $360,000, and the project’s economic life is seven years. Assume the equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the project’s life.1. What is the accounting break-even level for the project?2. What is the financial break-even level for the project?10. Financial Breakeven Niko has purchased a brand new machine to produce its High Flight lineof shoes. The machine has an economic life of five years. The depreciation schedule for the machine is straight-line with no salvage value. The machine costs $390,000. The sales price per pair of shoes is $60, while the variable cost is $14. $185,000 of fixed costs per year are attributed to the machine. Assume that the corporate tax rate is 34 percent and the appropriate discount rate is 8 percent. What is the financial break-even point?INTERMEDIATE (Questions 11–25)11. Break-Even Intuition Consider a project with a required return of R percent that costs $I andwill last for N years. The project uses straight-line depreciation to zero over the N-year life; there are neither salvage value nor net working capital requirements.1. At the accounting break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?2. At the cash break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?3. At the financial break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?12. Sensitivity Analysis Consider a four-year project with the following information: Initial fixedasset investment = $380,000; straight-line depreciation to zero over the four-year life; zero salvage value; price = $54; variable costs = $42; fixed costs = $185,000; quantity sold = 90,000 units; tax rate = 34 percent. How sensitive is OCF to changes in quantity sold?13. Project Analysis You are considering a new product launch. The project will cost $960,000,have a four-year life, and have no salvage value; depreciation is straight-line to zero. Sales are projected at 240 units per year; price per unit will be $25,000; variable cost per unit will be $19,500; and fixed costs will be $830,000 per year. The required return on the project is 15 percent, and the relevant tax rate is 35 percent.1. Based on your experience, you think the unit sales, variable cost, and fixed costprojections given here are probably accurate to within ±10 percent. What are the upper and lower bounds for these projections? What is the base-case NPV? What are the best-case and worst-case scenarios?2. Evaluate the sensitivity of your base-case NPV to changes in fixed costs.3. What is the accounting break-even level of output for this project?14. Project Analysis McGilla Golf has decided to sell a new line of golf clubs. The clubs will sell for$750 per set and have a variable cost of $390 per set. The company has spent $150,000 for a marketing study that determined the company will sell 55,000 sets per year for seven years. The marketing study also determined that the company will lose sales of 12,000 sets of its high-priced clubs. The high-priced clubs sell at $1,100 and have variable costs of $620. The company will also increase sales of its cheap clubs by 15,000 sets. The cheap clubs sell for $400 and have variable costs of $210 per set. The fixed costs each year will be $8,100,000. The company has also spent $1,000,000 on research and development for the new clubs. The plant and equipment required will cost $18,900,000 and will be depreciated on a straight-line basis. The new clubs will also require an increase in net working capital of $1,400,000 that will be returned at the end of the project. The tax rate is 40 percent, and the cost of capital is 14 percent. Calculate the payback period, the NPV, and the IRR.15. Scenario Analysis In the previous problem, you feel that the values are accurate to withinonly ±10 percent. What are the best-case and worst-case NPVs? (Hint: The price and variable costs for the two existing sets of clubs are known with certainty; only the sales gained or lost are uncertain.)16. Sensitivity Analysis McGilla Golf would like to know the sensitivity of NPV to changes in theprice of the new clubs and the quantity of new clubs sold. What is the sensitivity of the NPV to each of these variables?17. Abandonment Value We are examining a new project. We expect to sell 9,000 units per yearat $50 net cash flow apiece for the next 10 years. In other words, the annual operating cash flow is projected to be $50 × 9,000 = $450,000. The relevant discount rate is 16 percent, and the initial investment required is $1,900,000.1. What is the base-case NPV?2. After the first year, the project can be dismantled and sold for $1,300,000. If expectedsales are revised based on the first year’s performance, when would it make sense to abandon the investment? In other words, at what level of expected sales would it make sense to abandon the project?3. Explain how the $1,300,000 abandonment value can be viewed as the opportunity cost ofkeeping the project in one year.18. Abandonment In the previous problem, suppose you think it is likely that expected sales willbe revised upward to 11,000 units if the first year is a success and revised downward to 4,000 units if the first year is not a success.1. If success and failure are equally likely, what is the NPV of the project? Consider thepossibility of abandonment in answering.2. What is the value of the option to abandon?19. Abandonment and Expansion In the previous problem, suppose the scale of the project canbe doubled in one year in the sense that twice as many units can be produced and sold. Naturally, expansion would be desirable only if the project were a success. This implies that if the project is a success, projected sales after expansion will be 22,000. Again assuming that success and failure are equally likely, what is the NPV of the project? Note that abandonment is still an option if the project is a failure. What is the value of the option to expand?20. Break-Even Analysis Your buddy comes to you with a sure-fire way to make some quickmoney and help pay off your student loans. His idea is to sell T-shirts with the words “I get” on them. “You get it?” He says, “You see all those bumper stickers and T-shirts that say ‘got milk’ or ‘got surf.’ So this says, ‘I get.’ It’s funny! All we have to do is buy a used silk screen press for $3,200 and we are in business!” Assume there are no fixed costs, and you depreciate the $3,200 in the first period. Taxes are 30 percent.1. What is the accounting break-even point if each shirt costs $7 to make and you can sellthem for $10 apiece?Now assume one year has passed and you have sold 5,000 shirts! You find out that the Dairy Farmers of America have copyrighted the “got milk” slogan and are requiring you to pay $12,000 to continue operations. You expect this craze will last for another three years and that your discount rate is 12 percent.2. What is the financial break-even point for your enterprise now?21. Decision Trees Young screenwriter Carl Draper has just finished his first script. It has action,drama, and humor, and he thinks it will be a blockbuster. He takes the script to every motion picture studio in town and tries to sell it but to no avail. Finally, ACME studios offers to buy the script for either (a) $12,000 or (b) 1 percent of the movie’s profits. There are two decisions the studio will have to make. First is to decide if the script is good or bad, and second if the movie is good or bad. First, there is a 90 percent chance that the script is bad. If it is bad, the studio does nothing more and throws the script out. If the script is good, they will shoot the movie. After the movie is shot, the studio will review it, and there is a 70 percent chance that the movie is bad. If the movie is bad, the movie will not be promoted and will not turn a profit. If the movie is good, the studio will promote heavily; the average profit for this type of movie is $20 million. Carl rejects the $12,000 and says he wants the 1 percent of profits. Was this a good decision by Carl?22. Option to Wait Hickock Mining is evaluating when to open a gold mine. The mine has 60,000ounces of gold left that can be mined, and mining operations will produce 7,500 ounces per year.The required return on the gold mine is 12 percent, and it will cost $14 million to open the mine.When the mine is opened, the company will sign a contract that will guarantee the price of gold for the remaining life of the mine. If the mine is opened today, each ounce of gold will generate an aftertax cash flow of $450 per ounce. If the company waits one year, there is a 60 percent probability that the contract price will generate an aftertax cash flow of $500 per ounce and a 40 percent probability that the aftertax cash flow will be $410 per ounce. What is the value of the option to wait?23. Abandonment Decisions Allied Products, Inc., is considering a new product launch. The firmexpects to have an annual operating cash flow of $22 million for the next 10 years. Allied Products uses a discount rate of 19 percent for new product launches. The initial investment is $84 million.Assume that the project has no salvage value at the end of its economic life.1. What is the NPV of the new product?2. After the first year, the project can be dismantled and sold for $30 million. If theestimates of remaining cash flows are revised based on the first year’s experience, at what level of expected cash flows does it make sense to abandon the project?24. Expansion Decisions Applied Nanotech is thinking about introducing a new surface cleaningmachine. The marketing department has come up with the estimate that Applied Nanotech can sell15 units per year at $410,000 net cash flow per unit for the next five years. The engineeringdepartment has come up with the estimate that developing the machine will take a $17 million initial investment. The finance department has estimated that a 25 percent discount rate should beused.1. What is the base-case NPV?2. If unsuccessful, after the first year the project can be dismantled and will have an aftertaxsalvage value of $11 million. Also, after the first year, expected cash flows will be revised up to 20 units per year or to 0 units, with equal probability. What is the revised NPV?25. Scenario Analysis You are the financial analyst for a tennis racket manufacturer. Thecompany is considering using a graphitelike material in its tennis rackets. The company has estimated the information in the following table about the market for a racket with the new material. The company expects to sell the racket for six years. The equipment required for the project has no salvage value. The required return for projects of this type is 13 percent, and the company has a 40 percent tax rate. Should you recommend the project?CHALLENGE (Questions 26–30)26. Scenario Analysis Consider a project to supply Detroit with 55,000 tons of machine screwsannually for automobile production. You will need an initial $1,700,000 investment in threading equipment to get the project started; the project will last for five years. The accounting department estimates that annual fixed costs will be $520,000 and that variable costs should be $220 per ton;accounting will depreciate the initial fixed asset investment straight-line to zero over the five-year project life. It also estimates a salvage value of $300,000 after dismantling costs. The marketing department estimates that the automakers will let the contract at a selling price of $245 per ton.The engineering department estimates you will need an initial net working capital investment of $600,000. You require a 13 percent return and face a marginal tax rate of 38 percent on this project.1. What is the estimated OCF for this project? The NPV? Should you pursue this project?2. Suppose you believe that the accounting department’s initial cost and salvage valueprojections are accurate only to within ±15 percent; the marketing department’s price estimate is accurate only to within ±10 percent; and the engineering department’s net working capital estimate is accurate only to within ±5 percent. What is your worst-case scenario for this project? Your best-case scenario? Do you still want to pursue the project? 27. Sensitivity Analysis In Problem 26, suppose you’re confident about your own projections, butyou’re a little unsure about Detroit’s actual machine screw requirements. What is the sensitivity of the project OCF to changes in the quantity supplied? What about the sensitivity of NPV to changes in quantity supplied? Given the sensitivity number you calculated, is there some minimum level of output below which you wouldn’t want to operate? Why?28. Abandonment Decisions Consider the following project for Hand Clapper, Inc. The companyis considering a four-year project to manufacture clap-command garage door openers. This project requires an initial investment of $10 million that will be depreciated straight-line to zero over the project’s life. An initial investment in net working capital of $1.3 million is required to support spare parts inventory; this cost is fully recoverable whenever the project ends. The company believes it can generate $7.35 million in pretax revenues with $2.4 million in total pretax operating costs. The tax rate is 38 percent, and the discount rate is 16 percent. The market value of the equipment over the life of the project is as follows:Lumber is sold by the company for its “pond value.” Pond value is the amount a mill will pay for a log delivered to the mill location. The price paid for logs delivered to a mill is quoted in dollars per thousands of board feet (MBF), and the price depends on the grade of the logs. The forest Bunyan Lumber is evaluating was planted by the company 20 years ago and is made up entirely of Douglas fir trees. The table here shows the current price per MBF for the three grades of timber the company feels will come from the stand:Steve believes that the pond value of lumber will increase at the inflation rate. The company is planning to thin the forest today, and it expects to realize a positive cash flow of $1,000 per acre from thinning. The thinning is done to increase the growth rate of the remaining trees, and it is always done 20 years following a planting.The major decision the company faces is when to log the forest. When the company logs the forest, it will immediately replant saplings, which will allow for a future harvest. The longer the forest is allowed to grow, the larger the harvest becomes per acre. Additionally, an older forest has a higher grade of timber. Steve has compiled the following table with the expected harvest per acre in thousands of board feet, along with the breakdown of the timber grades:The company expects to lose 5 percent of the timber it cuts due to defects and breakage.The forest will be clear-cut when the company harvests the timber. This method of harvesting allows for faster growth of replanted trees. All of the harvesting, processing, replanting, and transportation are to be handled by subcontractors hired by Bunyan Lumber. The cost of the logging is expected to be $140 per MBF. A road system has to be constructed and is expected to cost $50 per MBF on average. Sales preparation and administrative costs, excluding office overhead costs, are expected to be $18 per MBF.As soon as the harvesting is complete, the company will reforest the land. Reforesting costs include the following:All costs are expected to increase at the inflation rate.Assume all cash flows occur at the year of harvest. For example, if the company begins harvesting the timber 20 years from today, the cash flow from the harvest will be received 20 years from today. When the company logs the land, it will immediately replant the land with new saplings. The harvest period chosen will be repeated for the foreseeable future. The company’s nominal required return is 10 percent, and the inflation rate is expected to be 3.7 percent per year. Bunyan Lumber has a 35 percent tax rate.Clear-cutting is a controversial method of forest management. To obtain the necessary permits, Bunyan Lumber has agreed to contribute to a conservation fund every time it harvests the lumber. If the company harvested the forest today, the required contribution would be $250,000. The company has agreed that the required contribution will grow by 3.2 percent per year. When should the company harvest the forest?。
Cha08 罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题
Earlier in the chapter, we saw how bonds were rated based on their credit risk. What you will find if you start looking at bonds of different ratings is that lower-rated bonds have higher yields.We stated earlier in this chapter that a bond’s yield is calculated assuming that all the promised payments will be made. As a result, it is really a promised yield, and it may or may not be what you will earn. In particular, if the issuer defaults, your actual yield will be lower, probably much lower. This fact is particularly important when it comes to junk bonds. Thanks to a clever bit of marketing, such bonds are now commonly called high-yield bonds, which has a much nicer ring to it; but now you recognize that these are really high promised yield bonds.Next, recall that we discussed earlier how municipal bonds are free from most taxes and, as a result, have much lower yields than taxable bonds. Investors demand the extra yield on a taxable bond as compensation for the unfavorable tax treatment. This extra compensation is the taxability premium.Finally, bonds have varying degrees of liquidity. As we discussed earlier, there are an enormous number of bond issues, most of which do not trade on a regular basis. As a result, if you wanted to sell quickly, you would probably not get as good a price as you could otherwise. Investors prefer liquid assets to illiquid ones, so they demand a liquidity premium on top of all the other premiums we have discussed. As a result, all else being the same, less liquid bonds will have higher yields than more liquid bonds.ConclusionIf we combine everything we have discussed, we find that bond yields represent the combined effect of no fewer than six factors. The first is the real rate of interest. On top of the real rate are five premiums representing compensation for (1) expected future inflation, (2) interest rate risk, (3) default risk, (4) taxability, and (5) lack of liquidity. As a result, determining the appropriate yield on a bond requires careful analysis of each of these factors.Summary and ConclusionsThis chapter has explored bonds, bond yields, and interest rates. We saw that:1. Determining bond prices and yields is an application of basic discounted cash flow principles.2. Bond values move in the direction opposite that of interest rates, leading to potential gains orlosses for bond investors.3. Bonds are rated based on their default risk. Some bonds, such as Treasury bonds, have no riskof default, whereas so-called junk bonds have substantial default risk.4. Almost all bond trading is OTC, with little or no market transparency in many cases. As a result,bond price and volume information can be difficult to find for some types of bonds.5. Bond yields and interest rates reflect six different factors: the real interest rate and fivepremiums that investors demand as compensation for inflation, interest rate risk, default risk, taxability, and lack of liquidity.In closing, we note that bonds are a vital source of financing to governments and corporations of all types. Bond prices and yields are a rich subject, and our one chapter, necessarily, touches on only the most important concepts and ideas. There is a great deal more we could say, but, instead, we will move on to stocks in our next chapter.Concept Questions1. Treasury Bonds Is it true that a U.S. Treasury security is risk-free?2. Interest Rate Risk Which has greater interest rate risk, a 30-year Treasury bond or a 30-year21. Using Bond Quotes Suppose the following bond quote for IOU Corporation appears in thefinancial page of today’s newspaper. Assume the bond has a face value of $1,000 and the current date is April 15, 2010. What is the yield to maturity of the bond? What is the current yield?22. Finding the Maturity You’ve just found a 10 percent coupon bond on the market that sells forpar value. What is the maturity on this bond?CHALLENGE (Questions 23–30)23. Components of Bond Returns Bond P is a premium bond with a 9 percent coupon. Bond D isa 5 percent coupon bond currently selling at a discount. Both bonds make annual payments, havea YTM of 7 percent, and have five years to maturity. What is the current yield for Bond P? For BondD? If interest rates remain unchanged, what is the expected capital gains yield over the next year for Bond P? For Bond D? Explain your answers and the interrelationship among the various types of yields.24. Holding Period Yield The YTM on a bond is the interest rate you earn on your investment ifinterest rates don’t change. If you actually sell the bond before it matures, your realized return is known as the holding period yield (HPY).1. Suppose that today you buy a 9 percent annual coupon bond for $1,140. The bond has 10years to maturity. What rate of return do you expect to earn on your investment?2. Two years from now, the YTM on your bond has declined by 1 percent, and you decide tosell. What price will your bond sell for? What is the HPY on your investment? Compare this yield to the YTM when you first bought the bond. Why are they different?25. Valuing Bonds The Morgan Corporation has two different bonds currently outstanding. Bond Mhas a face value of $20,000 and matures in 20 years. The bond makes no payments for the first six years, then pays $800 every six months over the subsequent eight years, and finally pays $1,000 every six months over the last six years. Bond N also has a face value of $20,000 and a maturity of20 years; it makes no coupon payments over the life of the bond. If the required return on boththese bonds is 8 percent compounded semiannually, what is the current price of Bond M? Of Bond N?26. R eal Cash Flows When Marilyn Monroe died, ex-husband Joe DiMaggio vowed to place freshflowers on her grave every Sunday as long as he lived. The week after she died in 1962, a bunch of fresh flowers that the former baseball player thought appropriate for the star cost about $8.Based on actuarial tables, “Joltin’ Joe” could expect to live for 30 years after the actress died.Assume that the EAR is 10.7 percent. Also, assume that the price of the flowers will increase at 3.5 percent per year, when expressed as an EAR. Assuming that each year has exactly 52 weeks, what is the present value of this commitment? Joe began purchasing flowers the week after Marilyn died.27. Real Cash Flows You are planning to save for retirement over the next 30 years. To save forretirement, you will invest $800 a month in a stock account in real dollars and $400 a month in a bond account in real dollars. The effective annual return of the stock account is expected to be 12 percent, and the bond account will earn 7 percent. When you retire, you will combine your money into an account with an 8 percent effective return. The inflation rate over this period is expected to be 4 percent. How much can you withdraw each month from your account in real terms assuminga 25-year withdrawal period? What is the nominal dollar amount of your last withdrawal?28. Real Cash Flows Paul Adams owns a health club in downtown Los Angeles. He charges hiscustomers an annual fee of $500 and has an existing customer base of 500. Paul plans to raise the annual fee by 6 percent every year and expects the club membership to grow at a constant rate of3 percent for the next five years. The overall expenses of running the health club are $75,000 ayear and are expected to grow at the inflation rate of 2 percent annually. After five years, Paul2. How many of the coupon bonds must East Coast Yachts issue to raise the $40 million? Howmany of the zeroes must it issue?3. In 20 years, what will be the principal repayment due if East Coast Yachts issues the couponbonds? What if it issues the zeroes?4. What are the company’s considerations in issuing a coupon bond compared to a zero couponbond?5. Suppose East Coast Yachts issues the coupon bonds with a make-whole call provision. Themake-whole call rate is the Treasury rate plus .40 percent. If East Coast calls the bonds in 7 years when the Treasury rate is 5.6 percent, what is the call price of the bond? What if it is 9.1 percent?6. Are investors really made whole with a make-whole call provision?7. After considering all the relevant factors, would you recommend a zero coupon issue or aregular coupon issue? Why? Would you recommend an ordinary call feature or a make-whole call feature? Why?。
公司理财第九版罗斯课后案例答案 Case Solutions Corporate Finance
公司理财第九版罗斯课后案例答案 Case Solutions CorporateFinance1. 案例一：公司资金需求分析问题：一家公司需要资金支持其新项目。
通过分析现金流量，推断该公司是否需要向外部借款或筹集其他资金。
解答：为了确定公司是否需要外部资金，我们需要分析公司的现金流量状况。
首先，我们需要计算公司的净现金流量（净收入加上非现金项目）。
然后，我们需要将净现金流量与项目的投资现金流量进行对比。
假设公司预计在项目开始时投资100万美元，并在项目运营期为5年。
预计该项目每年将产生50万美元的净现金流量。
现在，我们需要进行以下计算：净现金流量 = 年度现金流量 - 年度投资现金流量年度投资现金流量 = 100万美元年度现金流量 = 50万美元净现金流量 = 50万美元 - 100万美元 = -50万美元根据计算结果，公司的净现金流量为负数（即净现金流出），意味着公司每年都会亏损50万美元。
因此，公司需要从外部筹集资金以支持项目的运营。
2. 案例二：公司股权融资问题：一家公司正在考虑通过股权融资来筹集资金。
根据公司的财务数据和资本结构分析，我们需要确定公司最佳的股权融资方案。
解答：为了确定最佳的股权融资方案，我们需要参考公司的财务数据和资本结构分析。
首先，我们需要计算公司的资本结构比例，即股本占总资本的比例。
然后，我们将不同的股权融资方案与资本结构比例进行对比，选择最佳的方案。
假设公司当前的资本结构比例为60%的股本和40%的债务，在当前的资本结构下，公司的加权平均资本成本（WACC）为10%。
现在，我们需要进行以下计算：•方案一：以新股发行筹集1000万美元，并将其用于项目投资。
在这种方案下，公司的资本结构比例将发生变化。
假设公司的股本增加至80%，债务比例减少至20%。
根据资本结构比例的变化，WACC也将发生变化。
新的WACC可以通过以下公式计算得出：新的WACC = (股本比例 * 股本成本) + (债务比例 * 债务成本)假设公司的股本成本为12%，债务成本为8%：新的WACC = (0.8 * 12%) + (0.2 * 8%) = 9.6%•方案二：以新股发行筹集5000万美元，并将其用于项目投资。
公司理财第九版课后习题
第一章公司理财导论1.代理么问题谁拥有公司?描述所有者控制公司管理层的过程。
代理关系在公司的组织形式中存在的主要原因是什?在这种环境下，可能会出现什么样的问题?2.非营利企业的目标假设你是一家非营利企业（或许是非营利医院）的财务经理，你认为什么样的财务管理目标将会是恰当的?3.公司的目标评价下面这句话：管理者不应该只关注现在的股票价值，因为这么做将会导致过分强调短期利润而牺牲长期利润。
4.道德规范和公司目标股票价值最大化的目标可能和其他目标，比如避免不道德或者非法的行为相冲突吗?特别是，你认为顾客和员工的安全、环境和社会的总体利益是否在这个框架之内，或者他们完全被忽略了?考虑一些具体的情形来阐明你的回答。
5.跨国公司目标股票价值最大化的财务管理目标在外国会有不同吗?为什么?6.代理问题假设你拥有一家公司的股票，每股股票现在的价格是25 美元。
另外一家公司刚刚宣布它想要购买这个公司，愿意以每股35 美元的价格收购发行在外的所有股票。
你公司的管理层立即展开对这次恶意收购的斗争。
管理层是为股东的最大利益行事吗?为什么?7.代理问题和公司所有权公司所有权在世界各地都不相同。
历史上，美国个人投资者占了上市公司股份的大多数，但是在德国和日本，银行和其他金融机构拥有上市公司股份的大部分。
你认为代理问题在德国和日本会比在美国更严重吗?8.代理问题和公司所有权近年来，大型金融机构比如共同基金和养老基金已经成为美国股票的主要持有者。
这些机构越来越积极地参与公司事务。
这一趋势对代理问题和公司控制有什么样的启示?9.高管薪酬批评家指责美国公司高级管理人员的薪酬过高，应该削减。
比如在大型公司中，甲骨文的LarryEllison 是美国薪酬最高的首席执行官之一，2004～2008 年收入高达4.29 亿美元，仅2008 年就有1.93 亿美元之多。
这样的金额算多吗?如果承认超级运动员比如老虎·伍兹，演艺界的知名人士比如汤姆·汉克斯和奥普拉·温弗瑞，还有其他在他们各自领域非常出色的人赚的都不比这少或许有助于回答这个问题。
罗斯公司理财第九版第七章课后答案对应版
第七章：风险分析、实物期权和资本预算1. 预测风险是指估计预期现金流发生错误的风险。
新产品的预测风险最高，因为其现金流比较难预测。
2. 敏感性分析中，一个变量通过大量数值检验出来；而场景分析中，所有的变量的值范围有限。
3. 如果平均收入低于平均成本，这个公司面临亏本，这是正确的。
因此这句话大部分都是正确的，不过，对于边际来说，接受一个边际收益大于边际成本的项目毫无疑问会增加营运现金流。
4. 从股东的角度看，财务盈亏平衡点当然是最重要的。
一个项目能够超过会计以及现金盈亏平衡点同时低于财务盈亏平衡点，这会减少股东财富。
5. 项目首先到达现金盈亏平衡点，其次是会计盈亏平衡点，再最后是财务盈亏平衡点。
只要一个项目需要初始投资，并且在项目期限中销售额与成本相等，这一顺序将一直适应。
6. 传统的NPV 分析法过于保守，因为它忽略了一些可以获利的选择，例如在项目获利时，扩大投资，或者在项目无利可图时，放弃该项目。
这种改变已接受项目的权利同样是有价值的，会增加NPV。
7. 如果这个国家刚刚开始市场化，其具有非常好的潜在增长率。
第一个进入市场不论是不是一个新市场或是一个新产品，都能给一个公司增加品牌效应以及市场份额，这会使得其他竞争者很难进入市场。
8. 敏感性分析能够决定当其他因素（例如固定成本，变动成本，或收入）变动时，盈亏平衡点怎么变动。
9. 等待一年在搬运木材这个决定有两个价值来源，第一个是木材的价格很可能会上涨，第二个是如果发生自然灾害或森林火灾时，木材的数量毫无疑问将增加。
这个期权对于伐木公司来说很有价值，该产业很多公司都运用模型依靠森林的年份来估计其未来的成长。
10. 当进一步分析得到一个负的NPV 时，就应停止进行分析。
因为进一步分析反应迅速，这意味着当进一步分析中盈利超过成本，这是一个错误决定的可能性也就更小。
11.a．每年的折旧为：724000/8=90,500会计利润的盈亏平衡点：（固定成本+折旧）/（销售单价-单位变动成本）= (850,000 + 90,500)/($39 – 23)=58781b．1）基本情况下的现金流为：[（销售单价-可变成本）*销售量-固定成本]（1-税率）+税率*折旧=[(39 – 23)(75,000) – 850,000](0.65) + 0.35(90,500)= 259,175净现值=-成本+现值现值=年金现值表（15%，8）*现金流=-724000+259,175(PVIFA15%,8)=439001.552）当销售量为80000时，现金流为：[($39 – 23)(80,000) – $850,000](0.65) + 0.35($90,500)= 311,175净现值为：–$724,000 + $311,175(PVIFA15%,8)= 672,342.27则：销售额变动，净现值变动为：∆净现值/∆销售量 = (439,001.55 -672,342.27)/(75,000 - 80,000) = 46.668如果销售量减少500单位则净现值下降：46.668*500=23,334C.可变成本降低一美元时，营运现金流为：[(39 – 24)(75,000) – 850,000](0.65) + 0.35(90,500)= 210,425则营运现金流对可变成本的变化：∆OCF/∆vc = ($259,175 – 210,425)/($23 – 24)=-48750即；如果可变成本降低一美元则营运现金流增加4875012.最好情况下的现金流：={[($39)(1.1) – ($23)(0.9)](75,000)(1.1) – $850,000(0.9)}(0.65) +0.35($90,500)= $724,900.00最好情况下的净现值：=–$724,000 + $724,900(PVIFA15%,8) = $2,528,859.36最差情况下的现金流：={[($39)(0.9) – ($23)(1.1)](75,000)(0.9) – $850,000(1.1)}(0.65) +0.35($90,500)= –$146,100最差情况下的净现值：NPV worst = –$724,000 – $146,100(PVIFA15%,8) = –$1,379,597.6713.会计盈亏平衡点：Q A = (FC + D)/(P – v)(1): Q A = 110,500 = ($820,000 + D)/($41 – 30) D = $395,500(2): Q A = 143,806 = ($3.2M + 1.15M)/(P – $56) P= $86.25(3): Q A = 7,835 = ($160,000 + 105,000)/($105 – v) v = $71.1814.现值的盈亏平衡点：【EAC+固定成本*（1-税率）—折旧*税率】/（销售单价—单位变动成本）*（1—税率）则：EAC = Initial Investment / PVIFA12%,5=$250,000 / 3.60478=$69,352.43每年的折旧：Annual depreciation = $250,000 / 5=$50,000现值盈亏平衡点=[EAC + FC(1 – t C) – Depreciation(t C)] / [(P – VC)(1 – t C)]= [$69,352.43 + $360,000(1 – 0.34) – $50,000(0.34)] / [($25 – 6)(1 – 0.34)]= 23,122.20 or about 23,122 units15.净现值等于成本加每年增加现金流的现值，即：NPV0 = –$1,800,000 + $340,000(PVIFA12%,10) = $121,075.83第一年: NPV1 = [–$1,670,000 + $340,000(PVIFA12%, 9)] / 1.12 = $126,432.97第二年: NPV2 = [–$1,540,000 + $340,000(PVIFA12%, 8)] / 1.12⌒2 = $118,779.91第三年: NPV3 = [–$1,410,000 + $340,000(PVIFA12%, 7)] / 1.12⌒3 = $100,843.05第四年: NPV4 = [–$1,280,000 + $340,000(PVIFA12%, 6)] / 1.12⌒4 = $74,913.91第五年:NPV5 = [–$1,150,000 + $340,000(PVIFA12%,5)] / 1.12⌒5 = $42,911.04第六年: NPV6 = [–$1,150,000 + $340,000(PVIFA12%, 4)] / 1.12⌒6 = –$59,428.45公司应该从净现值最高的第一年就开始买进16.如果项目直接推向市场则可以的到的净现值为：NPV = $22,000,000(0.50) + $9,000,000(0.50)= $15,500,000如果进行市场测试，之后推向市场则可以得到净现值为：NPV = –$1,500,000 + {[$22,000,000 (0.80)] + [$9,000,000 (0.20)]} / 1.11=$15,977,477.48公司应该进行市场测试？17.将产品直接推向市场的净现值为：NPV = C Success (Prob. of Success) = $1,500,000 (0.50) = $750,000第一个方案得到的净现值：NPV = C0 + C Success (Prob. of Success) =–$135,000 + $1,500,000 (0.65) = $840,000第二个方案得到的净现值：NPV = C0 + C Success (Prob. of Success) = –$400,000 + $1,500,000 (0.85) = $875,000公司应该采用通过咨询公司进行市场测试之后推向市场18.a.会计利润盈亏平衡点：= [(FC + Depreciation)(1 – t C)] / [(P – VC)(1 – t C)] = [($750,000 + $360,000/7) (1 – 0.35)] / [($80 – 5.40) (1 – 0.35)] = 10,455.76 or about 10,456 unitsb.现值的盈亏平衡点：= [EAC + FC(1 – t C) – Depreciation(t C)] / [(P – VC)(1 – t C)]而EAC = Initial Investment / PVIFA15%,7 = $360,000 / 4.1604 = $86,529.73现值盈亏平衡点= [$86,529.73 + $750,000(.65) – ($360,000/7)(.35)] / [($80 – 5.40) (.65)]= 11,621.57 or about 11,622 units19.a.根据情况可分为以下三种状态下的销售，成本状况：Scenario Unit sales Variable cost Fixed costsBase 240 $19,500 $830,000Best 264 $17,550 $747,000Worst 216 $21,450 $913,000正常基本现金流= [($25,000 – 19,500)(240) – $830,000](0.65) + 0.35($960,000/4) = $402,500则NPV=–$960,000 + $402,500(PVIFA15%,4) = $189,128.79最坏基本现金流= [($25,000 – 21,450)(216) – $913,000](0.65) + 0.35($960,000/4) = –$11,030则NPV==–$960,000 – $11,030(PVIFA15%,4) = –$991,490.41乐观基本现金流= [($25,000 – 17,550)(264) – $747,000](0.65) + 0.35($960,000/4) = $876,870则NPV= $1,543,444.88b.假设固定成本增长为840000则，现金流为：= [($25,000 – 19,500)(240) – $840,000](0.65) + 0.35($960,000/4) = $396,000则：NPV = –$960,000 + $396,000(PVIFA15%,4) = $170,571.43因此，由以下可以看出净现值对固定成本的敏感性△NPV/△FC = ($189,128.79 – 170,571.43)/($830,000 – 840,000) = –$1.856则，可以看出：固定成本每增加一美元，净现值减少1.856美元c.会计盈亏平衡点= (FC + D)/(P – v) = [$830,000 + ($960,000/4)]/($25,000 – 19,500) = 194.55 or about 195 units20.a.NPV= –$1,900,000 + $450,000(PVIFA16%,10) = $274,952.37b.当项目可以1300000美元价格卖出时，$1,300,000 = ($50)Q(PVIFA16%,9)Q=5,664 即，当每年售出量小于5334时候可以放弃该项目21.α.预期销售量为11000单位时，则每年的现金流为=50*11000(PVIFA16%,9)= $2,533,599.13项目在一年的销售量为11000单位或放弃项目的预期价值= [($2,533,599.13 + $1,300,000)/2] + $450,000= $2,366,799.57则净现值NPV = –$1,900,000 + ($2,366,799.47)/1.16 = $140,344.45b.销售4000单位的现金流的现值：= $50(4,000)(PVIFA16%,9) = $921,308.78在以4000单位继续销售一年后，初始投资残值为$1,300,000 – 921,308.78 = $378,691.22 得放弃期权的价值：= (.50)($378,691.22)/1.16= $163,228.9822.预期一年的现金流的现值= $50(22,000)(PVIFA16%,9)= $5,067,198.26项目在一年的销售量为22000单位或放弃项目的预期价值= [($5,067,198.26 + $1,300,000)/2] + $450,000= $3,633,599.13在销售一年得到的NPV = –$1,900,000 + $3,633,599.13/1.16 = $1,232,413.04以下计算拓展期权:销售单位为11000时，现金流的现值为拓展期权的现值：获得拓展期权= $50(11,000)(PVIFA16%,9) = $2,533,599.13We need to find the value of the option to expand times the likelihood of expansion. We also need to find the value of the option to expand today, so:期权价值= (.50)($2,533,599.13)/1.16 = $1,092,068.5923.经营现金流= [($245 – 220)(56,000) – $520,000](0.62) + 0.38($1,700,000/5)OCF = $674,800。
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解]（股票估值）【圣才出品】
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解]（股票估值）【圣才出品】罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解]第9章股票估值9.1复习笔记1．不同类型股票的估值（1）零增长股利股利不变时，一股股票的价格由下式给出：在这里假定Div1=Div2=…=Div。
（2）固定增长率股利如果股利以恒定的速率增长，那么一股股票的价格就为：式中，g是增长率；Div是第一期期末的股利。
（3）变动增长率股利2．股利折现模型中的参数估计（1）对增长率g的估计有效估计增长率的方法是：g=留存收益比率×留存收益收益率（ROE）只要公司保持其股利支付率不变，g就可以表示公司的股利增长率以及盈利增长率。
（2）对折现率R的估计对于折现率R的估计为：R=Div/P0+g该式表明总收益率R由两部分组成。
其中，第一部分被称为股利收益率，是预期的现金股利与当前的价格之比。
3．增长机会每股股价可以写做：该式表明，每股股价可以看做两部分的加和。
第一部分（EPS/R）是当公司满足于现状，而将其盈利全部发放给投资者时的价值；第二部分是当公司将盈利留存并用于投资新项目时的新增价值。
当公司投资于正NPVGO的增长机会时，公司价值增加。
反之，当公司选择负NPVGO 的投资机会时，公司价值降低。
但是，不管项目的NPV是正的还是负的，盈利和股利都是增长的。
不应该折现利润来获得每股价格，因为有部分盈利被用于再投资了。
只有股利被分到股东手中，也只有股利可以加以折现以获得股票价格。
4．市盈率即股票的市盈率是三个因素的函数：（1）增长机会。
拥有强劲增长机会的公司具有高市盈率。
（2）风险。
低风险股票具有高市盈率。
（3）会计方法。
采用保守会计方法的公司具有高市盈率。
5．股票市场交易商：持有一项存货，然后准备在任何时点进行买卖。
经纪人：将买者和卖者撮合在一起，但并不持有存货。
9.2课后习题详解一、概念题1．股利支付率（payout ratio）答：股利支付率一般指公司发放给普通股股东的现金股利占总利润的比例。