美国总统选举电视辩论趣事.doc
肯尼迪与尼克松电视辩论及公共广播电视法案
1961年1月20日正式宣誓肯尼迪就任美国第三十五任总统
• 肯尼迪、尼克松开辟了电视辩论的时代 • 电视作为总统竞选政治活动中的决定性媒介立刻脱颖而出。
二、政客利用电视，推动电视的普及和推广
• 肯尼迪总统是第一位充分认识到电视的传播潜力， 并充分发挥电视功能的政治家，正如罗斯福总统 是第一位深谙广播魔力的领导人一样。 • 大约从20世纪50 年代中期开始电视新闻在美国开 始受人青睐，尤其在政治领域，比如总统竞选， 电视新闻的作用日趋显著。 • 1963年，在美国依靠电视了解新闻的人第一次超 过依靠报纸了解新闻的人，这是一个历史性转变， 标志电视新闻时代的到来。
英国 《 公共广播电视法案》
• • • • •
四部广播电视法案： 《1980年广播电视法案》、 《1981年广播电视法案》、 《1990年广播电视法案》、 《1996年广播电视法案》
关于《1996年广播电视法案》
• 背景：
• 英国《1996年广播电视法案》对《1990年广播电
视法案》的某些条款做了修订，其中最主要的内
• 介绍
• •
• • • •
肯尼迪、尼克松总统电视辩论
《 公共广播电视法案》
第十一小组组员：安嫩 何显丽 汪全艳 林晓伟
• 一、首次电视辩论的背景 • 二、政客利用电视，推动了电视的普及和 推广 • 三、美国大选中电视媒体的宣传功能
一、首次电视辩论的背景
• 1960年9月26日，在芝加哥、哥伦比亚广播公司的一个电 视直播间里，总统候选人尼克松和肯尼迪站在摄像机和聚 光灯前，进行了美国总统竞选历史上第一次电视辩论。
பைடு நூலகம்
三、 美国大选中电视媒体的宣传功能
•
在美国，人们倾向于通过看电视得到各式各样的信息。 因此，电视这一媒介就成了总统竞选的主要武器，并成为 候选人成功的关键。在竞选期间，候选人时刻铭记电视宣
2016美国总统大选电视辩论第二场 希拉里川普互爆黑料斗智斗勇
2016美国总统大选电视辩论第二场希拉里川普互爆黑料斗智斗勇第二场总统大选电视辩论——川普希拉里巅峰对决高清视频全网独家下载对于美国总统候选人来讲，电视辩论是一场智力和体力的终极对决。
因为便是辩论中的表现可能会直接影响到最终的大选结果。
在历经了9月26日的第一场总统大选电视辩论上的剑拔弩张之后，副总统之间的角力对决也已经于10月4日落下帷幕。
今天美国总统大选第二场辩论，将于北京时间今日(10月10日)早上9点，在美国华盛顿大学举行。
美国共和党候选人特朗普有90分钟时间挽回自己的竞选生涯。
辩论主持人是美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)的安德森·库伯及美国广播公司(ABC)的拉达兹。
各大主流视频网站在线直播地址GET：Youtube直播地址： Youtube 2nd Presidential Debate at Washington UniversityCNN直播地址： CNN 2nd Presidential Debate at Washington UniversityNBC直播地址：NBC 2nd Presidential Debate at Washington University第二场电视辩论有哪些看点?——矛盾升级MAX如果说第一场电视辩论是礼尚往来之后，2016美国总统大学电视辩论第二场就开始来真格的了!【互挖黑历史】两位候选人辩论前夕都被曝出有损各自形象的“黑材料”。
《华盛顿邮报》7日公布了特朗普2005年一段用语非常粗俗的谈话录音，内容含有侮辱女性的言论。
“维基解密”网站也随即公开了黑客获取的希拉里华尔街高价演讲部分内容以及希拉里竞选团队一些内部邮件，其中一些言论与希拉里的公开立场不同，可能令民众对希拉里的诚信产生怀疑。
【提问环节】和第一场电视辩论的提问环节有所不同的是，这一的主持人仅负责提出半数问题，另半数将由盖洛普民意测验中心(Gallup)选出的未决选民提出。
截止小编发稿时候，第一个问题来自场下观众，这位观众问：上次辩论太“激烈”，小孩子要在大人陪同下才能观看，你们怎么看?【辩论爆点】特朗普避税疑云希拉里此前痛批共和党对手特朗普避税多年，称他是冷酷无情的商人，对国家没有贡献，她主张立法规定，参选总统必须公布税表。
【笑话大全】美国大选段子,笑死偶们这些吃瓜群众了
【笑话大全】美国大选段子,笑死偶们这些吃瓜群众了1. 美国大选期间，一个女士对着电视机说：“我要是特朗普我就会一边大喊‘我赢了’，一边把自己藏到墨西哥去。
”2. 特朗普在演讲中说，“如果我输了，我就会去旅游。
”某人问他去哪儿，他回答说：“去胜利之岛（Victory Island）。
”3. 有一个特朗普粉丝问：“为什么那么多人讨厌特朗普？” 我回答说：“我们对身边人产生的影响是基于他们所做的事情，而不是基于他们的长相。
”4. 希拉里说：“我相信女性能够改变世界。
” 特朗普说：“我相信男人也可以改变女性。
”5. 特朗普：我将建造一堵很高的墙来防止非法移民进入美国。
希拉里：你怎么知道这堵墙不是把人困在美国里？6. 希拉里和特朗普在辩论中互相攻击。
特朗普：“你的女儿用私人邮箱发送重要文件吗？” 希拉里：“我至少没有把Twitter当成外交政策。
”7. 一个小男孩问他的父亲：“特朗普是否真的会成为美国总统？” 父亲回答说：“不要担心，儿子，我们不在美国。
”8. 特朗普声称，他会把墨西哥人赶出美国并让墨西哥为建墙买单。
墨西哥总统回答，说他也要把美国的巨大草坪推到美国一边，让美国为建墙买单。
9. 特朗普和希拉里在一条绳上拉扯，两人都非常用力，但最后绳断了… 希拉里把绳子递回给特朗普，说：“让我们再玩一次吧。
” 特朗普捡起绳子，说：“等明年吧…我每年都会在金砖酒店玩藏独…”10. 特朗普和希拉里参加了一个反对气候变化的辩论会议，听众问：“你们是否认为全球变暖是真的？” 特朗普回答：“我不知道，我从来没去过那个星球。
” 希拉里回答：“我知道全球变暖是真的，因为我在看巴西丛林被砍伐。
”。
美国总统大选第三场电视辩论
MR. ROMNEY: Well, they sell us about this much stuff every year. And we sell them about this much stuff every year. So it's pretty clear who doesn't want a trade war. And there's one going on right now that we don't know about. It's a silent one and they're winning. We have an enormous trade imbalance with China. And it's worse this year than last year. And it was worse last year than the year before.
Now, with respect to what we've done with China already, U.S. exports have doubled, since I came into office, to China. And actually, currencies are at their most advantageous point for U.S. exporters since 1993. We absolutely have to make more progress, and that's why we're going to keep on pressing.
I was with one company that makes valves in -- in process industries. And they said, look, we were -- we were having some valves coming in that -- that were broken, and we had to repair them under warranty. And we looked them up, and -- and they had our serial number on them. And then we noticed that -- that there was more than one with that same serial number. They were counterfeit products being made overseas with the same serial number as a U.S. company, the same packaging. These were being sold into our market and around the world as if they were made by the U.S. competitor.
2016年美国大选第一场辩论
2016年美国大选第一场辩论2016年美国总统候选人“首场电视辩论”于美东时间26日晚在纽约长岛霍夫斯特拉大学开锣，民主党的希拉里·克林顿和共和党的唐纳德·特朗普首次同台正面交锋。
点下方视频观看完整版“红黑大战”，练听力和辩论的绝佳素材!首次电视辩论共设三大议题：（1）美国的繁荣（2）美国的未来方向（3）国家安全问题1 如何化解种族纷争主持人提问特朗普，他不断质疑奥巴马的出生地，问他对化解种族纷争有何说法。
特朗普答：“我没有说法。
是我迫使他拿出出生证明，他早就应该拿出来了。
我没说法。
”2 真相查证战在经济议题上，特朗普称希拉里曾经赞扬《跨太平洋伙伴关系协议》(TPP)。
对此，希拉里回击表示，特朗普误导大众，让外界以为她赞成TPP，“我知道你活在自己的世界里，但这些都不是事实。
”希拉里请观众上她的官网，直接点击查证特朗普说的话是真是假。
特朗普稍后则回击称：“去查她的网站，她只会告诉我们如何打击IS，在她的网站讨论打击IS，我不认为麦克阿瑟将军也会做同样的事。
”希拉里忍不住开玩笑说：“我感觉，今晚我会一直被怪罪所有以前发生的事情。
”特朗普反击道：“为什么不?”希拉里则说：“是啊，为什么不?继续在辩论会上说更多疯狂的事吧!”3 特朗普缴税议题希拉里质疑特朗普迟迟未公布缴税纪录。
对此，特朗普回应称：“我会公布我的缴税纪录，尽管我的律师不同意。
只要她(希拉里)公布被她删除的3万3千封电邮内容，我就会公布缴税纪录。
”希拉里表示，特朗普不公布税务纪录的原因有三：“第一，他(特朗普)不如他所说的有钱。
第二，或许他也没有如他所说捐出这么多钱。
第三：我们根本不知道他做些什么生意。
”希拉里还说，或许特朗普根本没缴任何所得税，特朗普则回答：“这显示我很聪明。
”4 特朗普捍卫做生意的方式希拉里抨击特朗普苛刻员工，并让数间公司倒闭。
特朗普则回击，他是生意人，自然会利用对他有利的法律规范经营公司，如果希拉里不满意，她应该去改这些法条。
美国总统大选第二场电视辩论
Transcript of second McCain, Obama debate NASHVILLE, Tennessee (CNN) -- Presidential candidates JohnMcCain and Barack Obama debated in Nashville, Tennessee, onTuesday night. NBC's Tom Brokaw moderated the debate. Here is a transcript of that debate.TOM: Good evening from Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee. I'm Tom Brokaw of NBC News. And welcome to this second presidential debate, sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates. Tonight's debate is the only one with a town hall format. The Gallup Organization chose 80 uncommitted voters from the Nashville area to be here with us tonight. And earlier today, each of them gave me a copy of their question for the candidates. From all of these questions -- and from tens of thousands submitted online -- I have selected a long list of excellent questions on domestic and foreign policy. Neither the commission nor the candidates have seen the questions. And although we won't be able to get to all of them tonight, we should have a wide-ranging discussion one month before the election. Each candidate will have two minutes to respond to a common question, and there will be a one-minute follow-up. The audience here in the hall has agreed to be polite, and attentive, nocheering or outbursts. Those of you at home, of course, are not so constrained. The only exception in the hall is right now, as it is my privilege to introduce the candidates, Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and Senator John McCain of Arizona. Gentlemen? Gentlemen, we want to get underway immediately, if we can. Since you last met at Ole Miss 12 days ago, the world has changed a great deal, and not for the better. We still don't know where the bottom is at this time. As you might expect, many of the questions that we have from here in the hall tonight and from online have to do with the American economy and, in fact, with global economic conditions. I understand that you flipped a coin. And, Senator Obama, you will begin tonight. And we're going to have our first question from over here in Section A from Alan Schaefer. Alan ?QUESTION: With the economy on the downturn and retired and older citizens and workers losing their incomes, what's the fastest, most positive solution to bail these people out of the economic ruin?OBAMA: Well, Alan , thank you very much for the question. I want to first, obviously, thank Belmont University, Tom, thank you, and to all of you who are participating tonight and those of you who sent e-mail questions in. I think everybody knows now we are in the worstfinancial crisis since the Great Depression. And a lot of you I think are worried about your jobs, your pensions, your retirement accounts, your ability to send your child or your grandchild to college. And I believe this is a final verdict on the failed economic policies of the last eight years, strongly promoted by President Bush and supported by Senator McCain, that essentially said that we should strip away regulations, consumer protections, let the market run wild, and prosperity would rain down on all of us. It hasn't worked out that way. And so now we've got to take some decisive action.Now, step one was a rescue package that was passed last week. We've got to make sure that works properly. And that means strong oversight, making sure that investors, taxpayers are getting their money back and treated as investors. It means that we are cracking down on CEOs and making sure that they're not getting bonuses or golden parachutes as a consequence of this package. And, in fact, we just found out that AIG, a company that got a bailout, just a week after they got help went on a $400,000 junket. And I'll tell you what, the Treasury should demand that money back and those executives should be fired. But that's only step one.The middle-class need a rescue package. And that means tax cuts for the middle-class. It means help for homeowners so that they can stay in their homes. It means that we are helping state and localgovernments set up road projects and bridge projects that keep people in their jobs. And then long-term we've got to fix our health care system, we've got to fix our energy system that is putting such an enormous burden on families. You need somebody working for you and you've got to have somebody in Washington who is thinking about the middle class and not just those who can afford to hire lobbyists.TOM : Senator McCain?MCCAIN: Well, thank you, Tom. Thank you, Belmont University. And Senator Obama, it's good to be with you at a town hall meeting. And, Alan , thank you for your question. You go to the heart of America's worries tonight. Americans are angry, they're upset, and they're a little fearful. It's our job to fix the problem.Now, I have a plan to fix this problem and it has got to do with energy independence. We've got to stop sending $700 billion a year to countries that don't want us very -- like us very much. We have to keep Americans' taxes low. All Americans' taxes low. Let's not raise taxes on anybody today. We obviously have to stop this spending spree that's going on in Washington. Do you know that we've laid a $10 trillion debt on these young Americans who are here with us tonight, $500 billion of it we owe to China? We've got to have a package of reforms and it has got to lead to reform prosperity and peace in the world. And I think that thisproblem has become so severe, as you know, that we're going to have to do something about home values. You know that home values of retirees continues to decline and people are no longer able to afford their mortgage payments. As president of the United States, Alan, I would order the secretary of the treasury to immediately buy up the bad home loan mortgages in America and renegotiate at the new value of those homes -- at the diminished value of those homes and let people be able to make those -- be able to make those payments and stay in their homes. Is it expensive? Yes. But we all know, my friends, until we stabilize home values in America, we're never going to start turning around and creating jobs and fixing our economy. And we've got to give some trust and confidence back to America. I know how the do that, my friends. And it's my proposal, it's not Senator Obama's proposal, it's not President Bush's proposal. But I know how to get America working again, restore our economy and take care of working Americans. Thank you.TOM: Senator, we have one minute for a discussion here. Obviously the powers of the treasury secretary have been greatly expanded. The most powerful officer in the cabinet now. Hank Paulson says he won't stay on. Who do you have in mind to appoint to that very important post? Senator McCain?MCCAIN: Not you, Tom.TOM : No, with good reason.MCCAIN: You know, that's a tough question and there's a lot of qualified Americans. But I think the first criteria, Tom, would have to be somebody who immediately Americans identify with, immediately say, we can trust that individual. A supporter of Senator Obama's is Warren Buffett. He has already weighed in and helped stabilize some of the difficulties in the markets and with companies and corporations, institutions today. I like Meg Whitman, she knows what it's like to be out there in the marketplace. She knows how to create jobs. Meg Whitman was CEO of a company that started with 12 people and is now 1.3 million people in America make their living off eBay. Maybe somebody here has done a little business with them.But the point is it's going to have to be somebody who inspires trust and confidence. Because the problem in America today to a large extent, Tom, is that we don't have trust and confidence in our institutions because of the corruption on Wall Street and the greed and excess and the cronyism in Washington, D.C.TOM: All right. Senator McCain -- Senator Obama, who do you have in mind for treasury secretary?OBAMA: Well, Warren would be a pretty good choice -- Warren Buffett, and I'm pleased to have his support. But there are other folks out there. The key is making sure that the next treasury secretary understands that it's not enough just to help those at the top. Prosperity is not just going to trickle down. We've got to help the middle class. OBAMA: And we've -- you know, Senator McCain and I have some fundamental disagreements on the economy, starting with Senator McCain's statement earlier that he thought the fundamentals of the economy were sound. Part of the problem here is that for many of you, wages and incomes have flat-lined. For many of you, it is getting harder and harder to save, harder and harder to retire. And that's why, for example, on tax policy, what I want to do is provide a middle class tax cut to 95 percent of working Americans, those who are working two jobs, people who are not spending enough time with their kids, because they are struggling to make ends meet. Senator McCain is right that we've got to stabilize housing prices. But underlying that is loss of jobs and loss of income. That's something that the next treasury secretary is going to have to work on.TOM: Senator Obama, thank you very much. May I remind both of you, if I can, that we're operating under rules that you signed off on and when we have a discussion, it really is to be confined within abouta minute or so. We're going to go now, Senator McCain, to the next question from you from the hall here, and it comes from Oliver Clark (ph), who is over here in section F. Oliver?QUESTION: Well, Senators, through this economic crisis, most of the people that I know have had a difficult time. And through this bailout package, I was wondering what it is that's going to actually help those people out.MCCAIN: Well, thank you, Oliver, and that's an excellent question, because as you just described it, bailout, when I believe that it's rescue, because -- because of the greed and excess in Washington and Wall Street, Main Street was paying a very heavy price, and we know that. I left my campaign and suspended it to go back to Washington to make sure that there were additional protections for the taxpayer in the form of good oversight, in the form of taxpayers being the first to be paid back when our economy recovers -- and it will recover -- and a number of other measures.But you know, one of the real catalysts, really the match that lit this fire was Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. I'll bet you, you may never even have heard of them before this crisis. But you know, they're the ones that, with the encouragement of Senator Obama and his cronies andhis friends in Washington, that went out and made all these risky loans, gave them to people that could never afford to pay back. And you know, there were some of us that stood up two years ago and said we've got to enact legislation to fix this. We've got to stop this greed and excess. Meanwhile, the Democrats in the Senate and some -- and some members of Congress defended what Fannie and Freddie were doing. They resisted any change. Meanwhile, they were getting all kinds of money in campaign contributions. Senator Obama was the second highest recipient of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac money in history -- in history. So this rescue package means that we will stabilize markets, we will shore up these institutions. But it's not enough. That's why we're going to have to go out into the housing market and we're going to have to buy up these bad loans and we're going to have to stabilize home values, and that way, Americans, like Alan, can realize the American dream and stay in their home. But Fannie and Freddie were the catalysts, the match that started this forest fire. There were some of us -- there were some of us that stood up against it. There were others who took a hike.TOM: Senator Obama?OBAMA: Well, Oliver, first, let me tell you what's in the rescuepackage for you. Right now, the credit markets are frozen up and what that means, as a practical matter, is that small businesses and some large businesses just can't get loans. If they can't get a loan, that means that they can't make payroll. If they can't make payroll, then they may end up having to shut their doors and lay people off. And if you imagine just one company trying to deal with that, now imagine a million companies all across the country. So it could end up having an adverse effect on everybody, and that's why we had to take action. But we shouldn't have been there in the first place.Now, I've got to correct a little bit of Senator McCain's history, not surprisingly. Let's, first of all, understand that the biggest problem in this whole process was the deregulation of the financial system. Senator McCain, as recently as March, bragged about the fact that he is a deregulator. On the other hand, two years ago, I said that we've got a sub-prime lending crisis that has to be dealt with. I wrote to Secretary Paulson, I wrote to Federal Reserve Chairman Bernanke, and told them this is something we have to deal with, and nobody did anything about it. A year ago, I went to Wall Street and said we've got to reregulate, and nothing happened. And Senator McCain during that period said that we should keep on deregulating because that's how the free enterprise system works. Now, with respect to Fannie Mae, what Senator McCain didn't mention is the fact that this bill that he talked about wasn't hisown bill. He jumped on it a year after it had been introduced and it never got passed. And I never promoted Fannie Mae. In fact, Senator McCain's campaign chairman's firm was a lobbyist on behalf of Fannie Mae, not me. So -- but, look, you're not interested in hearing politicians pointing fingers. What you're interested in is trying to figure out, how is this going to impact you? This is not the end of the process; this is the beginning of the process. And that's why it's going to be so important for us to work with homeowners to make sure that they can stay in their homes. The secretary already has the power to do that in the rescue package, but it hasn't been exercised yet. And the next president has to make sure that the next Treasury secretary is thinking about how to strengthen you as a home buyer, you as a homeowner, and not simply think about bailing out banks on Wall Street.TOM: Senator Obama, time for a discussion. I'm going to begin with you. Are you saying to Mr. Clark (ph) and to the other members of the American television audience that the American economy is going to get much worse before it gets better and they ought to be prepared for that?OBAMA: No, I am confident about the American economy. But we aregoing to have to have some leadership from Washington that not only sets out much better regulations for the financial system. The problem is we still have a archaic, 20th-century regulatory system for 21st-century financial markets. We're going to have to coordinate with other countries to make sure that whatever actions we take work. But most importantly, we're going to have to help ordinary families be able to stay in their homes, make sure that they can pay their bills, deal with critical issues like health care and energy, and we're going to have to change the culture in Washington so that lobbyists and special interests aren't driving the process and your voices aren't being drowned out.TOM: Senator McCain, in all candor, do you think the economy is going to get worse before it gets better?MCCAIN: I think it depends on what we do. I think if we act effectively, if we stabilize the housing market -- which I believe we can, if we go out and buy up these bad loans, so that people can have a new mortgage at the new value of their home -- I think if we get rid of the cronyism and special interest influence in Washington so we can act more effectively. My friend, I'd like you to see the letter that a group of senators and I wrote warning exactly of this crisis. Senator Obama'sname was not on that letter. The point is -- the point is that we can fix our economy. Americans' workers are the best in the world. They're the fundamental aspect of America's economy. They're the most innovative. They're the best -- they're most -- have best -- we're the best exporters. We're the best importers. They're most effective. They are the best workers in the world. And we've got to give them a chance. They've got -- we've got to give them a chance to do their best again. And they are the innocent bystanders here in what is the biggest financial crisis and challenge of our time. We can do it.TOM: Thank you, Senator McCain. We're going to continue over in Section F, as it turns out. Senator Obama, this is a question from you from Theresa Finch. Theresa ?QUESTION: How can we trust either of you with our money when both parties got -- got us into this global economic crisis?OBAMA: Well, look, I understand your frustration and your cynicism, because while you've been carrying out your responsibilities -- most of the people here, you've got a family budget. If less money is coming in, you end up making cuts. Maybe you don't go out to dinner as much. Maybe you put off buying a new car. That's not what happens inWashington. And you're right. There is a lot of blame to go around. But I think it's important just to remember a little bit of history. When George Bush came into office, we had surpluses. And now we have half-a-trillion-dollar deficit annually. When George Bush came into office, our debt -- national debt was around $5 trillion. It's now over $10 trillion. We've almost doubled it. And so while it's true that nobody's completely innocent here, we have had over the last eight years the biggest increases in deficit spending and national debt in our history. And Senator McCain voted for four out of five of those George Bush budgets. So here's what I would do. I'm going to spend some money on the key issues that we've got to work on.You know, you may have seen your health care premiums go up. We've got to reform health care to help you and your budget. We are going to have to deal with energy because we can't keep on borrowing from the Chinese and sending money to Saudi Arabia. We are mortgaging our children's future. We've got to have a different energy plan. We've got to invest in college affordability. So we're going to have to make some investments, but we've also got to make spending cuts. And what I've proposed, you'll hear Senator McCain say, well, he's proposing a whole bunch of new spending, but actually I'm cutting more than I'm spending so that it will be a net spending cut. The key is whether or not we've got priorities that are working for you as opposed to thosewho have been dictating the policy in Washington lately, and that's mostly lobbyists and special interests. We've got to put an end to that.TOM: Senator McCain?MCCAIN: Well, Theresa (ph), thank you. And I can see why you feel that cynicism and mistrust, because the system in Washington is broken. And I have been a consistent reformer. I have advocated and taken on the special interests, whether they be the big money people by reaching across the aisle and working with Senator Feingold on campaign finance reform, whether it being a variety of other issues, working with Senator Lieberman on trying to address climate change.I have a clear record of bipartisanship. The situation today cries out for bipartisanship. Senator Obama has never taken on his leaders of his party on a single issue. And we need to reform. And so let's look at our records as well as our rhetoric. That's really part of your mistrust here. And now I suggest that maybe you go to some of these organizations that are the watchdogs of what we do, like the Citizens Against Government Waste or the National Taxpayers Union or these other organizations that watch us all the time. I don't expect you to watch every vote. And you know what you'll find? This is the most liberal big-spending record in the United States Senate. I have fought againstexcessive spending and outrages. I have fought to reduce the earmarks and eliminate them. Do you know that Senator Obama has voted for -- is proposing $860 billion of new spending now? New spending. Do you know that he voted for every increase in spending that I saw come across the floor of the United States Senate while we were working to eliminate these pork barrel earmarks? He voted for nearly a billion dollars in pork barrel earmark projects, including, by the way, $3 million for an overhead projector at a planetarium in Chicago, Illinois. My friends, do we need to spend that kind of money? I think you have to look at my record and you have to look at his. Then you have to look at our proposals for our economy, not $860 billion in new spending, but for the kinds of reforms that keep people in their jobs, get middle-income Americans working again, and getting our economy moving again. You're going to be examining our proposals tonight and in the future, and energy independence is a way to do that, is one of them. And drilling offshore and nuclear power are two vital elements of that. And I've been supporting those and I know how to fix this economy, and eliminate our dependence on foreign oil, and stop sending $700 billion a year overseas.TOM: We've run out of time. We have this one-minute discussion period going on here. There are new economic realities out there thateveryone in this hall and across this country understands that there are going to have to be some choices made. Health policies, energy policies, and entitlement reform, what are going to be your priorities in what order? Which of those will be your highest priority your first year in office and which will follow in sequence? Senator McCain?MCCAIN: The three priorities were health...TOM: The three -- health care, energy, and entitlement reform: Social Security and Medicare. In what order would you put them in terms of priorities?MCCAIN: I think you can work on all three at once, Tom. I think it's very important that reform our entitlement programs. My friends, we are not going to be able to provide the same benefit for present-day workers that we are going -- that present-day retirees have today. We're going to have to sit down across the table, Republican and Democrat, as we did in 1983 between Ronald Reagan and Tip O'Neill. I know how to do that. I have a clear record of reaching across the aisle, whether it be Joe Lieberman or Russ Feingold or Ted Kennedy or others. That's my clear record. We can work on nuclear power plants. Build a whole bunch of them, create millions of new jobs. We have tohave all of the above, alternative fuels, wind, tide, solar, natural gas, clean coal technology. All of these things we can do as Americans and we can take on this mission and we can overcome it.My friends, some of this $700 billion ends up in the hands of terrorist organizations. As far as health care is concerned, obviously, everyone is struggling to make sure that they can afford their premiums and that they can have affordable and available health care. That's the next issue. But we can do them all at once. There's no -- and we have to do them all at once. All three you mentioned are compelling national security requirements.TOM: I'm trying to play by the rules that you all established. One minute for discussion. Senator Obama, if you would give us your list of priorities, there are some real questions about whether everything can be done at once.OBAMA: We're going to have to prioritize, just like a family has to prioritize. Now, I've listed the things that I think have to be at the top of the list. Energy we have to deal with today, because you're paying $3.80 here in Nashville for gasoline, and it could go up. And it's a strain on your family budget, but it's also bad for our national security, because countries like Russia and Venezuela and, you know, in somecases, countries like Iran, are benefiting from higher oil prices. So we've got to deal with that right away. That's why I've called for an investment of $15 billion a year over 10 years. Our goal should be, in 10 year's time, we are free of dependence on Middle Eastern oil. And we can do it. Now, when JFK said we're going to the Moon in 10 years, nobody was sure how to do it, but we understood that, if the American people make a decision to do something, it gets done. So that would be priority number one.Health care is priority number two, because that broken health care system is bad not only for families, but it's making our businesses less competitive. And, number three, we've got to deal with education so that our young people are competitive in a global economy. But just one point I want to make, Tom. Senator McCain mentioned looking at our records. We do need to look at our records. Senator McCain likes to talk about earmarks a lot. And that's important. I want to go line by line through every item in the federal budget and eliminate programs that don't work and make sure that those that do work, work better and cheaper. But understand this: We also have to look at where some of our tax revenues are going. So when Senator McCain proposes a $300 billion tax cut, a continuation not only of the Bush tax cuts, but an additional $200 billion that he's going to give to big corporations, including big oil companies, $4 billion worth, that's money out of thesystem. And so we've got to prioritize both our spending side and our tax policies to make sure that they're working for you. That's what I'm going to do as president of the United States.TOM: All right, gentlemen, I want to just remind you one more time about time. We're going to have a larger deficit than the federal government does if we don't get this under control here before too long. Senator McCain, for you, we have our first question from the Internet tonight. A child of the Depression, 78-year-old Fiora (ph) from Chicago.Question: Since World War II, we have never been asked to sacrifice anything to help our country, except the blood of our heroic men and women. As president, what sacrifices -- sacrifices will you ask every American to make to help restore the American dream and to get out of the economic morass that we're now in?MCCAIN: Well, Fiora (ph), I'm going to ask the American people to understand that there are some programs that we may have to eliminate. I first proposed a long time ago that we would have to examine every agency and every bureaucracy of government. And we're going to have to eliminate those that aren't working. I know a lotof them that aren't working. One of them is in defense spending, because I've taken on some of the defense contractors. I saved the taxpayers $6.8 billion in a deal for an Air Force tanker that was done in a corrupt fashion. I believe that we have to eliminate the earmarks. And sometimes those projects, not -- not the overhead projector that Senator Obama asked for, but some of them that are really good projects, will have -- will have to be eliminated, as well. And they'll have to undergo the same scrutiny that all projects should in competition with others. So we're going to have to tell the American people that spending is going to have to be cut in America. And I recommend a spending freeze that -- except for defense, Veterans Affairs, and some other vital programs, we'll just have to have across-the-board freeze. And some of those programs may not grow as much as we would like for them to, but we can establish priorities with full transparency, with full knowledge of the American people, and full consultation, not done behind closed doors and shoving earmarks in the middle of the night into programs that we don't even -- sometimes we don't even know about until months later. And, by the way, I want to go back a second. Look, we can attack health care and energy at the same time. We're not -- we're not -- we're not rifle shots here. We are Americans. We can, with the participation of all Americans, work together and solve these problems together. Frankly,。
美国历史上最具争议的总统选举
美国历史上最具争议的总统选举在美国的历史长河中，总统选举一直是民主进程的重要体现。
然而，有些选举却因其特殊的情况和激烈的争议而被铭刻在历史的记忆中。
其中，一些总统选举引发了广泛的社会讨论和政治分歧，成为了美国历史上最具争议的事件。
2000 年的美国总统大选在小布什和戈尔之间展开，这场选举堪称美国历史上最具争议的总统选举之一。
在佛罗里达州的选票统计中，双方的差距极其微小，而该州的选举结果将直接决定整个大选的胜负。
选票的设计和计票方式成为了争议的焦点。
部分选票的设计存在模糊不清的问题，导致选民的意向难以准确判断。
比如，所谓的“蝴蝶选票”让一些选民产生了误解，不清楚如何正确地进行投票。
在计票过程中，人工重新计票和机器计票的标准不一致也引发了巨大的争议。
不同的县采用了不同的计票方法，这使得选举结果的公正性受到了广泛的质疑。
此外，法律诉讼也在这场选举中扮演了重要角色。
双方阵营在各级法院展开了激烈的法律争斗，最终案件一直上诉到了美国联邦最高法院。
最高法院的判决对选举结果产生了决定性的影响，小布什最终凭借微弱的优势赢得了佛罗里达州的选举人票，从而成功当选总统。
这一选举结果引发了广泛的社会不满和抗议。
许多人认为选举过程存在不公平和不透明的问题，对美国的民主制度产生了信任危机。
另一场备受争议的总统选举是 1876 年的海斯与蒂尔登之争。
在这次选举中，南方的重建问题成为了背景。
当时，南方的选举存在着大量的舞弊和暴力行为。
一些地方的白人至上主义者试图通过各种手段阻止黑人投票，以影响选举结果。
选举结束后，海斯和蒂尔登的普选票数非常接近，但选举人票的归属存在争议。
经过一系列的政治妥协和幕后交易，最终海斯在一些有争议的州获得了选举人票，从而当选总统。
这次选举的结果被认为是对南方黑人权益的一次打击，也在一定程度上延缓了南方的重建进程。
1960 年的肯尼迪与尼克松之间的总统选举同样充满了争议。
在竞选过程中，电视辩论首次成为了影响选举的重要因素。
肯尼迪与尼克松电视辩论及公共广播电视法案
第十一小组组员：安嫩 何显丽 汪全艳 林晓伟
• 一、首次电视辩论的背景 • 二、政客利用电视，推动了电视的普及和 推广 • 三、美国大选中电视媒体的宣传功能
一、首次电视辩论的背景
• 1960年9月26日，在芝加哥、哥伦比亚广播公司的一个电 视直播间里，总统候选人尼克松和肯尼迪站在摄像机和聚 光灯前，进行了美国总统竞选历史上第一次电视辩论。
1961年1月20日正式宣誓肯尼迪就任美国第三十五任总统
• 肯尼迪、尼克松开辟了电视辩论的时代 • 电视作为总统竞选政治活动中的决定性媒介立刻脱颖而出。
二、政客利用电视，推动电视的普及和推广
• 肯尼迪总统是第一位充分认识到电视的传播潜力， 并充分发挥电视功能的政治家，正如罗斯福总统 是第一位深谙广播魔力的领导人一样。 • 大约从20世纪50 年代中期开始电视新闻在美国开 始受人青睐，尤其在政治领域，比如总统竞选， 电视新闻的作用日趋显著。 • 1963年，在美国依靠电视了解新闻的人第一次超 过依靠报纸了解新闻的人，这是一个历史性转变， 标志电视新闻时代的到来。
容是放宽《1990年广播电视法案》中有关媒体所 有权的限制，以及建立英国数字地面广播的管理 机构。
1996年广播电视法案主要涉及内容：
• 第一部分涉及电视，第二部分涉及广播。
• 第三部分授权独立电视委员会确保某些体育赛事能够免费
报道和播出。
• 第四部分关于英国广播公司的传输网络资产、权利和债务
转移的有关规定。 • 第五部分涉及版税及相关事宜。 • 第六部分是综合部分，包括传输系统的新标准，有关有无 资格拥有执照的新规定，以及有关媒体所有权的新限制性 规定。
三、 美国大选中电视媒体的宣传功能
•
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
美国总统选举电视辩论趣事
美国总统候选人在电视辩论时的形象、表情、言行、举止，都备受关注，甚至可以成为影响支持率的重要因素之一，一点都马虎不得。
举一反三，我们在参加辩论赛时，也需吸取尼克松和老布什的教训，莫要因小失大。
美国总统选举电视辩论趣事两则
2008年美国总统大选期间，总统候选人奥巴马和麦凯恩之间的三场电视辩论，让不少中国观众大开眼界。
其实，电视辩论在美国由来已久，逸闻趣事更是不少，本文就选取了两则，与广大读者分享。
辩论趣事一
1960年9月26日，美国举行了历史上第一次总统选举电视辩论，两位主角分别是肯尼迪和尼克松，全国有700万人收看了这场直播。
在此之前，两人的支持率旗鼓相当，但在电视辩论之后，尼克松的支持率却直线下降。
原来，电视台为了直播效果好，加强了舞台灯光;为了让候选人看起来精神抖擞，要求候选人站立辩论。
肯尼迪事先了解到这一点，预料到灯光加强，现场温度肯定升高，便在比赛时，穿了身较薄的西服。
而怕热、刚刚因脚伤住院两周的尼克松却忽视了这些信息。
比赛当天，尼克松不但拒绝化妆，甚至连胡子都没刮就走上了舞台;电视台也按照原计划，打开了所有的灯，将舞台照得恍如白昼，自然，舞台上的温度也特别高，尼克松只得在辩论中不停地拿手帕擦拭额头上的汗;并且，站了一段时间后，尼克松的刚痊愈的脚就开始隐隐作痛，表情也变得痛苦起来。
结果，电视观众们看到的尼克松连胡须也没有刮干净，形象十分邋遢;并且，脸色苍白，额头汗水清晰可见，不停地擦拭汗水的动作显得他十分紧张;甚至，表情也越来越痛苦，看起来十分疲惫。
而肯尼迪则不同，年轻英俊、仪态潇洒，整场辩论神
情自若、游刃有余。
两相对比，观众心中有了判断，辩论结束后，肯尼迪的支持率直线上升。
尼克松万万想不到，自己会败在几个他压根儿就没注意的小问题上。
一场辩论下来，他在观众心中就成了形象邋遢、上台紧张、表情疲惫的代言人，如此印象，支持率又怎能不下降呢?可这事儿怨天怨地怨不了任何人，虽然说输的有些冤枉，可谁让他自己不注意呢?
辩论趣事二
1992年，美国总统候选人电视辩论首次引入市民大会的形式，先由盖洛普民调机构抽样选出一班未决定将票投给谁的选民做现场观众，再由他们直接向候选人提出问题，而电视辩论的舞台上，也移走了传统的讲坛，改为让候选人坐在高脚椅上辩论，并且可以随意走动，增加与观众的互动。
辩论开始后，一位女士向两位候选人提问：知道不知道国债越来越多对于普通市民生活的影响?
老布什率先回答，但他的态度非常冷淡，言语间都是官话、套话，绕来绕去，较为空泛。
这位女士认为他的回答并没有解释清楚，锲而不舍地纠缠在这个问题上，对老布什咄咄相逼。
老布什却始终没有改变策略，不停将问题绕开。
轮到克林顿作答时，他则向前走了几步，来到这位女士跟前，用诚恳的语言，微笑着与她分享自己很多朋友的类似遭遇，克林顿与现场群众的互动，让现场气氛达到了高潮。
这时，老布什却做了一个动作：他悄悄地拉高了袖子，低头偷偷地看了看手表。
偏偏这个动作，被摄像机拍了下来，并向全国观众直播出去。
这场电视辩论结束后，美国一位著名记者说，打从老布什偷偷看表的这一刻开始，总统竞选战提早谢幕。
的确如此，老布什偷偷看表的小动作，让许多选民产生不满，导致其支持率大大下降，最终竞选失败。
俗话说：伸手不打笑脸人。
一边是老布什冷冰冰的态度，
一边是克林顿热呵呵的笑脸，观众当然会喜欢克林顿。
可谁想到，老布什不仅表面冷静，心里也很自在，竟在直播中偷偷看起了表，这种做法既不尊重对手，也不尊重提问的现场观众和观看电视直播的选民，支持率下降也在所难免了。
由此可见，美国总统候选人在电视辩论时的形象、表情、言行、举止，都备受关注，甚至可以成为影响支持率的重要因素之一，一点都马虎不得。
举一反三，我们在参加辩论赛时，也需吸取尼克松和老布什的教训，莫要因小失大。