Background and Objective. The diagnostic and prognostic

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《你是我的不二闺蜜—女性朋友间的话语解读》（第六章）翻译实践报告

A Report on the Translation of You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside theLanguage of Women’s Friendships（Chapter 6）ByLi QiuyuA Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Schoolof Sichuan International Studies UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofMaster of Translation and InterpretingUnder the Supervision of Associate Professor Xia XindongMay, 2018《你是我的不二闺蜜——女性朋友间的话语解读》（第六章）翻译实践报告摘要本翻译报告的原文选自《你是我的不二闺蜜——女性朋友间的话语解读》一书中第六章。

该书由美国语言学教授黛博拉·坦嫩所著，探讨了过分亲密给友谊带来的潜在伤害。

本报告分为四章：第一章是介绍翻译报告的背景、目标、和结构。

第二章是介绍源文文本相关内容，包括介绍作者、源文内容以及对源文特征的分析。

根据彼得·纽马克的文本类型理论，源文属于信息型文本，翻译该类文本时，应该确保译文的可读性。

第三章主要是对翻译指导理论的选择和应用，同时本章还提到翻译过程中的相应策略。

本翻译报告以彼得·纽马克的交际翻译为理论基础，并结合自身翻译实践，探讨了其在翻译过程中的指导作用。

第四章是对翻译报告的总结，包括翻译过程中积累的经验教训及遗留的个别问题。

关键词：翻译报告；信息型文本；交际翻译；翻译技巧A Report on the Translation of You’re the Only One I Can Tell:Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships（Chapter 6）AbstractThis is a report on the translation of Chapter 6 of You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships authored by Deborah Tannen, an American academic professor. The book is about general information of intimacy and its potential harm to friendships. This translation report is mainly classified into four chapters: Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to project background, objectives and structure of the translation report. Chapter 2 consists of the author’s basic information, publishing facts and main ideas of the original text. Based on Peter Newmark’s text theory, the source text belongs to informative texts. The translation of such text focuses on the accuracy. Chapter 3 contains a careful description of guiding theory and its direction to this translation project. For the reason that the source text is categorized into informative text, the translator adopts Newmark’s “communicative translation” strategy as guidance. Chapter 4 concludes with the experience and lessons from the translation as well as the problems to be resolved.Key words: translation project report; informative text; communicative translation; translation skillsAcknowledgementsUpon the completion of the project report, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the people who have helped me a lot in the two years.First of all, I would like to offer my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Xia Xindong, who is very amiable and patient. She has spent much time reading through each of my draft and pointed out mistakes in the paper patiently. With her enlightening instructions and careful modifications, I have finished my paper.I also would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers who have taught me over the past two years. They helped me to know translation better. Their words and deeds also have enormous influences on the formation of my personality.Moreover, I am deeply indebted to my parents and my friends, who are very considerate and kindhearted. They have accompanied and encouraged me in the writing of the translation project.Last but not least, my indebtedness also goes to those who are willing to spend their time and energy in reading this paper.CONTENTS摘要....................................................................................................................... i i Abstract . (iii)Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. i v Chapter 1 General Introduction (1)1.1Background of the Report (1)1.2Objectives of the Report (2)1.3Structure of the Report (2)Chapter 2 An Introduction to the Source Text (3)2.1About the Author (3)2.2 About the Source Text (4)2.2.1 Publishing Facts of the Source Text (4)2.2.2 Content of the Source Text (4)2.2.3 Linguistic Feature of the Source Text (5)Chapter 3 Theoretical Basis, Translation Difficulties and Solutions (6)3.1 Guiding Theory (6)3.1.1 Introduction to Communicative Translation (6)3.1.2 Application of Communicative Translation (7)3.2 Translation Difficulties (9)3.3 Translation Methods (11)3.3.1 Inversion (11)3.3.2 Conversion (12)3.3.3 Amplification (14)3.3.4 Sentence Division (15)Chapter 4 Conclusion (17)4.1 Lessons Learned from the Translation Practice (17)4.2 Problems to be Resolved (18)References (19)Appendix I Source Text (20)Appendix II 中文译文 (36)Chapter 1 General IntroductionThis chapter makes an introduction to the translation project, involving project background, objectives and structure of the report.1.1Background of the ReportAccording to a survey, most college students nowadays belong to the only child group. Those spoiled children tend to be self-centered and always fail to take others’ feelings into account. When they go to college, they find it hard to get on well with their roommates. In recent years, the media reported several tragic cases which resulted from disharmonious relationship among roommates. Since there are tragic accidents happening in dormitory, people begin to pay more attention to college students’ mental health. As for a generation of the only child, many college students have problems with people and some don’t even know how to interact with others. It is necessary for college students to gain some knowledge of interpersonal communication to deal with tricky things in their life. Thus, based on the translation of Chapter 6 of the book You’re the Only One I Can Tell, the significance of the project is mainly embodied in the following two aspects: firstly, it can make college students realize the subtlety of interpersonal communication and call their attention to behave themselves. Besides, by translating the book, it is hoped to instruct the translation practice and provide guidance for others in the future.This book is not like those theory-oriented ones. It offers many real-life examples which is easy to understand and more instructive. From casual chatting to intimate confiding, from talking about problems to telling what you had for dinner, Tannen uncovers the patterns of communication and miscommunication that affect friendships at different points in our lives. She shows how even the best of friends—with the best intentions—can say wrong things, and how words can repair the damage done by words. Through Tannen’s insight, humor, and ability to present pitch-perfect real-life dialogues, readers will see themselves and their friendships on every page. So, to translate this book will provide references for college students to better understand one another.1.2Objectives of the ReportThe translation report is based on the Chapter 6 named “Too Close for Comfort” which deconstructs the ways in which women friends talk and how those ways can bring friends closer or pull them apart. The project helps readers grasp the notion of “cutoffs” and “poaching” in friendship which are rarely realized by them and makes them understand friendship better. The translation of this text also aims to explain the multiple roles of friendships and to benefit college students who want to gain some knowledge of interpersonal communication from real-life examples. In addition, it is hoped that the translation of the text can help the author to understand Peter Newmark’s communicative translation better and make a summary of two-year studies as a postgraduate.1.3Structure of the ReportThe translation report includes the following chapters. Chapter 1 makes an introduction to the translation project, which involves project background, objectives and structure of the report. Chapter 2 gives a brief introduction to the author and an analysis of the source text, containing publishing information and main contents of the original. Chapter 3 offers a detailed description of “communicative translation” theory, followed by its guidance to this translation project. At the same time, this chapter also points out the difficulties encountered in the translation and the application of translation methods. Chapter 4 is the conclusion, which summarizes the lessons learnt from the translating process and the problems left to be solved.Chapter 2 An Introduction to the Source TextThis chapter is about the author and the analysis of the source text, containing publishing information and main contents of the original.2.1 About the AuthorYou’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships is written by Deborah Tannen, who is an American academic and professor of linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C..Deborah Tannen focuses on the expression of interpersonal relationships especially in the conversational interaction. Tannen has researched conversational interaction and style differences at various levels and related to different situations, involving differences in conversation styles in connection with gender and cultural background. Particularly, Deborah Tannen has done many gender-linked researches and writing which put stress on miscommunications between men and women.Tannen also wrote some general-audience books about interpersonal communication and public discourse. She became a household name in the United States after the book You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, which was published in 1990. It has been on the New York Times Best Seller list for almost four years (eight months at No.1) and it was rendered into 30 other languages. She has also written several other books, such as:That's Not What I Meant!: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships(published by William Morrow Paperbacks in 2011);The Argument Culture: Stopping America's War of Words (published by Ballantine Books in 1999); andI Only Say This Because I Love You: Talking to Your Parents, Partner, Sibs, and Kids When You're All Adults(published by Ballantine Books in 2002).2.2 About the Source Text2.2.1 Publishing Facts of the Source TextIn 2017, You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships was first published in the United States by Ballantine Books and in Great Britain by Virago Press. The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post highly recommended the book. ISBN:9781101885802. Up to now, there is no Chinese version published.2.2.2 Content of the Source TextFriendship is to us what sunshine to trees. Friendship acts as multiple roles in our lives. Sometimes, friends instruct and encourage us like a mentor or a therapist; sometimes, friends take good care of us like a mother or a big sister. Now that friendship is so important, we should treasure it carefully. The goal of the book You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships is to help readers understand women’s friendships—how they work or fail, how they help and hurt, and how we can make them better.This book also aims to figure out what it means to be a friend and how we connect to other people. Apart from some occasional examples from novels and short stories, all the examples which the author gave are based on real ones.Though Deborah Tannen focuses on women’s friendships, but some of what she writes might also be true of friendships between women and men, and among men.In the chapter 6 “Too Close for Comfort”, Deborah Tannen explains friendship is like a double-edged sword which is “for your growth” but also “ for your pruning”. Especially when a friendship gets too close, it is more likely to be for your pruning. The translation project selects chapter 6 (10000 words) as the source text which gives a detailed introduction to “cutoffs” and “poaching” and makes some analyses.2.2.3 Linguistic Feature of the Source TextPeter Newmark is a famous British translation theorist, who classified texts into three categories: expressive text, informative text and vocative text on the basis of Karl Buhler’s theory of language and Katharina Reiss’s typology.According to Newmark, informative texts include textbooks, memos, reports, papers and so on, and put stress on the external situation, the topic and the reality beyond the language(Newmark, 1988, p.40), therefore, this type of text is to convey the information and mainly focuses on the content or topic. The target translation of this type calls for receptors’ response and understanding. Thus, Newmark advised adopting the approach of communicative translation, attempting to exert an effect on its receptors as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the source text and stress the truth and accuracy during the translating process. In terms of this aspect, Newmark’s opinion is similar to Eugene Nida’s dynamic equivalence, that’s, the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciate it.(Nida,1982, p. 118)In the book You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships, Tannen applies case-study method by interviewing more than 80 women from all over the word ranging in age from 9-97 to explore how patterns of communication and miscommunication have influences on friendships; and the language of the source text is characterized by concision and dialogues. As is known, the focus of an informative text is to deliver plain facts or referential content and topic. The source text can be categorized into the informative text. “The target text (TT) of an informative text should transmit the full referential or conceptual content of the source text (ST). The translation should be in plain prose, without redundancy and with the use of explication when required.”(Munday, 2001, p.73) Thus, in the translation of You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships, the translator should pay attention to the linguistic differences and apply various translation skills so that the version is more understandable and readable for Chinese readers.Chapter 3 Theoretical Basis, Translation Difficulties and SolutionsThis chapter contains a careful description of guiding theory and its direction to this translation project. For the reason that the source text is categorized into informative text, the translator adopts Newmark’s “communicative translation” strategy as guidance.3.1 Guiding TheoryAccording to Newmark’s text typology, the source text is under the category of informative text. The focus of an informative text is to deliver plain facts, logical or referential content and topic. According to Katherina Reiss, the ideal translation would be one “in which the aim in the target language is equivalence as regards the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function of a source language text.”(Reiss, 1987, p.112) Hence, the translator selects the communicative translation theory of Peter Newmark as the guiding theory of the thesis, where the translator attempts to exert the same effect on the target text readers as the original produced on the source text readers to guarantee the target text readers can receive the same meaning as readers of the original language.3.1.1 Introduction to Communicative TranslationPeter Newmark is an English professor of translation at the University of Surrey. He is renowned for Approaches to Translation, About Translation and A Textbook of Translation and so on. He put forward two translation models: semantic translation and communicative translation. In A Textbook of Translation, he noted “while semantic translation is used for expressive texts, communicative translation is for informative and vocative texts” (Newmark, 1988, p.47) According to Newmark, “communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.”(马会娟&苗菊, 2009, p. 33)“Communicative translation addresses itself solely to the second reader, whodoes not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary.”(马会娟&苗菊, 2009, p. 33)Normally, by making and adapting the thought and cultural content of the original，the translator makes the version more easier, smoother, clearer and more idiomatic to read. In this case, the translator has a high degree of freedom to explain the source text, adjust the style, eliminate the ambiguity and even correct the mistake of the original author.3.1.2 Application of Communicative TranslationThis project takes the communicative translation as the guiding theory. According to Newmark ,“communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.”(Newmark, 2001, p.47)Example 1ST: But friends can also be for your pruning.TT:但是朋友也会使你退步。

2024-2025学年广西贵港市小学四年级英语上册质量检测试卷及答案

2024-2025学年广西贵港市小学四年级英语上册质量检测试卷班级：________________ 学号：________________ 姓名：______________一、听力题（每题3分）Question 1:Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.A) What’s your name?B) How old are you?C) What’s your favorite color?Answer: A) What’s your name?Question 2:Listen to the number and write it down.A) ThirteenB) FifteenC) SeventeenAnswer: B) FifteenQuestion 3:Which animal does the speaker mention?A) DogB) CatC) BirdAnswer: C) BirdQuestion 4:Listen to the sentence and select the corresponding action.A) Open the door.B) Close the window.C) Sit down, please.Answer: A) Open the door.Question 5:What time does the class start?A) 8:00 a.m.B) 9:00 a.m.C) 10:00 a.m.Answer: B) 9:00 a.m.Note: These are sample questions and answers designed to align with the typical format and content expected for a Grade 4 English Language Arts assessment in Guangxi, Guigang City, China. The actual test content may vary depending on the specific curriculum and teaching objectives of the school or district.二、单选题（每题3分）1.Which of the following is a school subject?A. BananaB. EnglishC. BlueD. TreeAnswer: B2.What time do you usually go to bed?A. In the morningB. At lunchtimeC. In the eveningD. At breakfastAnswer: C3.How many days are there in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. EightAnswer: C4.What’s your favorite sport?A. AppleB. CarC. SwimmingD. BookAnswer: C5.Who is your English teacher?A. It’s a book.B. She’s my mom.C. I don’t know.D. Mrs. Smith.Answer: D三、多选题（每题4分）Question 1:Which of the following are ways to express “I’m hungry”?A) I’m starving.B) I’m thirsty.C) My stomach is growling.D) I’m sleepy.Answer: A, CQuestion 2:Which months belong to autumn in the Northern Hemisphere?A) June, July, AugustB) September, October, NovemberC) December, January, FebruaryD) March, April, MayAnswer: BQuestion 3:Which subjects might you study in Grade 4 English class?A) Reading comprehensionB) AlgebraC) Grammar rulesD) Science experimentsAnswer: A, CQuestion 4:What are some healthy foods recommended for breakfast?A) A slice of pizzaB) A bowl of oatmealC) A glass of orange juiceD) A donutAnswer: B, CQuestion 5:What are the four basic skills in learning a language?A) ListeningB) WritingC) DancingD) SpeakingE) ReadingAnswer: A, B, D, E四、阅读理解（每题4分）Title: A Day at the ZooIt was a sunny Saturday morning, and Timmy was excited to visit the zoo with his family. They arrived early, just as the gates opened, to avoid the crowd. The first stop was the bird enclosure, where Timmy saw colorful parrots, elegant peacocks, and graceful swans gliding on the lake. He even spotted a majestic eagle perched high in its tree. Next, they headed to the monkey mountain, where Timmy laughed out loud at the mischievous monkeys swinging from branch to branch. Some were eating bananas, while others were playing hide-and-seek among the trees. Timmy’s favorite part was watching a baby monkey cling tightly to its mother’s back.After that, they visited the big cat section. Timmy stood in awe as he watched lions lazily sunbathing and tigers pacing around their enclosure. The zookeeper explained that these animals, though fierce in the wild, need love and care just like any other animal.Feeling hungry, the family stopped for lunch at the zoo café, enjoying delicious sandwiches and ice cream. As they ate, Timmy spotted a group of giraffes gracefully walking towards their feeding area. He quickly finished his meal to get a closer look. The last stop of the day was the aquarium, where Timmy marveled at the diversity of marine life. From colorful fish darting through coral reefs to graceful dolphins leaping out of the water, every sight left him in awe.As the sun began to set, Timmy and his family reluctantly left the zoo, promising to come back soon. It had been a day filled with wonder, laughter, and learning. Questions:1.(4 points) What was the weather like on the day Timmy visited the zoo?•Answer: It was a sunny Saturday morning.2.(4 points) Name two animals Timmy saw in the bird enclosure.•Answer: Timmy saw colorful parrots and elegant peacocks in the bird enclosure.3.(4 points) How did Timmy feel when he watched the monkeys swinging from branchto branch?•Answer: Timmy laughed out loud when he watched the mischievous monkeys swinging from branch to branch.4.(4 points) According to the zookeeper, what do big cats like lions and tigers need?•Answer: According to the zookeeper, big cats like lions and tigers need love and care just like any other animal.5.(4 points) What was the last stop of Timmy’s zoo visit?•Answer: The last stop of Timmy’s zoo visit was the aquarium.五、作文（30分）Title: My Favorite SeasonInstructions: Write a short essay about your favorite season. Describe why you like it,what activities you enjoy doing during this season, and how it makes you feel. Use your imagination and make it interesting.Example Essay:My Favorite Season: AutumnOf all the four seasons, autumn holds a special place in my heart. It’sa time of year when nature paints the world with hues of gold, red, and orange,as if it’s celebrating its own harvest festival. The crisp air carries a subtle scent of fallen leaves and apples ripening on the trees, which always fills me with a sense of warmth and comfort.One of the things I love most about autumn is the change in weather. The hot, humid days of summer give way to cool, refreshing mornings and evenings, making it perfect for long walks and outdoor adventures. I love to wear my cozy sweaters and boots, feeling the gentle breeze on my face as I stroll through the park, where the trees are adorned with vibrant leaves that eventually dance their way to the ground in a breathtaking display of colors. Another reason why autumn is my favorite season is because it’s a time for gathering and sharing. Families come together to pick apples from the orchard, bake pies, and enjoy the fruits of their labor. I have fond memories of helping my grandparents harvest their garden, laughing and chatting as we fill baskets with pumpkins, carrots, and potatoes. In the evenings, we would sit around the fireplace, sipping hot chocolate, and listening to stories of the past.Autumn also brings about a sense of nostalgia and reflection. As the days get shorter and the nights longer, it feels like nature is slowing down, i nviting us to do the same. It’s a time to appreciate the beauty around us and to be grateful for all that we have. I find myself spending more time reading books, writing in my journal, and simply enjoying the quiet moments of solitude.In conclusion, autu mn is more than just a season; it’s a feeling, a state of mind. It’s a time of year that reminds us of the cycle of life, the beauty of change, and the importance of cherishing every moment. As the leavescontinue to fall and the nights grow colder, I eagerly anticipate the arrival of autumn, knowing that it brings with it a magical blend of colors, memories, and pure joy.。

2023年-2024年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力过关检测试卷B卷附答案

2023年-2024年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力过关检测试卷B卷附答案单选题（共45题）1、__________makes it possible for language users to overcome the limitations of time and space in communication.A.ArbitrarinessB.DualityC.ProductivityD.Displacement【答案】 D2、According to Noam Chomsky, human beings are born with an innate ability to acquire and produce language known as__________.A.CATB.MRIC.TGD【答案】 D3、When students are doing activities, the teacher walks around and provides help if necessary, both in ideas and language, What role is the teacher playing?anizerB.AssessorC.Resource-providerD.Monitor【答案】 C4、Drunken driving, sometimes called America's socially accepted form of murder, has become a national epidemic. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed hyA.is a new law promoted by the twenty statesB.had been once adopted before the 1960sC.has been enforced since the prohibition of alcoholD.will be carried out all over the country【答案】 B5、Carter was saying all the right things, but his smile was_______, and I knew I couldn’t trust him.A.preferentialB.artificialC.officialD.beneficial【答案】 B6、According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.?A.to get the hearer to do somethingB.to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC.to commit the hearer to some future course of actionD.to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs【答案】 B7、Many students start each term with an award check, but by the time books are bought, food is paid for, and a bit of social life ＿＿, it looks rather emaciated.A.livesB.livedC.was livedD.has lived【答案】 B8、When it comes to airline travel, perhaps nothing hasrevolutionized the passenger experience more than airline apps. Indeed, they're becoming so ubiquitous that more than 50 percent of U.S travelers have at least one airline app installed on their smart device, according to travel industry research firm Phocuswright.A.Realization of their unfulfilled dreamsB.A better service via computing devicesC.An unoccupied signal on the phone lineD.Immediate access to the needed information【答案】 D9、Passage 2A.She is no doubt over-optimistic about itB.She is too young to make a reliable judgmentC.She is professional enough to predicate it wiselyD.She doesn' t follow what others have said about it【答案】 A10、The number of Americans who read books has been declining forthirty years, and those who do read have become proud of, even a bit over-identified with, the enterprise. Alongside the tote bags you can find T-shirts, magnets, and buttons printed or sewn with covers of classic novels; the Web site Etsy sells tights printed with poems by Emily Dickinson. A spread in The Paris Review featured literature-inspired paint-chip colors. The merchandising of reading has a curiously undifferentiated flavor, as if what you read mattered less than that you rea D. In this climate of embattled bibliophilia, a new subgenre of books about books has emerged, a mix of literarycriticism, autobiography, self- help, and immersion journalism: authors undertake reading stunts to prove that reading--anything--still matters. "I thought of my adventure as Off-Road or Extreme Reading," Phyllis Rose writes in "The Shelf: From LEQ to LES" , the latest stunt book, in which she reads through a more or less random shelf of library books. She compares her voyage, to ErnestShackleton's explorations in the Antarctic. "However, I like to sleep under a quilt with my head on a goose down pillow," she writes. "So I would read my way into the unknown--into the pathless wastes, intothin air, with no reviews, no best-seller lists, no college curricula, no National Book Awards or Pulitzer Prizes, no ads, no publicity, not even word of mouth to guide me."A.People's interest in reading needs to be inspireDB.Most people do not know what they should reaDC.She knows how to relieve her mental suffering via readingD.She has special personal traits needed for "extreme reading"【答案】 D11、Can you imagine the difficulty I had __________ languageobstacles I first studied abroad?A.to overcomeB.overcomingC.overcomeD.overcame【答案】 B12、请阅读Passage l。

仁爱版英语九年级下册课件

学生将通过对课文的深入分析，了解旅游和文化如何相互影响和促进，掌握相关的词汇和表达方式，提高阅读理解和分析能力。
Grammar guidance
总结词
掌握重点语法知识
详细描述
本单元将重点讲解旅游和文化相关的语法知识，包括时态、语态、从句等，帮助学生更好地理解和运用英语语言。
05
Unit 5: Technology and Life
Theme Introduction
主题概述
本单元的主题为“技术与生活”，旨在探讨现代科技如何影响和改变我们的日常生活。
VS
内容提要
本单元将通过阅读、听力、口语和写作练习，让学生了解现代科技的发展及其在日常生活中的应用，并培养学生在实际生活中运用英语进行交流的能力。
Text Analysis
03
Unit 3: Environmental Protection
Theme Introduction
总结词
介绍主题背景
详细描述
本单元以环境保护为主题，介绍了全球环境现状、环境问题产生的原因以及环境保护的重要性。通过学习本单元，学生将了解环境保护的基本知识，认识到人类活动对环境的影响，并激发他们保护环境的意识。
Text Analysis
Text
"Life in the Year 2050" by Robert Sheckley
Analysis
This short story explores the concept of life in the future through the eyes of a man who wakes up in the year 2050 after a long sleep. It highlights the potential impact of technology on daily life, including changes in transportation, communication, and entertainment.

心理学专业英语作文

Psychology is a fascinating field that delves into the human mind and its processes. It is the scientific study of behavior and mental functions,encompassing a wide range of topics from the biological aspects of the brain to the social interactions of individuals. Here are some key areas and concepts that could be explored in an English essay about psychology:1.Historical Development:Discuss the evolution of psychology from its early philosophical roots to the establishment of it as a scientific discipline.Mention key figures like Sigmund Freud,Carl Jung,and B.F.Skinner,and their contributions to the field.2.Branches of Psychology:Psychology is a diverse field with various branches such as clinical psychology,cognitive psychology,developmental psychology,social psychology, and more.Each branch focuses on a different aspect of human behavior and mental processes.3.Theories and Models:Explore the different theories that have shaped the understanding of the human mind,such as behaviorism,cognitive theories, psychoanalytic theories,and humanistic psychology.Discuss how these theories have been applied in practice.4.Research Methods:Psychology relies heavily on empirical research.Discuss the various research methods used in psychology,including experiments,surveys,case studies,and longitudinal studies.Highlight the importance of ethical considerations in conducting research.5.Cognitive Processes:Delve into how humans perceive,learn,remember,and think. Discuss topics such as attention,memory,problemsolving,and decisionmaking.6.Emotional and Behavioral Disorders:Address the classification and treatment of various mental health disorders,such as anxiety disorders,mood disorders,and personality disorders.Discuss the role of psychologists in diagnosing and treating these conditions.7.Social Psychology:Examine how individuals are influenced by others and their social environment.Discuss topics like conformity,obedience,social influence,and group dynamics.8.Developmental Psychology:Explore how individuals develop from infancy to old age. Discuss stages of development,cognitive development,and the impact of social andcultural factors on development.9.Applied Psychology:Discuss how psychology is applied in various settings,such as education,business,sports,and healthcare.Highlight the role of psychologists in improving performance,wellbeing,and mental health.10.Ethical Issues:Address the ethical dilemmas that psychologists may face,such as confidentiality,informed consent,and the use of animals in research.11.Future of Psychology:Speculate on the future trends and developments in the field of psychology,including advances in technology,new research methodologies,and the potential for interdisciplinary integration.12.Cultural Perspectives:Discuss how cultural differences can influence psychological theories and practices.Consider the importance of cultural competence in understanding and treating diverse populations.13.Neuropsychology:Explore the relationship between the brain and behavior,focusing on how brain injuries or diseases can affect cognitive and emotional functioning.14.Positive Psychology:Discuss the relatively new field of positive psychology,which focuses on the study of happiness,wellbeing,and human strengths.15.Psychological Assessment:Explain the various tools and techniques used by psychologists to assess cognitive abilities,personality traits,and mental health status.When writing an essay on psychology,it is crucial to use clear and concise language, provide examples to support your arguments,and cite reputable sources to back up your claims.Additionally,it is important to maintain an objective and scientific tone throughout the essay.。

Background and Objective. There is evidence suggesting

In the present study, we evaluated the ability of VWF present in a high purity factor VIII concentrate [VWF HPC] (Fanhdi®, Instituto Grifols S.A., Barcelona,Spain) to bind to platelets and to support platelet adhesion. The capacity of VWF HPC to promote platelet adhesion on injured vessels was investigated in a well established perfusion system18-20using arterial blood ﬂow condi-tions. For the latter purpose, perfusates consisting of isolated platelet suspensions, albumin and washed red blood cells, were incubated with VWF HPC, at ﬁnal con-centrations of 0, 0.4 or 0.8 IU VWF/mL. The interac-tion of platelets with the perfused damaged suben-dothelium was morphometrically evaluated. Results of these studies were compared in all cases with those obtained in experiments with VWF obtained from stan-dard blood bank cryoprecipitates (VWF CRYO). Design and MethodsCharacteristics of VWF sourcesStandard single donor cryoprecipitates,21locally produced at the study centers, were added to recon-stituted blood samples. The cryoprecipitates were assumed to contain an average amount of 4 IU VWF/mL, as determined by periodic quality testing in the blood bank.Vials of the high purity factor VIII concentrate (Fan-hdi®, Instituto Grifols S.A., Barcelona, Spain) were dissolved in sterile water immediately before use. Puriﬁcation of VWFNormal VWF, employed as the control for the gly-coprotein binding studies, was isolated and puriﬁed from a pool of blood bank cryoprecipitates (VWF CRYO) as described elsewhere.22Fanhdi®was puriﬁed accord-ing to the process described by Ristol et al.23For the glycoprotein binding assays, the VWF in Fanhdi®(VWF HPC) was further puriﬁed in a Sepharose CL4B column, to remove albumin added as stabilizer and trace contaminant amounts of ﬁbrinogen and ﬁbro-nectin.Assessment of FVIII/VWF related activities and structureCoagulant factor VIII activity (FVIII:C) was mea-sured by the one stage clotting time.24Ristocetin cofactor activity (RiCof) was measured by using formaldehyde-ﬁxed platelets.25Values were expressed in IU/mL with reference to a plasma calibrated against the 2nd international standard for FVIII relat-ed activities in plasma (87/718, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Potters Bar, UK). von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) was measured by enzyme immunoassay.26The VWF mul-timeric structure was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sul-phate (SDS)-agarose gel electrophoresis followed by electrotransfer to PVDF membranes.27Blood collection and platelet isolationA standard unit of blood was obtained from healthy individuals who had not ingested drugs affecting platelet function during the previous 10 days. All healthy individuals passed a physical exam-ination and detailed medical history, according to the guidelines of the American Association of Blood Banks,21and gave informed consent in accordance with the current version of the Declaration of Helsin-ki. Blood was anticoagulated with citrate-phosphate dextrose (CPD-ﬁnal concentration of citrate in blood 19 mM).Each blood donation (450 mL) was immediately separated into its main components: packaged red blood cells (RBC), platelet rich plasma (PRP) and platelet poor plasma (PPP). Platelets were isolated from PRP and washed following a centrifugation-sus-pension method previously described.28Binding studiesVWF CRYO and VWF HPC to be used in binding assays were radiolabeled with carrier-free Na-125I (Amer-sham International, England) using Iodogen (Pierce Chemical, Rockford, USA), as described by Fraker and Speck.29Speciﬁc activities ranged between 0.3 and 0.8 mCi/mg of protein. Polyacrylamide gel elec-trophoresis of radiolabeled proteins showed no structural alteration as compared to the unlabeled counterparts.Binding assays of VWF to platelets were performed essentially as previously described.22Brieﬂy, washed platelets (1ϫ108cells/mL) were incubated with increasing concentrations of 125I-VWF (0-20 µg/mL). Binding to GP Ib/IX was induced with ristocetin (1 mg/mL), whereas binding to GP IIb/IIIa was mea-sured following platelet activation with ␣-thrombin (2.5 NIH U/mL, 5 min), the activating effects being arrested by addition of a 20-fold excess of hirudin. Incubations were performed without agitation at room temperature for 30 min, after which platelet-bound and free ligand were separated by centrifuga-tion and counted (LKB, Multigamma, Pharmacia, Sweden). Standard binding parameters: a) Bmax: total concentration of binding sites; b) Kd: dissocia-tion constant, i.e. the concentration of free ligand at which the binding sites are half-saturated with lig-and; and c) NSB: nonspeciﬁc, nonsaturable binding, were derived from Scatchard type analysis using the computer-assisted program Ligand.30 Preparation of perfusatesvon Willebrand factor depleted perfusates were pro-duced by suspending RBC (to a 40% volume) and washed platelets (to raise platelet count to 2.0ϫ108/mL) into an adequate volume of a plasma sub-stitute made up of 4% albumin (w/v) plus 2.5 mM Ca2+.3One unit of whole blood provided enough per-fusates to run a complete set of experiments (5 per-fusions). Amounts of VWF HPC, or VWF CRYO were cal-culated to give rise to theoretical concentrations equivalent to 0.4 or 0.8 IU VWF/mL.Perfusates were incubated for 30 min in a water bath at 37°C prior to the perfusion experiments.6J.Rivera et al.7 Samples of this reconstituted blood were used fordetermination of hematocrit, platelet count, arachi-donic acid induced platelet aggregation, FVIII:C,RiCof and VWF:Ag.Blood perfusions and morphometryThe evaluation of platelet deposition on suben-dothelium was performed as previously reported.31,32Abdominal aortas obtained from New Zealand whiterabbits of 2.5 kg in weight were everted and enzymat-ically denuded.3Perfusion experiments were per-formed at 37°C in perfusion chambers.31Flow wasobtained by pumping the blood through a hemodial-ysis blood pump (Renal Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.,USA) at the appropriate ﬂow rates to produce a wallshear rate of 800 s-1. After 5 min perfusion, the seg-ments were rinsed with phosphate buffered saline(PBS), ﬁxed with glutaraldehyde, embedded in JB-4plastic compound (Polysciences, Warrington, Pa,USA), thin sectioned for light microscopy, and stainedwith methylene blue.33Platelet interaction with suben-dothelium (SE) was morphometrically evaluated.31Using a specially developed computer program.34theinteraction of platelets with the subendothelium wasevaluated in 20 different microscope fields andexpressed as percentage surface coverage (%SC).Statistical analysisThe results of the experiments were expressed asmean ±SEM. Statistical differences in morphomet-ric data and in binding parameters were assessed bythe Student’s test. The level of statistical signiﬁcancewas established at p< 0.05.ResultsActivity and structure of VWFThe VWF CRYO used as control for the glycoproteinbinding studies had a ristocetin cofactor activity(RiCof) of more than 100 U/mg of protein, and amultimeric structure similar to that of plasma. TheVWF HPC did not show alterations of the multimericstructure as a consequence of the purificationprocess (Figure 1). The puriﬁed VWF had a RiCof of152 U/mg with a RiCof/VWF:Ag = 0.97. Fibrinogen,ﬁbronectin and albumin were undetectable by neph-elometry in the puriﬁed material (data not shown).Binding of VWF to plateletsThe ability of VWF HPC to interact with the plateletreceptors GP Ib/IX and GP IIb/IIIa was comparedwith that of VWF CRYO in radioligand binding experi-ments. As summarized in Table 1, Scatchard analy-sis of isotherms demonstrated that both prepara-tions bind to these receptors with similar afﬁnities (Kd values). For either GP Ib/IX or GP IIb-IIIa, VWFH-PC bound with slightly higher capacity (Bmax values) than VWF CRYO, although differences never reached the levels of statistical signiﬁcance.Factor VIII/factor von Willebrand concentrate8Platelet adhesion studies The surface covered by platelets in control perfu-sion studies performed in the presence of 4% albumin without any external source of VWF, reached values of 9.07±1.83%. The VWF:Ag levels in these perfusates containing only human albumin were always below 0.05 U/mL.The VWF CRYO caused a marked increase in the deposition of platelets onto the perfused damaged vessel (Figure 2). The morphometric evaluation of perfusions containing cryoprecipitate revealed per-centages of surface coverage (%SC) of 17.5±2.8 and20.03±4.11%, respectively for the theoretical con-centrations of 0.4 and 0.8 U/mL. The increase in platelet coverage obtained was statistically signiﬁ-cant with respect to that observed in studies with albumin alone (p<0.02).The preparation of VWF HPC also supported platelet adhesion. Surface coverage by platelets improved sig-niﬁcantly (Figure 2). Average values of %SC reached values of 27.1±4.9 and 30.8±4.9%, respectively for the theoretical concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8 U/mL (p<0.004 and p<0.001 vs albumin).Figure 3 illustrates morphologic differences between results obtained with the different preparations and concentrations tested in our studies. Platelet masses tended to be slightly more pronounced into the vessel lumen in studies with VWF CRYO than in studies with VWF HPC .Discussion The results of the present study demonstrates that the VWF contained in a high purity factor VIII con-centrate retains a reasonably well preserved multi-meric structure, binds to platelet GP Ib/IX and GP IIb/IIIa and corrects platelet adhesion to suben-J.Rivera et al.dothelial structures in perfusion studies in vitro. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that VWF contained in intermediate purity concentrates are effective in the substitutive treatment of von Wille-brand’s disease.7-9It is evident that the improvement of puriﬁcation technology has facilitated the preser-vation of functional abilities in the VWF which were not preserved with earlier industrial processes.10-12A previous experimental study demonstrated that VWF present in an intermediate purity FVIII concentrate (Haemate-P), was capable of binding to platelets and of supporting platelet adhesion to vascular suben-dothelium under flow conditions.35Results of the present study suggest that the latter functional char-acteristics can also be preserved in the VWF present in high purity FVIII concentrates.Studies performed with in vitro perfusion devices have played a critical role in the understanding of platelet physiology. Thanks to these studies it is well established that binding of VWF to subendothelium and to platelet GP Ib/IX is of critical importance for platelet attachment onto damaged vascular sur-faces.2,3Binding of VWF bound to the subendotheli-um with platelet GP IIb/IIIa mediates further platelet spreading onto the exposed vascular surface.36,37 Interactions of platelet GP IIb/IIIa with plasma ﬁbrinogen play a critical role in platelet-platelet inter-actions necessary for platelet aggregate formation36 and growth.37Data from the present study indicate that the VWF present in the high purity concentrate investigated (VWF HPC) not only binds to GP Ib/IX and to GP IIb/IIIa in activated platelet suspensions, but also sup-ports platelet attachment and spreading in studies in which platelets interact with damaged vascular sur-faces under ﬂow conditions. The ability of VWF HPC to support platelet adhesion in our in vitro experiments was similar to that observed in experiments using VWF from cryoprecipitates or even slightly superior. In con-trast, formation of aggregates seemed better pre-served in perfusion experiments performed with VWF CRYO. The reason for this apparent contrast might be explained by the different purity of both sources of VWF.35While VWF HPC contains only VWF, the VWF in the cryoprecipitate is contaminated with other adhe-sive proteins such as ﬁbrinogen which would facili-tate platelet recruitment into aggregates and subse-quent impairment in platelet adhesion.38The presence of VWF in FVIII concentrates was ini-tially thought to add stability to the coagulation fac-tor. The VWF promotes association of light and heavy chains of FVIII thus protecting this factor against inactivation by activated protein C.39,40Average half lives of recombinant FVIII transfusion preparations seemed to be dependent on the pre-transfusional VWF:Ag levels.41Apart from these stabilizing actions, VWF in high purity FVIII concentrates could be poten-tially useful in the substitutive treatment of VWD patients.42In summary, our present data support the idea that the puriﬁcation process of VWF HPC preserves func-tional activities of this adhesive protein. This might offer a good starting process to develop a speciﬁc concentrate of VWF for the treatment of von Wille-brand’s disease.Contributions and AcknowledgmentsJR and GE carried out all binding assays and adhesion experiments, respectively. RC and MIB performed the puriﬁ-cation and characterization of VWF from FVIII concentrate Fanhdi®. JR, GE, JIJ and VV, contributed to the conception and design of the study, and took part in the interpretation of data and in the writing of the paper. RC and AO con-tributed with the analysis and interpretation of the results, and gave ﬁnal approval of the version to be published. We thank Mrs. Montserat Viñas for her technical support. The criteria for the order in which the names of the authors appear are based on their contribution to the design, analy-sis, interpretation of data and execution of the study. FundingThis study was partially supported by FIS 98/321, DGI-CYT PM95/103 from the Spanish Government and SGR 97-133 from the Generalitat de Catalunya. This work was also supported by the “Asociación para el estudio de la Enfer-medad Tromboembólica de la Región de Murcia”. DisclosuresConﬂict of interest: Instituto Grifols SA (RC, MIB and JIJ) produce FVIII concentrates for commercial purposes. Grifols SA provided the VWF HPC used in the study free of charge, but no ﬁnancial support.Redundant publications: a companion paper appeared recently in this journal (ref.#42).Manuscript processingManuscript received June 15, 1998; accepted September 16, 1998.References1. Weiss HJ, Turitto VT, Baumgartner HR. Effect of shearrate on platelet interaction with subendothelium in citrated and native blood. I. Shear dependent decrease of adhesion in von Willebrand’s disease and the Bernard-Soulier syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1978; 92: 750-64.2. Bolhuis PA, Sakariassen KS, Sander HJ, Bourma BN,Sixma JJ. Binding of factor VIII-von Willebrand factor to human arterial subendothelium precedes increased platelet adhesion and enhances platelet spreading. J Lab Clin Med 1981; 97:568-76.3. Stel HV, Sakariassen KS, de Groot PG, van Mourik JA,Sixma JJ. Von Willebrand factor in the vessel wall medi-ates platelet adherence. Blood 1985; 65:85-90.4. Blatt PM, Brinkhous KM, Culp HR, Krauss JS, RobertsHR. Antihemophilic factor concentrate therapy in von Willebrand disease. Dissociation of bleeding time fac-tor and ristocetin cofactor activities. JAMA 1976;236:2770-2.5. Scott JP, Montgomery RR. Therapy of von Willebranddisease. Semin Thromb Haemost 1993; 19:37-47.9Factor VIII/factor von Willebrand concentrate6. Rodeghiero F, Castaman G, Meyer D, Mannucci PM.Replacement therapy with virus-inactivated plasma concentrates in von Willebrand disease. Vox Sang 1992; 62:193-9.7. Sixma JJ, Sakariassen KS, Beeser-Visser NH, Ottenhof-Rovers M, Bolhuis PA. Adhesion of platelets to human artery subendothelium: effect of factor VIII-von Wille-brand factor of various multimeric composition.Blood 1984; 63:128-39.8. Castillo R, Escolar G, Monteagudo J, et al. Role forplatelet von Willebrand factor in supporting platelet-vessel wall interactions in von Willebrand disease. Am J Hematol 1989; 1:153-8.9. Mannucci PM, Moia M, Rebulla P, Altieri D, Mon-teagudo J, Castillo R. Correction of the bleeding time in treated patients with severe von Willebrand disease is not solely dependent on the normal multimeric structure of plasma von Willebrand factor. Am J Hematol 1987; 25:55-65.10. Nilsson IM, Hedner U. Characteristics of various fac-tor VIII concentrates used in treatment of hemophil-ia. Br J Haematol 1977; 37:543-57.11. Blatt PM, Brinkhous KM, Culp HR, Krauss JS, RobertsHR. Antihemophilic factor concentrate therapy in von Willebrand disease. Dissociation of bleeding time fac-tor and ristocetin-cofactor activities. JAMA 1976; 236: 2770-2.12. Nilsson IM, Borge L, Gunnarsson M, KristofferssonAC. Factor VIII related activities in concentrates. Scand J Haematol 1984; 33(Suppl 42):157-72.13. Fricke WA, Yu MW. Characterization of von Wille-brand factor in factor VIII concentrates. Am J Hema-tol 1989; 31:41-5.14. Lawrie AS, Harrison P, Armstrong AL, Wilbourn BR,Dalton RG, Savidge GF. Comparison of the in vitro characteristics of von Willebrand factor in British and commercial factor VIII concentrates. Br J Haematol 1989; 73:100-4.15. Mannucci PM, Tenconi PM, Castaman G, RodeghieroF. Comparison of four virus-inactivated plasma con-centrates for treatment of severe von Willebrand dis-ease. A cross-over randomized trial. Blood 1992; 79: 3130-7.16. Hanna WT, Bona RD, Zimmerman CE, Carta CA,Hebert GZ, Rickles FR. The use of intermediate and high purity factor VIII products in the treatment of von Willebrand disease. Thromb Haemostas 1994; 71: 173-9.17. Mazurier C, De Romeuf C, Parquet-Gernez A, Goude-mand M. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a high-purity, solvent/detergent factor VIII concentrate: evidence for its therapeutic efﬁcacy in von Willebrand disease. Eur J Haematol 1989; 43:7-14.18. Sixma JJ, Sakariassen KS, Muggli R, Baumgartner HR.Measurements of platelet interaction with compo-nents of the vessel wall in ﬂowing blood. Methods Enzymol 1989; 169:37-70.19. Sakariassen KS, Roald HE, Aznar-Salatti J. Ex vivomodels for studying thrombosis: Special emphasis on shear rate dependent blood-collagen interactions. In: Hwang N, Tejeira R, Turitto VT, eds. Advances in car-diovascular engineering. New York: Plenum Press;1992. p 151-74.20. Escolar G, Mazzara R, Castillo R, Ordinas A. The roleof Baumgartner technique in transfusion medicine:research and clinical applications. Transfusion 1994;34:542-9.21. The American Association of Blood Banks. The tech-nical manual of the American Association of Blood Banks. 9th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1985. 22. Rivera J, Roig MJS, Monteagudo J, et al. Absence ofeffect of DDAVP infusion on platelet glycoprotein-Ib/IX and glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa complexes, and their interaction with newly released von Willebrand factor.Platelets 1993; 4:219-24.23. Ristol P, Gensana M, Fernández J, Massot M, Bat-tacharya P, Jorquera JI. Development and characteri-zation of a high purity FVIII concentrate, following two specific treatments of viral inactivation (Fanhdi®) [Desarrollo y caracterización de un concentrado de factor VIII humano de alta pureza, sometido a dos tratamientos especíﬁcos de inactivación viral (Fanh-di®) (spanish)]. Sangre 1996; 41:125-30.24. Hardisty R, McPherson C. A one stage factor VIII assayand its use on venous and capillary plasma. Thromb Diath Haemorrhagica 1962; 7:215-28.25. Zuzel M, Nilsson IM, Alberg M. A method for mea-suring plasma ristocetin cofactor activity. Normal dis-tribution and stability during storage. Thromb Res 1978; 12:745-54.26. Ingerslev J. A sensitive ELISA for von Willebrand factor(vWF:Ag). Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1985; 45:17-26.27. Schneppenheim R, Plendl H, Buddle U. Luminogra-phy– an alternative assay for detection of von Wille-brand factor multimers. Thromb Haemostas 1988;60:133-6.28. Rao GH, Escolar G, White JG. Epinephrine reversesthe inhibitory inﬂuence of aspirin on platelet-vessel wall interactions. Thromb Res 1986; 44:65-74. 29. Fraker DJ, Speck JC. Protein and cell membrane iodi-nations with a sparingly-soluble-chloroamide,1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3a,6a diphenylglycoluryl. Biochem Bio-phys Res Commun 1978; 80:849-57.30. Munson PJ, Rodbard D. A versatile computerizedapproach for characterization of ligand binding sys-tem. Anal Biochem 1980;107:220-39.31. Baumgartner HR. The role of blod flow in plateletadhesion, ﬁbrin deposition and formation of mural thrombi. Microvasc Res 1973; 5:175-9.32. Escolar G, Bastida E, Ordinas A, Castillo R. Interac-tion of platelets with subendothelium in humans treat-ed with aspirin and dipyridamole alone or in combi-nation. Thromb Res 1985; 40:419-24.33. Escolar G, Garrido M, Aznar-Salatti J, Ordinas A, Basti-da E. Comparison between human umbilical artery and rabbit abdominal aorta as substrata for platelet adhe-sion and platelet thrombus formation under ﬂow con-ditions. Blood Vessels 1991; 28:520-31.34. Escolar G, Bastida E, Ordinas A, Castillo R. Develop-ment of a computer program to analyze the parame-ters of platelet-vessel wall interaction. Hemostasis 1986; 16:8-14.35. Aznar-Salatti J, Escolar G, Arnau C, et al. An interme-diate-purity factor VIII concentrate supports platelet adhesion under ﬂow conditions. Haemophilia 1997;3:14-20.36. Weiss HJ, Turitto VT, Baumgartner HR. Platelet adhe-sion and thrombus formation on subendothelium in platelets deficient in glycoproteins IIb-IIIa, Ib, and storage granules. Blood 1986; 67:322-30.10J.Rivera et al.1137. Weiss HJ, Turitto VT, Baumgartner HR. Further evi-dence that glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa mediates platelet spreading on subendothelium. Thromb Haemostas 1991; 65:202-5.38. Sakariassen KS, Cousot D, Hadvary P, Baumgartner R.Aspirin ingestion reduces thrombus volume in human non-anticoagulated blood only ar shear rates charac-teristic for stenosed arteries. Thromb Haemostas 1991; 65:782(A)1.39. Koedam JA, Meijers JC, Sixma JJ, Bouma BN. Inacti-vation of human factor VIII by activated protein C.Cofactor activity of protein S and protective effect of von Willebrand factor. J Clin Invest 1988; 82:1236-43.40. Wise RJ, Dorner AJ, Krane M, Pittman DD, KaufmanRJ. The role of von Willebrand factor multimers and propeptide cleavage in binding and stabilization of factor-VIII. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:21948-55.41. Fijnvandraat K, Peters M, Ten Cate JW. Inter-individ-ual variations in half-life on infused recombinant FVI-II is related to pre-infusion von Willebrand antigen lev-els. Br J Haematol 1995; 91:474-6.42. Escolar G, Carretero M, Magallón M, et al. Von Wille-brand factor contained in factor VIII concentrates of different purities supports platelet adhesion in blood samples from a heterogeneous group of patients with von Willebrand disease. Haematologica 1998; 83: 1009-14.Factor VIII/factor von Willebrand concentrate。

自身前后对照设计的英语

自身前后对照设计的英语Self-Designed EnglishLanguage is a fundamental aspect of human communication and expression. It allows us to convey our thoughts, feelings, and ideas to others, and to understand the perspectives and experiences of those around us. As a global language, English has become increasingly important in today's interconnected world, serving as a common means of communication across diverse cultures and regions.However, the standardized form of English taught in many educational settings can often feel rigid and impersonal, failing to capture the nuances and idiosyncrasies that make each individual's use of language unique. This is where the concept of "self-designed English" comes into play – the idea that we can actively shape and personalize our use of the English language to better reflect our own identities, experiences, and modes of expression.One of the key benefits of self-designed English is the opportunity to cultivate a more authentic and meaningful form of communication.By drawing on our own cultural references, linguistic backgrounds, and personal perspectives, we can infuse our use of English with a sense of individuality and authenticity that can be lacking in more standardized approaches. This can be particularly powerful for those who may feel marginalized or underrepresented in mainstream English discourse, as it allows them to assert their own unique voice and experiences.Moreover, self-designed English can be a powerful tool for personal growth and self-exploration. By consciously reflecting on our language use and the ways in which it shapes our self-expression, we can gain valuable insights into our own thought processes, emotional landscapes, and ways of engaging with the world around us. This can be a transformative process, as we discover new facets of our identity and learn to communicate in ways that feel more true to who we are.At the same time, self-designed English is not a rejection of the standard forms of the language. Rather, it is an acknowledgment that language is a living, evolving entity, and that we all have the power to contribute to its ongoing development and transformation. By infusing our use of English with our own unique perspectives and approaches, we can help to expand the boundaries of what is considered "correct" or "standard," and pave the way for a more diverse and inclusive linguistic landscape.One of the key ways in which we can engage in self-designed English is through the conscious exploration and incorporation of our own linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This might involve drawing on the idioms, metaphors, and modes of expression from our native languages, or weaving in references to our cultural traditions and lived experiences. By doing so, we can create a form of English that is deeply personal and reflective of our own identities and worldviews.Another important aspect of self-designed English is the embrace of linguistic creativity and experimentation. This might involve playing with the structure and syntax of the language, bending the rules of grammar and punctuation to suit our own expressive needs, or even coining new words and phrases that capture concepts or experiences that are not easily conveyed through standard English. This kind of linguistic playfulness can be a powerful tool for self-expression, allowing us to push the boundaries of what is considered "correct" or "acceptable" in the English language.Of course, the process of self-designing our use of English is not without its challenges. There may be situations where a more standardized form of the language is required or expected, such as in professional or academic settings. Additionally, the act of asserting our own linguistic identity can sometimes be met with resistance or misunderstanding from those who are more accustomed totraditional approaches to English.However, these challenges can also be seen as opportunities for growth and learning. By navigating the tensions between our self-designed English and the expectations of others, we can develop a deeper understanding of the complexities of language use and the ways in which it intersects with issues of power, identity, and social belonging. In doing so, we can become more adept at code-switching and adapting our language use to different contexts, while still maintaining a strong sense of our own unique voice and perspective.Ultimately, the concept of self-designed English is about reclaiming our agency and autonomy in the way we use language. It is about recognizing that we are not merely passive recipients of linguistic norms, but active participants in shaping the very forms of expression that we use to navigate the world around us. By embracing this approach, we can cultivate a more authentic, meaningful, and empowering form of communication that reflects the full depth and complexity of our lived experiences.As we continue to navigate the rapidly changing landscape of global communication, the ability to self-design our use of English will become increasingly important. By honing this skill, we can not only improve our own ability to express ourselves, but also contribute tothe ongoing evolution and diversification of the English language as a whole. In doing so, we can help to create a more inclusive and equitable linguistic landscape, where all voices and perspectives are valued and celebrated.。

心肌肌钙蛋白I测定评价窒息新生儿心肌损害的临床价值

参考文献
1 Bodor G S, Port er S , Landt Y , et al. Development of monoclonal ant i bodies for an assay of cardial troponin - I and preliminary result s in suspect ed cases of myocardial infarction. Clin Chemist ry, 1992; 38 ( 1) : 2203 2 Katus HA, Looser S, Hallermayer K , et al. D evelopment and in vit ro characterizat ion of a new immunoassay of cardiac t roponin I. Clin Chemist ry, 1992; 38( 3) : 386 3 K at us HA , R emppis A, N eumann FJ, et al. Diagnost ic eff iciency of t roponin I measurements in acut e myocardial inf arct ion. Circulat ion, 1991; 83( 1) : 902 4 罗小平 , 刘皖君 . 新生儿窒息时血清 CPK - M B 活性测定及其临床意义 . 实用儿科杂志 , 1991; 6( 3) : 129 ( 1998- 12- 20 收稿 1999- 04- 10 修回 ) ( 本文编辑 : 常新)
Dep ar tment of N eonate, T he A f f iliated Children H osp ital of Suz hou M edical College, Suz hou 215003 Ser um cardiac tr oponin M yo cardial injury Dynamic variation of serum CT nI lev els were measured at T o ev aluate asphyctic neonatel myocardial injury, the variations of serum cardiac tro ponin( CT n

怎样做诊断工作英语作文

怎样做诊断工作英语作文Diagnosis Workflow。

Assessment。

The primary goal of medical diagnosis is to assess the underlying cause of a patient's symptoms through a series of systematic steps. These steps may include:Medical history: The physician obtains information about the patient's current and past symptoms, medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors.Physical examination: The physician performs a physical examination to evaluate vital signs, skin appearance, body posture, and other physical characteristics.Laboratory tests: Blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs) canprovide valuable information about organ function, metabolic disorders, and anatomical abnormalities.Differential Diagnosis。

Based on the assessment, the physician develops a list of possible diagnoses, known as a differential diagnosis. This list is derived from the patient's symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results. The physician's knowledge and experience play a crucial role in narrowing down the list of possibilities.Formulation。

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18matic patients (angor, transitory ischemic attacks),and similarly-aged mildly symptomatic patients with a history of major thrombotic episodes received both antiaggregating agents and chemotherapy; 4) asymp-tomatic patients without any previous major throm-botic episodes received no therapy irrespective of their age or platelet level.The histologic slides were independently reviewed by three observers; the cases of discordance were dis-cussed and classiﬁed on the basis of majority opin-ion. The following BMB histologic parameters were considered for diagnostic and prognostic purposes:1) overall bone marrow (BM) cellularity was consid-ered normal if hematopoietic precursors occupied 40-60% of the surface of the bone lacunae; 2) retic-ulum abnormalities, graded as a thickening of retic-ulin ﬁbers and slight ﬁbrosis; 3) quantitative assess-ment, and the maturation and dysplastic features of erythroid and myeloid precursors, assessed as decreased, normal or increased by simultaneously taking into account overall BM cellularity and the leukoerythroblastic ratio; 4) a normal maturational direction of the myeloid series from the bone trabec-ulae to the core; 5) the presence of aggregates of immature (ALIP-like) precursors, further subdived into infrequent (less than 10/ histologic section) and frequent (10 or more/histologic section); 6) the num-ber of megakaryocytes per low magniﬁcation ﬁeld,determined according to routine criteria; 7) the pres-ence and size of megakaryocyte aggregates; 8) the predominant size of megakaryocytes; 9) the pre-dominant nuclear pattern of megakaryocytes; 10) the presence of megakaryocyte mitoses; 11) the presence of megakaryocytes trapped in ﬁbrotic tissue; 12) the number of eosinophils, plasma cells and lymphocytes estimated by eye; 13) the presence of dilated BM sinusoids; and 14) signs of bone remodelling. The breakdowns of the variables considered are summa-rized in Table 1.The clinical and hematologic variables considered at diagnosis were: a positive history of major throm-botic events; sex; age; the presence of hepato- and/or splenomegaly; LDH, Hb, WBC, PMN and platelet lev-els; the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score; the per-centage of immature precursors in bone marrow smears; and cytogenetic analysis performed at diag-nosis. The continuous variables were divided into classes. Clinical and pathologic correlations were looked for by means of cross-tabulation. The diag-nostic signiﬁcance of the BMB histologic ﬁndings was tested by means of cluster analysis, using the average between-group linkage method, which is included in the SPSS 4.1 package for Macintosh (SPSS Inc.,Chicago, IL,USA). Cluster analysis produces hierar-chical clusters of items based on the dissimilarity or similarity of one or more variables.The prognostic value of the individual BMB histo-logic variables, the clusters identiﬁed by cluster analy-sis, and the clinico-hematologic variables were assessed C.Annaloro et al.19 using a censoring time of May 31, 1998. Overall sur-vival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were consid-ered as prognostic endpoints. Death, blastic crisis, evo-lution into overt myeloﬁbrosis, the occurrence of sec-ondary neoplasms, and life-threatening hemorrhagic and thromboembolic events were selected as events for the purpose of EFS. The survival curves were calculat-ed according to Kaplan-Meier, and compared by means of the log-rank test. Furthermore, a discrimi-nant function according to Mahalanobis (SPSS 4.1 package for Macintosh; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was calculated in order to predict EFS; the individual histologic and clinico-hematologic variables, cytoge-netics and previous chemotherapy were considered in these statistical analyses as possible prognostic fac-tors.ResultsThe duration of follow-up for the censored patients ranged from 49 to 238 months (median 109). Nine patients had died: four of thromboembolic events, three of neoplastic progression, and two of other causes. Ten patients had experienced major throm-boembolic events, two had developed blastic crises (one with a megakaryocytic and one with a myeloid phenotype), eight myelofibrosis and three second neoplasms; the events occurred 2-169 months after diagnosis. Twelve patients had been lost to follow-up and 59 were alive and event free. Platelet levels at diagnosis were more than 1,000ϫ109/L in 30, and below this value in 63 cases. Eighteen patients had splenomegaly at diagnosis, 12 had hepatomegaly, 13 had both and 50 neither. Cytogenetic analysis showed no Philadelphia chromosome, and a normal kary-otype in 86 cases; the observed chromosomal aber-rations (one case each) were –Y; +8,+9; +8; 7q–; –5;–21, 11q–; –11, 22q–. The patient with –5 developed a blastic crisis with myeloid phenotype; the other six patients are still event free. The morphologic ﬁndings deriving from the reviewed BMBs are summarized in Table 1; the inter-observer concordance at the ﬁrst independent examination was 89%. Univariate analy-sis did not reveal any relationship between the BMB histologic and clinicohematologic parameters. Cluster analysis of the histologic ﬁndings allowed two clusters to be identiﬁed: one of 40 (Group 1) and one of 53 patients (Group 2). Group 1 showed more frequent reticulum abnormalities (p<0.000001), increased levels of myeloid precursors (p<0.005), dysmyelopoiesis (p<0.005), aggregates of immature precursors (p<0.005), abnormal maturational polar-ity of the myeloid series (p<0.05), decreased levels of erythroid precursors (p<0.05), no large megakaryo-cytes (p<0.0005), and the presence of trapped mega-karyocytes (p<0.0001). There were no signiﬁcant rela-tionships between the two histologic groups and their clinical variables, with the exception of a borderline predominance of males in Group 1 (p=0.058). None of the individual clinical and histologic vari-was only a slight trend towards a worse OS in the patients with dysmyelopoiesis (p=0.0836) and in those with trapped megakaryocytes (p=0.0804). There were,however, some signiﬁcant relationships between survival and the groups identiﬁed by cluster analysis. Group 1 patients had a signiﬁcantly shorter EFS (a median of 151 months) than those in Group 2, whose median EFS had not been reached after 238 months (p= 0.0377) (Figure 1). Most of this differ-ence was attributable to thromboembolic events (Fig-ure 2); although the median thrombotic event-free sur-vival had not been reached in either Group, eight of the ten events recorded were in Group 1 (p=0.0325). Median OS had not been reached in either group, but again eight of the nine deaths were in Group 1 and the difference in OS chance was statistically signiﬁcant (p=0.0162) (Figure 3).Multivariate analysis allowed a discriminant func-tion for EFS to be calculated (predictive level 77.97)Bone marrow histology in essential thrombocythemiaplatelet level, splenomegaly, reticulum abnormalities, polarity of myelopoiesis, blastic aggregates, propor-tion of myeloid precursors, size of megakaryocyte aggregates and megakaryocyte trapping. DiscussionThe described results relate to a single-Institution series of ET patients followed up for a median of about nine years. ET is a CMPD characterized by a usually benign course due to a low rate of blastic crises9and what is generally considered to be a not exceedingly high risk of life-threatening thrombotic events;10the identiﬁcation of risk factors therefore requires prolonged observation.From the diagnostic point of view, the present study tried to ﬁnd some preferential histologic pat-terns that may identify possible subsets of ET patients. The two groups emerging from the cluster analysis showed some signiﬁcant histologic differ-ences whose consistency suggests two extreme pat-terns possibly encompassed by the diagnosis of ET; to the best of our knowledge there are no equivalent results in the literature with which to compare this ﬁnding, since the most frequently pursued objectives of histologic reviews are different.3-9The patients in Group 2 (the majority of the patients in our series) had a histologic pattern similar to that commonly described for CMPD in general, and ET in particu-lar.9,11,12The most striking ﬁndings in Group 1 were reticulin network abnormalities, marked hyperplasia of myeloid precursors, some degree of dysgranulocy-topoiesis, a distortion of the normal maturational direction of myeloid precursors, the presence of ALIP-like13,14ﬁgures, erythroid hypoplasia, the absence of large megakaryocytes and the presence of trapped megakaryocytes; as a whole, these features are remi-niscent of myelodysplasia.13The present data do not show that about 40% of ET patients have bone mar-row dysplasia; we only observed that single dysplas-tic features can be quite frequently observed in ET, and cluster analysis revealed the tendency of such features to occur simultaneously. As a whole, these dysplastic signs can be regarded as mild since pre-dominantly minor findings are involved, such as abnormalities in the reticulum, in the L/E ratio, and in maturational behavior; in no case did their pres-ence cast any doubt on the original diagnosis of ET. Histologic ﬁndings in ET can therefore be regarded as a spectrum ranging from a classical myeloprolifera-tive to a variant dysplastic form. Furthermore, fea-tures reminiscent of CMPD have been previously described in myelodysplastic syndromes, particular-ly chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and those with bone marrow ﬁbrosis.15The signiﬁcance of our ﬁnd-ings is enhanced by their independence from com-mon clinical variables.The prognostic value of the groups was also test-ed. Since the BMBs were reviewed and the cluster analysis performed in the ﬁrst half of 1994, the clin-ical observation was partially prospective. Published papers dealing with prognosis in CMPD recognize differences in risk among the different forms9or iden-tify clinical risk factors that are common to all CMPD patients;10but they fail to deﬁne any prognostic sub-groups related to the individual disorders,10presum-ably because of the long EFS and OS expectancies of ET patients, limited therapeutic resources and the low incidence of the disease. In the present experi-ence, the clustering of the histologic ﬁndings revealed signiﬁcant differences in both OS and EFS, particu-larly in terms of thrombotic rather than neoplastic events; moreover, cluster analysis showed the prefer-ential aggregation of mild dysplastic features and compared favorably with discriminant analysis in pre-dicting EFS. In conclusion, the generalized use of BMB is obviously recommended in the diagnostic and prognostic work-up of ET; furthermore, in order to optimize therapeutic strategies, the dysplastic fea-tures in ET could be standardized and included among the parameters suitable for deﬁning a prog-nostic score.Contributions and AcknowledgmentsCA designed the study, reviewed the bone marrow biopsies, contributed to the interpretation of data and drafted the arti-cle. GLD reviewed the bone marrow biopsies, revised the arti-cle and gave ﬁnal approval of the article. AO reviewed the bone marrow biopsies, and contributed to the interpretation of the data and the revision of the article. EP performed the statistical analysis and contributed to the interpretation of the data. DLD contributed to the revision of the article and to the collection of data. FR was involved in the clinical fol-low-up of the patients. PF was involved in the clinical follow-up and collection of data.The order of the authors takes into account both the qual-ity of the single contributions offered and the time spent by each contributor.20 C.Annaloro et al.21DisclosuresConﬂict of interest: none.Redundant publications: no substantial overlapping with previous papers.Manuscript processingManuscript received June 24, 1998; accepted September 30, 1998.References1.Murphy S, Iland H, Rosenthal D, Laszlo J. Essentialthrombocythemia: an interim report from the Poly-cythemia Vera Study Group. Semin Hematol 1986;23:177-82.2.Kutti J, Wadenvik H. Diagnostic and differential crite-ria of essential thrombocythemia and reactive throm-bocytosis. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 22 (Suppl 1):41-5.3.Thiele J, Wagner S, Degel C, et al. Megakaryocyte pre-cursors (pro- and megakaryoblasts) in bone marrow tissue from patients with reactive thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera and primary (essential) thrombo-cythemia. Virch Arch B Cell Pathol 1990; 58:295-302.4.Nafe R, Kaloutsi V, Fritsch RS, Georgii A. Quantitativecytomorphology of megakaryocytes in chronic myelo-proliferative disorders - Analysis of planimetric and numeric characteristics by means of a knowledge based system. Exp Pathol 1990; 40:213-9.5.Bartl R, Frisch B, Wilmanns W. Potential of bone mar-row biopsy in chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). Eur J Haematol 1993; 50:41-52.6.Georgii A, Vykoupil KF, Buhr T, et al. Chronic myelo-proliferative disorders in bone marrow biopsies.Pathol Res Pract 1990; 186:3-27.7.Werner M, Kaloutsi V, Kausche F, Buhr T, Georgii A.Evidence from molecular genetic and cytogenetic analyses that bone marrow histopathology is reliablein the diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disor-ders. Virch Arch B Cell Pathol 1993; 63:199-204. 8.Nafe R, Holgado de Colombo S, Choritz H, Georgii A.Morphometrie von Megakaryozyten zur Unterstützung der histologischen Diagnose von chronischen Myelo-proliferativen Erkrankungen. Pathologie 1995; 16:34-40.9.Georgii A, Buhr T, Buesche G, Kreft A, Choritz H. Clas-siﬁcation and staging of Ph-negative myeloprolifera-tive disorders by histopathology from bone marrow biopsies. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 22(Suppl. 1):15-29.10.Wehmeier A, Daum I, Jamin H, Schneider W. Inci-dence and clinical risk factors for bleeding and throm-botic complications in myeloproliferative disorders. A retrospective analysis of 260 patients. Ann Hematol 1991; 63:101-6.11.Buhr T, Georgii A, Schuppan O, Amor A, Kaloutsi V.Histologic findings in bone marrow biopsies of patients with thrombocythemic cell counts. Ann Hematol 1992; 64:286-91.12.Nafe R, Georgii A, Kaloutsi V, Fritsch RS, Choritz H.Planimetric analysis of megakaryocytes in the four main groups of chronic myeloproliferative disorders.Virch Arch B Cell Pathol 1991; 61:111-6.13.Tricot G, De Wolf-Peeters C, Hendrickx B, VerwilghenRL. Bone marrow histology in myelodysplastic syn-dromes. I. Histological findings in myelodysplastic syn-dromes and comparison with bone marrow smears. Br J Haematol 1984; 57:423-30.14.Oriani A, Annaloro C, Soligo D, Pozzoli E, CortelezziA, Lambertenghi Deliliers G. Bone marrow histology and CD34 immunostaining in the prognostic evalua-tion of primary myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol 1996; 92:360-4.15.Verhoef GEG, De Wolf-Peeters C, Ferrant A, et al.Myelodysplastic syndromes with bone marrow ﬁbro-sis: a myelodysplastic disorder with proliferative fea-tures. Ann Hematol 1991; 63:235-41.Bone marrow histology in essential thrombocythemia。