Phenomenology of static-light mesons from unquenched lattice QCD calculations

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光的衍射英文作文

光的衍射英文作文

光的衍射英文作文Light DiffractionLight is a fundamental aspect of our physical world, and its behavior has been the subject of intense study and fascination for centuries. One of the most intriguing and complex phenomena associated with light is diffraction, which refers to the bending and spreading of light waves as they encounter obstacles or apertures. This phenomenon has profound implications in various fields, from optics and quantum mechanics to biology and technology.At its core, diffraction is a wave-like property of light, where the interaction between light and the physical structures it encounters leads to the interference and redistribution of the light waves. This process is governed by the principles of wave interference, where the constructive and destructive interference of light waves result in patterns of light and dark regions, known as diffraction patterns.The fundamental principles of diffraction can be understood by considering the wave nature of light. Light, like other forms of electromagnetic radiation, can be described as a wave, with a specific wavelength and frequency. When light encounters an obstacle or anaperture, the waves are forced to bend and spread out, creating a diffraction pattern. The specific characteristics of this pattern are determined by factors such as the size and shape of the obstacle or aperture, as well as the wavelength of the light.One of the most well-known examples of diffraction is the phenomenon of single-slit diffraction. When light passes through a narrow slit, the resulting diffraction pattern consists of a central bright region, known as the central maximum, surrounded by alternating bright and dark regions, known as diffraction fringes. The spacing and intensity of these fringes are directly related to the wavelength of the light and the width of the slit.Another important aspect of diffraction is the concept of the Fraunhofer diffraction, which describes the diffraction pattern observed at large distances from the aperture or obstacle. In this case, the diffraction pattern is characterized by a series of bright and dark spots, known as the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern. This pattern is particularly useful in applications such as optical imaging, spectroscopy, and the design of diffraction-based optical devices.Diffraction also plays a crucial role in the behavior of light in various natural and man-made systems. For example, the diffraction of light through small apertures or slits is responsible for the characteristic patterns observed in the interference of light, such as those seen inYoung's double-slit experiment. Additionally, the diffraction of light around the edges of objects or through small openings is responsible for the phenomena of diffraction fringes, which can be observed in various optical devices and natural phenomena, such as the colorful patterns seen in the wings of some insects or the halos and glories observed around the Sun or Moon.The study of diffraction has also led to the development of numerous applications in science and technology. In optics, diffraction is used in the design of various optical devices, such as diffraction gratings, which are used in spectroscopy and other analytical techniques. In the field of quantum mechanics, the wave-like nature of particles, as described by the de Broglie hypothesis, has led to the observation of diffraction patterns in the behavior of subatomic particles, such as electrons and neutrons.Furthermore, the understanding of diffraction has been instrumental in the development of modern imaging techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, where the diffraction of X-rays by the atoms in a crystal is used to determine the arrangement and structure of the atoms within the crystal. Similarly, the diffraction of light by various biological structures, such as the compound eyes of insects or the structures found in the wings of some butterflies, has inspired the development of biomimetic materials and devices.In conclusion, the phenomenon of light diffraction is a fundamental and fascinating aspect of our physical world. It is a testament to the wave-like nature of light and the complex interplay between light and the physical structures it encounters. The study of diffraction has led to numerous insights and advancements in various fields, and its continued exploration promises to yield further discoveries and innovations that will shape our understanding of the universe and the technology we use to interact with it.。

福州“PEP”24年小学五年级上册I卷英语第4单元真题试卷[有答案]

福州“PEP”24年小学五年级上册I卷英语第4单元真题试卷[有答案]

福州“PEP”24年小学五年级上册英语第4单元真题试卷[有答案]考试时间:80分钟(总分:140)A卷考试人:_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题:The ________ (种植) season is in spring.2、听力题:The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy is called _______.3、听力题:Many species of birds migrate to warmer __________ in winter.4、填空题:The _______ (The French Revolution) overthrew the monarchy in France.5、听力题:The process of drying out a wet substance is called ______.6、听力题:The main component of starch is ______.7、听力题:In a reaction, the enthalpy change can indicate whether heat is absorbed or _____.8、听力题:Fossils are often found in layers of ______ rock.9、What is the opposite of "noon"?A. MorningB. AfternoonC. MidnightD. Dusk答案: C10、填空题:Many people visit the _____ (43) for its historical significance.11、听力题:The flowers are _____ (yellow/red).12、What is the term for a young seal?a. Pupb. Calfc. Kitd. Cub答案:a13、听力题:She is a talented ________.14、填空题:A _____ (植物保护协会) can advocate for endangered species.15、填空题:I feel proud when I finish my ________.16、What is the opposite of "dark"?A. LightB. DimC. BrightD. Faint答案: A17、What is the primary function of leaves on a plant?A. To absorb waterB. To produce foodC. To provide shadeD. To grow flowers答案:B18、填空题:The hawk hunts with ______ (敏捷).19、填空题:My dog loves to dig in the ______ (沙子).20、听力题:The __________ helps to circulate blood in the body.21、What is the name of the famous ancient structure in Egypt?A. ParthenonB. ColosseumC. Great WallD. Pyramids答案:D22、填空题:A salamander has a moist ______ (皮肤).23、听力题:The stars are ______ (twinkling) in the sky.24、填空题:A __________ (阳台花园) can be beautiful and functional.25、What do we call a young chicken?A. DucklingB. CalfC. ChickD. Foal26、填空题:Certain plants can be ______ (用于景观设计).27、听力题:A ______ is a type of mixture that contains tiny particles that do not settle.28、听力题:My sister is learning how to ____ (swim) this summer.29、听力题:The butterfly undergoes a _______ to become an adult.30、填空题:In a garden, we can find many _____ (小动物).31、Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle答案:B. Triangle32、What is the name of the fairy tale character who had a magic wand?A. CinderellaB. Fairy GodmotherC. Snow WhiteD. Rapunzel33、听力题:We had a fun ______ (day) at the park.34、Which animal is known for its ability to swim?A. CatB. BirdC. FishD. Dog答案: C. Fish35、How many strings does a guitar have?A. FourB. FiveC. SixD. Seven36、听力题:The first person to fly in space was _______ Gagarin.37、填空题:The cat enjoys curling up in a _______ (暖和的) spot.38、填空题:A _____ (老虎) has sharp claws for hunting.39、填空题:My friend loves to create __________ (艺术作品).40、选择题:What is the name of the famous explorer who discovered the Americas?A. Christopher ColumbusB. Ferdinand MagellanC. Marco PoloD. Vasco da Gama41、听力题:He is _____ (playing/doing) video games.42、听力题:The capital of Micronesia is _______.43、填空题:The _____ (orchids) are known for their beauty.44、What is the term for a young horse?a. Calfb. Foalc. Cubd. Kid答案:b45、What is the main purpose of a bridge?A. To connect two sidesB. To support vehiclesC. To provide a viewD. To carry water答案: A46、听力题:She is wearing a _____ (hat/scarf) today.47、Which of these is a warm-blooded animal?A. FishB. LizardC. DogD. Frog答案:C48、听力题:The chemical symbol for argon is _____.49、听力题:The clouds are ___. (fluffy)50、填空题:The __________ (历史的积累) shapes our identity.51、What do we call a person who writes books?A. AuthorB. ArtistC. ComposerD. Director答案: A52、What is 7 x 3?A. 21B. 20C. 19D. 18答案: A53、What do we call the time of day when the sun rises?A. NoonB. MorningC. EveningD. Midnight答案:B54、What do we call a person who leads a group of people?A. LeaderB. FollowerC. GuideD. Member答案: A55、What is the main ingredient in a hamburger?A. BreadB. CheeseC. MeatD. Lettuce答案: C56、听力题:The main gas in the atmosphere is ______.57、填空题:The __________ (历史的交汇) creates understanding.58、How many days are there in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight59、填空题:When it snows, the world looks like a __________. (童话)60、听力题:Europe is a continent located to the _______ of Asia.61、填空题:The _____ (农场) produces many fruits and vegetables.62、What do we call the part of the brain that controls balance?A. CerebellumB. CerebrumC. BrainstemD. Hippocampus答案:A63、听力题:A battery stores _______.64、 Carta was signed in __________ (1215). 填空题:The Magn65、听力题:The chemical formula for sodium chlorate is _____.66、What do we call a scientist who studies the weather?a. Geologistb. Meteorologistc. Biologistd. Astronomer答案:b67、How many months have 28 days?a. Oneb. Severalc. Alld. None答案:c68、填空题:I have a special place for my toy ____. (玩具名称)69、What is the name of the famous artist known for his "The Girl with a Pearl Earring"?A. Johannes VermeerB. RembrandtC. Vincent van GoghD. Claude Monet答案: A70、听力题:I see _____ birds flying. (many)71、听力题:A _______ is a graph showing how the concentration of a reactant changes over time.My brother is a ______. He loves to fish.73、填空题:The __________ is a major river system in Africa. (尼日尔河)74、填空题:My favorite dish is ______ (意大利菜).75、填空题:The ________ (交通工具) in our city includes buses and trains.76、听力题:We have ___ (art/music) class today.77、听力题:The chemical formula for iron(II) sulfate is _____.78、填空题:_____ (温带) plants can survive in seasonal changes.79、Which of these is a mode of transportation?A. BicycleB. SofaC. TableD. Bed答案: A80、填空题:The ________ (火灾) in the forest was dangerous.81、填空题:My aunt has a beautiful ________ (玫瑰花园) that attracts many ________ (蜜蜂).82、Which insect makes a web?A. AntB. ButterflyC. SpiderD. Bee83、ts can grow in ______ conditions, like marshes.(有些植物可以在沼泽等潮湿环境中生长。

初二物理现象英语阅读理解 30 题

初二物理现象英语阅读理解 30 题

初二物理现象英语阅读理解30 题1<背景文章>Optical phenomena are very common in our daily life. One of the most basic optical phenomena is reflection. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface. For example, when we look at ourselves in a mirror, what we see is the result of light reflection. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Mirrors are widely used in our life, not only for people to check their appearance, but also in some optical instruments like telescopes.Another important optical phenomenon is refraction. Refraction happens when light passes from one medium to another, for example, from air to water. This causes the light to change its direction. A common example is a straw in a glass of water. The straw seems to be bent at the water - air interface. This is because the speed of light is different in water and air. Lenses are based on the principle of refraction. They are used in glasses to correct people's vision, and also in cameras to focus light.Light dispersion is also an interesting optical phenomenon. It is the separation of white light into its component colors. We can see this phenomenon in a rainbow. When sunlight passes through raindrops, the different colors of light are refracted by different amounts, and thus areseparated. Prisms can also be used to create light dispersion in a laboratory setting. These optical phenomena play important roles in various fields such as art, science, and technology.1. <问题1>A. Reflection is when light __________ a surface.A. goes throughB. bounces offC. is absorbed byD. is generated from答案:B。

光的衍射英语作文

光的衍射英语作文

The Phenomenon of Light Diffraction: AScientific MarvelIn the vast and enigmatic realm of physics, the phenomenon of light diffraction stands as a testament tothe wave-like nature of light. This remarkable occurrence, which manifests when light waves encounter obstacles or apertures, is not only fascinating but also holds immense significance in various fields of science and technology.Diffraction, simply put, is the bending of light waves around the edges of an obstacle or through a small aperture. This bending is a direct consequence of the wave-likenature of light, which differs from the particle-like behavior exhibited by matter. When light waves encounter an obstacle, they spread out in a characteristic pattern known as a diffraction pattern. Similarly, when light passes through a small aperture, it spreads out in a similar pattern, known as a diffraction fringe.The diffraction pattern observed is unique to the shape and size of the obstacle or aperture. For instance, a circular obstacle will produce a characteristic ring-shaped diffraction pattern, while a rectangular aperture willproduce a pattern with distinct vertical and horizontal fringes. This characteristic behavior of light allows scientists to determine the shape and size of objects using diffraction techniques.The phenomenon of diffraction has found numerous applications in various fields of science and technology. In optics, diffraction gratings are used to split lightinto its constituent colors, a principle that underlies the operation of spectrometers and monochromators. In microscopy, diffraction-limited imaging techniques are employed to achieve higher resolution images, enabling scientists to observe finer details than ever before.Diffraction also plays a crucial role in quantum mechanics, where it is used to probe the atomic and molecular structure of matter. Techniques like electron diffraction and neutron diffraction provide insights into the internal structure of crystals and molecules,揭示物质内部的原子排列和相互作用。

小学下册第十四次英语第2单元测验试卷

小学下册第十四次英语第2单元测验试卷

小学下册英语第2单元测验试卷考试时间:80分钟(总分:100)A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题:The Earth is located in the Orion ______.2. 听力题:The chemical symbol for selenium is ______.3. 选择题:What do we call the force that pulls objects toward each other?A. MagnetismB. GravityC. FrictionD. Tension答案:B4. 填空题:I can ______ (灵活应变) to new challenges.5. 听力题:Chemical reactions can be classified as synthesis, decomposition, and _____.6. 选择题:What is the main ingredient in oatmeal?A. RiceB. WheatC. OatsD. Corn答案:C. Oats7. 选择题:What do we call the time when schools are closed for summer?A. HolidayB. VacationC. BreakD. Session8. 听力题:Endothermic reactions require energy, usually in the form of ______.9. 选择题:What do you call a person who helps in an emergency?A. TeacherB. ParamedicC. ChefD. Driver答案:B10. 填空题:A _____ (章鱼) can squirt ink to escape danger.11. 听力题:The Battle of Hastings took place in the year ________.12. 选择题:What do you call the part of the plant that absorbs water?A. LeafB. StemC. RootD. Flower答案:C13. 填空题:A ______ (生态系统服务) is crucial for human well-being.14. 选择题:What do we call a person who plays a musical instrument?A. MusicianB. ComposerC. ConductorD. Singer答案: A. Musician15. 填空题:The _____ (户外) is a perfect place for a picnic among the flowers.16. 填空题:The kangaroo uses its powerful legs to ______ (跳跃).17. 填空题:A monkey can _______ (爬) trees easily.18. 听力题:My favorite subject is _____ (math/science).19. 听力题:A ____ is a gentle giant that can be very friendly.20. 听力题:Planets are classified as terrestrial or ______.21. 填空题:A ____(green certification) recognizes sustainable practices.22. 填空题:The capital of the Gambia is ________ (班珠尔).23. 听力题:The __________ is a region known for its unique languages.24. 填空题:My dad enjoys cooking on the ____.25. 选择题:Which animal is known for its ability to swim fast?A. DogB. DolphinC. CatD. Elephant答案:B26. 听力题:A prism can separate light into different ______.27. 填空题:Many plants are _____ (可食用) and nutritious.28. 填空题:I enjoy _______ (喝果汁) in the summer.29. 选择题:What is the opposite of 'fast'?A. QuickB. SlowC. SpeedyD. Rapid30. 填空题:The ________ (机场) is busy with travelers.31. 选择题:What do bees make?A. MilkB. HoneyC. ButterD. Jam答案:B32. 听力题:I like to _____ in the garden. (play)33. 听力题:Matter is anything that has ______.34. 听力题:The chemical formula for beryllium oxide is ______.35. 选择题:What is the opposite of 'hot'?'热'的反义词是什么?A. ColdB. WarmC. CoolD. Boiling答案: A36. 选择题:What is the main ingredient in a salad?a. Meatb. Vegetablesc. Fruitd. Bread答案:B37. 听力题:The Titanic sank on its maiden _______.38. 听力题:Some _______ are grown for their beauty.What is the name of the popular game where you try to guess words based on clues?A. PictionaryB. CharadesC. TabooD. Scattergories答案: A40. 选择题:What do you call a young female goat?A. KidB. CalfC. LambD. Pup答案: A41. 填空题:The ________ is small and cute.42. 填空题:The ________ (历史遗迹) tell stories of the past.43. 填空题:I saw a __________ form in the sky before the storm. (乌云)44. 填空题:I hear birds singing when it’s ______ (晴天).45. 选择题:What is the capital city of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KazanD. Novosibirsk答案: A46. 选择题:What do we call a computer program that helps us to create documents?A. BrowserB. Word processorC. SpreadsheetD. Game答案:BA ______ (多样的生态系统) promotes resilience.48. 填空题:My favorite number is ______.49. 填空题:The __________ (地貌) shapes the landscape.50. 听力题:Organic chemistry is the study of ______ compounds.51. 听力题:Some _______ can be climbing or trailing.52. 选择题:Which item is used to tell time?A. CalendarB. ClockC. MapD. Book答案:B53. 听力题:The park is ___ (full/empty) of children.54. 听力题:__________ is the process of separating a mixture into its components.55. 听力题:The process of ______ can lead to the discovery of fossils.56. 填空题:A _____ (狒狒) can be quite mischievous.57. 选择题:What is the primary function of the lungs?A. To pump bloodB. To digest foodC. To absorb oxygenD. To filter waste答案: C58. 填空题:The owl has _______ (大眼睛) for night vision.Electric fields can exert ______ (forces) on charged particles.60. 填空题:The ________ (养分) in the soil is important for growth.61. 听力题:She likes to wear ________ shoes.62. 听力题:They are going to ________ a concert.63. 填空题:The ancient Greeks believed in many _____ and myths.64. 填空题:My brother loves to __________ (参加) sports tournaments.65. 填空题:A __________ (生态旅游) promotes awareness of environmental issues.66. 选择题:What is the capital of Vietnam?A. Ho Chi Minh CityB. HanoiC. Da NangD. Can Tho答案:B. Hanoi67. 听力题:The wind is ______ (blowing) gently today.68. 填空题:A horse is used for riding and ________________ (工作).69. 选择题:How many months are there in a year?A. TenB. TwelveC. ElevenD. Nine70. 填空题:The musician plays the _____ (小号) in the band.What do you call a story with animals that talk?A. Fairy taleB. FableC. BiographyD. Novel72. 选择题:What is the process of changing from liquid to gas called?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporationD. Condensation答案: C73. 选择题:How do you say "再见" in English?A. HelloB. GoodbyeC. PleaseD. Thank you74. 听力题:This is my best ____ (friend). We go to school together.75. 选择题:How many days are in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight76. 填空题:The ______ (植物的生长速度) can vary based on conditions.77. 填空题:On a sunny day, I decided to visit the ______ (1) with my family. We packed a picnic basket filled with sandwiches, fruits, and drinks. When we arrived, the park was filled with ______ (2) enjoying the beautiful weather. My little brother ran stra78. 填空题:The scientist discovered a new _____ (物种).79. 填空题:I have a new _______ (背包).We are having a ___. (picnic) this weekend.81. 填空题:The goldfish can live for several _________ (年).82. 听力题:The ______ teaches us about different countries.83. 选择题:What is the capital of Australia?A. SydneyB. CanberraC. MelbourneD. Brisbane答案: B84. 听力题:Birds have ______ to help them fly.85. 填空题:My __________ (玩具名) is very __________ (形容词) to play with.86. 填空题:I enjoy reading ______ (故事) before going to sleep.87. 填空题:My family loves to __________ on holiday. (度假)88. 选择题:How many sides does a pentagon have?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7答案: B89. 听力题:He is _____ (running) very fast.90. 选择题:What do we call the process of a caterpillar turning into a butterfly?A. EvolutionB. MetamorphosisC. DevelopmentD. Transformation答案:B91. 填空题:Ancient Egyptians believed in many ________.92. 听力题:The first man to reach the South Pole was _______ Amundsen.93. 填空题:My teacher encouraged us to create our own ________ (漫画). I drew a funny ________ (角色).94. 选择题:Which one is a popular sport?A. SwimmingB. EatingC. SleepingD. Writing95. 选择题:What do you call a person who writes music?A. ComposerB. MusicianC. LyricistD. All of the above答案:D96. 听力题:Vinegar is an example of an _______.97. 听力题:Reactions that happen quickly release more ______.98. 听力题:The first human to fly in space was _______ Gagarin.99. 听力题:I like to play ______ (video games) on weekends.100. 填空题:A _______ (蜥蜴) can be found on warm rocks.。

Parity-even and Parity-odd Mesons in Covariant Light-front Approach

Parity-even and Parity-odd Mesons in Covariant Light-front Approach
0


fsu¯ (160)
22 (210) −186
11


fcu¯ (200)
86 (220) −127
45
130
−36
fcs¯ (230)
71 (230) −121
38
122
−38
fbu¯ (180) 112 (180) −123
68
140
−15
From Table 1 we see that the decay constants of light scalar resonances are sup-
for form factors in B → D, D∗, D∗∗ (D∗∗ denoting generic p-wave charmed mesons) transitions agree with those in the ISGW2 model.4 Relativistic effects are mild in
B → D transition, but they could be more prominent in heavy-to-light transitions,
especially at maximum recoil (q2 = 0). For example, we obtain V0Ba1 ay constants and form factors
Consider the decay constants for mesons with the quark content q1q¯2 in the 2S+1LJ = 1S0, 3P0, 3S1, 3P1, 1P1 configurations. In the SU(N)-flavor limit (m1 = m2) the decay constants fS(3P0) and f1P1 should vanish.6 In the heavy quark limit (m1 → ∞), it is more convenient to use the LjJ = P23/2, P13/2, P11/2 and P01/2 basis as the heavy quark spin sQ and the total angular momentum of the light

PACC_国际物理学分类表_

如何查PACC代码?PACC代码是《Physics Abstracts,Classification and Contents》的缩略。

PACC专业代码是英国科学文摘(INSPEC)用于论文分类的代码。

按照论文的内容将其分为十大类有0000,1000,……5000,……9000表示,例如:凝聚物质由6000及7000表示,其中6000内包括凝聚物质的结构、热学和力学性质,而7000内包括凝聚物质的电子结构、电学、磁学和光学性质。

再仔细分则由6100……6200等表示,例如6100表示液体和固体结构。

而X射线晶体结构测定及精确化技术表示固体结构的测定包含在6100中,而用6110M来表示。

所以要查出某一论文的PACC专业代码,应先确定该论文主要内容属于哪一大类,就在那一大类中找出其代码,其次再找出该论文包括的其它次要内容的代码。

国际物理学分类表PACC(Physics Abstracts, Classification andContents)0000 总论 GENERAL0100 通讯、教育、历史和哲学 communication,education,history,andphilosophy0110 通报、消息和组织活动announcements, news, and organizational activities0110C 通报、消息和颁奖announcements, news, and awards 0110F 会议、演讲和学会conferences, lectures, and institutes 0110H 物理学组织活动physics organizational activities 0130 物理学文献及出版物physics literature and publications0130B 讲稿的出版(进修学院,暑期学校等)publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.)0130C 会议录 conferenceproceedings 0130E 专著和著作集 monographs,andcollections 0130K 手册和字典handbooks and dictionaries0130L 物理数据、表格汇编collections of physical data, tables0130N 教科书 textbooks0130Q 报告、学位论文、论文reports, dissertations, theses0130R 评论及教学参考论文,资源通讯reviews and tutorial papers, resource letters0130T 书目 bibliographies 0140 教育 education0140D 课程设置与评价course design and evaluation0140E 中小学科学science in elementary and secondary school0140G 课程设置,教学方法,策略和评价curricula, teaching methods, strategies, and evaluation0140J 教师培训 teachertraining0150 教具(包括设备和实验及教学用材料)educational aids(inc.equipment, experiments andteaching approaches to subjects)0150F 视听教具、电影audio and visual aids, films0150H 计算机在教学中的使用instructional computer use0150K 试验理论和技术testing theory and techniques0150M 示范教学的实验和设备demonstration experiments and apparatus 0150P 实验室实验和设备laboratory experiments and apparatus0150Q 实验室课程设置、组织和评价laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation0150T 建筑物和设备 buildingsandfacilities 0155 普通物理 generalphysics 0160 传记、历史和个人笔记biographical, historical, and personal notes 0165 科学史history of science0170 科学哲学 philosophyofscience 0175 科学与社会 scienceandsociety 0190 其他一般论题other topics of general interest0200 物理学中的数学方法mathematical methods in physics0210 代数、集合论和图论algebra, set theory, and graph theory0220 群论(量子力学中的代数方法见0365;基本粒子物理学中的对称见1130)group theory(for algebraic methods in quantummechanics, see 0365; for symmetries inelementary particle physics, see 1130)0230 函数论,分析function theory, analysis0240 几何学、微分几何学和拓扑学(0400相对论与引力)geometry, differential geometry, andtopology(0400 relativity and gravitation)0250 概率论、随机过程和统计学(0500统计物理学)probability theory, stochastic processes, andstatistics(0500 statistical physics)0260 数字近似及分析numerical approximation and analysis0270 计算技术(数据处理与计算见0650)computational techniques(for data handling and computation, see 0650)0290 物理学中数学方法的其它论题other topics in mathematical methods in physics0300 经典及量子物理学;力学与场classical and quantum physics; mechanics and fields0320 离散系统的经典力学:一般数学问题(离散系统的应用经典力学见4610;天体力学见9510)classical mechanics of discrete systems: generalmathematical aspects ( for applied classicalmechanics of discrete systems, see 4610; forcelestial mechanics, see 9510)0330 狭义相对论 specialrelativity0340 连续介质经典力学:一般数学问题classical mechanics of continuous media: general mathematical aspects0340D 弹性力学的数学理论(4620连续介质力学,4630固体力学)mathematical theory of elasticity(4620 continuummechanics, and 4630 mechanics of solids)0340G 流体动力学:一般数学问题(4700流体动力学)fluid dynamics; general mathematicalaspects(4700 fluid dynamics)0340K 波和波传播:一般数学问题(4630M机械波和弹性波;4320一般线性声学)waves and wave propagation; generalmathematical aspects(4630M mechanical andelastic waves, 4320 general linear acoustics)0350 经典场论 classicalfieldtheory0350D 麦克斯韦理论:一般数学问题(应用经典电动力学,见4100)Maxwell theory: general mathematical aspects(forapplied classical electrodynamics, see 4100)0350K 其它具体经典场论other special classical field theories0365 量子论;量子力学(0530量子统计力学;相对论性波动方程,见1110)quantum theory; quantum mechanics(0530quantum statistical mechanics;for relativisticwave equations, see 1110)0365B 基础、测量理论、其它理论foundations, theory of measurement, miscellaneous theories0365C 形式论 formalism 0365D 泛函分析方法functional analytical methods0365F 代数方法(0220群论;3115分子物理学中计算方法)algebraic methods(02 20 group theory; 3115calculation methods in molecular physics)0365G 波动方程解:边界态solutions of wave equations: bound state0365N 非相对论性散射理论 nonrelativisticscatteringtheory 0365S 半经典理论和应用semiclassical theories and applications0367 量子信息 Quantuminformation 0370 量子场论(1110场论) theory of quantized fields(1110 field theory)0380 散射的一般理论(1120 S-矩阵论;1180相对论性散射)general theory of scattering(1120 S-matrix theory,and 1180 relativistic scattering)0400 相对论与引力(狭义相对论,见0330;相对论性天体物理学,见9530; 相对论性宇宙学,见9880)relativity and gravitation(for special relarivity,see0330;for relativistic astrophysics,see 9530;forrelativistic cosmology,see 9880)0420 广义相对论(0240几何学和拓扑学)general relativity (0240 geometry and topology) 0420C 基本问题和普通形式论fundamental problems and general formalism0420F 典型的形式论、拉氏函数和变分原理canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variationalprinciples0420J 方程解solutions to equations0420M 守恒定律和运动方程conservation laws and equations of motion 0430 引力波和辐射:理论gravitational waves and radiation: theory0440 连续介质;电磁及其它混合引力系统continuous media; electromagnetic and othermixed gravitational systems0450 统一场论及其它引力理论unified field theories and other theories of gravitation0455 引力替代理论alternative theories of gravitation0460 引力的量子论quantum theory of gravitation0465 超引力 supergravity0470 黑洞物理学(参见9760L 黑洞) physics of black holes (see also 9760L black holes)0480 广义相对论的实验检验及引力辐射观测experimental tests of general relativity andobservations of gravitational radiation0485 中程力(包括第五和第六力) intermediate range forces (inc.fifth and sixth forces)0490 相对论和引力的其它论题other topics in relativity and gravitation0500 统计物理学和热力学(0250概率论、随机过程和统计学)statistical physics and thermodynamics(0250probability thory,stochastic processes,andstatistics)0520 统计力学 statisticalmechanics 0520D 分子运动论 kinetictheory0520G 经典系综论classical ensemble theory0530 量子统计力学(6700量子流体;7100凝聚物质的电子态)quantum statistic al mechanics(6700 quantumfluids, and 7100 electron states in condensedmatter)0530C 量子系综论quantum ensemble theory0530F 费米子系统和电子气Fermion systems and electron gas 0530J 玻色子系统 Bosonsystems0530L 任意子和仲统计学(量子统计力学)anyons and parastatistics (quantum statistical mechanics)0540 涨落现象、随机过程和布朗运动fluctuation phenomena, random processes, and Brownian motion0545 混沌系统的理论和模型(流体系统中的混沌,见4752)theory and models of chaotic systems(for chaos inflowing systems,see 4752)0547 非线性动力学系统和分岔(流体系统中的分岔,见4752)nonlinear dynamical systems and bifurcations(bifurcations in flowing systems,see 4752)0550 点阵理论和统计学;伊辛问题(7510H伊辛模型)lattice theory and statistics; Ising problems(7510HIsing models)0555 分形(流体系统中的分形,见4752)fractals (fractals in flowing systems,see 4752) 0560 输运过程:理论 transportprocesses:theory 0565 自组织系统 Self-organizedsystems0570 热力学(4460热力学过程;6400状态方程,相平衡和相变;6500凝聚物质的热性质 ; 化学热力学,见8260)thermodynamics(4460 thermodynamic processes;6400 equation s of state, phase equilibria andphase transitions; 6500 thermal properties ofcondensed matter;for chemical thermodynamics,see 8260)0570C 热力学函数及状态方程thermodynamic functions and equations of state0570F 相变:一般问题phase transitions: general aspects 0570J 临界点现象critical point phenomena0570L 非平衡热力学、不可逆过程(3430势能表面;8200物理化学)nonequilibrium thermodynamics, irreversibleprocesses(3430 potential energy surfaces, 8200physical chemistry)0580 经济物理学 Econophysics0590 统计物理学和热力学的其它论题other topics in statistical physics and thermodynamics0600 测量科学、普通实验室技术及测试设备系统Measurement science, general laboratorytechniques, and instrumentation systems0620 基本度量学 metrology 0620D 测量与误差理论measurement and error theory0620F 单位 units 0620H 测量标准和校正measurement standards and calibration 0620J 基本常数测定determination of fundamental constants 0630 基本变量测量measurement of basic variables0630C 空间变量测量(包括空间延伸的所有变量如:直径、重量、厚度、位移、表面拓扑学、粒子尺寸、弥散系统区)spatial variables measurement(inc.measurementof all variables extending in space e.g. diameter,weight, thickness, displacement , surfacetopography, particle size, area of dispersesystems)0630E 质量与密度的测量mass and density measurement0630F 时间与频率的测量(天文学方面的,见9570)time and frequency measurement(for astronomicalaspects see 9570)0630G 速度、加速度和转动测量(流速测量,见4780)velocity, acceleration and rotationmeasurement(for flow velocity measurement see4780)0630L 基本电磁变量测量(0750电学仪器和技术)measurement of basic electromagneticvariables(0750 electrical instruments andtechniques)0630M 机械变量测量(包括弹性模量,力,冲击,应变,应力,力矩和振动)(压力测量,见0630N;声学变量测量,见4385D;固体力学测量,见4630R;粘度测量,见4780;材料试验,8170)measurement of mechanical variables(inc.elasticmoduli,force,shock ,strain,stress,torque,andvibration)(for pressure measurement,see0630N;for acoustic variables measurement,see4385D;for measurement in the mechanics ofsolids, see 4630R;for viscosity measurement,see4780;for materials testing,see 8170)0630N 压力测量(真空测量,见0730D;高压技术,见0735)pressure measurement(for vacuum measurement,see 0730D;for high-pressure techniques, see0735)0650 数据处理和计算(0270计算技术;2980核信息处理;光学数据处理,存贮及检索, 见423 0;地球物理数据采集和存贮,见9365)data handling and computation(0270computational techniques; 2980 nuclearinformation processing;for optical dataprocessing , storage and retrieval see 4230; forgeophysical data acquisition and storage see9365)0650D 数据搜集、处理、记录、数据显示(含数显技术)data gathering, processing, and recording, datadisplays (including digital techniques)0650M 计算装置与技术computing devices and techniques0660 实验室技术 laboratorytechniques 0660E 样品制备 samplepreparation0660J 高速技术(微秒到微微秒) high speed techniques (microsecond to picosecond)0660S 微检验装置、微定位器和切片机micromanipulators, micropositioners , and microtomes0660V 车间技术(焊接、机械加工、润滑作用和轴承等)workshop techniques ( welding, machining,lubrication, bearings, etc.)0660W 安全(2880辐射监测和防护;8760M辐射剂量测定法;8760P辐射防护)safety( 2880 radiation monitoring and protection,8760M radiation dosimetry, 8760P radiationprotection)0670 普通测试设备 generalinstrumentation 0670D 敏感元件和探测器sensing and detecting devices0670E 试验设备 testingequipment 0670H 显示、记录与指示器display, recording, and indicating instrument s0670M 换能器(电磁辐射换能器见0762;声换能器见4388;液流换能器见4780)transducers(for electromagnetic radiationtransducers see 0762; for acoustic transducers see4388; for flow transducers see 4780)0670T 伺服及控制装置servo and control devices0690 测量科学、普通实验室技术及测试设备系统中的其它论题other topics in measurement science, generallaboratory techniques and instrumentationsystems0700 物理学中普遍使用的专用测试设备与技术(各分支学科的专用测试设备与技术入各自的分支学科)specific instrumentation and techniques of generaluse in physics(within each subdiscipline forspecialized instrumentation and techniques)0710 机械仪器与测量方法(固体力学测量见4630R;材料试验见8170)mechanical instruments and measurementmethods(for measurement in the mechanics of solids, see 4630R; for materials testing, see 8170)0710C 微机械器件和系统(微光学器件和技术,见4283)micromechanical devices and systems (formicrooptical devices and technology,see 4283)0710F 隔振 vibrationisolation0710Y 其他机械仪器和技术(包括摆、陀螺仪、离心器)other mechanical instruments andtechniques(inc.pendulums,gyroscopes,centrifuges)0720 热仪器和技术(4450物质的热性质;4460热力学过程;热辐射的辐射度学和检测, 见 0760D和0762)thermal instruments and techniques(4450 thermalproperties of matter, 4460 thermodynamicprocesses;for radiometry and detection of thermalradiation see 0760D and 0762)0720D 温度测量 thermometry 0720F 量热学 calorimetry 0720H 加热炉 furnaces0720K 高温技术及测试设备;测高温术high temperature techniques and instrumentation; pyrometry0720M 低温实验法 cryogenics 0725 测湿法 hygrometry0730 真空产生与真空技术(包括低于1个大气压的压力;稀薄气体动力学入4745;8115 G 真空淀积)vacuum production and techniques(inc.pressuresbelow 1atmosphere; 4745 rarefied gas dynamics;8115G vacuum deposition)0730B 排空能力、除气、剩余气体evacuating power, degasification, residual gas 0730C 真空泵 vacuumpumps 0730D 真空计 vacuummeters 0730G 真空设备及试验方法vacuum apparatus and testing methods0730K 辅助设备、器件及材料auxiliary apparatus, hardware and materials0735 高压产生与技术(包括大于1个大气压的压力)high pressure production and techniques(inc.pressures above 1 atmosphere)0750 电学仪器及技术electrical instruments and techniques 0755 磁测量仪器及技术magnetic instruments and techniques0758 磁共振谱仪、辅助仪器和技术(6116N电子顺磁共振和核磁共振测定)magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliaryinstruments and techniques(6116N EPR and NMRdeterminations)0760 光学仪器和技术(辐射探测见0762;光谱学和光谱计见0765;全息术见4240;光源和标准见4272;光学透镜和反射系统见4278;光学器件、技术和应用见4280;光学试验和加工技术见4285;辐射谱仪和光谱技术见2930;辐射测量、检测和计数见2970)optical instruments and techniques(for radiationdetection, see 0762; for spectroscopy andspectrometers, see 0765; for holography, see4240; for optical sources and standards, see 4272;for optical lens and mirror systems, see 4278; foroptical devices , techniques and applications, see4280; for optical testing and workshop techniques,see 4285; for radiation spectrometers andspectroscopic techniques, see 29 30; for radiationmeasurement, detection and counting, see 2970)0760D 光度学和辐射度学(包括色度学,辐射探测入0762)photometry and radio metry(inc.colorimetry;0762detection of radiation)0760F 偏振测量术与椭园偏振测量术 polarimetryandellipsometry0760H 折射测量术与反射测量术 refractometryandreflectometry 0760L 干涉量度学 interferometry 0760P 光学显微术 opticalmicroscopy0762 辐射探测(测辐射热计、光电管、红外波与亚毫米波探测)detection of radiation (bolometers, photoelectriccells, IR. and submillimetre waves detection)0765 光谱学与光谱计(包括光声谱术) optical spectroscopy and spectrometers(inc.photoacoustic spectroscopy)0765E 紫外和可见光谱学与光谱仪UV and visible spectroscopy and spectrometers 0765G 红外光谱学与光谱仪IR spectroscopy and spectrometers0768 照相术、照相仪器与技术(光敏材料参见4270;照相过程的化学参见8250)photography, photographic instruments andtechniques(for light sensitive materials see also4270 for chemistry of photographic process seealso 8250)0775 质谱仪与质谱测定技术(质谱化学分析见8280)mass spectrometers and m ass spectrometrytechniques(for mass spectroscopic chemicalanalysis, see 8280)0777 粒子束的产生与处理;(2925基本粒子和核物理中的粒子源和靶;4180粒子束和粒子光学)particle beam production and handling;(2925particle sources and targets in elementary particle and nuclear physics, 4180 particle beamsand particle optics)0779 扫描探针显微术及其相关技术(包括扫描隧道显微术,原子力显微术、磁力显微术,摩擦力显微术,和近场扫描光学显微术,(结构测定方面,参见6116P)scanning prob e microscopy and relatedtechniques(inc.scanning tunnellingmicroscopy,atomic force microscopy,magneticforce microscopy,friction force microscopy,andnear field scanning opticalmicroscopy)(structure determination aspects, seealso 6116P)0780 电子与离子显微镜及其技术(6116D凝聚物质中的电子显微术;6116F凝聚物质中的场离子显微术)electron and ion microscopes andtechniques(6116D in condensed matter electronmicroscopy, 6116F field ion microscopy)0781 电子和离子谱仪及其相关技术(参见2930辐射谱仪和光谱技术)electron and ion spectrometers and relatedtechniques(see also 2930 radiation spectrometersan d spectroscopic techniques)0785 X射线与γ射线仪器与技术(包括穆斯堡尔谱仪和技术)X-ray, gamma-ray instruments and techniques(inc.Moessbauer spectrometers and technique s)0788 粒子干涉量度学和中子仪器(粒子束的产生与处理,参见0777;中子谱仪,参见 2930H ,原子干涉量度学,参见3580粒子光学,参见4180)particle interferometry and neutroninstrumentation(for particle beam production andhandling,see 0777;for neutron spectrometers,seealso 2930H;for atomic interferometry,see also3580;for particle optics,see also 4180)0790 专用设备中的其它论题other topics in specialised instrumentation1000 基本粒子物理与场(宇宙线见9440;高能实验技术和设备见 2900)THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLESAND FIELDS(for cosmic rays ,see 9440;for highenergy experimental techniques andinstrumentation, see 2900)1100 场和粒子的一般理论(0365量子力学;0370量子场论;0380散射的一般理论)general theory of fields and particles(0365quantum mechanics, 0370 theory of quantizedfields, 0380 general theory of scattering)1110 场论 fieldtheory 1110C 公理法 axiomaticapproach 1110E 拉氏函数和哈密顿函数法Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach1110G 重正化 renormalization 1110J 渐近问题与特性asymptotic problems and properties1110L 非线性或非局域理论及模型nonlinear or nonlocal theories and models1110M 史文格源理论 Schwingersourcetheory 1110N 规范场论gauge field theories1110Q 相对论性波动方程relativistic wave equations1110S 束缚与非稳定态;贝特-沙耳皮特方程bound and unstable states; Bethe-Salpeterequations1110W 有限温度场论finite temperature field theory1117 弦理论和其他扩展物质理论(包括超弦和膜)theories of strings and other extendedobjects(inc.superstrings and membranes)1120 S-矩阵论 S-matrixtheory 1120D 散射矩阵和微扰论scattering matrix and perturbation theory1120F 色散关系和S矩阵的分析特性dispersion relations and analytic properties of the S-matrix1130 对称和守恒定律(0220群论) symmetry and conservation laws(0220 group theory)1130C 洛伦兹与庞加莱不变性Lorentz and Poincare invariance1130E 电荷共轭、宇称、时间反演和其它分立对称charge conjugation, parity, time reversal and otherdiscrete symmetries1130J SU(2)和SU(3)对称SU(2) and SU(3) symmetries1130K SU(4)对称 SU(4)symmetry 1130L 其他内部对称和高度对称other internal and higher symmetries1130N 非线性对称和动力学对称性(谱生成对称)nonlinear and dynamical symmetries (spectrum generating symmetries)1130P 超对称 supersymmetry1130Q 自发性对称破缺spontaneous symmetry breaking1130R 手征对称 chiralsymmetries 1140 流及其特性currents and their properties1140D 流的一般理论general theory of currents1140F 流代数的拉格朗日算法Lagrangian approach to current algebras1140H 部分守恒轴矢量流partially conserved axial vector currents 1150 色散关系与求和定则dispersion relations and sum rules1150E n/d法 n/dmethod 1150G 靴襻 bootstraps 1150J 交叉对称 crossingsymmetries 1150L 求和定则 sumrules1150N 多变量色散关系(包括曼德尔斯坦表象)multivariable dispersion relations(inc.Mandelstamrepresentation)1160 复合角动量;雷其(理论)体系(0380一般散射理论;1240强相互作用中的复合角动量)complex angular momentum; Reggeformalism(0380 general theory of scattering, 1240in strong interactions)1180 相对论性散射理论(0380一般散射理论)relativistic scattering theory (0380 general theoryof scattering)1180C 运动特性(螺旋性和不变振幅、运动奇异性等)kinematical properties (helicity and invariantamplitudes, kinematic singularities, etc.)1180E 部分波分析 partial wave analysis1180F 近似法(程函近似法,变分原理等) approximations (eikonal approximation, variational principles, etc)1180G 多道散射 multichannelscattering 1180J 多体散射和Faddeev方程Many-body scattering and Faddeev equation 1180L 多次散射 multiplescattering 1190 一般场论和粒子理论的其它论题other topics in general field and particle theory1200 具体理论和相互作用模型;粒子分类系统specific theories and interaction models; particlesystematics1210 统一场论和模型unified field theories and models1210B 电弱理论 electroweaktheories 1210C 统一化标准模型standard model of unification1210D 标准模型以外的统一模型(包括GUTS,颜色模型和SUSY模型)unified models beyond the standardmodel(inc.GUTS,technicolour and SUSY models)1220 电磁相互作用模型models of electromagnetic interactions1220D 量子电动力学的具体计算和极限specific calculations and limits of quantum electrodynamics1220F 量子电动力学的实验检验experimental tests of quantum electrodynamics 1225 引力相互作用模型(0460引力的量models for gravitational interactions(0460子论) quantum theory of gravitation)1230 弱相互作用模型models of weak interactions1230C 中子流 neutralcurrents 1230E 中间玻色子 intermediatebosons 1235 粒子的复合模型composite models of particles1235C 量子色动力学的一般特性(动力学,禁闭等)general properties of quantum chromodynamics(dynamics, confinement, etc.)1235E 量子色动力学在粒子特性和反应中的应用applications of quantum chromodynamics toparticle properties and reactions1235H 粒子的结构和反应的唯象复合模型(部分子模型,口袋模型等)phenomenological composite models of particlestructure and reactions (partons, bags, etc.)1235K 其它复合模型(包括复合夸克模型和轻子模型)other composite models( posite quarksand leptons)1240 强相互作用模型models of strong interactions1240E 统计模型 statisticalmodels1240F 靴襻模型 bootstrapmodels1240H 二重性和双关模型duality and dual models1240K 强子分类方案 hadronclassificationschemes1240M 复合角动量平面;雷其极点和割线(雷其子)(1160复合角动量,雷其体系的一般理论)complex angular momentum plane; Regge polesand cuts (Reggeons)(1160 for general theory)1240P 吸收模型,光学模型和程函模型(衍射和衍射生成模型见1240S)absorptive, optical, and eikonal models(fordiffraction and diffractive production models, see1240S)1240Q 势模型 potentialmodels1240R 边缘碰撞模型(一个或多个粒子交换) peripheral models (one or more particle exchange)1240S 多重边缘碰撞模型和多雷其模型(包括衍射和衍射生成模型)multiperipheral and multi Reggemodels(inc.diffraction and diffractive productionmodels)1240V 矢量介子优势 Vector-mesondominance 1270 强子质量公式hadron mass formulas1290 其它各种理论设想与模型miscellaneous theoretical ideas and models1300 具体基本粒子反应和唯象论specific elementary particle reactions and phenomenology1310 轻子间的弱相互作用和电磁相互作用weak and electromagnetic interactions of leptons1315 中微子相互作用(包括宇宙射线相互作用)neutrino interactions(inc.interactions involvingcosmic rays)1320 介子的轻子与半轻子衰变leptonic and semileptonic decays of mesons1320C π衰变 pidecays1320E K衰变 Kdecays1320G Ψ/J介子、Υ介子、Φ介子psi/J, upsilon, phi mesons1320H B介子轻子/半轻子衰变 Bmesonleptonic/semileptonicdecays 1320I f介子轻子/半轻子衰变 fmesonleptonic/semileptonicdecays 1320J 其它介子衰变other meson decays1325 介子的强子衰变 hadronicdecaysofmesons 1330 重子的衰变 decaysofbaryons1330C 轻子与半轻子衰变leptonic and semileptonic decays1330E 强子衰变 hadronicdecays 1335 轻子的衰变 decaysofleptons1338 中间玻色子和希格斯玻色子的衰变decays of intermediate and Higgs Bosons1340 电磁过程与特性electromagnetic processes and properties1340D 电磁质量差electromagnetic mass differences1340F 电磁形状因子、电矩和磁矩electromagnetic form factors; electric and magnetic moments1340H 电磁衰变 electromagneticdecays1340K 强相互作用和弱相互作用过程的电磁修正electromagnetic corrections to strong and weakinteraction processes1360 光子及带电轻子与强子的相互作用(中微子相互作用见1315)photon and charged lepton interactions withhadrons(for neutrino interactions, see 1315)1360F 弹性散射与康普顿散射elastic and Compton scattering1360H 总截面和单举(反应)截面(包括深度非弹性过程)total and inclusive crosssections(inc.deep-inelastic processes)1360K 介子产生 mesonproduction 1360M 介子共振产生 Meson-resonanceproduction 1360P 重子和重子共振产生baryon and baryon resonance production1365 电子-正电子碰撞产生强子hadron production by electron-positron collisions1375 强子诱发的低能和中能反应及散射(能量≤10GeV见1385)Hadron-induced low energy and intermediate energy reactions and scattering, energy ≤10GeV( for higher energies, see 1385)1375C 核子-核子相互作用,包括反核子和氘核等(能量≤10GeV;核中的核子-核子相互作用见2130)Nucleon-nucleon interactions, includingantinucleon, deuteron, etc. (energy ≤10GeV)(for n-n interactions in nuclei, see 2130)1375E 超子-核子相互作用(能量≤10GeV)Hyperon-nucleon interactions (energy ≤10 GeV)1375G π介子-重子相互作用(能量≤10GeV) Pion-baryon interactions (energy ≤10 GeV)1375J K介子-重子相互作用(能量≤10GeV) Kaon-baryon interactions (energy ≤10 GeV)1375L 介子-介子相互作用(能量≤10GeV)Meson-meson interactions (energy ≤10 GeV) 1380 光子-光子相互作用和散射 Photon-photon interactions and scattering1385 强子诱发的高能和超高能相互作用(能量>10GeV)(低能情况见1375) Hadron-induced high-energy and super-high-energy interactions, energy > 10GeV(for low energies, see 1375)1385D 弹性散射(能量=10GeV) elastic scattering (energy = 10 GeV)1385F非弹性散射、双粒子终态(能量>10GeV) inelastic scattering, two-particle final states(energy > 10 GeV) 1385H 非弹性散射、多粒子终态(能量>10GeV) inelastic scattering, many-particle final states(energy>10GeV)1385K 单举反应,包括总截面(能量>10GeV) inclusive reactions, including total cross sections,(energy > 10 GeV)1385M 宇宙射线相互作用(9440宇宙线) cosmic ray interactions(9440 cosmic rays)1385N 强子诱发的高能相互作用(能量>1TeV) hadron induced very high energy interactions(energy>1 TeV)1387大Q2基本粒子相互作用中的射流jets in large-Q2 elementary particle interactions 1388相互作用和散射中的极化 polarisation in interactions and scattering 1390基本粒子的具体反应及唯象论的其它论题 other topics in specific reactions and phenomenology of elementary particles 1400具体粒子的性质与共振 properties of specific particles and resonances 1420 重子与重子共振(包括反粒子) baryons and baryon resonances(inc.antiparticles)1420C 中子 neutrons1420E 质子 protons1420G s =0时的重子共振baryon resonances with s=0 1420J超子和超子共振 hyperons and hyperon resonances 1420P双重子 dibaryons1440 介子和介子共振 mesons and meson resonances 1440D π介子 pi mesons1440F K 介子 K mesons1440K Ρ介子、Ω介子和η介子rho, omega, and eta mesons 1440L d 介子和F 介子d and F mesons 1440N Ψ/J 介子、Υ介子、Φ介子psi/J, upsilon, phi mesons 1440P其它介子 other mesons 1460 轻子 leptons1460C 电子和正电子 electrons and positrons 1460E μ介子 muons1460G 中微子 neutrinos1460J重轻子 heavy leptons 1480 其它粒子和假设粒子 other and hypothetical particles1480A 光子 photons1480D 夸克和胶子 quarksandgluons 1480F 中间玻色子 intermediateBosons 1480H 磁单极子 magneticmonopoles1480J 超对称粒子(包括标量粒子,超粒子和超离子)Supersymmetric particles(inc.scalarparticles,superparticles and superions)1480K 其它(包括快子) others(inc.tachyons)2000 核物理学 NUCLEARPHYSICS 2100 核结构 nuclearstructure2110 核的一般和平均性质;核能级性质(按质量范围分类的具体核的性质见2700)general and average properties of nuclei;properties of nuclear energy levels(for propertiesof specific nuclei listed by mass ranges, see 2700)2110D 结合能和质量binding energy and masses2110F 形状、电荷、半径和形状因子shape, charge, radius and form factor s2110H 自旋、宇称和同位旋spin, parity, and isobaric spin2110J 谱因子 spectroscopicfactors 2110K 电磁矩 electromagneticmoments 2110M 能级密度和结构level density and structure2110P 单粒子能级结构single particle structure in levels2110R 集团能级结构(包括旋转能带) collective structure in levels(inc.rotational bands) 2110S 库仑效应 Coulombeffects2130 核力(1375C核子-核子相互作用) nuclear forces(1375C nucleon-nucleon interactions)2140 少核子系统 Few-nucleonsystems2160 核结构模型与方法(强子的原子和分子见3610)nuclear structure models and methods(forhadronic atoms and molecules, see 3610)2160C 壳层模型 shellmodel2160E 集体模型 collectivemodels 2160F 群论模型models based on group theory2160G 集团模型 clustermodels 2160J 哈特里-福克和随机-相位近似Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximations 2165 核物质 nuclearmatter 2180 超核 hypernuclei 2190 核结构的其它论题other topics in nuclear structure2300 放射性和电磁跃迁(8255放射化学)radioactivity and electromagnetic transitions(8255 radiochemistry)2320 电磁跃迁 electromagnetictransitions 2320C 寿命和跃迁几率lifetimes and transition probabilities2320E 角分布和校正测量angular distribution and correlation measurements2320G 多极混合比率 multipolemixingratios 2320J 多极矩阵元素 multipolematrixelements 2320L γ跃迁和能级gamma transitions and level energies2320N 内转换和核外效应internal conversion and extranuclear effects 2320Q 核共振荧光nuclear resonance fluorescence2340 β衰变;电子与μ子俘获beta decay; electron and muon capture2340B 弱相互作用和β衰变的轻子特性weak interaction and lepton aspects of beta decay2340H 核矩阵元和从β衰变推断核结构nuclear matrix elements and nuclear structure inferred from beta decay2360 α衰变 alphadecay 2390 核衰变和放射性的其它论题other topics in nuclear decay and radioactivity 2400 核反应和散射:总论nuclear reactions and scattering:general2410 核反应和散射模型与方法nuclear reaction and scattering models and methods2410D 耦合道和多体论方法coupled channel and many body theory methods2410F 平面和扭曲波玻恩近似法Plane- and distorted-wave Born approximations 2410H 光学模型和衍射模型optical and diffraction models2430 共振反应与散射resonance reactions and scattering2430C 巨共振 giantresonances 2430F 同位旋相似共振 isobaricanalogresonances 2450 直接反应 directreactions 2460 统计理论和涨落statistical theory and fluctuations2470 反应和散射中的极化polarization in reactions and scattering2475 裂变的一般性质general properties of fission2485 原子核和核形成过程的夸克模型quark models in nuclei and nuclear processes2490 核反应和散射的其它论题:一般问题other topics in nuclear reactions and scattering:general2500 核反应和散射:具体反应nuclear reactions and scattering:specific reactions2510 少核子系统的核反应与散射nuclear reactions and scattering involving few-nucleon systems2520 光致核反应和光子散射 photonuclearreactions and photon scattering 2530 轻子诱发反应与散射Lepton-induced reactions and scattering 2530C 电子和正电子反应与散射electron and positron reactions and scattering 2530E μ介子反应和散射muon reactions and scattering2530G 中微子反应和散射neutrino reactions and scattering。

南开大学光学工程专业英语重点词汇汇总

光学专业英语部分refraction [rɪˈfrækʃn]n.衍射reflection [rɪˈflekʃn]n.反射monolayer['mɒnəleɪə]n.单层adj.单层的ellipsoid[ɪ'lɪpsɒɪd]n.椭圆体anisotropic[,ænaɪsə(ʊ)'trɒpɪk]adj.非均质的opaque[ə(ʊ)'peɪk]adj.不透明的;不传热的;迟钝的asymmetric[,æsɪ'metrɪk]adj.不对称的;非对称的intrinsic[ɪn'trɪnsɪk]adj.本质的,固有的homogeneous[,hɒmə(ʊ)'dʒiːnɪəs;-'dʒen-] adj.均匀的;齐次的;同种的;同类的,同质的incidentlight入射光permittivity[,pɜːmɪ'tɪvɪtɪ]n.电容率symmetric[sɪ'metrɪk]adj.对称的;匀称的emergentlight出射光;应急灯.ultrafast[,ʌltrə'fɑ:st,-'fæst]adj.超快的;超速的uniaxial[,juːnɪ'æksɪəl]adj.单轴的paraxial[pə'ræksɪəl]adj.旁轴的;近轴的periodicity[,pɪərɪə'dɪsɪtɪ]n.[数]周期性;频率;定期性soliton['sɔlitɔn]n.孤子,光孤子;孤立子;孤波discrete[dɪ'skriːt]adj.离散的,不连续的convolution[,kɒnvə'luːʃ(ə)n]n.卷积;回旋;盘旋;卷绕spontaneously:[spɒn'teɪnɪəslɪ] adv.自发地;自然地;不由自主地instantaneously:[,instən'teinjəsli]adv.即刻;突如其来地dielectricconstant[ˌdaiiˈlektrikˈkɔnstənt]介电常数,电容率chromatic[krə'mætɪk]adj.彩色的;色品的;易染色的aperture['æpətʃə;-tj(ʊ)ə]n.孔,穴;(照相机,望远镜等的)光圈,孔径;缝隙birefringence[,baɪrɪ'frɪndʒəns]n.[光]双折射radiant['reɪdɪənt]adj.辐射的;容光焕发的;光芒四射的; photomultiplier[,fəʊtəʊ'mʌltɪplaɪə]n.[电子]光电倍增管prism['prɪz(ə)m]n.棱镜;[晶体][数]棱柱theorem['θɪərəm]n.[数]定理;原理convex['kɒnveks]n.凸面体;凸状concave['kɒnkeɪv]n.凹面spin[spɪn]n.旋转;crystal['krɪst(ə)l]n.结晶,晶体;biconical[bai'kɔnik,bai'kɔnikəl] adj.双锥形的illumination[ɪ,ljuːmɪ'neɪʃən] n.照明;[光]照度;approximate[ə'prɒksɪmət] adj.[数]近似的;大概的clockwise['klɒkwaɪz]adj.顺时针方向的exponent[ɪk'spəʊnənt;ek-] n.[数]指数;even['iːv(ə)n]adj.[数]偶数的;平坦的;相等的eigenmoden.固有模式;eigenvalue['aɪgən,væljuː]n.[数]特征值cavity['kævɪtɪ]n.腔;洞,凹处groove[gruːv]n.[建]凹槽,槽;最佳状态;惯例;reciprocal[rɪ'sɪprək(ə)l]adj.互惠的;相互的;倒数的,彼此相反的essential[ɪ'senʃ(ə)l]adj.基本的;必要的;本质的;精华的isotropic[,aɪsə'trɑpɪk]adj,各向同性的;等方性的phonon['fəʊnɒn]n.[声]声子cone[kəʊn]n.圆锥体,圆锥形counter['kaʊntə]n.柜台;对立面;计数器;cutoff['kʌt,ɔːf]n.切掉;中断;捷径adj.截止的;中断的cladding['klædɪŋ]n.包层;interference[ɪntə'fɪər(ə)ns]n.干扰,冲突;干涉borderline['bɔːdəlaɪn]n.边界线,边界;界线quartz[kwɔːts]n.石英droplet['drɒplɪt]n.小滴,微滴precision[prɪ'sɪʒ(ə)n]n.精度,[数]精密度;精确inherently[ɪnˈhɪərəntlɪ]adv.内在地;固有地;holographic[,hɒlə'ɡræfɪk]adj.全息的;magnitude['mægnɪtjuːd]n.大小;量级;reciprocal[rɪ'sɪprək(ə)l]adj.互惠的;相互的;倒数的,彼此相反的stimulated['stimjə,letid]v.刺激(stimulate的过去式和过去分词)cylindrical[sɪ'lɪndrɪkəl]adj.圆柱形的;圆柱体的coordinates[kəu'ɔ:dineits]n.[数]坐标;external[ɪk'stɜːn(ə)l;ek-]n.外部;外观;scalar['skeɪlə]n.[数]标量;discretization[dɪs'kriːtaɪ'zeɪʃən]n.[数]离散化synthesize['sɪnθəsaɪz]vt.合成;综合isotropy[aɪ'sɑtrəpi]n.[物]各向同性;[物]无向性;[矿业]均质性pixel['pɪks(ə)l;-sel]n.(显示器或电视机图象的)像素(passive['pæsɪv]adj.被动的spiral['spaɪr(ə)l]n.螺旋;旋涡;equivalent[ɪ'kwɪv(ə)l(ə)nt]adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的; transverse[trænz'vɜːs;trɑːnz-;-ns-]adj.横向的;横断的;贯轴的;dielectric[,daɪɪ'lektrɪk]adj.非传导性的;诱电性的;n.电介质;绝缘体integral[ˈɪntɪɡrəl]adj.积分的;完整的criteria[kraɪ'tɪərɪə]n.标准,条件(criterion的复数)Dispersion:分散|光的色散spectroscopy[spek'trɒskəpɪ]n.[光]光谱学photovoltaic[,fəʊtəʊvɒl'teɪɪk]adj.[电子]光电伏打的,光电的polar['pəʊlə]adj.极地的;两极的;正好相反的transmittance[trænz'mɪt(ə)ns;trɑːnz-;-ns-] n.[光]透射比;透明度dichroic[daɪ'krəʊɪk]adj.二色性的;两向色性的confocal[kɒn'fəʊk(ə)l]adj.[数]共焦的;同焦点的rotation[rə(ʊ)'teɪʃ(ə)n]n.旋转;循环,轮流photoacoustic[,fəutəuə'ku:stik]adj.光声的exponential[,ekspə'nenʃ(ə)l]adj.指数的;fermion['fɜːmɪɒn]n.费密子(费密系统的粒子)semiconductor[,semɪkən'dʌktə]n.[电子][物]半导体calibration[kælɪ'breɪʃ(ə)n]n.校准;刻度;标度photodetector['fəʊtəʊdɪ,tektə]n.[电子]光电探测器interferometer[,ɪntəfə'rɒmɪtə]n.[光]干涉仪;干涉计static['stætɪk]adj.静态的;静电的;静力的;inverse相反的,反向的,逆的amplified['æmplifai]adj.放大的;扩充的horizontal[hɒrɪ'zɒnt(ə)l]n.水平线,水平面;水平位置longitudinal[,lɒn(d)ʒɪ'tjuːdɪn(ə)l;,lɒŋgɪ-] adj.长度的,纵向的;propagate['prɒpəgeɪt]vt.传播;传送;wavefront['weivfrʌnt]n.波前;波阵面scattering['skætərɪŋ]n.散射;分散telecommunication[,telɪkəmjuːnɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] n.电讯;[通信]远程通信quantum['kwɒntəm]n.量子论mid-infrared中红外eigenvector['aɪgən,vektə]n.[数]特征向量;本征矢量numerical[njuː'merɪk(ə)l]adj.数值的;数字的ultraviolet[ʌltrə'vaɪələt]adj.紫外的;紫外线的harmonic[hɑː'mɒnɪk]n.[物]谐波。

Junior-PAM中文操作手册

目 录1 安全指导 (1)2 Junior-PAM组件及安装 (2)2.1 Junior-PAM组件 (2)2.2 仪器的组装及软件安装 (3)2.2.1 Junior-PAM组装 (3)2.2.2 安装WinControl-3软件 (3)3 PAM 荧光测定技术和饱和脉冲分析 (4)3.1 调制荧光(脉冲-振幅-调制) (4)3.2 饱和脉冲分析法 (6)4 基本实验 (8)4.1 Fo'-Mode的测量 (8)4.2 荧光诱导曲线 (9)5 Junior-PAM的操作 (11)5.1 初始窗口/主窗口 (11)5.1.1 Box (1)主菜单 (12)5.1.2 Box (2) 数据管理和图形形状的设定 (13)5.1.3 Box (3) 侧栏 (14)5.1.4 Box (4) 饱和脉冲分析数据 (15)5.1.5 Box (5) 在线数据 (16)5.1.6 Box (6) 饱和脉冲触发 (16)5.1.7 Box(7) 实验的参数及程序 (16)5.1.8 Box (8) 图形形状及荧光仪设置 (17)5.1.9 Box (9) 坐标轴调整 (18)5.1.10 选择纵坐标及进行文本注释 (18)5.1.11 图表区-选择数据 (18)5.2 诱导曲线窗口 (19)5.3 光响应曲线 (19)5.4 饱和脉冲图形窗口 (19)5.4.1 Box (2) 数据管理 (19)5.4.2 Box (3) 侧栏 (20)5.4.3 饱和脉冲面板 (20)5.5 报告文件窗口 (21)5.5.1 Box (11) 数据管理 (21)5.5.2 Box (12) 报告数据区域 (22)5.6 设置窗口 (23)5.6.1 Box (14) 设备名 (23)5.6.2 Box (15) 测量相关设置 (23)5.6.3 Box (16) 光源相关设置 (24)5.6.4 Box (17) 程序相关设置 (25)5.6.5 Box (18) 光强列表 (25)5.7 系统设置 (26)6 参数符号及计算公式 (27)6.1 相对荧光产量 (27)6.1.1 样品暗适应后进行测定 (27)6.1.2 对光下样品进行测量 (27)6.2 荧光淬灭参数 (28)6.3 相对电子传递速率(ETR) (29)6.4 光响应曲线 (30)6.5 本章参考文献 (32)7 JUNIOR-PAM 技术参数 (34)8 2007-2008年部分PAM文献 (35)1 安全指导1、仪器安装使用前首先阅读安全指导和操作指南2、注意所有的安全警告3、仪器要远离热源4、仪器应放在通风的环境中5、保持仪器清洁,注意防尘,远离水和潮湿的地方6、只能用干布清洁仪器7、不要自行打开仪器,仪器应由专业人员维修8、不要用光纤对着眼睛以免强光灼伤!!!9、禁止过度弯曲光纤!!!10、每次测量开始前应通过调节“Gain”、测量光光强使只打开测量光时的荧光Ft(即Fo)小于60011、不允许液体或者其它东西进入仪器内部12、仪器使用时请轻拿轻放13、仪器只允许通过USB供电(5V)2 Junior-PAM组件及安装2.1 Junior-PAM组件a) Junior-PAM主机b) USB连接线c)包含WinControl-3软件和英文版操作手册的光盘d) 英文版操作手册e)400×1.5 mm(长×直径)光纤f) 叶夹和磁性叶夹g) 荧光标准图2.1 Junior-PAM的组成2.2 仪器的组装及软件安装2.2.1 Junior-PAM组装¾将光纤较粗的一端插到Junior-PAM主机的光纤接口,轻轻的将光纤插到底,锁紧。

光与物质相互作用英文

光与物质相互作用英文Light-Matter Interaction.Light and matter interact in a variety of ways,including absorption, emission, scattering, and reflection. These interactions are essential for many natural phenomena, such as photosynthesis, vision, and the colors of objects. They are also used in a wide range of technologies, such as lasers, solar cells, and optical fibers.Absorption.When light is absorbed by matter, the energy of thelight is transferred to the matter. This can cause the matter to become excited, which can lead to a change in its chemical or physical properties. For example, absorption of light can cause a molecule to dissociate, or it can causean electron to be promoted to a higher energy level.Emission.When matter emits light, the energy of the light comes from the matter itself. This can happen when an excited atom or molecule returns to its ground state, or it can happen when an electron recombines with a hole. Emission of light is the basis for many light sources, such as lasers and LEDs.Scattering.When light is scattered by matter, the direction of the light is changed. This can happen when light interacts with particles that are smaller than the wavelength of light, or it can happen when light interacts with rough surfaces. Scattering of light is responsible for the blue color of the sky and the white color of clouds.Reflection.When light is reflected by matter, the direction of the light is changed, but the wavelength of the light remains the same. This can happen when light interacts with asmooth surface, such as a mirror, or it can happen when light interacts with a transparent material, such as glass. Reflection of light is used in a variety of applications, such as mirrors, lenses, and optical fibers.The interaction of light with matter is a complex and fascinating topic. It is essential for understanding a wide range of natural phenomena and technologies.Here are some additional details about each of the four types of light-matter interactions:Absorption.When light is absorbed by matter, the energy of the light is transferred to the matter. This can cause the matter to become excited, which can lead to a change in its chemical or physical properties. For example, absorption of light can cause a molecule to dissociate, or it can cause an electron to be promoted to a higher energy level.The amount of light that is absorbed by matter dependson the wavelength of the light and the properties of the matter. Some materials, such as metals, are very good at absorbing light, while other materials, such as glass, are very poor at absorbing light.Emission.When matter emits light, the energy of the light comes from the matter itself. This can happen when an excited atom or molecule returns to its ground state, or it can happen when an electron recombines with a hole.The wavelength of the light that is emitted by matter depends on the energy difference between the two states involved in the transition. For example, when an electron recombines with a hole in a semiconductor, the energy difference between the two states is typically in the visible range, so the emitted light is visible light.Scattering.When light is scattered by matter, the direction of thelight is changed. This can happen when light interacts with particles that are smaller than the wavelength of light, or it can happen when light interacts with rough surfaces.The amount of light that is scattered by matter depends on the size and shape of the scattering particles and the wavelength of the light. For example, small particles scatter light more effectively than large particles, and short-wavelength light is scattered more effectively than long-wavelength light.Reflection.When light is reflected by matter, the direction of the light is changed, but the wavelength of the light remains the same. This can happen when light interacts with a smooth surface, such as a mirror, or it can happen when light interacts with a transparent material, such as glass.The amount of light that is reflected by matter depends on the refractive index of the material. The refractive index is a measure of how much light is bent when it passesfrom one material to another. Materials with a high refractive index, such as glass, reflect more light than materials with a low refractive index, such as air.。

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arXiv:hep-lat/0409095v1 15 Sep 2004
Phenomenology of static-light mesons from unquenched lattice QCD calculations.
UKQCD Collaboration, Craig McNeilea Chris Michaela, and Gavin Thompsona
fBstatic = ZL
2 MB
ZAstatic
(4)
where ZAstatic is the renormalisation factor. Here we explore the sea quark dependence of ZL. We have checked that the variation of ZAstatic with sea quark mass is small.
m2π µ2
)
(9)
where g is the B∗Bπ coupling and ΦfBd ≡
fBd MBd . The coupling g has recently been measured at CLEO. It has also been determined from quenched lattice QCD.
C(t) =
0 | A4(x, t)Φ†B(x, 0) | 0
(1)
x
→ ZLZΦB exp(−aEt)
(2)
where ΦB is the interpolating operator for staticlight mesons. We used all-to-all propagators and fuzzed sources to get accurate correlators [3]. We fit a 3 exponential model to a 5 by 5 smearing matrix.
CKM matrix.
2. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS
The basis of our calculation is unquenched gauge configurations generated with the nonperturbatively improved clover action and the Wilson gauge action. The lattice parameters are: volume 163 32, β = 5.2, and the clover coefficient was the non-perturbative value of 2.0171. The full details of the action and results on the hadron spectroscopy have been published [2].
The fB decay constant is defined by the matrix element below:
0 | Aµ | B(p) = ipµfB
(3)
The axial current is improved using the ALPHA formulation [4], including the correction term introduced by Morningstar and Shigemitsu [5]. The connection between the decay constant and the amplitude is.
(5)
The pole quark mass is determined from
mpbole = MBs − Λstatic
(6)
The physical value [7] of the meson mass MBs (5.369 GeV) is used.
In the static theory δm has been calculated to two loops by Martinelli and Sachrajda [8]. The pole mass is converted to M S using continuum perturbation theory [9].
The heavy flavour experiments such as BaBar,
BELLE, CDF, and D0 are extensively testing the
CKM matrix formalism. There are a number
of non-perturbative QCD matrix elements that
UKQCD has already published [3] an extensive analysis of the spectrum of static-light mesons.
The fB decay constant is extracted from the amplitudes in the two point correlator.
1. INTRODUCTION
There are a number of important issues in
heavy quark phenomenoቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱogy that can be ad-
dressed using the static quark formulation for the
heavy quark. The mass of the bottom quark is
The error on the ratio of the
fBs fB
has re-
cently been increased, because the chiral log term
has not been observed in lattice data [10]. For
example, the JLQCD [11] collaboration quote
Our final result for mb(mb) (in GeV) is
4.25 ± 0.02 ± 0.03 ± 0.03 ± 0.08 ± 0.06
(8)
where the errors are (from left to right): statistical, perturbative, neglect of 1/mb terms, ambiguities in the choice of lattice spacing, and error in the choice of the mass of the strange quark.
aDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
We present results for the static-light meson from unquenched lattice QCD. The unquenched gauge configurations were generated using the non-perturbatively improved clover action. At the fixed lattice spacing of 0.1 fm the lightest sea quark mass used is a third of the strange quark mass. A comparison is made between heavy-light chiral perturbation theory and the fBstatic decay constant. The mass of the bottom quark is also reported: mb(mb) = 4.25(2)(11) GeV, where the first error is statistical and the last error is the systematic uncertainty.
from the lattice calculation, contains an unphysi-
cal
1 a
divergence
(δm)
that
must
be
subtracted
off
to obtain the physical binding energy (Λstatic).
Λstatic = E − δm
The one loop correction, in heavy-light chiral perturbation theory, to the static-light decay constant is [11]
ΦfBd ΦfB0 d
=
1

3(1
+ 3g2) 4
m2π (4πf )2
log(
mM b S (µ) = Zpm(µ)mpbole + O(1/mb)
(7)
The lattice matching is only done to O(α2), hence we convert the pole mass to M S at the same order, using a consistent coupling, so the differences in the series are physical. This avoids problems with renormalons.
must also be computed to test the CKM formal-
ism. In particular, the ratio of the decay con-
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