机械工程英语复习
工程机械专业英语讲义
Chapter one The Basic of Engineering Machinery Lesson 1 The basic machines一、vocabulary(词汇)pryvt.窥视,撬;n.杠杆,杠杆作用,窥探,探究者to pry up a floorboard撬起一块地板Can you help me pry the cover off this wooden box without breaking it?你能不能帮我不打破这个木箱盖而撬开它?fulcrumn.支点;adj.可转动的,支点adjustable fulcrum(跳板)可调整支点的活动装置brake beam fulcrum制动梁支点brake lever fulcrum制动杠杆支点, 制动梁支柱seesawn.杠杆,上下运动,交替;adj.上下运动的,杠杆式的play at seesaw玩跷跷板the seesaw between the attackers and the defenders攻守双方的拉锯战valven.阀, [英] 电子管, 真空管空调阀air cylinder valve气筒阀air escape valve泄气阀amplifying valve (=amplifier valve)放大(电子)管angle valve角阀angle back-pressure valve背压角阀pivotn.枢轴, 支点, (讨论的)中心点, 重点pivot on以...为轴心而转动; 绕着...转动视...而定; 随...而转移pivot upon以...为轴心而转动; 绕着...转动视...而定; 随...而转移二. sentence（句子）见教材p25附加句原文：By means of these different shapes cans can change rotating into reciprocating (back andforth or up and down ) motion or into oscillating or vibrating motion译文：借助不同的形状，凸轮可以把旋转运动变为往复式运动（来回运动或上下运动），还可以变成摆动或震动。
机械工程专业英语复习
机械工程专业英语复习词汇：fundamental deviation 基本偏差bumper 保险杠，缓冲器，阻尼器，减震器temper 回火（一种热处理）interdisciplinary 各学科之间的，边缘学科的，多种学科的thermodynamics 热力学antiskid 防滑的，防滑轮胎纹pneumatic 气动的，气压的，充气的subassembly 组件，部件，局部装配，组件装置assembly drawing装配图manufacturing cycle意为“制造周期”dynamics 动力学，原动力，动力特性mating surface啮合表面，配合表面pulley 滑轮，皮带轮，滚筒journal bearing滑动轴承spall 削，割，打碎，剥落，脱皮；”．裂片，碎片momentum 动量、冲量threaded fastener 螺纹紧固件screw driver螺丝刀，螺丝起子，改锥socket wrench套筒扳手torsional 扭转的，扭力的statically indeterminate静不定的，超静定的through-harden 全部硬化，穿透淬火，淬透tribology 摩擦学triaxial 三轴的，三维的，空间的indentation 压痕，凹痕contaminant 污染物，杂质hydrostatical 流体静力（学）的，液压静力的viscous 黏的，黏性的，黏稠的boundary lubricarion边界润滑intermittent 间歇的，继续的．周期性的shock absorber意为“减震器”part list零件表，材料清单，明细表orthographic projection意为“正投影”maximum material condition (MMC)意为“最大实体状态gearbox 齿轮箱power transmission 动力传送/动力传动装置static load-carrying capacity 静态承载能力dynamics动力学/原动力/动力特性critical speed 临界转速interference fit 过盈配合ball or roller bearing 球轴承或滚子轴承resonant vibration 共振rotatable shaft 可以转动的轴，从动轴rotating shaft 转动的轴，主动轴assignable causes 系统原因mechanical advantage 机械效益，机械增益percentage elongation 延伸百分率yield strength 屈服强度conical spring washer 锥形弹簧垫圈production facility 生产设备gauge length 标距长度/计量长度corrosion resistance 耐蚀性，耐腐蚀性high limit 上限，上限尺寸tolerance zone 公差带principal of lever and inclined plane 杠杆原理和斜面原理stress concentration 应力集中tapped hole 螺纹孔basic hole system 基孔制thread pattern 轮胎花纹flexible coupling 弹性联轴器fretting corrosion 微动腐蚀课本：13页（前5段）、26页（不带序号的部分）、27页（不带序号的部分）、34页（前2段）、90页、112页的内容1、考试题型：一、（词汇）英译汉二、（词汇）汉译英三、选择填空四、阅读理解五、判断六、翻译。
机械工程英语第二版复习
机械工程英语第二版复习第一单元Types of Materials材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways.Scientists often classify materials by their state:solid,liquid,or gas.They also separate them into organic(once living)and inorganic(never living)materials.材料可以按多种方法分类.科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体.他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的).For industrial purposes,materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials.Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言,材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料.那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料.Nonengineering materials are the chemicals,fuels,lubricants,and other materials used in the manufacturing process,which do not become part of the product.非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料.Engineering materials may be further subdivided into:①Metal②Ceramics③Composite④Polymers,etc.工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料,等等. Metals and Metal Alloys金属和金属合金Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity.Many metals have high strength,high stiffness,and have good ductility.金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素.许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性.Some metals,such as iron,cobalt and nickel,are magnetic.At low temperatures,some metals and intermetallic compoundsbecome superconductors.某些金属能被磁化,例如铁、钴和镍.在极低的温度下,某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体.What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal?Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table.Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans.合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素.例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝.Alloys contain more than one metallic element.Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy.Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron,nickel,and chromium;and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel.合金包含不止一种金属元素.合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变.金属合金的例子有：不锈钢是一种铁、镍、铬的合金,以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金.Why are metals and alloys used?Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio.为什么要使用金属和合金？许多金属和合金具有高密度,因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合.Some metal alloys,such as those based on aluminum,have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy.Many alloys also have high fracture toughness,which means they can withstand impact and are durable.某些金属合金,例如铝基合金,其密度低,可用于航空航天以节约燃料.许多合金还具有高断裂韧性,这意味着它们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的.What are some important properties of metals?Density is defined as a material’s mass divided by its volume.Most metals have relatively high densities,especially compared to polymers.金属有哪些重要特性？密度定义为材料的质量与其体积之比.大多数金属密度相对较高,尤其是和聚合物相比较而言.Materials with high densities often contain atoms with high atomic numbers,such as gold or lead.However,some metals such as aluminum or magnesium have low densities,and are used in applications that require other metallic properties but also require low weight.高密度材料通常由较大原子序数原子构成,例如金和铅.然而,诸如铝和镁之类的一些金属则具有低密度,并被用于既需要金属特性又要求重量轻的场合.Fracture toughne ss can be described as a material’s ability to avoid fracture,especially when a flaw is introduced.Metals can generally contain nicks and dents without weakening very much,and are impact resistant.A football player counts on this when he trusts that his fa cemask won’t shatter.断裂韧性可以描述为材料防止断裂特别是出现缺陷时不断裂的能力.金属一般能在有缺口和凹痕的情况下不显著削弱,并且能抵抗冲击.橄榄球运动员据此相信他的面罩不会裂成碎片. Plastic deformation is the ability of bend or deform before breaking.As engineers,we usually design materials so that they don’t deform under normal cond itions.You don’t want your car to lean to the east after a strong west wind.塑性变形就是在断裂前弯曲或变形的能力.作为工程师,设计时通常要使材料在正常条件下不变形.没有人愿意一阵强烈的西风过后自己的汽车向东倾斜. However,sometimes we can take advantage of plastic deformation.The crumple zones in a car absorb energy by undergoing plastic deformation before they break.然而,有时我们也能利用塑性变形.汽车上压皱的区域在它们断裂前通过经历塑性变形来吸收能量.The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties.In metals,the outer valence electrons are shared among all atoms,and are free to travel everywhere.Since electrons conduct heat and electricity,metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires.金属的原子连结对它们的特性也有影响.在金属内部,原子的外层阶电子由所有原子共享并能到处自由移动.由于电子能导热和导电,所以用金属可以制造好的烹饪锅和电线.It is impossible to see through metals,since these valence electrons absorb any photons of light which reach the metal.No photons pass through.因为这些阶电子吸收到达金属的光子,所以透过金属不可能看得见.没有光子能通过金属.Alloys are compounds consisting of more than one metal.Adding other metals can affect the density,strength,fracture toughness,plastic deformation,electrical conductivity and environmental degradation.合金是由一种以上金属组成的混合物.加一些其它金属能影响密度、强度、断裂韧性、塑性变形、导电性以及环境侵蚀.For example,adding a small amount of iron to aluminum will make it stronger.Also,adding some chromium to steel will slow the rusting process,but will make it more brittle.例如,往铝里加少量铁可使其更强.同样,在钢里加一些铬能减缓它的生锈过程,但也将使它更脆.Ceramics and Glasses陶瓷和玻璃A ceramic is often broadly defined as any inorganic nonmetallic material．By this definition,ceramic materials would also include glasses;however,many materials scientists add the stipulation that“ceramic”must also be crystalline.陶瓷通常被概括地定义为无机的非金属材料.照此定义,陶瓷材料也应包括玻璃；然而许多材料科学家添加了“陶瓷”必须同时是晶体物组成的约定.A glass is an inorganic nonmetallic material that does not have a crystalline structure.Such materials are said to be amorphous.玻璃是没有晶体状结构的无机非金属材料.这种材料被称为非结晶质材料.Properties of Ceramics and GlassesSome of the useful properties of ceramics and glassesinclude high melting temperature,low density,high strength,stiffness,hardness,wear resistance,and corrosion resistance.陶瓷和玻璃的特性高熔点、低密度、高强度、高刚度、高硬度、高耐磨性和抗腐蚀性是陶瓷和玻璃的一些有用特性.Many ceramics are good electrical and thermal insulators.Some ceramics have special properties:some ceramics are magnetic materials;some are piezoelectric materials;and a few special ceramics are superconductors at very low temperatures.Ceramics and glasses have one major drawback:they are brittle.许多陶瓷都是电和热的良绝缘体.某些陶瓷还具有一些特殊性能：有些是磁性材料,有些是压电材料,还有些特殊陶瓷在极低温度下是超导体.陶瓷和玻璃都有一个主要的缺点：它们容易破碎.Ceramics are not typically formed from the melt.This is because most ceramics will crack extensively(i.e.form a powder)upon cooling from the liquid state.陶瓷一般不是由熔化形成的.因为大多数陶瓷在从液态冷却时将会完全破碎(即形成粉末).Hence,all the simple and efficient manufacturing techniques used for glass production such as casting and blowing,which involve the molten state,cannot be used for the production of crystalline ceramics.Instead,“sintering”or“firing”is the process typically used.因此,所有用于玻璃生产的简单有效的—诸如浇铸和吹制这些涉及熔化的技术都不能用于由晶体物组成的陶瓷的生产.作为替代,一般采用“烧结”或“焙烧”工艺.In sintering,ceramic powders are processed into compacted shapes and then heated to temperatures just below the melting point.At such temperatures,the powders react internally to remove porosity and fully dense articles can be obtained.在烧结过程中,陶瓷粉末先挤压成型然后加热到略低于熔点温度.在这样的温度下,粉末内部起反应去除孔隙并得到十分致密的物品.An optical fiber contains three layers:a core made of highly pure glass with a high refractive index for the light to travel,a middle layer of glass with a lower refractive index known as the cladding which protects the core glass from scratches and other surface imperfections,and an out polymer jacket to protect the fiber from damage.光导纤维有三层：核心由高折射指数高纯光传输玻璃制成,中间层为低折射指数玻璃,是保护核心玻璃表面不被擦伤和完整性不被破坏的所谓覆层,外层是聚合物护套,用于保护光导纤维不受损.In order for the core glass to have a higher refractive index than the cladding,the core glass is doped with a small,controlled amount of an impurity,or dopant,which causes light to travel slower,but does not absorb the light.为了使核心玻璃有比覆层大的折射指数,在其中掺入微小的、可控数量的能减缓光速而不会吸收光线的杂质或搀杂剂.Because the refractive index of the core glass is greater than that of the cladding,light traveling in the core glass will remain in the core glass due to total internal reflection as long as the light strikes the core/cladding interface at an angle greater than the critical angle.由于核心玻璃的折射指数比覆层大,只要在全内反射过程中光线照射核心/覆层分界面的角度比临界角大,在核心玻璃中传送的光线将仍保留在核心玻璃中.The total internal reflection phenomenon,as well as the high purity of the core glass,enables light to travel long distances with little loss of intensity.全内反射现象与核心玻璃的高纯度一样,使光线几乎无强度损耗传递长距离成为可能.Composites复合材料Composites are formed from two or more types of materials.Examples include polymer/ceramic and metal/ceramic /doc/5dd847d2998fcc22bdd10d37.html posites are used because overall properties of the composites aresuperior to those of the individual components.复合材料由两种或更多材料构成.例子有聚合物/陶瓷和金属/陶瓷复合材料.之所以使用复合材料是因为其全面性能优于组成部分单独的性能.For example:polymer/ceramic composites have a greater modulus than the polymer component,but aren’t as brittle as ceramics.Two types of composites are:fiber-reinforced composites and particle-reinforced composites.例如：聚合物/陶瓷复合材料具有比聚合物成分更大的模量,但又不像陶瓷那样易碎.复合材料有两种：纤维加强型复合材料和微粒加强型复合材料.Fiber-reinforced Composites 纤维加强型复合材料Reinforcing fibers can be made of metals,ceramics,glasses,or polymers that have been turned into graphite and known as carbon fibers.Fibers increase the modulus of the matrix material.加强纤维可以是金属、陶瓷、玻璃或是已变成石墨的被称为碳纤维的聚合物.纤维能加强基材的模量. The strong covalent bonds along the fiber’s length give them a very high modulus in this direction because to break or extend the fiber the bonds must also be broken or moved.沿着纤维长度有很强结合力的共价结合在这个方向上给予复合材料很高的模量,因为要损坏或拉伸纤维就必须破坏或移除这种结合.Fibers are difficult to process into composites,making fiber-reinforced composites relatively expensive.把纤维放入复合材料较困难,这使得制造纤维加强型复合材料相对昂贵.Fiber-reinforced composites are used in some of the most advanced,and therefore most expensive sports equipment,such as a time-trial racing bicycle frame which consists of carbon fibers in a thermoset polymer matrix.纤维加强型复合材料用于某些最先进也是最昂贵的运动设备,例如计时赛竞赛用自行车骨架就是用含碳纤维的热固塑料基材制成的.Body parts of race cars and some automobiles arecomposites made of glass fibers(or fiberglass)in a thermoset matrix.竞赛用汽车和某些机动车的车体部件是由含玻璃纤维(或玻璃丝)的热固塑料基材制成的.Fibers have a very high modulus along their axis,but have a low modulus perpendicular to their axis.Fiber composite manufacturers often rotate layers of fibers to avoid directional variations in the modulus.纤维在沿着其轴向有很高的模量,但垂直于其轴向的模量却较低.纤维复合材料的制造者往往旋转纤维层以防模量产生方向变化.Particle-reinforced composites微粒加强型复合材料Particles used for reinforcing include ceramics and glasses such as small mineral particles,metal particles such as aluminum,and amorphous materials,including polymers and carbon black.用于加强的微粒包含了陶瓷和玻璃之类的矿物微粒,铝之类的金属微粒以及包括聚合物和碳黑的非结晶质微粒.Particles are used to increase the modulus of the matrix,to decrease the permeability of the matrix,to decrease the ductility of the matrix.An example of particle-reinforced composites is an automobile tire which has carbon black particles in a matrix of polyisobutylene elastomeric polymer.微粒用于增加基材的模量、减少基材的渗透性和延展性.微粒加强型复合材料的一个例子是机动车胎,它就是在聚异丁烯人造橡胶聚合物基材中加入了碳黑微粒.Polymers聚合材料A polymer has a repeating structure,usually based on a carbon backbone.The repeating structure results in large chainlike molecules.Polymers are useful because they are lightweight,corrosion resistant,easy to process at low temperatures and generally inexpensive.聚合物具有一般是基于碳链的重复结构.这种重复结构产生链状大分子.由于重量轻、耐腐蚀、容易在较低温度下加工并且通常较便宜,聚合物是很有用的.Some important characteristics of polymers include their size(or molecular weight),softening and melting points,crystallinity,and structure.The mechanical properties of polymers generally include low strength and high toughness.Their strength is often improved using reinforced composite structures.聚合材料具有一些重要特性,包括尺寸(或分子量)、软化及熔化点、结晶度和结构.聚合材料的机械性能一般表现为低强度和高韧性.它们的强度通常可采用加强复合结构来改善.Important Characteristics of Polymers聚合材料的重要特性Size.Single polymer molecules typically have molecular weights between 10,000 and 1,000,000g/mol—that can be more than 2,000 repeating units depending on the polymer structure!尺寸：单个聚合物分子一般分子量为10,000到1,000,000g/mol之间,具体取决于聚合物的结构—这可以比2,000个重复单元还多.The mechanical properties of a polymer are significantly affected by the molecular weight,with better engineering properties at higher molecular weights.聚合物的分子量极大地影响其机械性能,分子量越大,工程性能也越好.Thermal transitions.The softening point(glass transition temperature)and the melting point of a polymer will determine which it will be suitable for applications.These temperatures usually determine the upper limit for which a polymer can be used.热转换性：聚合物的软化点(玻璃状转化温度)和熔化点决定了它是否适合应用.这些温度通常决定聚合物能否使用的上限.For example,many industrially important polymers have glass transition temperatures near the boiling point of water(100℃,212℉),and they are most useful for room temperature applications.Some specially engineered polymers can withstand temperatures as high as 300℃(572℉).例如,许多工业上的重要聚合物其玻璃状转化温度接近水的沸点(100℃,212℉),它们被广泛用于室温下.而某些特别制造的聚合物能经受住高达300℃(572℉)的温度.Crystallinity.Polymers can be crystalline or amorphous,but they usually have a combination of crystalline and amorphous structures(semi-crystalline).结晶度：聚合物可以是晶体状的或非结晶质的,但它们通常是晶体状和非结晶质结构的结合物(半晶体).Interchain interactions.The polymer chains can be free to slide past one another(thermo-plastic)or they can be connected to each other with crosslinks(thermoset or elastomer).Thermo-plastics can be reformed and recycled,while thermosets and elastomers are not reworkable.原子链间的相互作用：聚合物的原子链可以自由地彼此滑动(热可塑性)或通过交键互相连接(热固性或弹性).热可塑性材料可以重新形成和循环使用,而热固性与弹性材料则是不能再使用的.Intrachain structure.The chemical structure of the chains also has a tremendous effect on the properties.Depending on the structure the polymer may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic(likes or hates water),stiff or flexible,crystalline or amorphous,reactive or unreactive.链内结构：原子链的化学结构对性能也有很大影响.根据各自的结构不同,聚合物可以是亲水的或憎水的(喜欢或讨厌水)、硬的或软的、晶体状的或非结晶质的、易起反应的或第二单元The understanding of heat treatment is embraced by the broader study of metallurgy.Metallurgy is the physics,chemistry,and engineering related to metals from ore extraction to the final product.对热处理的理解包含于对冶金学较广泛的研究.冶金学是物理学、化学和涉及金属从矿石提炼到最后产物的工程学.Heat treatment is the operation of heating and cooling a metal in its solid state to change its physical properties.Accordingto the procedure used,steel can be hardened to resist cutting action and abrasion,or it can be softened to permit machining.热处理是将金属在固态加热和冷却以改变其物理性能的操作.按所采用的步骤,钢可以通过硬化来抵抗切削和磨损,也可以通过软化来允许机加工.With the proper heat treatment internal stresses may be removed,grain size reduced,toughness increased,or a hard surface produced on a ductile interior.The analysis of the steel must be known because small percentages of certain elements,notably carbon,greatly affect the physical properties.使用合适的热处理可以去除内应力、细化晶粒、增加韧性或在柔软材料上覆盖坚硬的表面.因为某些元素(尤其是碳)的微小百分比极大地影响物理性能,所以必须知道对钢的分析.Alloy steel owe their properties to the presence of one or more elements other than carbon,namely nickel,chromium,manganese,molybdenum,tungsten,silicon,vana dium,and copper.Because of their improved physical properties they are used commercially in many ways not possible with carbon steels.合金钢的性质取决于其所含有的除碳以外的一种或多种元素,如镍、铬、锰、钼、钨、硅、钒和铜.由于合金钢改善的物理性能,它们被大量使用在许多碳钢不适用的地方. The following discussion applies principally to the heat treatment of ordinary commercial steels known as plain carbon steels.With this process the rate of cooling is the controlling factor,rapid cooling from above the critical range results in hard structure,whereas very slow cooling produces the opposite effect.下列讨论主要针对被称为普通碳钢的工业用钢而言.热处理时冷却速率是控制要素,从高于临界温度快速冷却导致坚硬的组织结构,而缓慢冷却则产生相反效果.A Simplified Iron-carbon Diagram简化铁碳状态图If we focus only on the materials normally known as steels,a simplified diagram is often used.如果只把注意力集中于一般所说的钢上,经常要用到简化铁碳状态图.Those portions of the iron-carbon diagram near the delta region and those above 2%carbon content are of little importance to the engineer and are deleted.A simplified diagram,such as the one in Fig.2.1,focuses on the eutectoid region and is quite useful in understanding the properties and processing of steel.铁碳状态图中靠近三角区和含碳量高于2%的那些部分对工程师而言不重要,因此将它们删除.如图2.1所示的简化铁碳状态图将焦点集中在共析区,这对理解钢的性能和处理是十分有用的.The key transition described in this diagram is the decomposition of single-phase austenite(γ)to the two-phase ferrite plus carbide structure as temperature drops.在此图中描述的关键转变是单相奥氏体(γ)随着温度下降分解成两相铁素体加渗碳体组织结构.Control of this reaction,which arises due to the drastically different carbon solubility of austenite and ferrite,enables a wide range of properties to be achieved through heat treatment.控制这一由于奥氏体和铁素体的碳溶解性完全不同而产生的反应,使得通过热处理能获得很大范围的特性.To begin to understand these processes,consider a steel of the eutectoid composition,0.77%carbon,being slow cooled along line x-x’in Fig.2.1.At the upper temperatures,only austenite is present,the 0.77%carbon being dissolved in solid solution with the iron.When the steel cools to 727℃(1341℉),several changes occur simultaneously.为了理解这些过程,考虑含碳量为0.77%的共析钢,沿着图2.1的x-x’线慢慢冷却.在较高温度时,只存在奥氏体,0.77%的碳溶解在铁里形成固溶体.当钢冷却到727℃(1341℉)时,将同时发生若干变化.The iron wants to change from the FCC austenite structure to the BCC ferrite structure,but the ferrite can only contain0.02%carbon in solid solution.铁需要从面心立方体奥氏体结构转变为体心立方体铁素体结构,但是铁素体只能容纳固溶体状态的0.02%的碳.The rejected carbon forms the carbon-rich cementite intermetallic with composition Fe3C.In essence,the net reaction at the eutectoid is austenite 0.77%C→ferrite 0.02%C+cementite 6.67%C.被析出的碳与金属化合物Fe3C形成富碳的渗碳体.本质上,共析体的基本反应是奥氏体0.77%的碳→铁素体0.02%的碳+渗碳体6.67%的碳.Since this chemical separation of the carbon component occurs entirely in the solid state,the resulting structure is a fine mechanical mixture of ferrite and cementite.Specimens prepared by polishing and etching in a weak solution of nitric acid and alcohol reveal the lamellar structure of alternating plates that forms on slow cooling.由于这种碳成分的化学分离完全发生在固态中,产生的组织结构是一种细致的铁素体与渗碳体的机械混合物.通过打磨并在弱硝酸酒精溶液中蚀刻制备的样本显示出由缓慢冷却形成的交互层状的薄片结构.This structure is composed of two distinct phases,but has its own set of characteristic properties and goes by the name pearlite,because of its resemblance to mother-of-pearl at low magnification.这种结构由两种截然不同的状态组成,但它本身具有一系列特性,且因与低倍数放大时的珠母层有类同之处而被称为珠光体.Steels having less than the eutectoid amount of carbon(less than 0.77%)are known as hypo-eutectoid steels.Consider now the transformation of such a material represented by cooling along line y-y’in Fig.2.1.含碳量少于共析体(低于0.77%)的钢称为亚共析钢.现在来看这种材料沿着图2.1中y-y’线冷却的转变情况.At high temperatures,the material is entirely austenite,but upon cooling enters a region where the stable phases are ferriteand austenite.Tie-line and level-law calculations show that low-carbon ferrite nucleates and grows,leaving the remaining austenite richer in carbon.在较高温度时,这种材料全部是奥氏体,但随着冷却就进入到铁素体和奥氏体稳定状态的区域.由截线及杠杆定律分析可知,低碳铁素体成核并长大,剩下含碳量高的奥氏体.At 727℃(1341℉),the austenite is of eutectoid composition(0.77%carbon)and further cooling transforms the remaining austenite to pearlite.The resulting structure is a mixture of primary or pro-eutectoid ferrite(ferrite that formed above the eutectoid reaction)and regions of pearlite.在727℃(1341℉)时,奥氏体为共析组成(含碳量0.77%),再冷却剩余的奥氏体就转化为珠光体.作为结果的组织结构是初步的共析铁素体(在共析反应前的铁素体)和部分珠光体的混合物. Hypereutectoid steels are steels that contain greater than the eutectoid amount of carbon.When such steel cools,as shown in z-z’of Fig.2.1 the process is similar to the hypo-eutectoid case,except that the primary or pro-eutectoid phase is now cementite instead of ferrite.过共析钢是含碳量大于共析量的钢.当这种钢冷却时,就像图2.1的z-z’线所示,除了初步的共析状态用渗碳体取代铁素体外,其余类似亚共析钢的情况.As the carbon-rich phase forms,the remaining austenite decreases in carbon content,reaching the eutectoid composition at 727℃(1341℉).As before,any remaining austenite transforms to pearlite upon slow cooling through this temperature.随着富碳部分的形成,剩余奥氏体含碳量减少,在727℃(1341℉)时达到共析组织.就像以前说的一样,当缓慢冷却到这温度时所有剩余奥氏体转化为珠光体.It should be remembered that the transitions that have been described by the phase diagrams are for equilibrium conditions,which can be approximated by slow cooling.With slowheating,these transitions occur in the reverse manner.应该记住由状态图描述的这种转化只适合于通过缓慢冷却的近似平衡条件.如果缓慢加热,则以相反的方式发生这种转化.However,when alloys are cooled rapidly,entirely different results may be obtained,because sufficient time is not provided for the normal phase reactions to occur,in such cases,the phase diagram is no longer a useful tool for engineering analysis.然而,当快速冷却合金时,可能得到完全不同的结果.因为没有足够的时间让正常的状态反应发生,在这种情况下对工程分析而言状态图不再是有用的工具.Hardening淬火Hardening is the process of heating a piece of steel to a temperature within or above its critical range and then cooling it rapidly.淬火就是把钢件加热到或超过它的临界温度范围,然后使其快速冷却的过程.If the carbon content of the steel is known,the proper temperature to which the steel should be heated may be obtained by reference to the iron-iron carbide phase diagram.However,if the composition of the steel is unknown,a little preliminary experimentation may be necessary to determine the range.如果钢的含碳量已知,钢件合适的加热温度可参考铁碳合金状态图得到.然而当钢的成分不知道时,则需做一些预备试验来确定其温度范围.A good procedure to follow is to heat-quench a number of small specimens of the steel at various temperatures and observe the result,either by hardness testing or by microscopic examination.When the correct temperature is obtained,there will be a marked change in hardness and other properties.要遵循的合适步骤是将这种钢的一些小试件加热到不同的温度后淬火,再通过硬度试验或显微镜检查观测结果.一旦获得正确的温度,硬度和其它性能都将有明显的变化.In any heat-treating operation the rate of heating is important.Heat flows from the exterior to the interior of steel at a definite rate.If the steel is heated too fast,the outside becomes hotter than the interior and uniform structure cannot be obtained.在任何热处理作业中,加热的速率都是重要的.热量以一定的速率从钢的外部传导到内部.如果钢被加热得太快,其外部比内部热就不能得到均匀的组织结构.If a piece is irregular in shape,a slow rate is all the more essential to eliminate warping and cracking.The heavier the section,the longer must be the heating time to achieve uniform results.如果工件形状不规则,为了消除翘曲和开裂最根本的是加热速率要缓慢.截面越厚,加热的时间就要越长才能达到均匀的结果.Even after the correct temperature has been reached,the piece should be held at that temperature for a sufficient period of time to permit its thickest section to attain a uniform temperature.即使加热到正确的温度后,工件也应在此温度下保持足够时间以让其最厚截面达到相同温度.The hardness obtained from a given treatment depends on the quenching rate,the carbon content,and the work size.In alloy steels the kind and amount of alloying element influences only the hardenability(the ability of the workpiece to be hardened to depths)of the steel and does not affect the hardness except in unhardened or partially hardened steels.通过给定的热处理所得到的硬度取决于淬火速率、含碳量和工件尺寸.除了非淬硬钢或部分淬硬钢外,合金钢中合金元素的种类及含量仅影响钢的淬透性(工件被硬化到深层的能力)而不影响硬度.Steel with low carbon content will not respond appreciably to hardening treatment.As the carbon content in steel increases up to around 0.60%,the possible hardness obtainable alsoincreases.含碳量低的钢对淬火处理没有明显的反应.随着钢的含碳量增加到大约0.60%,可能得到的硬度也增加. Above this point the hardness can be increased only slightly,because steels above the eutectoid point are made up entirely of pearlite and cementite in the annealed state.Pearlite responds best to heat-treating operations;and steel composed mostly of pearlite can be transformed into a hard steel.高于此点,由于超过共析点钢完全由珠光体和退火状态的渗碳体组成,硬度增加并不多.珠光体对热处理作业响应最好；基本由珠光体组成的钢能转化成硬质钢.As the size of parts to be hardened increases,the surface hardness decreases somewhat even though all other conditions have remained the same.There is a limit to the rate of heat flow through steel.即使所有其它条件保持不变,随着要淬火的零件尺寸的增加其表面硬度也会有所下降.热量在钢中的传导速率是有限的.No matter how cool the quenching medium may be,if the heat inside a large piece cannot escape faster than a certain critical rate,there is a definite limit to the inside hardness.However,brine or water quenching is capable of rapidly bringing the surface of the quenched part to its own temperature and maintaining it at or close to this temperature.无论淬火介质怎么冷,如果在大工件中的热量不能比特定的临界速率更快散发,那它内部硬度就会受到明确限制.然而盐水或水淬火能够将被淬零件的表面迅速冷却至本身温度并将其保持或接近此温度. Under these circumstances there would always be some finite depth of surface hardening regardless of size.This is not true in oil quenching,when the surface temperature may be high during the critical stages of quenching.在这种情况下不管零件尺寸如何,其表面总归有一定深度被硬化.但油淬情况就不是如此,因为油淬时在淬火临界阶段零件表面的温度可能仍然很高. Tempering回火Steel that has been hardened by rapid quenching is brittle。
机械工程专业英语考试必备
Lesson 1 Basic Concepts in Mechanics1、The branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time, and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts statics and dynamics对运动、时间和作用力作出科学分析的分支称为力学。
它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。
2、Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction,and magnitudeand these are called the characteristics of a force.直观概念包括作用点、方向和大小。
这些称为力的要素3、Inertia is the property of mass that causes it to resist any effort to change its motion.惯性是质量所具有的抵抗任何外力改变其本身运动状态的性质.4、A particle is a body whose dimensions are so small that they may be neglected.当一个物体的尺寸特别小，可以忽略不计时，该物体可以被称为质点。
5、Law 1 If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.第一定律如果作用在一个质点上的所有外力平衡，那么，这个质点保持原来的静止或者匀速直线运动状态不变。
(完整版)机械工程专业英语单词
Lesson 1 Basic Concepts in Mechanics机械学的基本概念mechanics n.力学modify v.修改，调解，变更manageable a.可控制【管理】的incline v.（使）倾斜ramp n.斜板，斜坡【道】slope v.（使）倾斜friction n.摩擦roll v.滚动multiplier n.放大器，乘法器broom n.扫帚convert v.转变【化】handle n.手柄【把】sweep v.扫荡【描】，掠过efficiency n.效率gauge vt.测【计】量，校验bearing n.轴承ideal mechanical advantage 理想的机械效益neglect vt.忽略Lesson 2 Basic Assumption in Plasticity Theory 塑性理论的基本假设assumption n.假定plasticity n.塑性investigate v.调查，研究deformation n.变形metal forming process 金属成型工艺【过程】strain (rate) n.应变【速率】strength n.强度stress n.应力yield stress 屈服应力flow stress 流动应力tensile stress 拉【伸】应力compressive stress 压【缩】应力shear stress 剪【切】应力geometry n.几何形状elastic a.弹性的springback n.回弹bending n.弯曲，折弯precision forming 精密成型tolerance n.公差continuum n.连续（体）metallurgical a.冶金（学）的grain n.晶粒dislocation n.位错（uni-,tri-,multi-）axial a.（单，三，多）轴（向）的anisotropy n.各向异性cylindrical a.圆柱体的cross-section n.横截面platen n.（工作）台板，模板coincide with 一致，相符validity n.正确有效，合法with ease 轻（而）易（举）的，很容易的Lesson 3 Optimization for Finite Element Applications有限元优化的应用optimization n.优化，优选（法）finite element 有限元iterative a.反复的，迭代的alternative n.a.交替（的），可供选择的manual a.手动的，人工的trial-and-error 试凑法bias vt,n.（使）偏向【重、差】a desktop platform （计算机）桌面平台constrain(t) v,n.强制，约束response n.反【响】应，灵敏度parameter n.参数parametric a.参数的preprocess vt.预（先）加工，预处理mesh n,v.网格，啮合capability n.能力，性能，容量loop n.环，回路，循环pose v.提出model n.模型，样品displacement n.位移，排量，替换buckling n.弯【翘】曲，挠度factor n.因素gradient n.坡【梯】度，斜率flur n.【电，磁，热，光】通量，流量multidisciplinary a.多学科的deflection n.偏移【转，离】，挠曲Lesson 4 Metals 金属toughness n.韧性corrosion n.腐蚀dump v.倾倒，堆放recyle v.反复【循环】利用copper n.铜aluminum n.铝bronze n.青铜（器）alloy n.合金wear v.磨损metallic a.（含）金属（制）的specification n.操作规程，技术要求，说明书extract vt.提炼，萃取iron n.铁carbon n.碳ferrous a.（含）铁的ferrous metals 黑色金属lead n.铅zinc n.锌tin n.锡ore n.矿（石）mineral n,a.矿物（的）impurity n.杂质，不纯Lesson 5 Metallic and Nonmetallic Materials金属和非金属材料magnesium n.镁nickel n.镍brass n.黄铜luster n.光泽ductility n.延展性，可锻性it is likely that 很可能it is certain to (inf.)必然，一定density n.密度be distinguished from 与…区分coefficient n.系数in connection with 关于，与…相关【结合】category n.种类hardness n.硬度elasticity n.弹性beam n.横梁，一束（光）penetration n.贯穿，渗透abrasion n.磨损【耗】roll n,v.轧辊，滚，轧mill n.轧钢机，铣床spring n.弹簧permanent a.永久的rupture n.破【开】裂stamp n.冲压hammer n.（锻）锤Lesson 6 Plastics and Other Materials塑料和其他材料inorganic acid 无机酸sulphuric acid 硫酸hydrochloric acid 盐酸solvent n.溶剂carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳rigid a,n.坚硬的，刚性（的），刚度mould(mold) n.模子，塑模，铸模decoration n.装饰fabricate vt.制造【备】，生产injection molding 注射模塑（法）blow molding 吹塑（法）compression molding 压塑（法），模压（法）extrusion n.挤压vacuum forming 真空模塑（法）powder metallurgy 粉末冶金constituent n,a.组成【的，部分】，组元simultaneously adv.同时subsequently adv.随后coherent a.互相凝聚的，协调一致的fusion n.熔化，熔接crystalline n,a.结晶【的】，晶体【的】restriction n.限制【定】，节流blend n,v.混合【物】，融合press n,v.压力机，压制homogeneous a.均匀的sinter n,vt.烧结【物】Lesson 7 Die Life and Die Failure模具的寿命和失效die n.模具，锻【冲】模，凹模die life 模具寿命die failure 模具损坏deterioration n.变坏，退化，损耗surface finish 表面光洁度breakdown n.破坏，击穿lubrication n.润滑cracking n.裂纹breakage n.断裂mode n.方式，状态，模式thermal fatigue 热疲劳layer n.层abrasive n,a.（研）磨料（的），磨损（的）impression n.模膛，型腔（槽）heat checking 热裂纹，龟裂steep n,a.陡（坡）的，急剧的reversal n.颠倒，相反overload n,v.（使）过【超】载initiation n.开【初】始，发【产】生discrete a.不连续的，单个的variable n.变量cavity n.模膛，型槽stock n.坯料，原材料impact n,v.冲击，碰撞Lesson 8 Cold Working and Hot Working 冷加工和热加工cold[hot] working 冷热加工forging n.锻造，锻件classification n.分类recrystallization n.再结晶take place 发生strain [deformation] hardening 应变【变形】硬化be referred to as 叫做，称为，被认为是warm working 温加工，温锻ultimate a,n.最终的，首要的，极限stress relieving 消除应力处理austenitic a.奥氏体的stainless steel 不锈钢annealing n.退火grain size 晶粒度solid solution 固溶体refinement n.精炼【制】，细化hazard n.危险，未知数，意外事件inherent a.固有的，先天的，本质的sensitive a.灵敏的，敏感的abnormal a.非正常的critical strain 临界应变Lesson 9 Casting 铸造casting n.铸造【件】die-casting n.模铸【件】foundry n.铸造【车间】pour v.浇注suitability n.适应性pig iron 生铁cupola n.冲天炉，化铁炉erosion n.腐蚀，（侵、烧）蚀ladle n.铁水包graphite n.石墨solidify v.（使）凝固disjoin v.拆散，分开ingot n.（钢）锭destructive a.破坏（性）的，有害的retard vt,n.（使）延缓，推迟solvent n,a.溶剂（的）copper-base alloy 铜基合金Lesson 10 Metal Forming Processes in Manufacturing 制造中的金属成形工艺machine-building 机械制造plastic working 塑性加工billet n 坯料，锻坯blank n.坯料，（冲压）板坯configuration n.外形，配置，排布stroke n.行程，冲程amortize v.阻尼，缓冲，分期偿还reliability n. 可靠性，安全性drawing n.（锻坯）拔长，【线，管材】拉拔deep drawing 深冲（压）brake forming 【压】折弯（机）成型stretch forming 张拉成型military n,a.军队【事，人】（的）consumer goods 消费品integrity n.完整性，完全（善）jet engine 喷气发动机turbine n.涡【汽】轮（机），透平（机）regarding 考虑到，关于Lesson 11 Forging锻造armor n.铠甲immortalize vt.（使）不朽（灭）blacksmith n.锻工mechanical press 机械压力机hydranlic press 液压机anvil n.（锤）砧，砧座craftsman n.技工handling n.处理，装卸，搬运flexibility n.柔（韧）性，灵活性drawn out 拔长upset n.镦粗，顶锻closed impression die 闭式模锻rapid-impact blow 快速冲击，猛打vertical a.立式的ram n.锤头，滑块，活动横梁block n.（模）块draft n.模锻斜度symmetrical a.轴对称的sizing n.整形，校正，定径drop forging 落锻，锤模锻impression die forging 模锻final forging 终锻overheat n.过热furnace n.【熔，高】炉pyrometer n.高温计Lesson 12 Benefits and Principles of Forging锻造的优点和工作原理metalworking n.金属压力加工knead v.揉搓【制】refine v.精炼【制】，细化porosity n.多孔性，疏松orient v.（使）定【取】向flow line 流线stress field 应力场manual skill 手工技巧at one’s command 自由使用，支配soundness n.致密性，坚固性，无缺陷attainable a.可达【得】到的open die forging 自由锻gross n.总共，重大confine vt. 限制，约束convert v.转变【换】，更换broken up 破【断】裂，分散microshrinkage n.显微缩孔elimination n.消除，淘汰align v.调整，对中，校直Lesson 13 Welding焊接weld(ing) v,n.焊接，熔焊pressurewelding 压力焊spotwelding 点焊buttwelding 对头（缝）焊fusionwelding 熔焊，熔接fiux-shielded arc welding 熔剂保护电弧焊diversity n.不同多样性fasten(ing) v,n.连接（件），紧固（件）shielding n.遮护，屏蔽solder(ing) v,n.软钎焊，（低温）焊料bismuth n.铋cadmium n.镉rivet n,v.铆钉，铆接braze n,vt.硬钎焊，铜焊oxidation n.氧化flux n.焊接，助溶剂squeeze v.挤压oxy-acetylene n,a.氧（乙）炔（的）torch n.焊炬electrode n.电（焊）极，焊条filler n.填充（剂）overlap v.搭接，重叠strike v.攻【打】击，放电Lesson 14 Heat Treatment热处理heat treatment 热处理microstructure n.显微组织low-carbon steel 低碳钢prescribe v.规定，指示microscopic a.显微的，微观的spheroidizing n.球化（处理）normalizing n.正火，（正）常化annealing n.退火hardening n.淬火tempering n.回火soaking(=holding) n.均热，保温retarding media 延缓介质prolonged a.长时间的，持续很久的critical temperature 临界温度globular a.球形（状）的carbide n.碳化物，硬质合金quenching n.淬火，骤冷removal n.除去，放出Lesson 15 Introduction to Mechanism机构介绍mechanism n.机械，机构，机构学kinematic a.=kinematical 运动的，运动学的kinematic chain 运动链link n.构件，杆件. v.连接【结】definite a.确定的constrained a.约束的，限定的unconstrained a.无约束的linkage n.连杆（组，机构）joint n.结【接】台，铰链. a.连接的，联合的pin n.销【钉】，铰销revolution v.旋转，转动. n.回转体prismatic a.棱柱（形）的nonlinear a.非线性的four-bar linkage 四杆机构kinematic chain 运动链prime mover 原动者【机】，驱动件coupler n.连接件，连杆pivot n.枢（轴），轴销，回转副，旋转中心configuration n.外形，构造，结构inversion n.转换，更换slider-crank mechanism 曲柄滑块机构multiloop n.多环链，a.多回路的sketch n.草【简，示意】图，v.画草图，草拟skeleton diagram 草图，示意图，简图envision v.想象binary a.二【双，复】的，二元的ternary a.三元的ternary links 三杆组quaternary a.四元的quaternary links 四杆组cam 凸轮cam follower n.凸轮从动件gear n.齿轮sprocket n.链轮belt n.【皮，布，钢】带pulley n.带轮spherical a.球的，球面的helical a.螺旋的three-dimensional 三维的，空间的intuitively adv.直觉【观】地synthesis n.合成（法），综合kinematician n.运动学研究者（家）innate a.先天的，固有的Lesson 16 Movement Analysis 运动分析criterion(pl.criteria) n.（判断）标准，判据，准则branch n,v.分（部，支）transmission angle 传动角rock n.摆动，v.摇动oscillate v.摆动，摇动parallelogram n.平行四边形antiparallelogram n.反平行四边形frame n.机架，构架impart v.给予，分给to impart M to N 把M给Ntorque n.力矩，扭矩dynamic a.=dynamical 动力的，动力学的inertia n.惯性（物），惯量static a.=statical 静力【学】的，静的index n.指数，指标friction n.摩擦thumb n.拇指，v.用拇指翻rule of thumb 根据经验和实际所得的做法matrix n.矩阵determinant n.行列式derivative n.导数derivative of M with respect to N M对于N的导数movability n.可动性，易动性parameter n.参数discount v.打折扣，忽视absolute a.绝对的graphical a.图形的，图解的polygon n.多边形theorem n.定理stress n.应力bearing n.轴承centripetal a.向心的Lesson 17 Kinematic Synthesis运动的综合packaging machinery 包装机械lubrication n.润滑specification n.技术要求actuation n.驱动jerk n.震动，冲击axis n.(pl.axes)轴【线，心】，中心线contour n.外形，轮廓线eccentricity n.偏心【度，率】gear ration 齿轮【速，齿数】比topologically adv.拓扑学地customary a.通常的，习惯的correlate v.使相关，使发生关系analog n.=analogue 类似（物），模拟linear analog 线性模拟second acceleration 二阶加速度higher acceleration 高阶加速度paraphrase v.释义，意译describe v.叙述，描述，作…运动category n.种类，类别deliberation n.慎重考虑province n.省，领域preconceive v.预想，事先想好analog computer 模拟计算机trace v.追踪，描画timing n.定时，计时，配时pitch v.投掷trajectory n.轨迹embed v.嵌入，夹在层间orientation n.（定）方位，（取）方向scoop n.勺子，铲斗，v.挖，掘，铲Lesson 18 Cams and Gears凸轮和齿轮cam n.凸轮gear n.齿轮curve n.曲线a.弯曲的groove n.槽，沟mate v.配合，啮合cylindrical a.圆柱的two-dimensional or planer 两维的或平面的three-dimensional or spatial 三维的或空间的normal n.法线a.垂直的complement n,a.余角，余的collinear a.共线的lateral a.横向的，侧向的stem n.杆guide n.导向件【器，装置】，导槽（座）intermittent a.间断的，不连续的dwell n,v.停止，小停顿inertial a.惯性的，惯量的engage v.啮合rack n.齿条noncircular a.非圆的conjugate a.共轭的，n.共轭值（线）cycloidal a.摆线的involved a.渐开线的，n.渐开线tolerance n.间隙，公差spur gear 直齿圆柱轮radial a.径向的，沿半径的offset n,vt.偏移，偏心a.偏心的disk cam 盘形凸轮tangent n.切线a.相切的，切线的concentric a.同圆（的），同心（的）camshaft n.凸轮轴pitch curve 节线herringbone a.人字形的intersect v.横穿，相交parallel helical gear斜齿轮，平行轴螺旋齿轮crossed helical gear 交错轴螺旋齿轮face gear 端面齿轮spiral bevel gear 螺旋齿圆锥齿轮worm n.蜗杆skew bevel 斜齿圆锥齿轮hypoid gear 准双曲面（直角交错轴双曲面）齿轮addendum (pl.addenda) n.齿顶，齿顶高project v.伸出，突出clearance n.间隙dedendum (pl. dedenda)n.齿根，齿根高tooth space 齿间距backlash n.间隙，齿隙Lesson 19 Screws, fasteners and joints螺纹件、紧固件和联接件screw n.螺钉，螺丝，v.旋紧，攻丝fastener n.紧固件joint n.连【联】接，接合bolt n.螺栓nut n.螺母cap screw 有头螺钉setscrew n.定位【固定，调整】螺钉rivet n.铆钉，v.用铆钉铆接key n.键weld n,v.焊接，熔焊braze n,v.钎焊，铜焊clip n.夹子，v.夹住，夹紧synonymous a.同意义的monotonous a.单调的taint n.污点，污染v.弄脏tough a.坚韧的ductile a.可延伸的，有延展性的，韧性的tighten v.上紧，拉紧twist v.扭转jumbo n.大型喷气式客机titanium n.钛close-tolerance 高精密度的tooling n.工具，刀具v.用刀具（切削）加工proliferate v.增殖，增殖assembly n.安装，装配，组件tap n.丝锥，v.攻螺丝stud n.双头螺栓resemble v.类似，像thread n.螺纹（线），v.车螺纹drill n,v.钻孔hexagon head 六角头fillister n.凹槽flat head 平头hexagon socket head 六角沉头disassemble v.拆开tensile a.拉【张】力的，受拉的shear n.剪切【力】v.剪切【断】harden v.使硬【化】washer n.垫圈preload n.预载荷fatigue n.疲劳micrometer n.千分尺，千分表elongation n.拉【伸】长modulus n.(pl.moduli)模数，模量wrench n.扳手dial n.刻度盘fractional a.分数的，小数的Lesson 21 Helical, Worm and Bevel Gears 斜齿轮、蜗杆蜗轮和锥齿轮helical gear 斜齿轮worm n.蜗杆，螺杆bevel gear 圆锥齿轮helix n,a.(pl. helices 或helixes)螺旋线，螺旋线的right hand 右手，右旋的helicoid n.a.螺旋【面，体】，螺旋（状，纹）的wrap v.缠绕unwind v.解开，展开generate v.产生，展成（加工）engagement n.啮合，接触diagonal n,a.对角线（的）objectionable a.该反对的，不能采用的spiral n,a. 螺旋线（的），卷线（的）spiral gear 螺旋齿轮mesh n.啮合worm gear 蜗轮pinion n.小齿轮pitch cylinder 节圆柱concave a.中凹的curvature a.曲率screw-like 像螺丝（杆）的thread n.线状物，螺纹线envelop v.包围，封闭enclose v.包围lead angle 导角cast v.铸造mill v.铣削outboard a,ad.外侧的，向外pronounced a.明确的，显著的stress n.应力tapered a.锥形的positively ad.确定地，强制（传动）地Pitch-line velocity 节线速度automobile differential 汽车差速器gearing n.齿轮传动（装置）offset n.偏置，横距hypoid a.准双曲面的hyperboloid n.双曲面，双曲面体Lesson 22 Shafts, Clutches and Brakes轴、离合器和制动器shaft n.轴clutch n.离合器brake n.制动器pulley n.（皮，胶）带轮flywheel n.飞轮sprocket n.链轮，星轮bending moment 弯曲力矩torsional a.扭转的static a.静（力，态）的axle n.心轴，轮轴spindle n.心轴，主轴deflection n.偏移，弯曲fillet n.圆角，倒角peening n.喷射（加工硬化法）shot peening 喷丸硬化stiff a.刚性的inertia n.惯性，惯量slippage n.滑动actuation n.驱动，开动coefficient n.系数statics n.静力学rim n.边缘，轮缘shoe n.闸瓦，制动片【块】band n.带，条cone n.圆锥miscellaneous a.（混）合的，杂项的assume v.假设，承担statical a.=static,静态的equilibrium n.平衡reaction n.反应，反力overload-release clutch 超载释放（保护）离合器magnetic fluid clutch 磁液离合器shift v.变换，（使）移动lever n.杆，（手）柄jaw n.颚板，夹爪ratchet n.棘轮circumferentiallyad v.周围地，圆周地mate v.配合，啮合，联接synchronous a.同步的linear drive 线性驱动装置clicking n.‘卡塔’声freewheel v.空转coupling n.联轴器sleeve n.套筒flat n.平面（部分）a.平的periphery n.圆周，周边wedge n.楔（形物）v.楔入pawl n.棘爪powder n.粉末mixture n.混合物electromagnetic a.电磁的coil n.线圈excitation n.刺激，激励shearing a.剪切的lockup n.锁住Lesson 41 Definition of Robotics and the Robot Systemmanipulator n.操作器，控制器，机械手peripheral a.周围的，外围的idiot n.白痴integrate v.使成为一体，使结合起来hard automation 刚性自动化a host of 许多Lesson 42 Basics of Computers(I)execute v.执行binary a.二进制的read only memory (ROM) 只读存储器random access memory (RAM)读写存储器，随机存储器erasable a.可擦去的volatile a.可丢失的Lesson 43 Basics of Computers(二)harsh a.恶劣的robust a.稳定的configuration n.结构，组态Morse Code 莫尔斯电码suffice v.足够interference n.干扰fluctuation n.脉动，波动expendable a.可消耗的intermediate a.中间的adaptor n.转换器transformer n.变压器rectifier n.整流器capacitor n.电容器Zener diode 齐纳（稳压）二极管buffer n.缓冲寄存器come across 碰到Baud rate 波特率Lesson 44 Programmable Controllersalbeit conj.虽然light-emitting diodes 发光二极管relay ladder logic 继电器梯形逻辑图archaically a.古体的，旧式的retention n.保留，保持versed a.熟练的，精通的fluidics n.射流sheer a.完全的，绝对的profligate a.浪费的proprietary a.专利的，专有的boolean expression 布尔表达式Lesson 45 CAD/CAMComputed-aided design(CAD) n.计算机辅助设计Computed-aided manufacturing(CAM) n.计算机辅助制造automatic factory n.自动化工厂drafting n.制图Computer-aided engineering n.计算机辅助工程management information systems n.管理信息系统graphics terminal n.图像终端a shared data base n.公用数据库three-dimensional a.三维的keyboard n.键盘lightpen=light pen n.光笔magnify v.放大flip v,n.翻转copy v.拷贝a mirror image 镜像symmetrical a.对称的artwork n.印刷线路原图Geometric modeling n.几何模型制造kinematics n.运动学Lesson 48 Flexible Manufacturing Systemsfexible manufacturing systems(FMS)柔性制造系统flexible manufacturing celles(FMC) 柔性制造单元automated guided vehicles 自动搬运小车conveyor n.传送装置pallet loading and unloading carts 上下料小车part program 零件程序data base 数据库data processing networks 数据处理网络inspection program 检测程序robot program 自动机程序real-time control data 实时控制数据the Control hierarchy 控制层次real-time fault recovery 实时故障恢复unmanned operation 无人化操作chip removel 排屑module n.模块，组件intelligent node智能节点。
机械工程专业英语(面试翻译复习资料)
机械工程专业英语第一课机械工程专业英语概述English in Mechanical Engineering一、专业英语概述1. 什么是翻译：翻译就是将一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
机械工程英语翻译就是将机械工程学科的英语原著由原作语言(source language)用译文语言(target language)忠实、准确、严谨、通顺、完整地再现出来，使人们能够借助汉语译文准确无误地了解英语机械工程著作所阐述的工程技术内容和科学理论。
机械工程专业英语概述English in Mechanical Engineering2. 翻译例句例1. Control Center, Smoking Free.例2. The tolerance should not be so big.例3. A dog driver stop the rotation of the wheel. 例4. Connect the black pigtail with thedog-house.例5. The importance of computer in the use of manufacturing can not be overestimated.机械工程专业英语概述English in Mechanical Engineering例1. Control Center, Smoking Free.错误译法：控制中心，吸烟自由。
正确译法：控制中心，严禁吸烟。
例2. The tolerance should not be so big.a. 此公差不应给这么大。
（机械学）b. 忍耐力不会有这么大。
(关于人体的耐受性)c. 抗毒性不会有这么强。
（医学）例3. A dog driver stop the rotation of the wheel. 错误译法：狗驾驶员使轮子停转。
专业译法：止动器使轮子停止旋转。
研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词
研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词在研究生机械工程专业的学习中，英语考试是必不可缺的一部分。
为了顺利通过考试，背诵和掌握一些重要的专业词汇是至关重要的。
本文将为大家介绍一些研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词，助您在考试中取得好成绩。
1. Mechanics（力学）Mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect on their motion.（力学是物理学的一个分支，研究物体在受力或变位作用下的行为及其对运动的影响。
）2. Dynamics（动力学）Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause the motion.（动力学是研究物体运动及引起运动的力的力学分支。
）3. Kinematics（运动学）Kinematics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion.（运动学是研究物体运动而不考虑引起运动的力的力学分支。
）4. Thermodynamics（热力学）Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.（热力学是研究热能与其他形式能量之间关系的物理学分支。
机械类常用英语
机械类常用英语引言随着全球化的推进，机械类行业在国际间的交流与合作越来越频繁。
掌握常用的机械类英语词汇和短语，对于从事机械类行业的专业人士来说至关重要。
本文将介绍机械类常用英语，助您更好地与国际同行进行沟通和合作。
一、机械设计和工程1.1 机械设计常用词汇•Machine（机器）: A device that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform a task.•Mechanism（机构）: A system of moving parts that work together to achieve a certn function.•Component（零件）: A part or element that makes up a larger mechanical system.•Assembly（装配）: The process of putting together components to form a complete machine.•Drafting（制图）: The act of creating technical drawings to communicate design specifications.•Tolerance（公差）: The allowable variation in measurements or dimensions of a component or assembly.•CAD（Computer-ded Design，计算机辅助设计）: The use of computer software to create and modify designs.1.2 机械工程常用短语•Structural analysis（结构分析）: The study of the behavior and performance of structures under different loads and conditions.•Material selection（材料选择）: The process of choosing the most suitable materials for a given application.•Finite element analysis（有限元分析）: A numerical method used to analyze the behavior of complex structures.•Flure analysis（失效分析）: The investigation of the causes of mechanical flures and the development of solutions to prevent future flures.•Performance optimization（性能优化）: The process of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a mechanical system.•Prototyping（原型制作）: The creation of a physical model or representation of a design for testing and evaluation.•Quality control（质量控制）: The process of ensuring that products meet specified quality standards.•Safety regulations（安全规定）: The laws and regulations that govern the use and operation of machinery to ensure safety.二、机械制造和加工2.1 机械制造常用词汇•Manufacturing（制造）: The process of converting raw materials into finished products through various operations.•Machining（机械加工）: The process of shaping a workpiece by removing material using tools such as lathes, milling machines, and drills.•Casting（铸造）: The process of pouring molten metal or liquid material into a mold to create a solid object.•Welding（焊接）: The process of joining two or more pieces of metal by heating them to their melting point and allowing them to cool and fuse together.•Grinding（磨削）: The process of removing material from a workpiece using an abrasive wheel or belt.•CNC（Computer Numerical Control，数控）: The use of computer-ded control systems to operate and control machine tools. •Tooling（工装）: The specialized tools and equipment used in manufacturing processes.•Automation（自动化）: The use of machines or computer systems to perform tasks without human intervention.2.2 机械加工常用短语•Cutting speed（切削速度）: The speed at which a cutting tool moves through a workpiece during machining.•Feed rate（进给速度）: The rate at which the cutting tool advances into the workpiece during machining.•Depth of cut（切削深度）: The distance between the cutting tool and the surface of the workpiece during machining.•Surface finish（表面光洁度）: The quality and smoothness of a machined surface. •Chip removal（切屑排出）: The process of removing chips or waste material generated during machining.•Tool life（刀具寿命）: The length of time a cutting tool can be used before it becomes dull and needs to be replaced.•Heat treatment（热处理）: The process of heating and cooling a material to alter its properties and improve its performance.•Dimensional accuracy（尺寸精度）: The degree to which a machined part conforms to its specified dimensions.三、机械维护和保养3.1 机械维护常用词汇•Mntenance（维护）: The process of keeping equipment in good working condition to ensure reliability and prevent breakdowns.•Lubrication（润滑）: The application of a lubricant to reduce friction and wear between moving parts.•Inspection（检查）: The systematic examination of equipment to detect and correct any defects or problems. •Troubleshooting（故障排除）: The process of identifying and resolving problems or malfunctions in mechanical systems. •Preventive mntenance（预防性维护）: The scheduled mntenance activities performedto prevent equipment flure and prolong its lifespan.•Breakdown mntenance（故障维修）: The repr activities performed in response to unexpected equipment flures.3.2 机械保养常用短语•Routine mntenance（定期保养）: The regular inspection, cleaning, and adjustment of equipment to ensure its efficient operation.•Lubrication schedule（润滑计划）: The predetermined intervals at which lubrication should be applied to equipment. •Replacement parts（更换零件）: The components or parts that need to be replaced during mntenance and repr.•Calibration（校准）: The process of adjusting or setting equipment to ensure accuracy and reliability.•Equipment downtime（设备停机时间）: The period of time during which equipment is not operational due to mntenance or repr.•Safety precautions（安全注意事项）:The measures and procedures to be followed to ensure the safety of mntenance personnel.结论机械类常用英语对于机械类行业从业者来说至关重要。
机械工程英语复习
Optical fiber
It is impossible to see through metals,since these valence electrons absorb any photons of light which reach the metal. 透过金属不可能看得见，因为这些价电子吸收到达金属的光子。
Composites 复合材料
Composites are formed from two or more types of materials. 复合材料由两种或更多材料构成。 Two types of composites are: fiber-reinforced composites and particle-reinforced composites.
good ductility良好的延展性
Density is defined as a material’s mass divided by its volume. 密度定义为材料的质量与其体积之比。
Fracture toughness can be described as a material’s ability to avoid fracture, especially when a flaw is introduced. 断裂韧性可以描述为材料防止断裂特别是出现缺陷时 不断裂的能力。
机械英语知识点总结大全
机械英语知识点总结大全一、Basic Mechanical Engineering 基本机械工程1. Mechanical Engineering 机械工程Mechanical engineering is the branch of engineering that involves the design, production, and operation of machinery. 机械工程是涉及机械设计、生产和操作的工程分支。
2. Force and Motion 力和运动Force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. 力是任何相互作用，当没有阻力时，会改变物体的运动。
3. Simple Machines 简单机械A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. 简单机械是一种可以改变力的方向或大小的机械设备。
4. Kinematics 运动学Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies, and systems of bodies without considering the forces that cause the motion. 运动学是描述点、物体和物体系统运动的经典力学分支，不考虑引起运动的力。
5. Dynamics 动力学Dynamics is the study of forces and torques and their effect on motion. 动力学是力和转矩以及它们对运动的影响的研究。
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第一单元•Types of Materials材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方法分类。
科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。
他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。
那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。
Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product.非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。
Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc.工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等。
•Metals and Metal Alloys金属和金属合金Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metals have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility.金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。
许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。
Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and nickel, are magnetic. At low temperatures, some metals and intermetallic compounds become superconductors.某些金属能被磁化，例如铁、钴和镍。
在极低的温度下，某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。
What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans.合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。
例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。
Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel.合金包含不止一种金属元素。
合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。
金属合金的例子有：不锈钢是一种铁、镍、铬的合金，以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。
Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio.为什么要使用金属和合金？许多金属和合金具有高密度，因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合。
Some metal alloys, such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy. Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable.某些金属合金，例如铝基合金，其密度低，可用于航空航天以节约燃料。
许多合金还具有高断裂韧性，这意味着它们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的。
What are some important properties of metals?Density is defined as a material’s mass divided by its volume. Most metals have relatively high densities, especially compared to polymers.金属有哪些重要特性？密度定义为材料的质量与其体积之比。
大多数金属密度相对较高，尤其是和聚合物相比较而言。
Materials with high densities often contain atoms with high atomic numbers, such as gold or lead. However, some metals such as aluminum or magnesium have low densities, and are used in applications that require other metallic properties but also require low weight.高密度材料通常由较大原子序数原子构成，例如金和铅。
然而，诸如铝和镁之类的一些金属则具有低密度，并被用于既需要金属特性又要求重量轻的场合。
Fracture toughness can be described as a material’s ability to avoid fracture, especially when a flaw is introduced. Metals can generally contain nicks and dents without weakening very much, and are impact resistant. A football player counts on this when he trusts that his facemask won’t shatter.断裂韧性可以描述为材料防止断裂特别是出现缺陷时不断裂的能力。
金属一般能在有缺口和凹痕的情况下不显著削弱，并且能抵抗冲击。
橄榄球运动员据此相信他的面罩不会裂成碎片。
Plastic deformation is the ability of bend or deform before breaking. As engineers, we usually design materials so that they don’t deform under normal conditions. You don’t want your car to lean to the east after a strong west wind.塑性变形就是在断裂前弯曲或变形的能力。
作为工程师，设计时通常要使材料在正常条件下不变形。
没有人愿意一阵强烈的西风过后自己的汽车向东倾斜。
However, sometimes we can take advantage of plastic deformation. The crumple zones in a car absorb energy by undergoing plastic deformation before they break.然而，有时我们也能利用塑性变形。
汽车上压皱的区域在它们断裂前通过经历塑性变形来吸收能量。
The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties. In metals, the outer valence electrons are shared among all atoms, and are free to travel everywhere. Since electrons conduct heat and electricity, metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires.金属的原子连结对它们的特性也有影响。
在金属内部，原子的外层阶电子由所有原子共享并能到处自由移动。
由于电子能导热和导电，所以用金属可以制造好的烹饪锅和电线。
It is impossible to see through metals, since these valence electrons absorb any photons of light which reach the metal. No photons pass through.因为这些阶电子吸收到达金属的光子，所以透过金属不可能看得见。
没有光子能通过金属。