考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(十九)
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with nosuccess but was attracted by the site’s “personal s ...Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with nosuccess but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteriasuch as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when amatching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose thekeywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Threeweeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struckgold,’ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and wona position as in-house counsel for a company。
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, findingpromising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Searchagents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. Butalthough a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts seedrawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you:“Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility。
”says one expert。
For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—whatyou think you want to do—then broaden it. “None of these programsdo that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counselingimplicit in all of this。
” Instead, the best strategy is to use theagent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in aparticular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder tocheck the database again. “I would not rely on agents for findingeverything that is added to a database that might interest me,” saysthe author of a job-searching guide。
Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed upfor its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in thedatabase; job hunters will have to visit the site again to findthem—and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see asharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president ofmarketing for CareerSite。
Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agentsworthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand fortheir line of work or gather information on compensation to armthemselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep youreyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent meanshaving another set of eyes looking out for you。
21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database[C] By using a special service of a database[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database。
22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling。
[B] Limited number of visits。
[C] Lower efficiency。
[D] Fewer successful matches。
23. The expression “tip service” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) mostprobably means[A] advisory. [B] compensation. [C] interaction. [D] reminder。
24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only threejob options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits。
[C] To reserve space for more messages。
[D] To increase the rate of success。
25. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters。
[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands。
[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those alreadyemployed。
[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they areemployed。
名师解析21. How did Redmon find his job? Redmon是如何找到工作的[A] By searching openings in a job database.通过搜索工作数据库中的空缺职位。
[B] By posting a matching position in a database。
通过在数据库里面张贴匹配职位。
[C] By using a special service of a database.通过使用某数据库的一项特别服务。
[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database。
通过将他的简历以电子邮件的方式寄给某数据库。
【答案】 C【考点】事实细节题。
【分析】题干的关键信息就是“Redmon”我们在第一段里面可以看见“Redmon”的内容。
要答对本题考生必须仔细查看究竟“Redmon”是怎样利用该数据库来找到工作的。
在第一段里面作者提到他使用了“个人搜索代理”输入几个关键词几个星期以后得到了职位空缺的通知然后他又把他的履历寄给雇主从而获得这份工作。
整个过程就是这样的。
[A]只反映了他整个求职过程的一部分。
[B]故意颠倒了“post”(张贴)这个动作的主语张贴的人要么是求职网要么是寻人单位却不是“Redmon”。
选项[D]同样颠倒了主语因为是数据库发电子邮件给“Redmon”而不是反过来。
选项[C]“通过使用某数据库的特别服务”虽然泛了一点却是正确的因为“个人搜索代理”正是这样的一个特殊服务。
考研英语真题阅读理解试题与名师解析十九.doc
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with nosuccess but was attracted by the site’s “personal s ...Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with nosuccess but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteriasuch as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when amatching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose thekeywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Threeweeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struckgold,’ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and wona position as in-house counsel for a company。
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析十九.doc
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with nosuccess but was attracted by the site’s “personal s ...Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with nosuccess but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteriasuch as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when amatching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose thekeywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Threeweeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struckgold,’ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and wona position as in-house counsel for a company。
2019年考研英语一阅读真题解析
2019年考研英语一阅读真题解析唐迟：各位同学大家晚上好!我们现在给大家做的是2017年考研英语1阅读理解板块的解析。
我当前手头只有英语1的题目，英语2赶紧回去复习，我当前没有相关材料。
关于英语1的同学我们直接给大家报答案。
我直接报答案。
看一下第一篇文章，当我拿到这个文章，今天考完结束很多同学给我发信息过来，今天一考完很多同学发来消息，说今年我们考试难度怎么样，还有一个大概评价，一直以来我们强调的考研这种考试，都是以稳定压倒一切。
今年一共四篇文章难度这样的，两篇稍微简单一点，两篇有一定难度，但是再难，对于我们来讲都是利好消息，难的文章我们掌握了做题方法，尤其我们今天考试当中，这个方法不例外。
先看第一篇文章比较简单，谈了关于我们登机以前要做安检，安检流程变得更长一些。
第一题目简单，第二文章很容易读懂，文章一开头直接给我们一个中心思想。
为什么很明确，不知道大家记不记得有没有用到我们的，包括课堂当中讲到的最后三小时谈到中心思想把握方法。
文章开头是一句话，大家有没有意识到这个问题，当前过安检，以前需要两个小时，现在需要三个小时了。
而且我们会谈到文章态度的对比。
第一题，直接问你，当我们谈到了，我们航班804事件的时候为了干吗?这是典型的叫做例证题，对应原文。
例子不重要，重要的是所支持的结论，结论在哪里呢?出现在例子后面环节当中，后面会谈到这样一句话。
这个案例(英文)，为我们提供另外一个原因。
对应A选项。
(英文)，对应why。
而且选项结尾谈到安全检查。
安全检查是什么?是全文中心思想。
这个题是开门红，难度不大，尤其掌握一定方法以后。
接下来第二题，是什么导致了当前主要的机场，我们安检排队过长，等待时间太久?这道题典型回到原文找到细节定位。
第三段告诉你安检流程进一步提升，一些措施变得更加复杂了。
同时用到了分词结构(英文)，是因为当前搭乘航班人数有一个(英文)，所以准确答案当中谈到(英文)，在数量上有一个增加。
所以做了同意改写。
19考研英语试题及答案
19考研英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题2分）1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of the decline in honeybee populations?A. PesticidesB. Climate changeC. Loss of habitatD. Disease答案：C2. What does the author suggest as a solution to the honeybee crisis?A. Government interventionB. Public awareness campaignsC. Reintroduction of wild beesD. Development of alternative pollinators答案：A3. What is the primary purpose of the article?A. To inform readers about the honeybee crisisB. To promote the use of wild beesC. To criticize government policiesD. To encourage public participation in conservation efforts 答案：A4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Honeybees are essential for crop pollination.B. The decline in honeybee populations has led to a decrease in crop yields.C. Wild bees can pollinate crops as effectively as honeybees.D. The use of pesticides is the sole cause of the honeybee crisis.答案：D5. What is the author's attitude towards the honeybee crisis?A. OptimisticB. PessimisticC. IndifferentD. Concerned答案：D二、完形填空（共20分，每题1分）In recent years, the number of honeybees has dramatically decreased, which has raised serious concerns among scientists and farmers alike. The decline in honeybee populations is primarily due to the loss of habitat, as agricultural expansion and urbanization have destroyed many of the natural environments where bees once thrived. This situation has led to a significant impact on crop pollination, as honeybees play a crucial role in the reproduction of many plants.6. In recent years, the number of honeybees has ____________.A. increasedB. remained stableC. dramatically decreasedD. fluctuated答案：C7. The decline in honeybee populations is primarily due to____________.A. the loss of habitatB. the use of pesticidesC. climate changeD. disease答案：A8. Agricultural expansion and urbanization have ____________.A. improved the environment for beesB. destroyed many of the natural environmentsC. had no effect on bee populationsD. increased the use of pesticides答案：B9. The situation has led to a significant impact on____________.A. crop yieldsB. beekeeping industryC. urban developmentD. agricultural expansion答案：A10. Honeybees play a crucial role in the ____________ of many plants.A. reproductionB. growthC. harvestingD. transportation答案：A三、翻译（共20分，每题5分）11. 请将以下句子翻译成英文：“由于气候变化，许多物种的生存受到了威胁。
2009年考研英语真题阅读理解试题(附答案、解析、翻译)
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析Being a man hasalways been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal ofmale mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girlsdo. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys inthose crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, anotherchance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of ababy surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram toolight or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost nodifference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent ofevolution has gone。
There is another way to commit evolutionary : stay alive,but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except insome religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays thenumber of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us haveroughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and theopportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the greatcities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity oftoday―everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring meansthat natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class Indiacompared to the tribes。
考研英语试题精解及答案
考研英语试题精解及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪个选项是正确的？A. 作者支持全球化。
B. 作者认为全球化对环境有害。
C. 作者认为全球化对经济有益。
D. 作者反对全球化。
答案：C2. 文章中提到的“可持续发展”是指什么？A. 经济增长不牺牲环境。
B. 经济增长以牺牲环境为代价。
C. 只关注经济增长，不考虑其他因素。
D. 只关注环境保护，不考虑经济增长。
答案：A3. 根据文章，以下哪个选项是错误的？A. 发展中国家需要全球化来促进经济增长。
B. 发达国家在全球化中扮演着重要角色。
C. 作者认为全球化是不可逆的趋势。
D. 作者认为全球化是有害的。
答案：D4. 文章中提到的“绿色经济”是什么意思？A. 一种以牺牲环境为代价的经济模式。
B. 一种注重环境保护的经济模式。
C. 一种只关注经济发展的经济模式。
D. 一种不关心经济和环境的经济模式。
答案：B5. 文章中提到的“碳足迹”是指什么？A. 个人或组织对环境的污染程度。
B. 个人或组织对经济的贡献。
C. 个人或组织的社会影响力。
D. 个人或组织的政治影响力。
答案：A二、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面短文，从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
In recent years, the concept of a "smart city" has become increasingly popular. A smart city is one that uses technology to improve the quality of life for its residents. For example, a smart city might use sensors to monitortraffic flow and __6__ congestion.6. A. reduceB. increaseC. avoidD. ignore答案：A7. These sensors can also be used to monitor air quality and__7__ any potential health hazards.7. A. identifyB. createC. ignoreD. exaggerate答案：A8. In addition to improving transportation and environmental conditions, smart cities can also __8__ energy use.8. A. increaseB. decreaseC. stabilizeD. fluctuate答案：B9. By using smart grids and energy-efficient buildings, a smart city can __9__ a significant amount of energy.9. A. consumeB. conserveC. wasteD. transfer答案：B10. The ultimate goal of a smart city is to create a more__10__ and sustainable living environment for its citizens.10. A. comfortableB. expensiveC. inconvenientD. unsustainable答案：A三、翻译（共20分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
在职攻读硕士联考英语-19_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
在职攻读硕士联考英语-19(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Dialogue CommunicationSection A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue.1.Speaker A: Listen. I've got some tickets for a great rock concert on Sunday night. Would you like to go?Speaker B: ______SSS_SINGLE_SELA Great! But I wonder if you have one more ticket so that I can bring my sister along.B All right. When will it start?C Sunday? Gee, I'd love to, but it's my mom's birthday.D Thanks ever so much.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:CA方邀请B方去听音乐会，B方需作出接受或谢绝邀请的回答。
A项后半部分不太得体，B项不符合这一情景下的交际惯例，D项未作答复。
只有C项是这一情景下的恰当反应。
2.Speaker A: Oh, doesn't your daughter look lovely?Speaker B: ______ SSS_SINGLE_SELA Oh, no. She looks just so so.B Yes, I'm proud of her.C Really? Why do you think so?D Well, your daughter looks lovely, too.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:BA方夸奖B方女儿长得可爱，对于别人的恭维之词，西方文化中对方可以大方地接受，而不像中国文化中那样非常谦虚，所以正确答案为B。
2019年考研英语试题与答案解析(完整版)
2019年考研英语试题与答案解析（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of peopleIf you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in dense fores, you should be ableto 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At might can the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C] Few[D] All2.[A]put[B]take[C] run[D] come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D] until4.[A]Formally[B]relatively[C] gradually[D] literally5.[A] back[B]next[C] around[D] away6.[A] onto[B]off[C]across[D] alone7.[A] unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A] site[B]point[C]way[D] place9.[A] So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D] Besides10.[A] immediately[B] intentionally[C] unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A] surprised[B] annoyed[C] frightened[D]confused12[A] problem[B]option[C]view[D] result13.[A] Above all[B] In contrast[C]On average[D] For example14.[A]bridge[B] avoid[C]spot[D] separate15.[A]form[B]through[C] beyond[D] Under16.[A] posts[B]links[C] shades[D]breaks17.[A] artificial[B] mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A] Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D] Generally19.[A] memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C] lead[D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be a predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"asubstantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the companyand on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers' sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism" in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates.When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now mostcolleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree programand gradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's registrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics suchas graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day are paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments’needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans? What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometime makesplit-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes. input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "or to develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms. It alsopledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair. To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. AffirmationB. skepticismC. contemptD. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficultfor states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generallyresponsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside thosestates Sellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hat collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws out.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the staleRetail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailersespecially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement"Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications Part BDirections.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our viewof arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to"win"an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way. to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems forour personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition. you can win by cheating as long as you don go caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes, "and I yell. "No, "neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41E-42D-F-43G-44B-C-45APart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column aboutthe medical journals, and beg read scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who est more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both health scores andshort-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth,but inflationary process at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers than would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number. (48)Attempts have been made to curd this tendency,for example by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.(49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientist can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that king of science.46【参考译文】在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。
2023年考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--Part OneIn spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption “launched by t he 19th –century department stores that offered ‘vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping int o a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National I mmigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation------language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fif teen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrantstend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of im migrant families.” Hence the description of America as a graveyard” for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez not that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.1. The word “homogenizing” （Line 2, Paragraph 1）most probably means___A. identifyingB. associatingC. assimilatingD. monopolizing2. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century___A. played a role in the spread of popular culture.B. became intimate shops for common consumers.C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.3. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.___A. are resistant to homogenization.B. exert a great influence on American culture.C. are hardly a threat to the common culture.D.constitute the majority of the population.4. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?A. To prove their popularity around the world.B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.C. To give examples of successful immigrants.D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.5. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society isA. rewardingB. SuccessfulC. fruitlessD. harmfulUnit 13（）Part 1重点词汇：1. uniformity n. 同样，一致；统一性；（有关词）uniform a.相似旳，统一原则旳；be uniform with与……同一形式或外貌2. casualness n. 偶尔，意外；草率行事；漫不经心；平心静气3. array ① n. 排列；一批，大量；显眼旳一系列② vt. 排列，制定（计划等）：array oneself 装扮，打扮自己、搭配vast arrays of 大批旳，大量旳4. knowledgeable a. 有知识旳，学识渊博旳，有见识旳5. amaze v. 使（某人）惊异或惊奇6. intimate a. 亲密旳，亲密旳7. cater v. = provide food and service 提供饮食及服务; 搭配cater for（或to）提供饮食及服务，迎合（某人）8. elite n. 精英，尖子9. elevate vt. 提高，抬起，振作精神；使（人）欢欣鼓舞；提高（思想、道德品质、文化素质等）。