跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 5 Non-verbal communication 2
跨文化交际英文版5 Nonverbal Communication (I)讲课稿
The thumbs-up
Britain: _____ & _____ Sardinia: _____ Greece: _____
Beckoning
America: _____ Malaysia: _____ Yugoslavia: _____ Indonesia: _____ Australia: _____ China: _____
interested Do not believe
Turn toward the person you are talking to.
Roll your eyes and turn your head away.
I. Understanding Nonverbal Communication
NVC involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his / her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. (Samovar, 2000: 149)
“Something is a bit suspicious / odd here.”
Italy--- to say “Hello.” Indonesians, Malaysians, and some speakers of Arabic---it signals “Come here.”
“Oh, I forgot.” or an expression of surprise.
跨文化交际导论课件第5章.pptx
Young Yun Kim’s Intercultural Communication Competence Model
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A Model from Chen Guoming
A Model of Intercultural Communication Communication
• In other words, interculturally sensitive persons are capable of projecting and receiving positive emotional responses in the process of interaction.
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A. Cognitive Ability - Intercultural
Awareness • The cognitive aspect of ICC is represented by
the ability of intercultural awareness, which refers to the understanding of cultural conventions that affect how we think and behave.
environments
• MANY OF THESE CORRESPOND TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
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A model of Intercultural Competence
Global Mentality Intercultural awareness Intercultural perspective Mutual respect and learning
北京大学出版社《跨文化交际》unit 5-6 Nonverbal_Communication
“Something is a bit suspicious / odd here.”
“Come here.”
Number 9 is widely used in the US to mean “Great, perfect, acceptable, O. K.” But is Belgium and France, it means “zero”; in Turkey, Brazil, Greece, and Malta, it has an obscene meaning; and in Tunisia, it is used as a threat.
Study Areas
Time language Space language Body language Paralanguage
Characteristics
The characteristics of nonverbal communication
omnipresent shared
Some signals are common
Fiddling with pencil / glasses Hold over mouth Wriggling in the chair, looking at
your watch
Text B: Making a Gesture
Do you know what the following gestures means?
volume speed
silence pause
Gesture; posture; stance Appearance
Time Orientation
Consider the past and you will know the present.
(完整版)跨文化交际英文版
munication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.2.Culture: The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings,hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.3.Acculturations: occurs when a society undergoes drastic culture change under the influence of a moredominant culture and society with which it has come in contact.4.Intercultural communication:It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions andsymbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.co-culture: when talking about groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics,perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.nguage is an organized, generally agreed on, learned symbol system used to represent theexperiences within a cultural community.7.Perception: the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and information to create ameaningful picture of the world.8.Value: is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally orsocially preferable to another.9.Culture patterns: refers to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceiveand think about the world, and the manner in which they live that world.10.Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups andout-groups.11.Masculinity: is the extent to which the dominant values in a society are male oriented and associatedwith ambitions, differentiated sex roles, achievements, acquisition of money and signs of manliness. 12.A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either inthe physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code.13.Context: the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of thatevent.14.World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, theuniverse and cosmos, life, moral and ethical reasoning, suffering, death, and other philosophical issues that influence how its members perceive their world.15.Argot is a more or less private vocabulary peculiar to a co-cultural group, and a group must have anargot if it is to be considered a co-culture.16.Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that aregenerated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.17.A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and processes information.18.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guidesour behavior toward a group of people.19.Culture shock: when we are thrust into another culture and experience psychological and physicaldiscomfort from this contact we have become victims of culture shock.20.Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s culture is primary to all explanations of reality.21.Seven characteristics of culture affect communication: learned, transmitted from generation togeneration, based on symbols, dynamic, integrated, ethnocentric, adaptive.22.Belief: our conviction in the truth of something. Learned and subject to cultural interpretation andcultural diversity.23.Individualism:refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth. The single mostimportant pattern in the US.24.Hofstede’s Value Dimensions:four parts: individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, powerdistance, and masculinity and femininity.25.Culture differs in their attitudes toward: individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance,power distance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.26.Religious Similarities: sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation, ethics.27.Five religious orientations: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism.28.the family we are born into the family of orientation and take a spouse the family of procreation.29.problems of translation and equivalence：vocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slangequivalence, grammatical-syntactical equivalence, experiential-cultural equivalence, conceptual equivalence.30.The use of argot reflects a co-culture’s need to have a language that permits them to 1.sharemembership,2. participate in their social and cultural communities,3. identify themselves and their place in the universe, 4. communicate with one another about their own social realities.31.Functions of communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting.32.The study of how movement communicates is called kinesics. Kinesic cues are those visible bodyshifts and movements that can send messages about 1.our attitude toward the other person 2. our emotional state 3. our desire to control our environment.33.Eyes serve six communication functions: 1. indicates degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2.help intiate and sustain intimate relationships 3. influence attitude change and persuasion 4. regulate interaction 5. communicate emotions 6. define power and status relationships 7. assume a central role in impression management.34.kinds of vocalizations: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, vocal segregates.。
跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 5 Non-verbal communication 2
1.2 The Importance of Nonverbal Communication
1.3 Functions of non-verbal communication
• • • •
Replacing Modifying Regulating Conveying
• Repeating • Contradicting • Emphasizing
Questions for Discussion:
• 1. What is nonverbal communication and how can we define it? Why can’t we ignore the existence of nonverbal behaviors in intercultural communication? • 2. How can we differentiate nonverbal communication from verbal communication? Depict the characteristics of nonverbal communication with examples in your daily life. • 3. What are the functions of nonverbal signals in intercultural communication?
Section 2
1. The Nature of Nonverbal Communication
1.1 Definition of Nonverbal Communication
• metacommunication (元信息传递) • paralinguistic (副语言，指手势语等；超语言， 如呻吟声、叹息声等) • second-order messages • the silent language • all those messages that people exchange beyond the words themselves / without the use
跨文化交际课程unit5
Question: How would you explain to Li Hua's parents about
the relationship between Li Hua and John? How could you explain to John Li Hua's parents' behavior?
Nonverbal Communication Time language Space language Body language Paralanguage
Content
Cultural Values
Comparison Between Chinese Values and Western Values
Culture Value
A value can be defined as a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a grouuences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of actions.
John, 28 years old, an Australian Studying Chinese in Beijing, met Li Hua at a dance party. Li Hua, 22, took an instant liking to John the first time they met. As time went on, they saw more and more of each other. After six months or so, Li Hua suggested that John meet her parents. Since this was the first time John had visited a Chinese family, he became quite nervous the moment he was introduced to Li Hua's parents, elder sister and sister-in-law. Soon after serving him some Chinese tea and fruit, Li Hua's mother began questioning John about his background, his family and relatives, as well as his economic status. John did his best to answer all of the questions,
跨文化商务沟通161Unit 5 Nonverbal Communication
Unit 5Nonverbal CommunicationIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGObectivesI. What is nonverbal communication II. Nonverbal communication and culture III. Functions of nonverbal communication IV. The Importance of Nonverbal Communication V. Nonverbal communication: guidelines andlimitations VI. Categories of Nonverbal CommunicationIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGI. Defining nonverbal communication• 1. Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.• 2. Nonverbal messages may be both intentional and unintentional.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGII. Nonverbal communication and culture • 1. Much of our nonverbal behavior, likeculture, tends to be elusive, spontaneous, and frequently beyond our awareness.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 2. Culture is all-pervasive, multidimensional, and boundless; it is everywhere and in everything. The same is true of nonverbal behavior.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 3. Another parallel between culture and nonverbal behavior is that both need to be learned.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 4. Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture's underlying attitudes and values. It can also assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIII. Functions of nonverbal communication • To repeat, complement, substitute for averbal action, regulate, and contradict a communication event.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIV. The importance of nonverbal communication• 1.We make important judgments and decisions about others based on their non-verbal behavior.• 2. We use the actions of others to learn about their affective or emotional states.• 3. Many of our nonverbal actions are not easily controlled consciously.• 4. Nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercultural communication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universal language.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGV. Nonverbal communication: guidelines and limitations1.It is important to remember that we are all more than our culture.2. In nonverbal communication, we often make differences more important than they should be.3. Nonverbal actions seldom occur in isolation.IBC COURSEWARE OFVI. Categories of Nonverbal Communication•1. Those primarily produced by the body: appearance, movements (kinesics), facial expressions, eye contact, touch.•2. Those the individual combines with the setting: space, time, and silence.IBC COURSEWARE OF2. Body movement (kinesics)•posture•gesturesIBC COURSEWARE OF3. Facial Expressions4. Eye contact and gaze5. TouchIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFhe/she is ready to move at any time. his/her feelings, trying to calm down.•How Body Communicates, from head to toesIBC COURSEWARE OFHEAD-Nodding the head-“Yes”in most societies-“No”in some parts of Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Turkey•Tossing the head backward–“yes”in Thailand, the Philippines, India, LaosIBC COURSEWARE OFFACE IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFEYES*Eye contacts-Encouraged in America, Canada, Europe-Rude in most Asian countries and in Africa*Winking eye-Sharing secret in America and Europe-flirtatious gesture in other countries*Closed eyes-bored or sleepy in America-“I’m listening and concentrating.”in Japan, Thailand, ChinaIBC COURSEWARE OFEars*Ear grasp-“I’m sorry.”in parts of India*Cupping the ear-“I can’t hear you.”in all societies*Pulling ear-“You are in my heart”for Navajo IndiansIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFLIPS AND MOUTHCheeks*Cheek screw-gesture of praise -Italy-“That’s crazy.”Germany*Cheek stroke-“pretty, attractive, success”most EuropeIBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING*Kiss. In parts of Asia, kissing is considered an intimate sexual act and not permissible in public, even as a social greeting.IBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING •Finger tip kiss. In France, it conveys several messages, “That’s good!”“That’s great!”“That’s beautiful!.”IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING*Open mouth. Any display of the open mouth is considered very rude in mostcountries.Fingers*The “O.K.”signal. (the thumb and forefinger form a circle) means*“fine,”or “O.K.”in most cultures,*“zero”or “worthless”in some parts ofEurope*“money”in Japan*an insult in Greece, Brazil, Italy, Turkey,Russia and some other countriesIBC COURSEWARE OFFingers*Pointing.*Pointing with the index finger iscommon in North America andEurope.*But it is considered impolite inJapan and China where theyfavor using the whole open hand.*Malaysians prefer pointing withthe thumb.IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Of all the body parts, thehands are probably used most for communicating non-verbally.*Hand waves are used for greetings, beckoning, orfarewells.Hands*The Italian“good-bye”wave can be interpreted by Americans as the gesture of “come here.”*The American “good-bye”wave can be interpreted in many parts of Europe and Latin America as the signal for “no.”IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Handshaking is a form of greeting in most Western cultures.*In the Middle East, a gentlegrip is appropriate.*In most Asian cultures, a gentlegrip and an avoidance of directeye contact is appropriate.IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Right hand. The right hand has special significance in many societies. In certain countries in the Middle East and in Asia, it is best to present business cards or gifts, or to pass dishes of food, to get an attention, using only the right hand or both. *Left hand is considered unclean in much of the Middle East and in parts of Indonesia.IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Clapping hands.*Russians and Chinese may use applause to greet someone.*In many central and eastern Europe,audience frequently clap in rhythm.IBC COURSEWARE OFNose*Holding the nose-“Something smells bad.”universal *Nose tap-“It’s confidential.”England-“Watch out!”or "Be careful.”ItalyIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFNose*Pointing to nose-“It ’s me.”China*Blowing nose-In most Asian countries , blowing the nose at social gathering is ‘disgusting.’Arms*Some cultures, like the Italians, use thearms freely. Others, like the Japanese,are more reserved; it is considered impolite to gesticulate with broadmovements of the arms.*Folding arms are interpreted by somesocial observers as a form of excluding self, “I am taking a defensive posture,”or“I disagree with what I am hearing.”IBC COURSEWARE OF*Arms akimbo. In many cultures, thisstance signals aggression, resistance, impatience, or even anger.*Arms behind back, hands grasped is a sign of ease and control.*Arms in front, hands grasped, common practice in most Asian countries, is a sign of mutual respect for others.IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFLegs & Feet*In Asia, do not point with your toes.*In Asia and some European countries, putting feet up on a desk or any other piece of furniture is very disrespectful.*Sitting cross-legged, while common in North America and some European countries, is very impolite in other parts of the world.IBC COURSEWARE OFCase Study•Study the following three cases and explain what messages smiles and laughter usually convey.IBC COURSEWARE OFCase Study1. In a Chinese classroom a girl was asked to answer a question. She stood up and smiled, without making any sound.2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally fall over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.3. In the dining room, when an American drops a plate quite by accident and feels bad, and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feelingIBC COURSEWARE OFSmile and laughter•Smile and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment.•In case A, the girl smiled to cover her embarrassment resulting from not being able to answer the question.•In case B and C, the laughter is not at the person or his misfortune –whether he is aIBC COURSEWARE OFSmile and laughter foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: don’t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing’such things can happen to any of us.IBC COURSEWARE OFSpace and Distance •Space includes the personal space and territoriality.•Animals and human beings both stake out to defend their territories.•The territorial invasion of a country may lead to the declaration of war. But people as individuals may not be so pugnacious (好斗的).• A more tangible form of communication between people is the use and control of space.IBC COURSEWARE OFNorth Americans’distance habit0~45cm:intimate lovers and family members45~80cm:friends (personal distance)130~300cm:acquaintances (social distance)>270cm:public space, not belong to oneself Behind:strangers speaking from behind are allowed to stand much more nearer.IBC COURSEWARE OFSpace and Distance•Personal spaceEdward T. Hall suggests that “each person has around him an invisible bubble of space which expands and contracts depending on his relationship to those around him, his emotional state, and the activity he is performing.”Based on his observations of North Americans, Hall developed four categories of distance in human interactions:IBC COURSEWARE OF•(1) Intimate distance: ranging from body contact to 18 inches, this distance is used for personal contact, comforting, and protecting.** 一英寸=2.54厘米IBC COURSEWARE OF•(2) Personal distance: from 18 inches to 4 feet, depending on the closeness of the relationship, in this distancing mode people have an visible “space bubble”separating themselves from others.** 1英尺(ft)=0.3048米(m)IBC COURSEWARE OF•(3) Social distance: from 4 to 12 feet, this distance is used by acquaintances and strangers in business meetings and classrooms.IBC COURSEWARE OF。
高中英语跨文化交际实用教程unit5课件
Most of the world: good
Australia and Nigeria: “up yours.”
Parts of America and Europe: A lift
German: The number 1
Japan: The number 5
Sign of telling sb to come closer
In the Middle East Nodding the head down: I agree
up: I disagree Japan: I am listening.
26
Shaking the head
most countries: refusal or disapproval SriLanks, Nepal, and India: agreement
Germany/Sweden/China: a sign of rudeness and poor maners
(2) Gestures– point to objects and people
US: ok
Asia: rude
German
Janpanese
Nodding the head
In north America: up and down: I agree
English-speaking countries Avoid physical contact
If touch accidentally, make an apology
“Sorry, oh, I’m sorry.” “Excuse me.”
China and other Asian cultures In public, a little body touching
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Section 1 Warm-up Intercultural movie
Secrets of Touch as a sign of power • Eye contact may betray one’s lies • Gestures indicate one’s real situation • Facial expression manifest one’s true feeling
• Appreciate how attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messages in intercultural encounters.
• Be aware of the importance of intercultural nonverbal communication for interpreters
如呻吟声、叹息声等) • second-order messages • the silent language • all those messages that people exchange
beyond the words themselves / without the use
1.2 The Importance of Nonverbal Communication
Questions for Discussion:
• 1. What is nonverbal communication and how can we define it? Why can’t we ignore the existence of nonverbal behaviors in intercultural communication?
Chapter 5
Nonverbal Communication
Learning Objectives
• Understand what nonverbal communication is and what function it serves.
• Specify the similarities and differences between verbal and nonverbal communication.
Verbal
• Structured • Linguistic • Discontinous • Clear • Acquired • Controllable • less Universal
Nonverbal • Unstructured • Nonlinguistic • Continuous • Ambiguous • Natural • Uncontrollable • More Universal
1.5 Classification of Nonverbal Communication
• (1) body movement (Kinesics) (身势语) • (2) eye contact (Oculesic) (目光语，目光对视) • (3) touching (Haptic) (接触) • (4) spatial language (Proxemic) (空间语言) • (5) Chronemics (时间语言) (temporal language) • (6) Paralanguage (副语言学).
Section 2
1. The Nature of Nonverbal Communication
1.1 Definition of Nonverbal Communication
• metacommunication (元信息传递) • paralinguistic (副语言，指手势语等；超语言，
The Selected Scene ---Signs of Power
Task:
• why Barak and Arafat avoid going through the door first and elaborate the importance of understanding body language.
• Describe cultural rules governing body language, which includes posture, gesture, eye contact, facial expressions, body touch and smell.
• Understand how paralanguage affect successful messages in intercultural encounters.
Warm-up questions
• Do you think that nonverbal behaviors like these are acquired or natural?
• Are nonverbal means mostly universal or culture-specific? • When contradictory messages are sent through both
verbal and nonverbal channels, which do you see as more accurate? • How important is nonverbal communication in intercultural communication? • Does culture have a strong impact on nonverbal behavior?
1.3 Functions of non-verbal communication
• Replacing • Modifying • Regulating • Conveying
• Repeating • Contradicting • Emphasizing
1.4 Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication