Electronic Publication and the Narrowing of Science and Scholarship
高中英语选择性必修第四册Unit5LaunchingYourCareer单元复习与测试课后练习、课时
一、根据首字母填写单词(单词拼写)1. After receiving the funds, the accountant wrote r________to the sponsors. （根据首字母单词拼写）2. I hope they continue to fight for equal j________after I’m gone. （根据首字母单词拼写）3. Our monitor has great s________skills and it is easy for him to communicate with others. （根据首字母单词拼写）二、根据汉语意思填写单词(单词拼写)4. The ________(律师) claimed that the teenager that was accused was not guilty. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）5. The little boy looked at the cakes with ________(贪婪的) eyes. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）6. Under the new regulations, there is no ________(停车) here between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）三、完成句子7. 用我们的双手工作而不是依靠别人是非常有意义的。
________ is very meaningful.8. 我胜任这份工作。
这是因为我热心，并且容易相处。
I am equal to the job.________.四、汉译英（单词/短语）(翻译)9. 汉译英1. __________ vi.& vt. (使)弹起；上下晃动n.弹性；弹跳；活力2. ___________ n.律师3. ___________ vt.组装；装配vi.& vt.收集；聚集；集合4. ___________ n.手腕；腕关节5. ___________ n.债务；欠款6. ___________ vt.把……分类(加以归类)7. ___________ n.代码；密码vt.编码；把……译成密码8. ___________ n.侦探；警探9. ___________ n.图表；图形；图画adj.绘画的；图案的10. ___________ n.密探；间谍vi.从事间谍活动vt.突然看见；发现五、汉译英（整句）(翻译)10. 我希望我告诉了他去超市的路。
2020新译林版高中英语必修二unit3课文原文及翻译(含单词表)
2020牛津译林版新教材高中英语必修二unit3课文原文及翻译（含单词表）Alex around the world亚力克斯环球游记10 January, a wedding ceremony, India一月十日，一场婚礼，印度When Nadim invited me to his sister's wedding, I knew it would be the opportunity of a lifetime. I was definitely not wrong!当纳迪姆邀请我参加他妹妹的婚礼时，我觉得这是个千载难逢的好机会。
结果我还真没猜错！The wedding ceremony took place in a brightly decorated hotel room. There were hundreds of guests, all dressed up in formal, colourful clothes. According to tradition,the bride was wearing an eye-catching red silk sari.婚礼在一间装饰华美的酒店包房内举行。
到场宾客数以百计，个个身着色彩艳丽的礼服。
遵照传统，新娘身穿一袭分外夺目的红丝绸莎丽。
I did not understand all of the traditional customs, but a few made a deep impression on me. One was the bridegroom's entrance on a beautiful white horse. I had never seen that back home! Another was the part when Nadim's father proudly led his daughter through the rows of seats to her husband. It reminded me of my sister's wedding.Although our cultures are so different, the smiling faces are the same.不是所有的传统习俗我都了解，但有一些给我留下了深刻的印象。
如何使用图书馆的数据库英语作文大学
如何使用图书馆的数据库英语作文大学全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Use University Library DatabasesIntroductionUniversity library databases are a valuable resource for students and researchers, providing access to a wealth of academic materials and information. In this article, we will discuss how to effectively utilize these databases to enhance your research and studies.Accessing Library DatabasesMost university libraries provide access to their databases through their website. To access these resources, you will need to log in using your university credentials. Once logged in, you can browse the available databases and select the ones that best suit your research needs.Choosing the Right DatabaseWith so many databases available, it's important to choose the one that is most relevant to your research topic. Consider thesubject matter, type of material (journal articles, books, dissertations, etc.), and currency of content when selecting a database. If you're unsure which database to use, consult with a librarian for guidance.Search StrategiesOnce you've selected a database, it's time to start searching for information. Use keywords related to your research topic to search for relevant articles and publications. Consider using Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to refine your search and narrow down the results. You can also use advanced search features to filter results by author, publication date, or publication type.Evaluating SourcesWhen using library databases, it's important to critically evaluate the sources you find. Consider the credibility of the author, the publication, and the information presented. Look for peer-reviewed articles, which have been reviewed by experts in the field and are considered more reliable.Saving and Organizing Your FindingsAs you find relevant articles and publications, it's important to save and organize them for future reference. Most databasesallow you to save articles to a personal folder or download them for offline access. You can also create folders or bookmarks to organize your findings by topic or theme.Citing SourcesWhen using information from library databases in your research, it's essential to properly cite your sources. Follow the citation style recommended by your university or discipline (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) and include all necessary information such as author, title, publication date, and database name. Failing to cite your sources properly could lead to accusations of plagiarism.ConclusionUniversity library databases are a valuable resource for students and researchers, providing access to a wide range of academic materials. By following the tips outlined in this article, you can effectively use these databases to enhance your research and studies. Remember to choose the right database, use effective search strategies, evaluate your sources, save and organize your findings, and cite your sources properly. Happy researching!篇2How to Use a University Library DatabaseIntroductionWhen conducting research or writing academic papers, university students often rely on library databases to access scholarly information. These databases provide access to a wide range of resources such as journal articles, books, conference papers, and more. However, navigating these databases can be overwhelming for some students. In this guide, we will discuss how to effectively use a university library database to find the information you need.Accessing the DatabaseMost university libraries provide access to their databases through their library website. Once you have logged in to the library website using your university credentials, you will typically find a section dedicated to electronic resources or databases. Here, you can search for the specific database you need by title or subject.Search StrategiesBefore you start searching the database, it is important to think about your research topic and develop a search strategy. Consider using keywords related to your topic and brainstorm synonyms or related terms that you can use in your search. UsingBoolean operators such as AND, OR, and NOT can also help narrow down your search results.Filters and Advanced SearchMost library databases offer advanced search options that allow you to refine your search results. You can use filters to narrow down the results by publication date, author, or document type. You can also use advanced search operators to search for specific phrases or words within the database.Reading and Evaluating SourcesOnce you have found relevant sources in the database, it is important to read and evaluate them critically. Consider the credibility of the author, the publication date, and the source of the information. Make sure to keep track of the sources you are using for your research and cite them appropriately in your paper.Saving and Organizing SourcesTo keep track of the sources you find in the database, consider saving them to a reference management tool such as EndNote or Zotero. These tools allow you to organize your sources, create citations, and generate bibliographies for yourpaper. It is also a good idea to keep a log of the sources you have used and where you found them for easy reference.Seeking Help from LibrariansIf you are having trouble finding information in the database or need assistance with your research, do not hesitate to seek help from a librarian. Librarians are trained to help students navigate library resources and can provide guidance on how to effectively use the databases for your research.ConclusionUsing a university library database can be a valuable tool for accessing scholarly information and conducting research. By following the tips outlined in this guide, you can effectively use the database to find the information you need for your academic papers and projects. Remember to develop a search strategy, use filters and advanced search options, critically evaluate your sources, and seek help from librarians when needed. Happy researching!篇3How to Use College Library DatabasesIntroductionCollege libraries offer a wealth of resources to support students' academic research and learning. One of the most valuable resources available is the library's databases, which provide access to a wide range of scholarly articles, journals, books, and other materials. However, many students may not be familiar with how to effectively use these databases to find the information they need. In this guide, we will provide astep-by-step overview of how to use college library databases to enhance your research skills and academic success.Step 1: Accessing the Library DatabasesMost college libraries offer online access to their databases through the library's website. To access the databases, you will usually need to log in with your student ID and password. Once you are logged in, you can usually find a link to the databases on the library's homepage. Click on this link to access the databases.Step 2: Choosing the Right DatabaseCollege libraries typically subscribe to multiple databases, each of which covers a different subject area or type of material. It is important to choose the right database for your research topic to ensure that you find relevant information. You can usually browse the databases by subject or by type of material(such as articles, books, or multimedia). Once you have selected a database, you can start searching for information.Step 3: Searching for InformationMost library databases offer a search bar where you can enter keywords related to your research topic. To get the best results, it is important to use specific keywords that are relevant to your topic. You can also use search operators such as "AND," "OR," and "NOT" to refine your search. Once you have entered your search terms, click on the search button to view the results.Step 4: Evaluating Search ResultsAfter you have conducted a search, the database will display a list of results that match your search criteria. It is important to evaluate these results to determine which ones are most relevant to your research. Look for articles or other materials that are written by reputable authors, published in scholarly journals, and contain accurate and up-to-date information.Step 5: Accessing Full TextOnce you have found a relevant article or other material, you will usually have the option to access the full text. Some databases provide full text directly within the database, while others may provide links to the full text on the publisher'swebsite. If the full text is not available, you may need to request it through interlibrary loan or contact the library for assistance.Step 6: Citing SourcesWhen you use information from library databases in your research, it is important to cite your sources properly. Most library databases provide citation tools that can help you generate accurate citations in the appropriate format (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago). Make sure to follow the citation guidelines provided by your instructor or department to avoid plagiarism and give proper credit to the original authors.ConclusionUsing college library databases effectively can help you find high-quality, reliable information for your academic research and coursework. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can enhance your research skills, improve the quality of your assignments, and succeed in your college studies. If you have any questions or need assistance with using library databases, don't hesitate to reach out to your college librarian for help. With practice and persistence, you can become a proficient user of library databases and take your academic performance to the next level.。
证券基础知识（Basicknowledgeofsecurities）
证券基础知识（Basic knowledge of securities）The narrow sense refers to securities, capital securities, including generalized commodity negotiable securities (bill of lading, shipping order, warehouse receipt), currency securities (Securities and Commercial Bank Securities)Securities are divided into government securities, government agencies, securities (our country does not allow them) and corporate securities (including financial securities) (certificate treasury bonds, common open-end funds).Whether it is listed on an exchange: listed securities and unlisted securitiesCollection: public offering and private securities (trust scheme)Financial planning, private placement).According to the nature of the rights represented: stocks, bonds, other securities (funds, derivatives, financial futures, convertible securities, warrants)Characteristics of Securities: A, earnings, B liquidity, C risk, D, durationThe characteristics of the securities market: the place where A values are exchanged directly, the place where B property rights are exchanged directly, and the places where C risks are exchanged directlyThe variety structure of the stock market: stock, bond, fund, derivative market.The basic functions of the securities market: Financing - investment pricing, capital allocation functionSecurities Market Intermediaries: securities companies, securities registration Clearing Corp, securities service institutions (investment consulting firms, accounting firms, asset evaluation institutions, law firms, securities credit rating agencies)The emergence of the securities market: A socialized mass production and the development of commodity economy, the development of B stock system, the development of C credit systemThe development trend of international securities market: A market integration, B investor legal person, C financial innovation, D financial institutions mixing, E exchange restructured company, F stock market network, G financial crisis complicated, H financial supervision cooperationChina's first standardized futures contract - the Shenzhen Nonferrous Metals Exchange - aluminium foil futures standard contract (to achieve long-term contracts to futures excessive)WTO after the securities industry in the transitional period of 5 years of opening up include: 1 2 B shares directly into the exchange 3 special members of the establishment of the joint venture company engaged in fund management business to 4 withinthree years of the establishment of the joint venture company engaged in securities A shares B shares H shares and government bonds, corporate debt underwriting and trading 5 joint venture securities business consulting services, give national treatment, with decentralization mechanismThe nature of the stock: A securities, B securities, C securities, D capital securities, E, integrated rights securitiesStock characteristics: 1, yield 2, risk 3, liquidity 4, permanent 5 participationStock type: A common stock and preferred stock (different rights) B registered shares and bearer shares (whether C and par stock right) no par stock (whether that amount of points)Stock value: 1 par value, 2 book value (net worth OR, net assets per share) 3, liquidation value 4, intrinsic value (theoretical value OR, present value of future earnings)The factors affecting stock prices: A company's operating conditions (1 2 of the net assets of the profit level of 3 dividend policy 4 stock split 5 capital increase 6 sales of 7 raw materials for the price of 10 accident reorganization of the 8 major operators reason substitute 9 company B macroeconomic factors (1) economic growth of 2 economic cycle 3 monetary policy "reserve ratio then, the discount rate, open market industry" 4 fiscal policy 5 market interest rate 6 7 8 inflation rate changes in the international balance of payments (1) C political factors War 2 regime change 3 major economicpolicies to conquer the 4 international social political and economic changes in policy and system arrangement) D E psychological factors to stabilize the market (technical suspension to temporarily halt F) manipulated factorsThe rights of ordinary shareholders: 1, the participation of the major decision-making rights, 2 of the company's assets, proceeds and the remaining assets of the allocation of 3 preferred stock options, 4 access to company information, 5 trading stocksSettlement order: clearing costs - workers' salaries - social security costs - statutory compensation - taxes owed - corporate debt - ordinary shareholdersChina's stock is divided into state stock, legal person stock, social public stock and foreign capital stock according to the investment subjectBond features: 1 repayment, 2 liquidity, 3 security, 4 YieldBond classification: A Issuers (1 government bonds financial bonds 2 3 corporate bonds) by way of B service (1 zero coupon bonds 2 coupon bonds 3 4 accumulated coupon bond floating rate bonds (1 C) according to the morphological classification of real bonds 2 Certificate bonds 3 jizhangshi bonds 4 general government bonds belong to the public sector debt the narrow part of the government bonds)Characteristics of government bonds: 1 high safety, 2 liquidity, 3 stable income, 4 tax-free treatmentNational debt is dealt with according to funds: A deficit, treasury bonds, B, construction bonds, C, war bonds, D special treasury bondsSavings bonds are non circulation bonds issued by individuals, which are mainly based on personal savingsThe interest rate for the Treasury bonds of the bookkeeping type includes the accounting bonds, the underwriting group, the tender, the determination of the interest rate of the Treasury bonds, and the reference deposit rates of the Ministry of Finance and the relation between supply and demandTypes of corporate bonds: A, Credit Companies bonds (unsecured), B real estate mortgage debt, C guarantee, corporate bonds, D earnings, corporate bonds, E, Switching Company bonds, F, warrants, corporate bondsInternational Securities features: 1, a wide range of sources of funds, large-scale publication, 2 exchange rate risk, 3 national sovereignty guarantee, 4 free convertible currencies for measuring currency"Dragon bond" refers to a bond denominated in Asian currencies other than JapanCharacteristics of investment funds: A portfolio investment, B risk diversification, C professional financial managementThe role of the Fund: 1 broaden the channels for small and mediuminvestors, 2 conducive to the stability and development of the securities marketThe custodian of the fund may, in consultation with the authority, reduce the custodian fees of the fund and shall not hold the holder's meeting after approval by the CSRCFund investment risk: 1, market risk 2, management ability risk 3, technology risk 4, huge redemption riskThe basic characteristics of financial derivatives: A, intertemporal, B, leverage, C linkage, D uncertainty, high risk (credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, settlement risk, operational risk, legal risk)Financial derivatives are classified according to the product form and trading place: the derivative instruments 2, exchange traded derivatives, and 3OTC transactions are carried out within 1Financial derivatives are classified according to their trading methods and characteristics: A financial forward contracts, B financial futures, C financial options, D financial swaps, E structured financial derivativesAccording to the basic tools classification: 1 equity class (stock futures, stock options, stock index futures, stock index options and mixed trading contracts)2 interest rate (forward rate agreement interest rate futures interest rate option and interest rate swap contracts3 hybrid(mixed) currency trading contract Forex currency futures currency options and currency swap contracts) 4 Credit (credit swap credit linked notes) 5 other classesInnovation of financial derivatives: risk management innovation, mobile innovation, credit creation, innovation, equity innovationThe option's rights period is in the same direction as the time value, but the nonlinear effects on the underlying asset yield will make the call option price fall and the option price riseThe elements of warrant include: class mark, exercise price, duration of existence (more than 6 months, less than 24 months), exercise date, exercise, settlement method, exercise proportionWhen convertible bonds are issued, the nature of securities is convertible bonds, convertible preferred sharesDepository Receipts (DR), also known as pre release vouchers, have advantages for issuers: A has large market capacity and strong financing ability; B avoids the issue of direct issuance of stocks and bonds, and has simple procedures and low costADR advantages for investors: in dollar trading, domestic liquidation ADR must be registered with the SEC to help protect the rights and interests of investors. Dividend payments are made in US dollars to circumvent investment policy restrictionsAsset Securitization: A classification according to theclassification of basic assets (real estate securitization of accounts receivable securitization of credit asset securitization of future revenue securitization bond portfolio Securitization (B) according to the regional classification of domestic asset securitization offshore asset securitization) attribute classification C securitization products (equity bond hybrid)Asset securitization sponsors (including the original interests of large industrial and commercial enterprises and financial institutions (SPV) for the sponsors of the asset securitization issuance mechanism based products) funds and assets of depository institutions credit enhancement credit rating agencies underwriter investorsThere is no national market in the securities issuing market, which is an invisible marketSecurities issuance system: registration system approval system (China)China's stock approval system, the audit committee, the Commission approved the sponsor and sponsor representatives should be diligent, honest and trustworthyChina's initial public offering of shares by inquiry to determine the issue price of shares, the initial inquiry to determine the price range and price earnings range, the sponsor of the issue price range in the inquiry to the object of the cumulative vote inquiryHolland style tender (minimum price, highest yield) short term discount bond using a single price approachAmerican bidding according to their price "using a variety of yield of long-term bonds"The general assembly is the highest authority of the exchange, the board of directors, the exchange, the policy-making bodyThe general manager of the exchange shall be appointed and removed by the CSRCThe implementation plan for the establishment of the SME Board of the Shenzhen stock exchange contains four basic principles (careful promotion, integration and separation, strict management and overall consideration)Small and medium-sized board of "two unchanged" (abide by the laws and regulations unchanged, issuing, listing conditions, information disclosure requirements unchanged), "four independent" (running independent supervision, independent code, independent index independent)There is a base stock index pulled Sebel weighted index (using the base of circulation and turnover as weights)The weighted stock index in the calculation period is also called the weighted index (the calculation period, the circulation and the volume are the weights)The geometric weighted stock index, also called the Fisherideal (the geometric average of the two indices above, is rarely used)Stock income: dividend income, capital gain, accumulation fund, income increaseTypes of dividends: cash dividends, stock dividends, property dividends, liabilities, dividends, construction dividends (an unprofitable, no dividend) exceptionBond yields: debt interest income, capital gains, reinvested earningsProvident fund source: A premium issued part of the B after tax profits in the C assets revaluation of value-added part of D, the external gift of propertySystem risk: policy risk, economic cycle risk, interest rate risk, purchasing power risk (inflation)Non systemic risk: credit risk, operation risk, financial riskThe management of securities assets is the maximization of the return of entrusted assetsThe board of directors of the securities brokerage business and other two businesses shall have the remuneration and Nomination Committee, the audit committee and the risk control committeeThe internal control of securities companies shall be implemented in a sound, rational, balanced and independentprincipleThe main content of internal control of brokerage business is to prevent misappropriation of customer's funds, assets, illegal integration into financial funds and settlement risksProprietary business focus: A prevent scale out of control, decision-making mistakes, beyond authorization, disguised self, outside the account self, manipulate the market, insider trading, B establish decision-making process, strengthen decision-making management, C reasonable early warning mechanismInvestment banks focus on prevention: legal risk, financial risk, moral hazardThe research consulting business should focus on the prevention of false information, misleading investors, unqualified practice, illegal practice and conflicts of interestBusiness innovation should focus on prevention: illegal, illegal, out of control, decision-making errorBranches should focus on prevention: ultra vires management, runaway budget and moral hazardNet capital = net assets - financial products investment risk adjusted - receivables risk adjusted assets - other project risk adjusted risk adjustment of long-term assets or liabilities of the risk adjusted -\+ Commission finds that the other adjustment projectSecurities registration Clearing Corp established conditions: A own funds of not less than 200 million yuan, B necessary places and facilities, C main management and practitioners to have qualifications, D other conditionsSecurities market supervision means: legal means, economic means, necessary administrative measuresThe significance of securities market supervision is to protect the interests of investors, 2 to maintain a good order in the market, 3 to develop and improve the securities market system, 4 accurate and comprehensive information is conducive to the decision-making of participantsThe International Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has published three objectives of Supervision: protecting investors, ensuring fair market efficiency and transparency, and reducing system riskInformation disclosure: comprehensiveness, authenticity, timelinessManipulation of market behavior: A alone or conspiracy to concentrate funds, holding advantages, continuous selling, buying B, collusion with others, predetermined time, price, the way to affect the price and quantity, C in their own accounts of the invertedInsider information includes: a major change in 1 significant changes in distribution of dividends or capital increase plan2 equity structure3 debt guarantees4 principal business property mortgage, key management personnel of a sale of scrap assets of more than 30%5 the behavior of the company may undertake major damages of6 listed companies in the acquisition programThree functions of the securities practitioners' Association: self service transmissionSecurities practitioners code of conduct: integrity, honesty, encouragement, responsibility, honesty, confidentiality, self-discipline, law-abiding。
新时代核心英语教程写作3教学课件(U11)
Locating and evaluating material
Locating and evaluating material
Generally, this step comprises the following two sub-steps. 1. locating: finding the most promising sources 2. evaluating: evaluating the sources to
2. Databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) list titles of articles as well as full text material which you can easily access.
What is behind U.K. occupation and governance diplomacy after World War II
Activity 1
Narrow down the following broad topics to proper ones that are fit for research papers of about 2,000 words.
determine which ones are genuinely useful, and eliminating those that are out-of-date, unreliable, or less relevant
Locate material
1. The library is usually your first choice when you look for sources.
关于假期去北京的英语作文60词
关于假期去北京的英语作文1During my vacation, I had an unforgettable trip to Beijing. It was a journey filled with wonder and excitement.I visited the Forbidden City, and I was simply astounded by its grand architecture and rich history. The magnificent palaces and elaborate decorations seemed to tell stories of the past. Every step I took there felt like walking through time. The vast courtyards and the countless rooms made me realize the scale and complexity of the imperial life.Another remarkable experience was climbing the Great Wall. Standing on top of it, I was overwhelmed by its majesty and splendor. The long stretch of the wall snaked across the mountains, and I couldn't help but admire the wisdom and hard work of the ancient laborers. The view from the wall was breathtaking, and it made me feel small in the face of such a magnificent creation.In Beijing, the food was also a highlight. I tasted various local delicacies that tantalized my taste buds. The busy streets and friendly people added to the charm of the city.This vacation in Beijing was not just a trip; it was a journey of discovery and inspiration. It has left an indelible mark on my heart, and I look forward to returning one day to explore more of its wonders.2During my vacation in Beijing, I experienced many wonderful things that made me fall deeply in love with this city.I visited the famous Summer Palace, where I spent hours strolling along the paths, surrounded by the serene beauty of the lakes and mountains. The reflection of the ancient buildings in the water was like a painting, and the gentle breeze carried the fragrance of nature, making me forget all my worries.One of the highlights of my trip was undoubtedly the taste of Peking Roast Duck. The crispy skin and tender meat, combined with the unique sauce and thin pancakes, created a flavor that was simply unforgettable. Every bite was a burst of joy in my mouth, and I couldn't help but savor each moment.I also explored the Forbidden City, stepping into the historical corridors and imagining the lives of the emperors and their courts. The magnificent architecture and the rich history hidden within the walls left me in awe.In the evenings, I wandered through the narrow alleys of the old city, observing the locals going about their daily lives. The warm smiles and friendly greetings made me feel like a part of this big family.Beijing is not just a city; it's a living museum, a culinary paradise, and a place full of life and charm. I will always cherish the memories of myvacation here and look forward to returning one day.3During my vacation in Beijing, it was an unforgettable and profoundly enriching experience. I was completely immersed in the city's profound cultural heritage.One of the most captivating moments was when I witnessed a Peking Opera performance. The stage was a dazzling display of colors and emotions. The actors, with their exquisite costumes and masterful performances, commanded the audience's attention. Their every gesture, every note sung, seemed to tell a story that transcended time and space. I was spellbound by their artistry, finding myself lost in the beauty and charm of this traditional art form.Another remarkable experience was strolling through the hutongs. The narrow alleys were like a maze, each turn revealing a new facet of old Beijing's life. The old houses with their traditional architecture stood as silent witnesses to the passage of time. The sounds of children playing and the chatter of neighbors created a warm and inviting atmosphere. I could sense the strong sense of community and the simple joys of life that permeated these ancient lanes.In conclusion, my vacation in Beijing was a journey through history and culture. It was a time of discovery and appreciation, leaving an indelible mark on my heart.During my vacation in Beijing, I had numerous unforgettable and interesting moments that still linger in my heart.I spent a wonderful day strolling along Wangfujing Street. The hustle and bustle of the place, with people coming and going, and the dazzling array of shops and products on both sides of the street, filled me with amazement. The strong commercial atmosphere made me feel the vibrant pulse of this modern city.Another remarkable experience was visiting the Bird's Nest and the Water Cube. Standing before these magnificent modern architectural masterpieces, I couldn't help but gasp in awe at their unique charm and grandeur. The ingenious designs and the imposing structures left me deeply impressed.In addition, I also wandered through the old hutongs, where time seemed to slow down. The traditional courtyard houses and the friendly smiles of the residents presented a stark contrast to the modernity outside. It was as if I had stepped into a different world, experiencing the profoundness and warmth of traditional culture.This vacation in Beijing allowed me to witness the seamless integration of modernity and tradition. It was a journey full of surprises and discoveries, leaving me with precious memories that will last a lifetime.During my vacation in Beijing, I was deeply impressed by the remarkable development and changes this city has undergone. I still remember the old days when the traffic in Beijing was often chaotic and congested. But now, the situation has improved significantly. The expansion of the subway lines and the establishment of intelligent traffic control systems have made commuting much more efficient and smooth. The modern transportation infrastructure not only shortens the distance between different areas but also boosts the city's economic development.Another aspect that caught my attention was the environmental protection measures. In the past, air pollution was a serious issue in Beijing. However, nowadays, there are more and more green spaces and parks. The government has implemented strict policies to control emissions and promote the use of clean energy. People have also become more environmentally conscious. They actively participate in garbage sorting and energy conservation activities.The changes in Beijing reflect not only the efforts of the government but also the joint participation of all citizens. This city is constantly evolving and moving towards a more sustainable and prosperous future. I am convinced that Beijing will continue to shine on the world stage and set an example for other cities to follow.。
2022-2023学年重庆市重点中学七校高二(下)期末联考英语试卷(含解析)
2022-2023学年重庆市重点中学七校高二（下〉期末联考英语试卷阅读理解（本大题共15小题，共37.5分）ACheck out these places and have the vacation of a lifetime in Gre巳ce!Lovely IthacaLocated on th巳Ionian Sea, Ithaca is a combi1iation of th巳greenest landscapes in Greece, the most wonderful swimming waters and a lively local atmosph巳re.Wh巳n go川g around the narrow island, you will b巳attracted by the hi U top village Stavros and th巳beautiful fishing village Frikes.For motorists, Kaminia beach, hidden in a peaceful cove, is the perfect destination for a day of relaxation.Breathtaking MeteoraAlthough when you go to Greece, you often go to the beaches and 的lands,one of the must-visit destinations in Gr巳ece is definitely the breathtakingly beaut1旬l M巳teora,located on th巳mainland next to the vii I a ge of Kalabaka.lt is a natura.l attraction and the second most important monastic area in Greece, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Meteora’s landscape is mad巳special by the rocks shaped like columns （柱状物）over ti m e, on which the Monasteries （修道院）of the area were built around th巳14th and 16th centuries.los-the favorite destination of the futurelos may b巳left out of many people’s plans as it is know n as a party island, but in fact th巳party season only lasts from about half of June to mid-August.In the off-season, the island is very quiet compared to popular destinations such as Santorini.Of course, los is an absolute destination for party-goers even in midSl』mmer.lo s is dotted with a number of small churches.What mak创lo s interesting is its setting for an id巳al holiday without crowds and noise.Here is a guaranteed hit of the future, waiting to b巳discovered!1.Where is Kaminia beach located?A.In Ios.B.In Ithaca.C. In Santorini.D.In Meteora2.What can travelers see in Meteora?A.Historical buildings.C.Beaches and islands.B.Special local foods.D.Beautiful fishing villages.3.What is the feature of lo s island?A.There are many places of interest.B.It is popular with party-goers.C.People can swim in wonderful waters.D.There are column-shap巳d rocks.BOver the years, when a book has spoken to me with particular power, 1 have put pen to paper and send word off to the author, communicating what their work meant to me.It all started i11 my 18th year, when I was entertaining my own imagination of success as a writer.I was full of high expectations, believing that b巳coming an author was simply a matter of putting my thoughts on to paper, sending the works to a publisher and waiting for fame to come.Then came the great disappointment.I wrote to famous children's author Lloyd Alexander, describing my f r uitless yearlong effort at publication and asking him for direction.To my joy, h巳answered:"Advice is always very easy to give -but very hard to make it specific and meaningful, since we all have to work in our own ways.When you mention that you’ve been writi11g for a y巳ar without b巳ing published, I hasten to tell you that I wrote seven times that long without b巳ing published!So. perhaps one piece of advice is: Patience.”I was encouraged by th巳idea that a well-regarded write r would take the time to offer a bit of ad vie巳to an overconfident teen.But Mr.Alexander was not a singular case.But when I did get one, the content was often fill巳d with consideration and even, at times, affection.1 think of the American po巳I William Stafford, who replied to me from Lake Oswego, Oregon, We actually had an ongoing correspondence （通信）for a while.I wrote to him asking if he would be so kindas to autograph one of his books for me.His reply brought an immediate smile to my face ：”I am eagerly ready to autograph and return a book一it makes me feel like an author. ”4.What made the author disappointed when he was 18?A.He didn’t meet a well-known children’s author.B.He lost fame as a young writer.C. He failed to get his works published.D.He was forced to give up writing.5.What advice did Lloyd Al巳xander。
2025届高考英语一轮总复习教材知识复习Unit6Atonewithnature课件外研版必修第一册
but also disturbs their
studies.(v.harm)
归纳 (1)do harm to sb=do sb harm伤害某人 cause harm to sb伤害某人 there is no harm in doing...做……没有害处 (2)be harmful to对……有害 佳句
only when we live in harmony with nature can we have a brighter future.(读后
续写之主旨升华)
only+状语位于句首倒装
目睹我们村庄的逐渐变化,我们开始意识到,只有当我们与自然和谐相处, 我们才能有一个更光明的未来。
2.harm v.伤害,损害→harmful adj.有害的,能造成损害的→harmless adj.无害 的
of the suit,which was designed by a
famous designer .(design) 3.Eating too much every day is harmful
to our health;that is to
say,eating too much every day does harm
v.包,裹 n.地区,区域 v.以……替换,更换 n.障碍,壁垒 adj.狭窄的,不宽的 v.(乘船)航行 v.出版 adj.内行的,专家的 v.租用,租借
n.系统
语境应用
Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空 1.I could feel the excitement rising in me as I held the beautifully _w__ra_p_p_e_d__ (wrap) present in my hands. 2.Many traditional arts are losing nowadays,many of which are being
答辩英文自我介绍
答辩英文自我介绍答辩英文自我介绍(一)Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys and girls in another way.The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.The third part, the development. The network novels development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 20__. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 20__ and 20__. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 20__ and continues until now. In this period, many schools comeinto the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, delete the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new persons new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.答辩英文自我介绍(二)Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am ________ and my supervisor is ______. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.答辩英文自我介绍(三)Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys and girls in another way.The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just wantto express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.The third part, the development. The network novels development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 20__. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 20__ and 20__. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 20__ and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, delete the vulgarworks, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new persons new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.。
《英美报刊选读》试卷
大学课程考核试卷（B卷）2013――2014学年第1学期命题教师签名: 审核教师签名：课号：0502000055课名：英语报刊选读考试考查：考试此卷选为：期中考试（）、期终考试（√）、重考（）试卷年级专业学号姓名得分Part I. Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choicePassage OneWe may all like to consider ourselves free spirits. But a study of the traces left by 50,000 cellphone users over three months has conclusively proved that the truth is otherwise."We are all in one way or another boring," says Albert-L6szl6 Barabdsi at the Center for Complex Network Research at Northeastern University in Boston, who co-wrote the study. "Spontaneous individuals are largely absent from the population.”Barabdsi and colleagues used three months' worth of data from a cellphone network to track the cellphone towers each person's phone connected to each hour of the day, revealing their approximate location. They conclude that regardless of whether a person typically remains close to home or roams far and wide, their movements are theoretically predictable as much as 93 per cent of the time.Surprisingly, the cellphone data showed that individuals' movements were more or less as predictable at week ends as on weekdays, suggesting that routine is rooted in human nature rather than being an effect of work patterns.The cellphone records were processed to identify the most visited locations for each user. Then the probability of finding a given user at his or her most visited locations at each hour through the day was calculated.People were to be found in their most visited location for any given hour 70 per cent of the time. Not surprisingly, the figure increased at night, and decreased at lunchtime and in the early evening, when most people were returning home from work.The team analysed the randomness (随意性）of people's traces to show it was theoretically possible to predict the average person's whereabouts as much as 93 per cent of the time."Say your routine movement is from home to the coffee shop to work: if you are at home and then go to the coffee shop it's easy for me to predict that you are going to work, ” says co-author Nicholas Blumm.This predictability was not much affected by differences in age, gender, language spoken or whether a person lived in a rural or urban setting.1. The "spontaneous individuals" are most probably people who .A) rely much on a cellphone in life B) can live without a cellphoneC) act without much restraint D) are boring in some way2. A phone user's location is shown by .A) which cellphone tower he is connected toB) which cellphone network he is connected toC) how often he uses the phone every dayD) the content of his every phone call3. What did the cellphone data show about "routine"?A) One's routine affects his work pattern.B) Our routine affects our human nature.C) One's work pattern determines his routine.D) Our human nature determines our routine.4. According to the sixth paragraph, a person is moreA) be found at homeB) return home from workC) go to his most visited placeD) take home as his most visited place5. What is the passage mainly about?A) The new application of cellphones.B) The predictability of one's routine.C) The influence of cellphones on one's routine.D) The factors that help determine one's routine.Passage TwoHow's this for unintended consequences? Some of the biggest beneficiaries (受惠者）of the women's movement have been married men. According to a new study by the Pew Research Center, married men have a 60% higher average household income than they did in 1970, even adjusted for inflation. Unmarried men, on the other hand, only got a 16% bump.One reason for the rise is that more men are marrying women who make more money than they do, mainly because there are more high-income women to go around. In 1970，just 4% of men ages 30 to 44 had wives who brought in more money than they did. By 2007, more than afifth of men in that age range had wives who outearned them. Members of this thriving demographic (人口统计学的）are effectively doubling their income or more when they wed, without doubling their costs.Aside from the increase in white-collar women, the other trend behind the Pew numbers is that marriage rates have declined most sharply among the least educated men and women, which helps explain why the average household income figures for married men have pulled even further ahead of those for their single counterparts. More of the least rich are unmarried than before.The study, which drew on household income data from the Decennial Census and the 2007 American Community Survey, showed that the biggest gainers were married college-educated men. The biggest losers were unmarried men who did not complete high school or who only had a high school diploma. After adjusting for inflation, the 2007 unmarried low-income men and women had lower household incomes than their 1970 counterparts. "The steeper decline in marriage among the less educated has contributed to a steeper decline in their income," says one of the study's authors, D，Vera Cohn.The trend has a dark side, says Dalton Conley, social sciences dean at New York University. "High-income women marrying high-income men is one of the drivers of inequality,” he says. "It affects the distribution of income between families." He notes that among college-educatedhigh-income couples, the divorce rate is getting lower, while unmarried low-income men and women tend to partner up and then uncouple more rapidly. "This leads to family instability and a cycle of disadvantage," says Conley.6. What do we know about the unmarried men, according to the last sentence of the first paragraph?A) They got a 16% increase in household income.B) They got a 16% decrease in household income.C) Only 16% of them were in financial difficulty.D) Only 16% of them earned more than in 1970.7. "Members of this thriving demographic" are .A) men who marry at the age of 30 to 44B) women whose husbands age 30 to 44C) men whose wives earn more than they doD) women who earn more than their husbands8. It is found by the Pew Research Center that more and more of the least educated men .A) earn less than their wivesB) are declined by white-collar womenC) refuse to marry white-collar womenD) have to remain single9. Compared with the 1970 unmarried low-income men, their 2007 counterpartsA) had even less educationB) had lower marriage ratesC) had slower growth in household incomeD) had more trouble adjusting for inflation10. What does Conley imply by saying "This leads to family instability”？A) Education determines the family stability.B) Income determines the family stability.C) Marriage rate is the index of family stability.D) Divorce rate is the index of family stability.Passage ThreeWhat Is a B.A. in English Worth Anymore?Jonathan Timm considers himself lucky. A 2011 college graduate, he landed a job not long ago that both pays the bills and makes use of his education.“Basically, I got hired for my abilities to think and write analytically, cut through complex issues and communicate effectively — exactly the skills li beral arts education should teach,” says Timm, 24, of Oakland. An investigator for a state agency, Habeas Corpus Resource Center, he gathers evidence to help indigent inmates on death row get a new trial, off of death row or both.The job search took about a year, during which he also waited tables, took an unpaid internship and had periods of “doubt and regret.” But if he had to do it over again, Timm says, he would again go to Shimer College, a liberal arts school in Chicago whose coursework is based on the Great Books.There was a time when college was a place where young adults could expand their horizons. But as tuitions increase, student debt mounts and job prospects for recent grads remain uncertain, Timm and his alma mater represent increasing rarities in higher education: students and schools whose primary goals center on a broad-based education in the arts and sciences. Today, students and parents say college should prepare students for a good job.A record 87.9% of freshmen this year say a very im portant reason for going to college is “to be able to get a better job,” according to an annual survey by UCLA‟s Cooperative Institutional Research Program. And parents are more likely to strongly agree that vocational school — or no college at all — provides a better pathway to a good job than does a liberal arts education, says a survey out in March by Inside Higher Ed, a trade publication.Meanwhile, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and Colorado are among a growing number of states publishing databases comparing the earning power of degrees for recent graduates based on where they went to school and what they majored in. Governors of Texas, Florida, Wisconsin and, most recently, North Carolina, argue that public universities should focus on majors, especially in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math, that will meet their state‟s workforce needs. Even President Obama has made jobs central to his higher-education agenda.Proponents of the liberal arts say criticisms are based on outdated stereotypes. Many liberal arts colleges, including Shimer, have beefed up opportunities for internships. North Carolina‟s Davidson College will start a program this summer that will connect graduating seniors with paid fellowships at non-profits. Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, N.C., posts data so studentscan see where graduates with their majors have landed jobs —including art history majors at Sotheby‟s, Deloitte Consulting and Kate Spade.On the flip side, more than 35 business schools last month met to talk about how to incorporate the liberal arts into their courses. “There‟s ... a sense that business education has become too narrow and isn‟t preparing graduates adequately — for career success, certainly —but also more broadly for lives as engage d citizens,” says Judith Samuelson, of the non-profit Aspen Institute's Business and Society program, which organized the meeting.The number of schools awarding more than half of their bachelor‟s degrees in liberal-arts disciplines, such as history, literature and philosophy, has dwindled, from 212 in 1990 to 130 last year, research by Vicki Baker, a professor Albion College in Michigan, shows.Liberal arts colleges in recent months have acknowledged a need to better justify their often-hefty price tag.At Occidental College, a liberal arts school in Los Angeles, a course this spring challenges freshmen to consider the purpose of college. “To me, education is not a means of creating workers or even to creating citizens, but of building the capacity to an alyze, create and collaborate,” says Carey Sargent, who is teaching the course, called “Liberal Arts at the Brink? Navigating the Crisis in Higher Education.”Daniel Stigall, 18, who is taking the course, says he chose Occidental over a larger public unive rsity because he liked its “intimacy and communal values.” His parents, Cheryl and Gary Stigall, of San Diego, worry. “We have very strong concerns that Daniel's education is too expensive and that at graduation he won‟t have a career, like so many these d ays that end up as part of the underpaid service economy, living with their parents,” Cheryl Stigall says.But Daniel Stigall, who is considering entrepreneurship as a career, says Sargent‟s course has made him appreciate Occidental‟s approach all the more. “With a well-rounded education, I think I‟ll be better prepared to start a company than most business students.”11. Jonathan Timm landed a job because .A. He majored in science.B. He majored in art.C. He get well education in Liberal arts.D. He was an investigator for a state agency.12. Most freshmen this year say the reason for going to college is NOT.A. to prepare them for a good job.B. to get literal arts education.C. to be able to get a better job.D. to meet the st ate‟s workforce needs.13. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Parents agree that it is easier to find a good job for students who study in vocational schoolsthan those in liberal arts colleges.B. Some Governors argue that public universities should focus on majors in science andengineering.C. The purpose of college is to help students build the capacity to analyze, create andcollaborate.D. Liberal arts education should be replaced by career education.14. What should liberal arts college do to survive the dilemma?A. change its focus from liberal to science.B. decrease it‟s bachelor‟s degree in liberal-arts disciplines.C. incorporate liberal arts into business courses.D. need to better justify their price tag.15. What can we conclude from the report?A. Liberal arts education is not necessary in college.B. It is hard for a graduate with a B.A degree to land a good job.C. Well-rounded education can be better prepared students in their career.D. Liberal arts education is popular with students and parents.Part II. Reading in DepthDirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter or a combination of letters. Please choose the corresponding letter or combination for each item on. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.When Louise Brown was born on 25 July 1978，she kicked off an era. The first "test tube baby" is a mother herself now, and she's been joined by millions of others born with the 16 of in vitro fertilization (体外受精)‟ or I VF. Now specialists wonder whether people who were conceived by IVF are likely to be 17 ."By and large, the kids are just fine. It's not like the kids having 18 arms or heads," says Carmen Sapienza, a scientist at Temple University. But none is older than their early 30s, and the vast 19 are under the age of 20，so they haven't had time for long-term health problems to show up.One source of worry is that so many IVF babies have low birth weight. Children -conceived through IVF are more likely to 20 less than 2.5 kilograms than are babies conceived 21 . That could spell trouble ahead, because low-birth-weight babies often have long-term health problems. They're more likely to be obese, to have diabetes (糖尿病）or other problems.With that in mind, Sapienza and colleagues have looked at genes that are likely to play a role in such health problems. They found that certain DNA—patterns, which affect how genes are 22 , are different between IVF and non-IVF children. There's no way to tell if that's because of the 23 used to produce the IVF babies or whether the difference has something to do with the underlying infertility problem the parents had. It's also 24 whether these gene-expression differences will translate into health differences. But it does suggest that children conceived by IVF are 25 on some level.Part III To Detect the InformationDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.How to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint PresentationsA) Microsoft PowerPoint has dramatically changed the way in which academic and business presentations are made. This article outlines few tips on making more effective and attractive PowerPoint presentations.The TextB) Keep the wording clear and simple. Use active, visual language. Cut unnecessary words—a good rule of thumb is to cut paragraphs down to sentences, sentences into phrases, and phrases into key words. Limit the number of words and lines per slide. Try the Rule of Five-five words per line, five lines per slide. If too much text appears on one slide, use the AutoFit feature to split it between two slides. Click within the placeholder to display the AutoFit Options button (its symbol is two horizontal lines with arrows above and below), then click on the button and choose Split Text between Two Slides from the submenu.C) Font size for titles should be at least 36 to 40, while the text body should not be smaller than 24. Use only two font styles per slide—one for the title and the other for the text. Choose two fonts that visually contrast with each other. Garamond Medium Condensed and Impact are good for titles, while Garamond or Tempus Sans can be used for the text body.D) Embed the fonts in your presentation, if you are not sure whether the fonts used in the presentation are present in the computer that will be used for the presentation. To embed the fonts:(1) On the File menu, click Save As. (2) On the toolbar, click Tools, click Save Options, select the Embed TrueType Fonts check box, and then select Embed characters in use only.E) Use colors sparingly; two to three at most. You may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body. Be consistent from slide to slide. Choose a font color that contrasts well with the background.F) Capitalizing the first letter of each word is good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. In bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. Upper and lower case lettering is more readable than all capital letters. Moreover, current styles indicate that using all capital letters means you are shouting. If you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click Shift+F3 until it changes to the case style that you like. Clicking Shift+F3 toggles the text case between ALL CAPS, lower case, and Initial Capital styles.G) Use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. Avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation.Don‟t center bulleted lists or text. It is confusing to read. Left align unless you have a good reason not to. Run “spell check”on your show when finished.The BackgroundH) Keep the background consistent. Simple, light textured backgrounds work well. Complicated textures make the content hard to read. If you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. If the venue of your presentation is not adequately light-proof, select adark-colored background and use any light color for text. Minimize the use of “bells and whistles”such as sound effects, “flying words” and multiple transitions. Don‟t use red in any fonts or backgrounds. It is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read.The ClipsI) Animations are best used subtly; too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers. Do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of Office. You can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through Google Images. While searching for images, do not use long search phrases as is usually done while searching theweb-use specific words.J) When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a .jpg format. Larger files can slow down your show. Keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible. Use bar graphs and pie charts instead of tables of data. The audience can then immediately pick up the relationships.The PresentationK) If you want your presentation to directly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. Open the presentation you want to save as a slide show. On the File menu, click Save As. In the Save as type list, click PowerPoint Show. Your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. When you double-click on this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view. When you‟re done, PowerPoint automatically closes and you return to the desktop. If you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from PowerPoint by clicking Open on the File menu.L) Look at the audience, not at the slides, whenever possible. If using a laser pointer, don‟t move it too fast. For example, if circling a number on the slide, do it slowly. Never point the laser at the audience. Black out the screen (use “B”on the keyboard) after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. Press the key again to continue your presentation.M) You can use the shortcut command [Ctrl]P to access the Pen tool during a slide show. Click with your mouse and drag to use the Pen tool to draw during your slide show. To erase everything you‟ve drawn, press the E key. To turn off the Pen tool, press [Esc] once.MiscellaneousN) Master Slide Set-Up: The “master slide”will allow you to make changes that are reflected on every slide in your presentation. You can change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the “master slide”level. First, go to the “View” menu. Pull down the “Master”menu. Select the “slide master”menu. You may now make changes at this level that meet your presentation needs.26. The ways in which academic and business presentations are made have been changed by Microsoft PowerPoint.27. When making the PowerPoint, the wording of the text should not be complicated.28. In each slide, the font styles for the title and the text should contrast with each other.29. A more formal situation is capitalizing the first letter of the first word.30. Centering bulleted lists or text can not help to read.31. Sound effects should be used as less frequently as possible.32. When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes.33. When making the presentation, you should look at the audience as possible as you can.34. Pressing the E key can help you to erase everything you've drawn.35. In order to meet your presentation needs, you can make changes at the “slide master” level. Part IV Translation （这套试卷里的翻译出自课本，请将课本的译文发给我）Directions: translate the following sentences into Chinese:36. Despite the swiftness of these changes, certainly compared with other newspapers‟, their significance has been barely noted.37. O n the day Barack Obama was elected, a strange new feature appeared on the website of the New York Times. Called the Word Train, it asked a simple question: What one word describes your current state of mind?38. The stock sank by 60 percent, and by fall, the paper had been rated a junk investment, announced plans to mortgage its new building, slashed dividends, and, as of last week, was printing ads on the front page.39. I met with members of the teams that created the Word Train in a glass-walled conference room, appropriate for their fishbowl profession.40. That fall, the Times entered its pricey new building, and online and off-line finally merged, physically, onto the same floor.Part V Rearrange the OrderDirections: In this section, you are going to read a few sentences which are disordered. You are required to rearrange them into a logical paragraph.①Football players are 11 times more likely to suffer heat related illnesses than all other high school sports combined, according to a recent University of North Carolina study.②Other states, including Pennsylvania and Iowa, will roll out new practice rules this season.③Georgia last year began a new heat policy for football practices that might help end the state‟s distinction as the leader in heat-related football player deaths.④Spring football practice started this month for high schools across the country, and teams are drawing up game plans for the heat as well as this fall‟s opponents.⑤To block heat illnesses, several big-time high school football states have new policies for practicing in intense heat.P art ⅥWritingPlease write a summary of the news report below with no more than 200 words, covering all important points and opinions.Five Questions for Comedian Tig NotaroHIGHLIGHT: Notary‟s new album, “Live”, recounts her diagnosis with Stage II breastcancer.She is currently in remission after undergoing surgery last year.The weirdest thing for Notaro to say: “I am so glad I had cancer”.Last August, Tig Notaro walked onstage at the Largo in Los Angeles and said to her audience: “I have cancer. How are you?”What followed was 30-minute set that comedian Louis C.K. described later as “an amazing example of what comedy can be.” Notaro kept her audience emotionally off-balance by relaying a string of incidents so horr ible she couldn‟t possibly be serious — Stage II cancer in both breasts, coming on the heels of a debilitating bacterial infection that caused her to lose 20 pounds and the sudden death of her mother. But Notaro was serious. Except, she was also funny.Not aro‟s show immediately became legend in comedy and cancer circles. Within two months, she appeared on Conan O‟Brien‟s late-night talk show, with stitches from her surgery still in her chest. She also got a book deal and a Showtime documentary.This week, Notaro, 42, released that show as Live -- as in, “to keep not dying.” She is now in remission. She also spoke with USA TODAY‟s Brian Mansfield, who got his own cancer diagnosis last year, about six weeks before Notaro‟s.1. How long did it take you to go from “I have cancer” to “I’m going to announce that I have cancer in one of my shows”?The day before is when I decided to do the show.I had originally booked for the week before, which is my regular show. Then I got diagnosed and I called to cancel, because I obviously was not in a great mood. The owner of Largo suggested moving the show to the following week in the event that I felt like performing. I thought he wascrazy, but I said, okay, fine. He said I could cancel it last-minute, so there was no pressure either way. So we moved the date.Then I went and met with my oncologist. That‟s when I found out the stage and all the information about what was going on. After that meeting, I got a text from the owner asking if we were doing the show the next night, and I texted back, yeah.I had the fear that it would be my last time to perform. My life had fallen apart so quickly that I didn‟t have too much faith. I didn‟t think that I had cancer when the doctors thought maybe I did, but when I was diagnosed with it, I thought, …You know what? My whole life is falling apart, why wouldn‟t I be dying?‟ And I wanted to perform again. So that‟s how the sh ow came about.2. Many people fear being defined by their cancer. It’s one reason some people hate to go public with their diagnosis. And you’ve already been referred to as “the cancer comedian.” How much of a concern was that for you?That, to me, is such a lame term —“cancer comedian.” It‟s lazy and lame. It‟s like “that girl comedian,” “that black comedian.” It‟s a dead end. It‟s pointless to even hover around that.But to be associated with my story and what I went through and how it has possibly helped other people, I‟m very proud of that and what has come out of it.3. You’re doing a documentary for Showtime called Knock Knock. It’s Tig Notaro, and you’re taking submissions from fans to do your show at their houses. What kind of offers are you getting?There‟s an executive producer handling that. After it gets to a certain point, they‟re going to have me sift through the things that they‟ve chosen, just because there are so ma ny submissions, I couldn‟t possibly have time to go through all of them.I used to do these tours, where I would go to my fans‟ homes to do shows. I always thought it would make for really good TV. I‟ve done it in backyards and basements and rooftops and l ofts. Kitchens, driveways — whatever they set up, I just show up and do a show.Fans submit videos and pictures of their house. We review the tapes, then we choose the houses and set up the tour. They invite their friends and put out food and drinks and have a party. Every house I‟ve gone to has been nothing like what I imagined I was going to. I‟m always so anxious for the surprise that I‟m walking into. To me, whatever you think is best, the coolest place to do a show, then I‟m there.4. You’ve got roles in a handful of upcoming movies, including In a World..., which opens next month. What do you play?。
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DOI: 10.1126/science.1150473, 395 (2008);321Science et al.James A. Evans,and ScholarshipElectronic Publication and the Narrowing of Science This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only..clicking here colleagues, clients, or customers by , you can order high-quality copies for your If you wish to distribute this article to others .here following the guidelines can be obtained by Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles(this information is current as of February 2, 2010 ):The following resources related to this article are available online at /cgi/content/full/321/5887/395version of this article at:including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services,/cgi/content/full/321/5887/395/DC1 can be found at:Supporting Online Material found at:can be related to this article A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites /cgi/content/full/321/5887/395#related-content /cgi/content/full/321/5887/395#otherarticles , 6 of which can be accessed for free: cites 11 articles This article 11 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. cited by This article has been /cgi/content/full/321/5887/395#otherarticles 3 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: cited by This article has been/cgi/collection/sociology Sociology: subject collections This article appears in the following registered trademark of AAAS.is a Science 2008 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Copyright American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the Science o n F e b r u a r y 2, 2010w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m12.A.C.Ashworth,Anthropologie 98,3(1994).13.All age uncertainties are reported at 2s .Radiocarbonages were converted to calendar years following (27).14.J.O.Stone,J.Geophys.Res.105,23(2000).15.Materials and methods are available as supporting onlinematerial on Science Online.16.D.C.Douglass,B.S.Singer,M.R.Kaplan,D.M.Mickelson,M.W.Caffee,Quat.Geochron.1,43(2006).17.J.Mercer,Am.J.Sci.266,91(1968).18.A.Gilli et al .,Terra Nova 13,443(2001).19.S.Stine,M.Stine,Nature 345,705(1990).20.V.Markgraf et al .,Holocene 13,581(2003)my et al .,Science 304,1959(2004).22.K.J.Turner,C.J.Fogwell,R.D.McCulloch,D.E.Sugden,Geogr.Ann.87A ,363(2005).23.N.E.Glasser,S.Harrison,S.Ivy-Ochs,G.A.T.Duller,P.W.Kubik,Quat.Res.65,70(2006).24.C.J.Heusser,J.S.Am.Earth Sci.15,577(2002).25.K.D.Bennett,S.G.Haberle,S.H.Lumley,Science 290,325(2000).26.B.Stenni et al .,Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.217,183(2004).27.P.J.Reimer et al .,Radiocarbon 46,1029(2004).28.We thank J.Stone for providing laboratory facilities for36Cl preparation at the University of Washington.This research was supported by NSF grants to the University ofWisconsin –Madison,Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,and Purdue University.Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/321/5887/392/DC1Materials and Methods SOM Text Figs.S1to S3Tables S1to S33March 2008;accepted 16June 200810.1126/science.1157215Electronic Publication and theNarrowing of Science and ScholarshipJames A.EvansOnline journals promise to serve more information to more dispersed audiences and are more efficiently searched and recalled.But because they are used differently than print —scientists and scholars tend to search electronically and follow hyperlinks rather than browse or peruse —electronically available journals may portend an ironic change for ing a database of 34million articles,their citations (1945to 2005),and online availability (1998to 2005),I show that as more journal issues came online,the articles referenced tended to be more recent,fewerjournals and articles were cited,and more of those citations were to fewer journals and articles.The forced browsing of print archives may have stretched scientists and scholars to anchor findings deeply into past and present scholarship.Searching online is more efficient and following hyperlinks quickly puts researchers in touch with prevailing opinion,but this may accelerate consensus and narrow the range of findings and ideas built upon.Scholarship about “digital libraries ”and “information technology ”has focused on the superiority of the electronic provision of research.A recent Panel Report from the U.S.President ’s Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC),“Digital Libraries:Univer-sal Access to Human Knowledge,”captures the tone:“All citizens anywhere anytime can use any Internet-connected digital device to search all of human knowledge ….In this vision,no classroom,group,or person is ever isolated from the world ’s greatest knowledge resources ”(1,2).This perspective overlooks the nature of the interface between the user and the infor-mation (3).There has been little discussion of browsing/searching technology or its potential effect on science and scholarship.Recent research into the practice of library usage measures the use of print and electronic resources with surveys,database access logs,circulation records,and reshelving counts.De-spite differences in methodology,researchers agree that print use is declining as electronic use increases (4),and that general users prefer on-line material to print (5).These studies are also in general agreement about the three most com-mon practices used by scientists and scholars who publish.First,most experts browse or briefly scan a small number of core journals inprint or online to build awareness of current re-search (6).After relevant articles are discovered online,these are often printed and perused in depth on paper (7).A second practice is to search by topic in an online article database.In recent years,the percentage of papers read as a result of browsing has dropped and been re-placed by the results of online searches,espe-cially for the most productive scientists and scholars (8).Finally,subject experts use hyper-links in online articles to view referenced or related articles (6).Disciplinary differences exist.For example,biologists prefer to browse online,whereas medical professionals place a premium on purchasing and browsing in print.In sum,researchers peruse in print,browse in print or online (9),and search and follow citations on-line.These findings follow from the organiza-tion and accessibility of print and online papers.Print holdings reside either in a physical “stack ”by journal and topic,arranged historically,or in a “recent publications ”area.For print journals,the table of contents —its list of titles and authors —serves as the primary index.Online archives allow people to browse within journals,but they also facilitate searching the entire archive of available journals.In online interfaces where searching and browsing are both options (e.g.,3ProQuest,Ovid,EBSCO,JSTOR,etc.),the searching option (e.g.,button)is almost al-ways placed first on the interface because logs demonstrate more frequent usage.Whensearched as an undifferentiated archive of papers,titles,abstracts,and sometimes the full text can be searched by relevance and by date.Because electronic indexing is richer,experts may still browse in print,but they search online (10).What is the effect of online availability of journal issues?It is possible that by making more research more available,online searching could conceivably broaden the work cited and lead researchers,as a collective,away from the “core ”journals of their fields and to dispersed but individually relevant work.I will show,however,that even as deeper journal back is-sues became available online,scientists and scholars cited more recent articles;even as more total journals became available online,fewer were cited.Citation data were drawn from Thompson Scientific ’s Science ,Social Science ,and Arts and Humanities Citation Indexes,the most com-plete source of citation data available.Citation Index (CI)data currently include articles and associated citations from the 6000most highly cited journals in the sciences,social sciences,and humanities going back as far as 1945,for a total of over 50million articles.The CI flags more than 98%of its journals with from 1to 3of a possible 300content codes,such as “condensed matter physics,”“ornithology,”and “inorganic and nuclear chemistry.”Citation patterns were then linked with data tracking the online avail-ability of journals from Information Today,Inc.’s Fulltext Sources Online (FSO).FSO is the oldest and largest publication about electronic journal rma-tion Today began publishing FSO biannually in 1998,indicating which journals were availa-ble in which commercial electronic archives (e.g.,Lexis-Nexis,EBSCO,Ovid,etc.)or if they were available freely on their own Web site,and for how many back issues.Merged together by ISSN (International Standard Serial Number),the CI and FSO data allowed me to capture how article online availability changes the use of pub-lished knowledge in subsequent research.FSO ’s source distinction further allows comparison of print access with the different electronic chan-nels through which scientists and scholars ob-tained articles —whether a privately maintained commercial portal or the open Internet.The com-bined CI-FSO data set resulted in 26,002,796Department of Sociology,University of Chicago,1126East 59th Street,Chicago,IL 60615,USA.E-mail:jevans@ SCIENCEVOL 32118JULY 2008395REPORTSo n F e b r u a r y 2, 2010w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o marticles whose journals came online by2006 and a distinct8,090,813(in addition to the26 million)that referenced them.Figure1shows the speed of the shift toward commercial and free electronic provision of articles,and how deepen-ing backfiles have made more early science read-ily available in recent years.Panel regression models were used to ex-plore the relation between online article availa-bility and citation activity—average historical depth of citations,number of distinct articles and journals cited,and Herfindahl concentration of citations to particular articles and journals—over time(details on methods are in the Supporting Online Material).Because studies show sub-stantial variation in reading and research pat-terns by area,I used fixed-effect specifications to compare journals and subfields only to them-selves over time as their online availability shifted. In this way,the pattern of citations to a journal or subfield was compared when available only in print,in print and online through a commercial archive,and online for free.The first question was whether depth of citation—years between articles and the work they reference—is predicted by the depth of jour-nal issues online—how many years back issues were electronically available during the previ-ous year when scientists presumably drafted them into their papers.For subfields,this was calculated as years from the first journal’s avail-ability.These data were collected in publica-tion windows of20years,and so only data from1965—20years after the beginning of the data set—were used.For the entire data set, citations pointed to articles published an average of5.6years previously(table S1).The average number of years journal articles were available online is only1.85(the data go back to1945), but with a standard deviation of5years and a maximum of more than60years.Analysis wasperformed by citation year and within journal orsubfield.The standard ordinary least squares(OLS)method for linear regression was used ingenerating all the results to be described.All regression models contained variablesused to account and statistically control foralternative explanations of why citations mightrefer to more recent articles.A sequence ofintegers from1to40,corresponding to citationyears1965through2005,was included toaccount for a general trend of increasingcitations over time(the estimates for thisvariable were always positive and statisticallysignificant,P<0.001).Average number ofpages and average number of references in citingarticles were both included to account for thepossibility that citations are more recent becausearticles are shorter with fewer references and theearliest ones have been disproportionately“censored”by publishers(estimates for pageswere positive but not always significant;thosefor references were always positive and signif-icant,P<0.001:longer articles with morereferences referred to earlier work).A measureof the average age of title words was alsoincluded in the models to account for thepossibility that in recent years,research hasconcerned more recent concepts or recently dis-covered(or invented)phenomena.This wascalculated by taking the age of each title wordwithin the relevant publication window for theanalysis(e.g.,prior20years)and then multi-plying it by a weight for each word i in title jequivalent to∑ki¼1ð1þlnðtf ijÞÞÂln Ndf iwheretf ij equals the frequency of term i in title j anddf i equals the number of articles in a givenyear that contain term i out of the total numberof annual articles N(11).This approach highlyweights distinguishing title terms(e.g.,buckey-balls,microRNA)and gives lesser weight tobroad area terms(e.g.,gene,ocean)and vir-tually no weight to universal words(e.g.,and,the).Regression coefficients for the title agemeasures were always positive and significant(P<0.0001),indicating that titles with olderterms referenced earlier articles.Each model alsocontained a constant with a significant negativeestimate.The graphs in Fig.2trace the influence ofonline access,estimated from the entire sample ofarticles,and illustrated for journals and subfieldswith the mean number of citations.Figure2Ashows the simultaneous effect of commercialand free online availability on the average age ofcitations.Consider a journal whose articles refer-ence prior work that is,on average,5.6years old—the sample mean.If that journal’s issues becomeavailable online for an additional15years,bothcommercially and for free,the average age ofreferences would decrease to less than4.5years,falling by0.088years for each new online yearavailable.The within-subfield models followedthe same pattern,although confidence intervalswere wider(tables S2to S4).To determine the effect of online availabilityon the amount of distinct research cited,I ex-plored the relation between the distinct numberof articles and journals cited in a given citationyear by depth of online availability.The numberof distinct articles and journals was calculatedover a20-year window,as in the previous anal-ysis.For the average journal,632articles werecited each year,but this ranges widely.Becausecitation values are discrete and because highvalues concentrate within a few core journals butvary widely among the others,I modeled itsrelation with online availability by means ofneg-Fig.1.Distribution of online journal availability in ISI-FSO data through(A)commercial subscription and(B)free through journal Web site.“Hot”regions of the graph correspond to journal issues just a few years behindthe years in which they are available online,e.g.,in2003,more journalswere commercially and freely available from1999—about1000and500,respectively—than from any other year.The figure highlights how journalissues increasingly came online from the1940s,’50s,and’60s in2004and2005.18JULY2008VOL321SCIENCE 396REPORTSonFebruary2,21www.sciencemag.orgDownloadedfromative binomial models (12).The negative bi-nomial is a generalization of the Poisson model that allows for an additional source of variance above that due to pure sampling error.A fixed-effects specification of this model refers not to the coefficient estimates but to the “dispersion parameter,”forcing the estimated variance of citations to be the same within journals or sub-fields,but allowing it to take on any value across them.These models were estimated with the maximum likelihood method and produced coefficient estimates that,when exponentiated,can be interpreted as the ratio of (i)the number of distinct articles cited after a 1-year increase in the electronic provision of journals over (ii)the number of articles cited without an online in-crease.One can subtract 1from these ratios and multiply by 100to obtain the percentage change of a 1-year increase in online availability on the number of distinct items cited.All models con-tained measures that statistically control for cita-tion year,average number of pages,and references in citing articles.In each subsequent year from 1965to 2005,more distinct articles were cited from journals and subfields.The pool of published science is growing,and more of it is archived in the CI each year.Online availability,however,has not driven this trend.Figure 2B illustrates the simul-taneous effect of free and online availability on the number of distinct articles cited in jour-nals,and the number of distinct articles and journals cited in subfields.The panels portray these effects for a hypothetical journal and sub-field receiving the sample mean of citations.With five additional years of free and commer-cial online availability,the number of distinct articles cited within journal would drop from 600to 200;the number of articles cited within subfields would drop from 25,000to 15,000;and the number of journals cited within sub-fields would drop from 19to 16.This suggests that online availability may have reduced the number of distinct articles and journals cited below what it would have been had journals not gone online.Provision of one additional year of issues online for free associates with 14%fewer distinct articles cited.Fewer distinct articles and journals were cited soon after they went online.Although this influenced the overall concentration of articleFig.2.Estimated influence of commercial and free online arti-cle availability (in years of jour-nal issues available online)on (A )mean age of citations (based on OLS regression coefficients);(B )distinct number of articles and journals cited (based on ex-ponentiated maximum likelihood negative binomial regression co-efficients);and (C )Herfindahl concentration of citations within particular articles and journals (based on OLS regression coef-ficients).Each of these relations is illustrated relative to the sam-ple mean of citation age,number,and concentration;each rela-tion illustrated represents an underlying model that accounts for citation year,number of pages,and number of references in citing articles;the underlying citation age model also accounts for the mean weighted age of weighted title words in citing articles.Estimated percentage change,given one additional year of online availability,for (D )number of distinct articles and journals cited and (E )Herfindahl concentration within those cita-tions,when enlarging the window in which citation measures are evaluated,from 1to 30years —1975to2005. SCIENCE VOL 32118JULY 2008397REPORTSo n F e b r u a r y 2, 2010w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mcitations in science,it did not fully determine it.Citations may be spread more evenly over fewer articles to more broadly disperse scientific atten-tion.To assess the degree to which online pro-vision influences the concentration of citations to just a few articles (and journals),I computed a Herfindahl index,where ∑nj ¼1ðs 2j Þrepresents the percentage of citations s to each article j ,squared and summed across journal or subfield i within the 20-year time window examined.A concentration of 1indicates that every citation to journal i in a given year is to a single article;a concentration just less than 1suggests a high proportion of citations pointing to just a few articles;and a concentration approaching zero implies that citations reach out evenly to a large number of articles.Herfindahl concentrations of articles cited in journals ranged from 0.0000933to 1in this sample,with an average of 0.088and a wide standard deviation of 0.195.Where no articles were cited,no concentrations could be computed.Regression models were used to examine whether citation concentration to arti-cles from the last 20years could be attributed to depth of online availability.As in previous mod-els,these were estimated for articles within jour-nals and for articles and journals within subfields,by means of both commercial and free electronic provision.Citation concentrations are approxi-mately normally distributed and the models were estimated with OLS.Figure 2C illustrates the concurrent influ-ence of commercial and free online provision on the concentration of citations to particular ar-ticles and journals.The left panel shows that the number of years of commercial availability ap-pears to significantly increase concentration of citations to fewer articles within a journal.If an additional 10years of journal issues were to go online via any commercial source,the model predicts that its citation concentration would rise from 0.088to 0.105,an increase of nearly 20%.Free electronic availability had a slight negative effect on the concentration of articles cited within journals,but it had a mar-ginally positive effect on the concentration of articles cited within subfields (middle panel)and appeared to substantially drive up the con-centration of citations to central journals within subfields (right panel).Commercial provision had a consistent positive effect on citation con-centration in both articles and journals.The col-lective similarity between commercial and free access for all models discussed suggests that online access —whatever its source —reshapes knowledge discovery and use in the same way.For all models,similar results were obtained when journals ’presence in multiple (e.g.,one,two,and three or more)commercial archives was accounted for and modeled simultaneously.Although 20years is not an unreasonable window of time within which to examine the effect of online availability on citations,it does not capture the trend of the effect.For example,one can imagine that online provision increases the distinct number of articles cited and decreases the citation concentration for recent articles,but hastens convergence to canonical classics in the more distant past.To explore this possibility,I performed the same analyses but calculated variables with expanding windows ranging from the last year to the last 30years.To keep sam-ples comparable,I estimated all models on data from 1975(1945plus a 30-year window)to 2005,and so the 20-year window coefficients do not correspond perfectly to the effects illustrated earlier.Estimated percentage changes in the num-ber of articles and journals cited and the Herfindahl citation concentration within those citations were calculated as associated with a 1-year extension of online availability.These estimates and their corresponding 95%confidence intervals are graphed in Fig.2,D and E.Increased online provision in the preceding year was associated with a decrease in the number of distinct articles cited within journals and articles and journals cited within subfields most in recent years (Fig.2D).A 1-year change in online availability corresponded to a 9%drop in articles cited in the last year,but only a 7%drop in articles cited in the past 20and 30years.The pattern was the same for articles and journals within subfields (tables S2to S4).The citation window ’s effect on citation concentration was not so consistent (Fig.2E).Nevertheless,in the case of article concentrations within subfields,the Herfindahl concentration increase was highest —1.5%per year of online availability —when cal-culated for references to only the last year ’s articles.The models presented are limited in a num-ber of ways.For example,journals such as Science use Supporting Online Material for “Materials and Methods,”which frequently in-clude references not indexed by the CI.It is the-oretically possible,though unlikely,that these references are to earlier or more diverse arti-cles.Moreover,by studying only conventional journals,this study fails to capture newer sci-entific media like science blogs,wikis,and online outlets exploring alternative models of peer review.These new media almost un-doubtedly link to extremely recent scientific developments —often through ephemeral Web links (13)—but they may also point to more diverse materials.Collectively,the models presented illustrate that as journal archives came online,either through commercial vendors or freely,citation patterns shifted.As deeper backfiles became available,more recent articles were referenced;as more articles became available,fewer were cited and citations became more concentrated within fewer articles.These changes likely mean that the shift from browsing in print to searching online facilitates avoidance of older and less rele-vant literature.Moreover,hyperlinking through an online archive puts experts in touch with consensus about what is the most important priorwork —what work is broadly discussed and ref-erenced.With both strategies,experts online by-pass many of the marginally related articles that print researchers skim.If online research-ers can more easily find prevailing opinion,they are more likely to follow it,leading to more citations referencing fewer articles.Research on the extreme inequality of Internet hyperlinks (14),scientific citations (15,16),and other forms of “preferential attachment ”(17,18)suggests that near-random differences in quality am-plify when agents become aware of each other ’s choices.Agents view others ’choices as relevant information —a signal of quality —and factor them into their own reading and citation selec-tions.By enabling scientists to quickly reach and converge with prevailing opinion,electronic journals hasten scientific consensus.But haste may cost more than the subscription to an online archive:Findings and ideas that do not become consensus quickly will be forgotten quickly.This research ironically intimates that one of the chief values of print library research is poor indexing.Poor indexing —indexing by titles and authors,primarily within core journals —likely had unintended consequences that as-sisted the integration of science and scholarship.By drawing researchers through unrelated arti-cles,print browsing and perusal may have facil-itated broader comparisons and led researchers into the past.Modern graduate education parallels this shift in publication —shorter in years,more specialized in scope,culminating less frequent-ly in a true dissertation than an album of arti-cles (19).The move to online science appears to rep-resent one more step on the path initiated by the much earlier shift from the contextualized monograph,like Newton ’s Principia (20)or Darwin ’s Origin of Species (21),to the modern research article.The Principia and Origin ,each produced over the course of more than a decade,not only were engaged in current debates,but wove their propositions into conversation with astronomers,geometers,and naturalists from cen-turies past.As 21st-century scientists and scholars use online searching and hyperlinking to frame and publish their arguments more efficiently,they weave them into a more focused —and more narrow —past and present.References and Notes1.R.Reddy et al .,“Digital Libraries:Universal Access to Human Knowledge ”(President ’s Information Technology Advisory Committee,Panel on Digital Libraries,2001);/pubs/pitac/pitac-dl-9feb01.pdf.2.The report (1)qualifies the vision of universal access,but only by admitting that “more ‘quality ’digital contents ”must be made available and better IT infrastructure must deliver them.3.M.McLuhan,Understanding Media (McGraw-Hill,New York,1964),chap.1.4.S.Black,Libr.Resour.Tech.Serv.49,19(2005).5.S.L.De Groote,J.L.Dorsch,J.Med.Libr.Assoc.91,231(2003).6.C.Tenopir,B.Hitchcock,S.A.Pillow,“Use and Users of Electronic Library Resources:An Overview and Analysis of18JULY 2008VOL 321SCIENCE398REPORTSo n F e b r u a r y 2, 2010w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m。