土木工程专业英语论文
2012-2013学年第二学期 专业英语考试论文
姓 名 xxxxxxx 学 号 xxxxxxxxxxx 院 系 土木工程与建筑系 专 业 土木工程 年 级 xxxxxxxxxxxxxx 任课教师 xxxxxx
2013年 6 月 18 日 1
The Development History and Future of Steel Structure Abstract: More than 30 years, the modern building materials by using steel, glass, membrane
materials and the corresponding structure, construction technology and construction process of building up the steel structure building, completely changed the previous architecture model, idea and method of architectural design will change. Steel is a high strength, high performance materials with very high value, recycling, scrap has value. Seismic performance of steel structure, flexible use, construction is not consume wood, steel template and water mass, also won't produce strong noise and air pollution. Compared with other structure of concrete filled steel tube structure, having the advantages of high bearing capacity, ductility and seismic performance, material saving and convenient construction characteristics. For high-rise building, these characteristics are particularly prominent, China in this field has been in a leading position. Keyword: Development Steel Structure building material
摘要: 30余年来，利用钢格、玻璃、膜材等现代建筑材料及相应的结构、构造技术与施
工工艺建筑起来的钢结构建筑，彻底改变了以往建筑造型的模式，建筑设计的理念与方法亦随之嬗变。 钢材是一种高强、高效能的材料，具很高的再循环价值，边角料也有价值。钢结构抗震性能好，使用灵活，施工时既不需要耗费大量的木材、钢模板和水，也不会产生强的噪音与空气污染。 钢管混凝土结构与其它结构相比，具有承载力高、塑性和抗震性能优越、节省材料和施工简便的特点。用于高层建筑中，这些特点尤为突出，中国在此领域已处于领先地位。
关键词: 发展 钢结构 建筑 材料
Introduction: Breakthrough progress of construction steel was started in nineteen sixties. More than 30 years, the modern building materials by using steel, glass, membrane materials and the corresponding structure, construction technology and construction process of building up the steel structure building, completely changed the previous architecture model, idea and method of architectural design will change. Today, technology integration and sustainable development 2
concept has win support among the people, by the steel structure technology as the basic means, focus on the material characteristics and technical performance of the architectural creation tendency has become the trend of the times. Compared with foreign countries, the development of steel structure building in China is relatively backward, in China's steel production has ranked first in the world, steel structure building basic conditions mature premise, steel structure technology has not been effective promotion, are worth meditative. At present, the architectural design industry in our country is generally insufficient, understanding of steel structure construction idea is backward; not high enthusiasm for the steel structure system, management and No. These are serious obstacles to the steel structure in the further development of our country. 1.The development history, foreign steel structure building Metal structure was first used in building houses can be traced back to eighteenth Century is not english. Because at that time the cotton mill frequent fires, so the iron in the framework of building structure. 100 years later, the United States of Chicago school has built a number of steel skyscrapers, French engineer Eiffel built the famous tower, metal building has now entered the first glorious era. At that time, people built the metal structure of the single-family housing, some metal housing, still in good condition. In more than half a century later, the rise of the reinforced concrete structure, metal lost its reputation and charm in the architectural field, mainly used for the construction of factories, such as hangars. Steel structure building in the nineteen sixties begin again with new development. Construction steel to be a breakthrough, computers have also begun early application, all the structure systems of metal building is becoming more and more mature. 70 in the French Pompidou cultural center built, high-tech trend began to appear; to the 80, 90 time, Renault auto parts distribution center, Hongkong HSBC, the French Lyon Airport TGV railway station, Kansai International Airport, the steel structure to a new high degree. At the same time, the architects in the small project, the steel structure technology played most incisive, such as the design of FRANCE architecture studio student restaurant, Jules Varna, the United States of America ABC company manufacturing high residence. In particular, the western developed countries have put forward a project of metal building concept, pre engineered metal building refers to a building structure is divided into several modules is processed in factory, so that the design, manufacture
土木工程英语作文
土木工程英语作文Civil engineering is an exciting and diverse field that involves the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure projects. It's a career path that requires creativity, problem-solving skills, and a deep understanding of math and physics.For me, the best part about civil engineering is seeing the impact of my work on people's lives. Whether it's building a new bridge that connects two communities or designing a safe and efficient water supply system, civil engineers make a significant contribution to society.One challenge that civil engineers often face is dealing with unexpected obstacles. Whether it's a geological surprise underground or a sudden change in weather conditions, we need to be able to adapt and find solutions quickly. This requires a lot of flexibility and resourcefulness.Another aspect of civil engineering that I find fascinating is the use of technology. With the advancementof tools like BIM (Building Information Modeling) and drones, we can now design and construct projects more efficiently and accurately than ever before. It's excitingto see how technology is shaping the future of our industry.Overall, civil engineering is a rewarding and challenging career choice. It's a field that offers endless opportunities to learn, grow, and make a positive.。
土木工程-毕业设计-论文-外文翻译
Concrete structure reinforcement designAbstract：structure in the long-term natural environment and under the use environment's function, its function is weaken inevitably gradually, our structural engineering's duty not just must finish the building earlier period the project work, but must be able the science appraisal structure damage objective law and the degree, and adopts the effective method guarantee structure the security use, that the structure reinforcement will become an important work. What may foresee will be the 21st century, the human building also by the concrete structure, the steel structure, the bricking-up structure and so on primarily, the present stage I will think us in the structure reinforcement this aspect research should also take this as the main breakthrough direction.Key word：Concrete structure reinforcement bricking-up structure reinforcement steel structure reinforcement1 Concrete structure reinforcementConcrete structure's reinforcement divides into the direct reinforcement and reinforces two kinds indirectly, when the design may act according to the actual condition and the operation requirements choice being suitable method and the necessary technology.1.1the direct reinforcement's general method1）Enlarges the section reinforcement lawAdds the concretes cast-in-place level in the reinforced concrete member in bending compression zone, may increase the section effective height, the expansion cross sectional area, thus enhances the component right section anti-curved, the oblique section anti-cuts ability and the section rigidity, plays the reinforcement reinforcement the role.In the suitable muscle scope, the concretes change curved the component right section supporting capacity increase along with the area of reinforcement and the intensity enhance. In the original component right section ratio of reinforcement not too high situation, increases the main reinforcement area to be possible to propose the plateau component right section anti-curved supporting capacity effectively. Is pulled in the section the area to add the cast-in-place concrete jacket to increase the component section, through new Canada partial and original component joint work, but enhances the component supporting capacity effectively, improvement normal operational performance.Enlarges the section reinforcement law construction craft simply, compatible, and has the mature design and the construction experience; Is suitable in Liang, the board, the column, the wall and the general structure concretes reinforcement; But scene construction's wet operating time is long, to produces has certain influence with the life, and after reinforcing the building clearance has certain reduction.2) Replacement concretes reinforcement lawThis law's merit with enlarges the method of sections to be close, and after reinforcing, does not affect building's clearance, but similar existence construction wet operating time long shortcoming; Is suitable somewhat low or has concretes carrier's and so on serious defect Liang, column in the compression zone concretes intensity reinforcement.3) the caking outsourcing section reinforcement lawOutside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement is wraps in the section or the steel plate is reinforced component's outside, outside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforces reinforced concrete Liang to use the wet outsourcing law generally, namely uses the epoxy resinification to be in the milk and so on methods with to reinforce the section the construction commission to cake a whole, after the reinforcement component, because is pulled with the compressed steel cross sectional area large scale enhancement, therefore right section supporting capacity and section rigidity large scale enhancement.This law also said that the wet outside Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement law, the stress is reliable, the construction is simple, the scene work load is small, but is big with the steel quantity, and uses in above not suitably 600C in the non-protection's situation the high temperature place; Is suitable does not allow in the use obviously to increase the original component section size, but requests to sharpen its bearing capacity large scale the concrete structure reinforcement.4) Sticks the steel reinforcement lawOutside the reinforced concrete member in bending sticks the steel reinforcement is (right section is pulled in the component supporting capacity insufficient sector area, right section compression zone or oblique section) the superficial glue steel plate, like this may enhance is reinforced component's supporting capacity, and constructs conveniently.This law construction is fast, the scene not wet work or only has the plastering and so on few wet works, to produces is small with the life influence, and after reinforcing, is not remarkable to the original structure outward appearance and the original clearance affects, but the reinforcement effect is decided to a great extent by the gummy craft and the operational level; Is suitable in the withstanding static function, and is in the normal humidity environment to bend or the tension member reinforcement.5) Glue fibre reinforcement plastic reinforcement lawOutside pastes the textile fiber reinforcement is pastes with the cementing material the fibre reinforcement compound materials in is reinforced the component to pull the region, causes it with to reinforce the section joint work, achieves sharpens the component bearing capacity the goal. Besides has glues the steel plate similar merit, but also has anticorrosive muddy, bears moistly, does not increase the self-weight of structure nearly, durably, the maintenance cost low status merit, but needsspecial fire protection processing, is suitable in each kind of stress nature concrete structure component and the general construction.This law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation. 6) Reeling lawThis law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation. 7) Fang bolt anchor lawThis law is suitable in the concretes intensity rank is the C20~C60 concretes load-bearing member transformation, the reinforcement; It is not suitable for already the above structure which and the light quality structure makes decent seriously.1.2The indirect reinforcement's general method1)Pre-stressed reinforcement law(1)Thepre-stressed horizontal tension bar reinforces concretes member in bending,because the pre-stressed and increases the exterior load the combined action, in the tension bar has the axial tension, this strength eccentric transmits on the component through the pole endanchor (, when tension bar and Liang board bottom surface close fitting, tension bar can look for tune together with component, this fashion has partial pressures to transmit directly for component bottom surface), has the eccentric compression function in the component, this function has overcome the bending moment which outside the part the load produces, reduced outside the load effect, thus sharpened component's anti-curved ability. At the same time, because the tension bar passes to component's pressure function, the component crack development can alleviate, the control, the oblique section anti-to cut the supporting capacity also along with it enhancement.As a result of the horizontal lifting stem's function, the original component's section stress characteristic by received bends turned the eccentric compression, therefore, after the reinforcement, component's supporting capacity was mainly decided in bends under the condition the original component's supporting capacity 。
土木工程英语作文模板
土木工程英语作文模板Title: Template for Civil Engineering English Essay。
Introduction。
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams, and buildings. In this essay, we will discuss the essential components of a civil engineering project and the role of a civil engineer in the construction industry.Project Planning and Design。
The first step in any civil engineering project is the planning and design phase. During this phase, civil engineers work closely with architects, surveyors, and other professionals to develop a comprehensive plan for the project. This includes determining the project's scope, budget, and timeline, as well as conducting feasibility studies and environmental impact assessments. The design phase involves creating detailed blueprints and specifications for the construction of the project, taking into account factors such as structural integrity, safety, and sustainability.Materials and Construction Methods。
鲁正土木工程专业英语
鲁正土木工程专业英语As a civil engineering major, I have learned a lot of professional English terms and knowledge in this field. Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. The study of civil engineering involves a deep understanding of mathematical and scientific principles, as well as a creative and innovative approach to problem-solving.One of the key responsibilities of a civil engineer isto ensure that the infrastructure we use in our daily lives is safe, efficient, and sustainable. This involves a thorough understanding of materials, structures, and construction techniques, as well as the ability to analyze and design complex systems.In addition to technical knowledge, communication and teamwork are also essential skills for civil engineers. They often work in multidisciplinary teams, collaborating with architects, urban planners, and other professionals to deliver projects that meet the needs of society. Effectivecommunication with clients, stakeholders, and the public is also crucial for ensuring the success of a project.In terms of specialized knowledge, civil engineering encompasses various sub-disciplines, such as structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering, and water resources engineering. Each of these subfields has its own set of challenges and opportunities, and requires a unique combination of skills and expertise.In conclusion, studying civil engineering has provided me with a solid foundation in technical knowledge, problem-solving skills, and the ability to work effectively in a team. It has also given me a deep appreciation for the importance of infrastructure in our society and the role that engineers play in shaping the world around us.作为土木工程专业的学生，我学习了许多这个领域的专业英语术语和知识。
土木工程英语作文
土木工程英语作文I love civil engineering. It's all about designing and constructing the infrastructure that we use in our daily lives. From roads and bridges to buildings and dams, civil engineers play a crucial role in shaping the world around us.One of the most exciting aspects of civil engineeringis the opportunity to work on large-scale projects. Whether it's designing a new skyscraper or building a new highway, the challenges and opportunities that come with these projects are truly exhilarating.Another thing I love about civil engineering is the emphasis on problem-solving. Every project comes with its own set of unique challenges, and it's up to the engineer to come up with creative and innovative solutions. This aspect of the job keeps things interesting and always presents new and exciting challenges to tackle.Civil engineering also offers the opportunity to make a real impact on the world. By designing sustainable and efficient infrastructure, civil engineers can help to improve the quality of life for people all around the globe. Whether it's improving transportation systems or designing more resilient buildings, the work of civil engineers has a tangible and lasting impact on society.In conclusion, civil engineering is an incredibly rewarding and fulfilling field. The opportunities to workon large-scale projects, the emphasis on problem-solving, and the chance to make a real impact on the world are justa few of the reasons why I love this profession. I can'twait to see where my career in civil engineering takes me!。
土木工程英语论文
Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering，and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure。
Keyword：Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement，water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material。
Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy，defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc。
土木工程英语作文
土木工程英语作文I remember the first time I stepped onto a construction site. The noise, the dust, the smell of concrete it was overwhelming. But as I spent more time there, I began to appreciate the beauty of civil engineering. The way a building takes shape from just a blueprint and a pile of materials is truly amazing.One of the things I love most about civil engineeringis the problem-solving aspect. Every project comes with its own set of challenges, whether it's dealing with difficult terrain or figuring out how to make a structure earthquake-resistant. It's a constant puzzle, and finding the right solution is incredibly satisfying.Of course, there are also the long hours and the physical demands of the job. But there's something deeply rewarding about seeing a project through from start to finish, knowing that you had a hand in creating something that will stand for years to come. It's a tangible, visibleimpact that not many professions can offer.And then there's the sense of camaraderie that comes with working on a construction site. You're part of a team, each person with their own role to play, working together towards a common goal. There's a real sense of community, and it's something that I cherish about this line of work.At the end of the day, civil engineering is not just about building structures it's about building a better world. Whether it's designing sustainable infrastructure or improving the safety and efficiency of transportation systems, civil engineers have the power to make a real difference in people's lives. And that's what keeps me passionate about this field.。
土木工程英语作文
土木工程英语作文Civil engineering is a cornerstone of modern society, playing a pivotal role in shaping our cities, infrastructure, and the environment we live in. This essay will explore the significance of civil engineering, its impact on daily life, and the future challenges it faces.Firstly, civil engineering is responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment. It encompasses a wide range of projects, from the construction of roads and bridges to the development of water supply systems and the planning of urban landscapes. The work of civil engineers is vital for the connectivity and functionality of our cities, ensuring that people can travel, trade, and live efficiently.Secondly, civil engineering contributes significantly to the safety and well-being of communities. Engineers are tasked with creating structures that can withstand natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and storms. By employing advanced materials and innovative design techniques, civil engineers help to minimize the risk of structural failure and loss of life.Moreover, civil engineering is at the forefront of sustainable development. As the world grapples with climate change and resource scarcity, civil engineers are developing solutions to reduce carbon emissions, conserve water, andcreate energy-efficient buildings. Green infrastructure, such as permeable pavements and green roofs, is becoming increasingly popular as a means to manage stormwater runoff and improve urban air quality.However, civil engineering faces numerous challenges in the modern era. Rapid urbanization and population growth are putting immense pressure on existing infrastructure, necessitating constant innovation and expansion. Additionally, the need for sustainable practices is becoming more urgent, requiring civil engineers to balance economic viability with environmental responsibility.In conclusion, civil engineering is an essential field that underpins the very fabric of our society. It is a discipline that requires a deep understanding of both the physical sciences and the social implications of its work. As we lookto the future, the role of civil engineers will only become more critical in addressing the complex issues that our world faces. Through continued innovation, education, and collaboration, civil engineering will remain a driving force for positive change in the 21st century and beyond.。
08土木工程质量管理毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
土木工程质量管理中英文资料外文翻译文献On civil engineering construction project quality management1 IntroductionCivil engineering building project success lies in the quality of quality, separate, other everything is out of the question. Therefore, to take civil engineering construction quality management in the construction project implementation plan and implementation process.In practice, no more than the use of engineering quality of care. But to ensure the construction quality, using the party there is a need for the organization experienced professional quality management team, design of the wholeconstruction process, including engineering design, construction units, building material, construction process and supervision and other aspects of the management, but also guide the construction unit of the construction personnel to timely and effectively encourages training. This article from the above several aspects to discuss.2.construction of the effective surveillance on the use of unit, design unit as a design once, is the work of supervisors, why should I organize the quality surveillance team? Because our country construction there are still many unsatisfactory objective or objective aspects, the unit is necessary to hire have the sense of responsibility, have management experience, familiar with the policies and regulations, have good communication ability quality management, set up quality management team, the construction design and construction process for effective management monitoring. The management team, can according to the engineering build pause status stop adjustment, implementation of compulsory system. On ordinary civil construction, quality management is relatively easy, with the possible exception of new information on the use of new technology, the whole quality management more rule-based. On special request of civil building engineering, quality management will be arranged to stop.First of all, on the quality of project design management. This stage, mainly for the design units in strict accordance with the unit can the fundamental request stop design, to check whether reasonable design plan, design intent can and thesurrounding geographical environment as well as local humane environment of harmony, in the technology and the budget is feasible, can be advanced technology, reliable structure can safely, whether the unit in charge of construction appropriate technology request etc..These aspects of the management and inspection, in relation to the whole building after project completion, in the use of function, quality, human physical performance and other aspects whether can reach certain degree of satisfaction of the big issue.At this stage, management personnel more to listen to designers to design the idea", a lot of advisory application unit in macroscopical and microcosmic staff views on initiative, make design to perfection.In addition, to check the design drawings can correctly reflect the design plan, calculated correctly, drawing dimensioning can have mistakenly, selection of materials and construction request whether reasonable, the overall design of various departments such as can harmonious design. Because our country is in the design and supervision work still is lacked very much, in the aspects of management and examination must be careful, in order to prevent subsequent quality disputes.Secondly, to the construction supervision supervision.Construction supervision is the key to guarantee the construction quality. Quality management departments should promptly to supervision departments to key local construction quality monitoring report, implement supervision duty. At the same time, but also in a timely manner, sampling test, certain constructiontechnology can fit design request. On construction supervision departments, to check its supervision can improve the supervision work procedure, to check whether supervision report specification, not in conformity with the requests of construction operation can be corrected in a timely manner.Again, on the construction equipment and construction personnel basic quality supervision and inspection construction can stop, with safe and reliable, can satisfy the design request and to complete construction; construction team consisting of whether reasonable, the construction of the technical staff to whether accord with basic request, especially on special request link, can have the equivalent level technical personnel in charge of participating in the construction process. Pay attention to the quality of construction unit, it progresses to the legal view. On raw materials procurement and construction of test procedures are detailed records.In addition, to stop the construction effect of sampling, discover a problem, timely and inspect manage personnel contact, stop the rectification, to prevent the engineering dispute, avoid engineering quality formation of waste.3construction of the various communication quality management work is not a design and construction method for cubic, but the entire project important constituent, it is designed with all relevant units of the divergent interests of. Present quality problems, the parties involved have the duty, have loss. At this point, the quality management must communicate with relevant parties, won the understanding and support. In addition, in the process of construction, also oftenencounter the construction side of the design request of doubt problem. The generation of these problems, sometimes due to the use of units of detailed request, some are the result of the design concept and design thoughts of the reasons, some due to the construction process the request of different caused. These problems cannot be ignored, should be promptly to communicate, understand the request, the timely adjustment. Not conscious construction, so that the practical results and design request is betrayed, and the use of units of the basic request of betrayal, unnecessary disputes and losses.4construction personnel training and encourage civil engineering building operators is worker of a gleam of. From the present situation, the construction team of individual technical quality is also very important. Some construction unit, construction personnel activity, the construction of personnel practice degree no true assessment, making the construction quality to sell at a discount greatly.Then, is it right? A start to construction personnel examination, request to high level? At least from the now situation, which is not ideal. First, each building project on the detailed construction technology has different request. In the organization of the construction process, request a certain proportion of with some degree of worker technician, another local can have initial operation skills of construction workers. During the construction process, to guide the construction of a reasonable distribution of work, make the workers work in practice to further mature some basic types of operational procedures and technical requirements, andon this basis, the organization staff to stop training, make the understanding of the new technology, become established during the construction of the backbone. Then let them in the work of a scheme to other construction personnel to impart technical.In this respect, the construction unit according to the detailed status of layout. There has been a reasonable training mechanism, the construction personnel to understand the practical operation level, and improve their technical level of power. In the long run, the overall quality of the progress of the construction unit is also very important.On the other hand, effective encouragement and improve construction worker job enthusiasm and learning enthusiasm of the necessary measures. Frontline workers mostly from rural, energy consumption, the low pay, the mood is stable. Therefore, to establish effective encouraging mechanism. To ensure that the wage Qing month, labor safeguard measures, management of human nature, care workers and Ankang. In addition, to organize the workers involved in the construction management and technology research, fully adjustable open invention enthusiasm of workers. Technology progress leads to an increase in income, so as to promote the stable construction team, the construction quality is very important. It is hard to imagine that a majority of people full of grievances of the construction team can achieve the task.5ConclusionIt is often said, should be " a matter of expediency in construction, quality first", however, the quality problem is emerge in an endless stream. If in the construction process of some links, quality difference, these difference basically from accumulated will change the whole engineering quality. Therefore, do not let every link of the quality monitoring, on the problem of construction promptly corrected, is to use units, design units, as for as to construction unit as, namely to society as. With such a sense of duty, our engineering degree will gradually progress, can form the good work habits. Constitute the benign development of building construction environment. On the other hand, quality management can't think of what to do what, to systematic, procedural, design the whole management process, all the data, project compilation record, best to establish a computer database, stored in the computer. Management of examination conclusions, text, image, and correcting the situation chart problem timely records. This is the construction quality management informatization is the inevitable trend of development. This is my civil engineering construction quality management shortcomings, to be further developed.译文：关于土木工程施工工程的质量管理1.引言土木工程建立工程的成败在于质量，分开质量，其他一切都无从谈起。
土木工程专业钢筋混凝土结构设计毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：钢筋混凝土结构设计文献、资料英文题目：DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：土木工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES原文：DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETESTRUCTURES1. BASIC CONCERPTS AND CHARACERACTERISTICS OF REINFORCED CONCRETEPlain concrete is formed from hardened mixture of cement, water , fine aggregate , coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel ) , air and often other admixtures . The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to accelerate of the chemical hydration of hen cement mix and results in a hardened concrete. It is generally known that concrete has high compressive strength and low resistance to tension. Its tensile strength is approximatelyone-tenth of its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile reinforcement in the tension zone has to be provided to supplement the tensile strength of the reinforced concrete section.For example, a plain concrete beam under a uniformly distributed load q is shown in Fig .1.1(a), when the distributed load increases and reaches a value q=1.37KN/m , the tensile region at the mid-span will be cracked and the beam will fail suddenly . A reinforced concrete beam if the same size but has to steel reinforcing bars (2φ16) embedded at the bottom under a uniformly distributed load q is shown in Fig.1.1(b). The reinforcing bars take up the tension there after the concrete is cracked. When the load q is increased, the width of the cracks, the deflection and thestress of steel bars will increase . When the steel approaches the yielding stress ƒy , thedeflection and the cracked width are so large offering some warning that the compression zone . The failure load q=9.31KN/m, is approximately 6.8 times that for the plain concrete beam.Concrete and reinforcement can work together because there is a sufficiently strong bond between the two materials, there are no relative movements of the bars and the surrounding concrete cracking. The thermal expansion coefficients of the two materials are 1.2×10-5K-1 for steel and 1.0×10-5~1.5×10-5K-1 for concrete .Generally speaking, reinforced structure possess following features :Durability .With the reinforcing steel protected by the concrete , reinforced concreteFig.1.1Plain concrete beam and reinforced concrete beamIs perhaps one of the most durable materials for construction .It does not rot rust , and is not vulnerable to efflorescence .(2)Fire resistance .Both concrete an steel are not inflammable materials .They would not be affected by fire below the temperature of 200℃when there is a moderate amount of concrete cover giving sufficient thermal insulation to the embedded reinforcement bars.(3)High stiffness .Most reinforced concrete structures have comparatively large cross sections .As concrete has high modulus of elasticity, reinforced concrete structures are usuallystiffer than structures of other materials, thus they are less prone to large deformations, This property also makes the reinforced concrete less adaptable to situations requiring certainflexibility, such as high-rise buildings under seismic load, and particular provisions have to be made if reinforced concrete is used.(b)Reinfoced concrete beam(4)Locally available resources. It is always possible to make use of the local resources of labour and materials such as fine and coarse aggregates. Only cement and reinforcement need to be brought in from outside provinces.(5)Cost effective. Comparing with steel structures, reinforced concrete structures are cheaper.(6)Large dead mass, The density of reinforced concrete may reach2400~2500kg/pare with structures of other materials, reinforced concrete structures generally have a heavy dead mass. However, this may be not always disadvantageous, particularly for those structures which rely on heavy dead weight to maintain stability, such as gravity dam and other retaining structure. The development and use of light weight aggregate have to a certain extent make concrete structure lighter.(7)Long curing period.. It normally takes a curing period of 28 day under specified conditions for concrete to acquire its full nominal strength. This makes the progress of reinforced concrete structure construction subject to seasonal climate. The development of factory prefabricated members and investment in metal formwork also reduce the consumption of timber formwork materials.(8)Easily cracked. Concrete is weak in tension and is easily cracked in the tension zone. Reinforcing bars are provided not to prevent the concrete from cracking but to take up the tensile force. So most of the reinforced concrete structure in service is behaving in a cracked state. This is an inherent is subjected to a compressive force before working load is applied. Thus the compressed concrete can take up some tension from the load.2. HISTOEICAL DEVELPPMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTUREAlthough concrete and its cementitious(volcanic) constituents, such as pozzolanic ash, have been used since the days of Greek, the Romans, and possibly earlier ancient civilization, the use of reinforced concrete for construction purpose is a relatively recent event, In 1801, F. Concrete published his statement of principles of construction, recognizing the weakness if concrete in tension, The beginning of reinforced concrete is generally attributed to Frenchman J. L. Lambot, who in 1850 constructed, for the first time, a small boat with concrete for exhibition in the 1855 World’s Fair in Paris. In England, W. B. Wilkinson registered a patent for reinforced concrete l=floor slab in 1854.J.Monier, a French gardener used metal frames as reinforcement to make garden plant containers in 1867. Before 1870, Monier had taken a series of patents to make reinforcedconcrete pipes, slabs, and arches. But Monier had no knowledge of the working principle of this new material, he placed the reinforcement at the mid-depth of his wares. Then little construction was done in reinforced concrete. It is until 1887, when the German engineers Wayss and Bauschinger proposed to place the reinforcement in the tension zone, the use of reinforced concrete as a material of construction began to spread rapidly. In1906, C. A. P. Turner developed the first flat slab without beams.Before the early twenties of 20th century, reinforced concrete went through the initial stage of its development, Considerable progress occurred in the field such that by 1910 the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete, the Austrian Concrete Committee, the American Concrete Institute, and the British Concrete Institute were established. Various structural elements, such as beams, slabs, columns, frames, arches, footings, etc. were developed using this material. However, the strength of concrete and that of reinforcing bars were still very low. The common strength of concrete at the beginning of 20th century was about 15MPa in compression, and the tensile strength of steel bars was about 200MPa. The elements were designed along the allowable stresses which was an extension of the principles in strength of materials.By the late twenties, reinforced concrete entered a new stage of development. Many buildings, bridges, liquid containers, thin shells and prefabricated members of reinforced concrete were concrete were constructed by 1920. The era of linear and circular prestressing began.. Reinforced concrete, because of its low cost and easy availability, has become the staple material of construction all over the world. Up to now, the quality of concrete has been greatly improved and the range of its utility has been expanded. The design approach has also been innovative to giving the new role for reinforced concrete is to play in the world of construction.The concrete commonly used today has a compressive strength of 20~40MPa. For concrete used in pre-stressed concrete the compressive strength may be as high as 60~80MPa. The reinforcing bars commonly used today has a tensile strength of 400MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength of prestressing wire may reach 1570~1860Pa. The development of high strength concrete makes it possible for reinforced concrete to be used in high-rise buildings, off-shore structures, pressure vessels, etc. In order to reduce the dead weight of concrete structures, various kinds of light concrete have been developed with a density of 1400~1800kg/m3. With a compressive strength of 50MPa, light weight concrete may be used in load bearing structures. One of the best examples is the gymnasium of the University of Illinois which has a span of 122m and is constructed of concrete with a density of 1700kg/m3. Another example is the two 20-story apartment houses at the Xi-Bian-Men in Beijing. The walls of these two buildings are light weight concrete with a density of 1800kg/m3.The tallest reinforced concrete building in the world today is the 76-story Water Tower Building in Chicago with a height of 262m. The tallest reinforced concrete building in China today is the 63-story International Trade Center in GuangZhou with a height a height of 200m. The tallest reinforced concrete construction in the world is the 549m high International Television Tower in Toronto, Canada. He prestressed concrete T-section simply supported beam bridge over the Yellow River in Luoyang has 67 spans and the standard span length is 50m.In the design of reinforced concrete structures, limit state design concept has replaced the old allowable stresses principle. Reliability analysis based on the probability theory has very recently been introduced putting the limit state design on a sound theoretical foundation. Elastic-plastic analysis of continuous beams is established and is accepted in most of the design codes. Finite element analysis is extensively used in the design of reinforced concrete structures and non-linear behavior of concrete is taken into consideration. Recent earthquake disasters prompted the research in the seismic resistant reinforced of concrete structures. Significant results have been accumulated.3. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE COURSEReinforced concrete is a widely used material for construction. Hence, graduates of every civil engineering program must have, as a minimum requirement, a basic understanding of the fundamentals of reinforced concrete.The course of Reinforced Concrete Design requires the prerequisite of Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials, and some if not all, of Theory of Structures, In all these courses, with the exception of Strength of Materials to some extent, a structure is treated of in the abstract. For instance, in the theory of rigid frame analysis, all members have an abstract EI/l value, regardless of what the act value may be. But the theory of reinforced concrete is different, it deals with specific materials, concrete and steel. The values of most parameters must be determined by experiments and can no more be regarded as some abstract. Additionally, due to the low tensile strength of concrete, the reinforced concrete members usually work with cracks, some of the parameters such as the elastic modulus I of concrete and the inertia I of section are variable with the loads.The theory of reinforced concrete is relatively young. Although great progress has been made, the theory is still empirical in nature in stead of rational. Many formulas can not be derived from a few propositions, and may cause some difficulties for students. Besides, due to the difference in practice in different countries, most countries base their design methods on their own experience and experimental results. Consequently, what one learns in one country may be different in another country. Besides, the theory is still in a stage of rapid。