托福语法OG(官方指南)
2个实例详解托福阅读修辞目的题从题干找线索解题技巧
2个实例详解托福阅读修辞目的题从题干找线索解题技巧托福阅读中既有不需要思考太多直接就能从原文找到答案的题目，也有需要考生自己主动思考分析才能得出结论的题目。
今天小编给大家带来了2个实例详解托福阅读修辞目的题从题干找线索解题技巧希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
2个实例详解托福阅读修辞目的题从题干找线索解题技巧托福阅读修辞目的题出题形式简介托福阅读修辞目的题的格式是这个样子的：“why does author mention ”注意这里的why不是定位文中的because来找答案，而是应采取这样一种思维即：题干作为一个细节，其存在的价值是为了支撑前面出现的观点，所以答案在题干细节出现的位置前面去找，也就是找到观点 (注意避开其他同样支撑观点的细节)修辞目的题解题思路实例分析实例1：Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitativeinstinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems tobe a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of thiscondition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficientdetachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather thanas serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition thatcontributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of theaesthetic sense.2. Why does the author mention “comedy”?A. To give an example of early types of theater.B. To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare.C. To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater.D. To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society.本题中的comedy虽为一个小词，看似不起眼，但是它所存在的句子，句首为for example，这就构成了明显的举例关系，所以答案还是在前面找这个例子所证明的观点。
托福语法高分要点(完全整理版)概要
目录第一章名词 (2第二章形容词 (13第三章副词 (19第四章介词 (23第五章动词 (28第六章代词 (41第七章简单句 (45第八章并列句 (50第九章主从复合句 (54第十章时态 (62第十一章一致原则 (65第十二章倒装 (69第十三章被动语态 (72第十四章常考关于It的句式 (74 第十五章虚拟语气 (77第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容第一节可数名词考点一单复数可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。
TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式下面我们会讲一下复数形式。
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs例题:(1 Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.A B C D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数(2 Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B C Dpain.答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人, aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft 等2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crisesmedium(媒体-media datum(数据-data curriculum(课程-curriculalarva(幼虫-larvae criterion(标准-criteria phenomenon(现象-phenomena3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规 scales(天平 savings(储蓄,statistics(统计数据, headquarters(总部,4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:goods(货物, manners(礼貌, troops(军队, authorities(当局5 不规则的名词复数child - children mouse - mice louse - licetooth - teeth foot - feet6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词例题:(1 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leadingA B Cjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D(2Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feetA B C D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬第二节限定词名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单数:a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本2.之后肯定接复数:these, those, many, such, other,大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…,a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small number of, several,one of, all (of, some /any (of, most(of, a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定限定词no(1 no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如:No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.No one is here.(2 no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。
SAT官方指南OG词汇Test 1
OG TEST 1SECTION 21.2.1Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn‟s ____ proved keenest when he accurately predicted that his books would someday appear in his native Russia.A. foresightB. nostalgiaC. follyD. despairE. artistry1.2.2The simple and direct images in Dorothea Lange‟s photographs provide ____ reflection of a bygone social milieu.A: an intricateB: a candidC: an ostentatiousD: a fictionalE: a convolutedOstentatiousCharacterized by or given to ostentation; pretentious炫耀的，夸耀的；自命不凡的They were neither aggressive nor ostentatious.他们不好斗, 也不爱炫耀自己。
See Synonyms at showy参见showy1.2.3Kate‟s impulsive nature and sudden whims led her friends to label her ____.A. capriciousB. bombasticC. loquaciousD. dispassionateE. decorousimpulsiveInclined to act on impulse rather than thought.冲动的：容易受冲动而不是思考的驱使产生行动an impulsive man一个易冲动的人whimA sudden or capricious idea; a fancy怪念头：突然或变化无常的想法；幻想Bombasticmarked by or given to bombast : POMPOUS, OVERBLOWN夸大的，言过其实的：夸大之词的参见pompous, overblownDispassionateDevoid of or unaffected by passion, emotion, or bias冷静的，不动感情的；公正的，不带偏见的：不带有或不受激情、感情或偏见影响的A dispassionate judge公正的裁判1.2.4Neurosurgeon Alexa Canady maintained that choosing a career was a visceral decision rather than ____ judgment; that is it was not so much rational as ____.A.An emotional… intellectualB. A chance… randomC.An intuitive… impulsiveD. A deliberate… instinctiveE.An intentional… logicdeliberateArising from or marked by careful consideration深思熟虑的：经过谨慎考虑的a deliberate decision一个经过深思熟虑而做出的决定See Synonyms at voluntary参见voluntaryvisceralInstinctive本能的visceral needs本能的需要See Synonyms at instinctive参见instinctiveIntuitive（OC1.2.3出现过）Of, relating to, or arising from intuition; known or perceived through intuition直觉的，有直觉能力的；通过直觉获知的He seemed to have an intuitive knowledge of how I was feeling.他好像凭直觉就知道我的感受。
ETS托福语法题及其“官方”解释下载
ETS在其出版的TOEFL PREPARE KITS中给出了40道语法题，并对每道题进行了详细的解释。
通过分析这40题及其“官方”解释，我们从中可以分析出托福语法的考试重点，希望大家认真琢磨这40道范题，以便有针对性地复习托福语法。
以下分析内容可能存在不妥之处，欢迎提出意见。
对于填空1-15题涉及的考点：1 情态动词；2 定语从句-基本知识；3 名词同位语；4 缺主语；5 缺谓语；6 词序：副词位置，名词前的修饰词顺序；7 定从-基本知识；8 最高级的构成；9 介词宾语：PREP+“-ING”10 缺宾语+定语从句THAT的省略；11 缺表语+定从；12 动词不定式作状语，与分词作状语的区分；13 名词同位语：名词短语的构成（THE FIRST...TO...）；14 分词的修饰功能；15 后置主语：IT 句式。
改错16-40题涉及的考点：16 名词复数；17 冠词：THE；18 一致原则：名词与代词的一致；19 主谓一致；20 副词的修饰功能比较结构的平行原则；21 成分多余：主语多余；22 动词短语的用法（MADE）；23 平行结构的一致原则；24 介宾结构：PREP+“-ING”；25 缺少谓语（分析主谓结构，并注意与不要误用分词）；26 名词短语构成（THE FIRST...TO...）；27 名词从句（BELIEVE +THAT从句）；28 代词混用；29 平行结构/名词动词形式的混用；30 定从：先行词的误用；31 连词误用（分析句意，连词作状语）；32 成分多余：主语重复；33 词性误用：分析主谓宾，ADJ与V混用；34 词性误用：分析主谓宾，ADJ与N混用；35 形容词的比较级构成形式；36 介词误用：理解句意；37 介词误用；38 词序：修饰与补修饰；39 指代问题：代词混用；40 单词的用法（LISTEN与HEAR的区分）。
GMAT官方指南12版本 语法SC部分详细解析(中文)
A/B使用被动结构,而且跟在另一被动结构后,啰嗦
TheGlassHouseMountainsinQuensland,Australia,were sightedin 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook,who so named them supportly because their sheer wet rocks glistened like glass. 定语从句修饰JC，because表因果
1.比较的表达方法
A/B当中more…as错误，应为more…than
Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, perhapsnonewasmoreconcentratedthanthe wavethatbrought12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three decades.
1.单复数一致
A当中的have和单数主语a surge前后不一致
Althougha surge in retail sales has raised hopes that a recovery is finally under way,many economistssay thatwithout a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.
动词形式 修辞结构
2.动词时态
前半句（粗体）可判断动词时态为过去完成时，而时间标志until almost 1900表明后半句用一般过去时，B当中使用了过去完成时，错误
GMAT官方指南12版本 语法SC部分详细解析(中文)
A当中的until almost 1900，前后都用逗号隔开，修饰的对象模糊，可能是前半句，也有可能是后半句。
Althoughvariouseighteenth- and nighteenth-century Americanpoetshad professedan interest in Native American poetry andhad pretendedto imitate Native American forms in their own works,itwasnot until almost 1900 that scholars and critics seriouslybeganstudying traditional Native American poetry in native languages.it做形式主语
4.Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history,maybenoneismore concentrated asthe wavethatbrought12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three decades.
6.In late 1997,the chambersinside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure atGizawere closedto visitors for cleaning and repairdue to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such level so that salt from the stone was crystallizingand fungus was growing on the walls.
SAT官方指南OG词汇TEST 2
OG TEST 2SECTION 42.4.1The movie’s plot was _____: once you know what befell on the hero, you could _____ the fate of the villain.A. convincing… misinterpretB. misleading… anticipateC. predictable…foreseeD. ironic…endorseE. spellbinding…ignoreforeseeTo see or know beforehand预知，预见：提前看到或知道foresaw the rapid increase in unemployment预见到了失业率的快速增长IronyThe use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning 反话，讽刺：故意使用文字表达与字面意思不同且相反的意义EndorseTo give approval of or support to, especially by public statement; sanction:赞同，认可，支持：认可或支持（尤其指以公开声明的方式）；批准，认可endorse a political candidate支持一个政治候选人2.4.2A certain additive put in gasoline to reduce air pollution is actually ____ groundwater, a finding that shows that even the most well-intentioned fixes can sometimes ____.A. liquefying… founderB. contaminating… backfireC. purifying… boomerangD. saturating… reciprocateE. polluting… prevailcontaminateTo make impure or unclean by contact or mixture弄脏，污染：因为接触或混合而使…不纯洁或不干净Contaminated groundwater污染了地下水backfireTo produce an unexpected, undesired resultv. （原意逆火）产生事与愿违的结果：产生意料之外的、不希望产生的结果His plan backfired on him.他的计划事与愿违。
托福语法指导汇总
托福语法指导汇总考托福语法一直都很重要，整理了关于真题要点解析的语法指导，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福语法指导-并列连词及真题要点解析有关并列连词的命题在TOEEL考试中占有极重要的地位。
并列连接词不仅自身是命题的焦点，它还涉及到一些其它的题型，如平行结构，词类、及一致等TOEEL考试要点。
一般说来，有关并列连词的题目并不深涩，因为连接词无论在语意上还是结构功能上都并非孤立使用。
而且，细察并列连词的题目，还可寻见其中的命题规律并列连词常考题型及解题要点1. 并列连词and but or混淆来源：考试大解题要点这类题型主要分面布在written Expression (16-40题中) 当A、B、C、D四项选择中出现单独的and或but 或or时，它通常就是此题的焦点，应根据句意判断此连词是否用错。
全真例题要分析来源：考试大(1) Harvesting of grains is affected by annual changes in temperature or inthe amount of moisture, but both. (90.1)[答案] D 根据句意，这里并无转折关系。
因此but 应改为or。
(2) Porcelain is not a single clay, and a compound of kaolin. Ball clay,feldspar. And silica. (91.1)[答案] C 此句表达的是一个取舍关系，and应改为but. “not…but”是表达转折，到舍含义的固定并列连词搭配。
3. The structure or behavior of many protozoans are amazingly comples forsingle-celled artimals.[答案] A 根据句中复数谓语动词are 来判断，连词or是错误，它表述的概含是两项之一，应用单数第三人称动词。
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OG(官方指南)对托福写作在“语言运用”方面的要求是“appropriate word choices”和“a variety of sentence structures”，也就是“词汇能恰当传达意思就好，句式多样就好”。
换句话说，托福写作在词汇和句式上没有任何“高大上”的要求。
英语写作中最简单的句式共2种：一是“主(S.)+谓(V.)+宾(O.)”;二是“主(S.)+系(V.)+表(P.)”。
前者为根本，在此称之为英语句式之“魂”。
以公式表达的话，“魂”=“主+谓+宾”= N.(名词) + V.(动词) + N.(名词)，最少由3个单词组成。
比如说，Jack plays basketball。
但一篇300字以上的独立作文绝对不可能由100来句3个单词的句子构成。
所以，我们要帮“魂”进行“增肥”，也就是给它加内容。
那到底可以加哪些内容呢?在我认为，只须往里加4个词：名词(N.)、动词(V.)、形容词(Adj.)、副词(Adv.)。
五种基本句型：S+Vi, S+V+O, S+V+0+C, S+V+Oi+Od, S+LV+PSubject=主语Verbal phrase=谓语Object=宾语（Oi=间接宾语，Od=直接宾语）Complement=补语Predicative=表语S+Vi（主谓）Without gun, the suicide rate will go down.Female violence has risen dramatically in recent decades.S+V+O（主谓宾）Media violence affect children’s mental health.Frequent physical punishment contri butes to a child’s later crimes.练习：由于他老师的推荐，他顺利地找到了一份好工作。
He smoothly found a good job for his teacher’s recommendation.性格因人而异。
Characters vary from person to person.不管发生什么事情，我们应该保持一个积极的生活态度而不是消极的心态。
Whatever happens, we should maintain a positive attitude towards life instead of passive attitude.适当的休息和足够的睡眠有益于长寿。
Proper rest and enough sleep contribute to longevity.S+V+0+C（主谓宾宾补）Gambling may turn an ordinary man crazy.Educators call TV both a good and bad information source.Parents should encourage their kids to take part in more rewarding activities.练习：We guarantee you a warm welcome.我们保证对你热烈欢迎。
These skills will make them more valuable employees in the future.这些技巧会帮助他们在未来成为更有价值的员工。
All the critics considered the book a masterpiece.所有的评论家都认为这本书是一部杰作。
We found him a very suitable person for the job.我们发现他很适合做这项工作。
Many people found their rewards unfair.许多人觉得他们的回报不公平。
S+V+Oi+Od（主谓间宾直宾）Gambling could bring us a dramatic increase in crime.Communicative service offers wrongdoers an opportunity to correct their misconduct.练习：His uncle found him a well-paid job in Shanghai.他叔叔在上海给他找到一份薪水很高的工作。
Doing morning exercises everyday does us a lot of good.每天晨练对我们大有好处。
I’d like to leave you the books I’ve kept for so many years.我想把保留多年的书籍留给你。
They allowed me three days to do the work.他们给我三天时间来做这份工作。
The work cost me a lot of time and effort.这项工作花费了我大量的时间和精力。
S+LV+P（主系表）Young people are the pillars of society.Environmentalists’ opinions sound convincing.练习：Education is one of the key words of our time.教育是我们这个时代的关键词。
Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent.老年人正在变得更加健康，更加幸福，更加独立。
In most parts of the world, the relation between population and resources is already unfavorable and will probably become even more unfavorable in the future.在世界上大多数地区，人口与资源之间的关系已经不理想，也许在将来变得更加不利。
The modern world is full of competition.现代世界充满竞争。
The Internet is the key to all the knowledge and information available in the world today.互联网是当今世界所有知识和信息的关键。
S+V+O1. The toxic gases .有毒气体危害人们健康。
2. Before presenting my view, I will .在表明观点之前，我将讨论一下这具有争议的事件的正反面。
3. Art funding .资助艺术浪费我们有限的公共资金。
4. Playing computer games .打游戏浪费父母的血汗钱。
5.Improper living habits .不良的生活习惯有害健康。
6. Unrestrained development of tourism .旅游业无限制的发展破坏生态平衡。
7. Cross-cultural communication can .跨文化交流有助于消除偏见和敌意。
8. Many residents the construction site which makes great noise day and night. 很多居民投诉整天发出巨大噪音的工地。
9. computer games .过分沉迷于电脑游戏导致肥胖和近视。
10. You advertisement in Guangzhou Morning Post me.贵公司刊载于《广州英文早报》的广告吸引了我。
11. I can hardly the latter opinion for the following several sound reasons.我很难认同后一种观点，理由有以下几方面。
S+V+Oi+Od1. I wish Wu Jiachen .我祝吴佳辰一路顺风。
2. Job-hopping offers people an opportunity to .跳槽给人们展示才艺的机会。
3. The installation of cameras brings residents .摄像头的安装给居民强烈的安全感。
4. Museums give people .博物馆给人们民族自豪感和归属感。
5. Part-time jobs give students through contributing to society.通过为社会做贡献，学生从兼职工作中获得一种成就感。
.S+V+O+C1. The life makes many people sick.紧张的生活使很多人生病。
2. People call TV .人们把电视叫做白痴盒子。
3. I require you to send some as soon as possible.我要求你尽快派人处理这棘手的问题。
4. The Internet enables us to the latest information worldwide.互联网使我们很容易接触到全世界的全新的资讯。
S+LV+P1. is one of man’s greatest .生物多元化是人类最大的财富。
2. TV is a .电视是个消磨时间的东西。
3. Playing computer games is .打游戏是个费时的爱好。
4. The number of visitors to U.S.A. during the summer.到美国的游客数目在夏季保持不变。
5. Cloning is .克隆是违背自然和不道德的。
6. The project sounds quite .这个方案听起来相当令人信服和具有建设性。
一、名词(N.)都知道名词是一个词，主要充当“魂”里的“主”和“宾”。
拿Jack plays basketball来说，要想往里面加名词，就只须在主语“Jack”和宾语“basketball”处并列一个名词。
比如说，Jack and I play basketball / Jack plays basketball and football。
其实，名词还可以是一个句子(即：一个句子充当主句中的一个名词)。
由于名词主要用作“主”和“宾”，故常见的名词性句子有：“主语从句”和“宾语从句”。
<1> 主语从句：That + 句子+ V. + O.，此处的“That + 句子”其实就充当了“魂”的主语(S.)。