本科毕业论文关于英文翻译

合集下载

英文本科毕业论文《从颜色词看中英文化差异》.doc

英文本科毕业论文《从颜色词看中英文化差异》.doc

从颜色词看中英文化差异摘要我们生活在五彩缤纷、五颜六色的世界中,颜色的多样性造成了与之相对应的颜色词的丰富多彩。

颜色词除了可以表示最基本的大自然绚丽色彩的意义以外,在某种程度上也体现了人类的一些价值观和审美观。

在这种情况下,颜色词已不单纯是表示客观颜色的指称意义了,而是被赋予了不同的象征意义,而不同文化背景的人们对颜色的感知和审美体验是同中有异,异中有同。

本文将选取几个典型的颜色词来分析颜色词在中英文化中所存在的共性和差异性,探讨形成这种差异性的各种原因,并浅略讲述其对跨文化沟通、交流的影响及解决办法。

关键词:颜色词联想意义文化差异跨文化交际Chinese and English Cultural Differences Reflected in the ColorTermsAbstractAs we live in a colorful world, the diversity of colors results in the diversity of the equivalent color terms. Apart from expressing the most basic colors in the nature, colors, to some extent, represent some values and aesthetics of the mankind. In this case, color terms no longer merely express the designative meaning of the objective colors. They are given different symbolic meanings. People with different cultural background have different perceptions and aesthetic experience about colors, in which similarities can be found.This paper will select a few typical color terms to analyze the similarities and differences of color terms in Chinese and English cultures, discuss various reasons for these similarities, and touches upon their influence on the cross-cultural communication and exchanges and the solutions.Key words:color terms, associative meaning, cultural differences, cross-cultural communication目录引言 (1)1、中英两种文化中的颜色词及在跨文化交际中的翻译误区 (1)1.1、中英两种文化中的颜色词 (1)1.2、跨文化交际中颜色词的翻译误区 (1)2、颜色词在中英文化中的不同内涵,其共性与差异性 (1)2.1、白色(white) (2)2.2、红色(red) (2)2.3、黄色(yellow) (3)3、颜色词在中英文化中形成差异性的原因 (3)3.1、文化差异的原因 (4)3.2、价值取向的原因 (4)3.3、思维方式的原因 (5)3.4、宗教方面的原因 (5)3.5、其它原因 (5)4、颜色词的差异性对跨文化交流的影响 (6)5、在跨文化交流中应如何正确理解和翻译颜色词 (6)5.1、直译法 (6)5.2、意译法 (6)5.3、更换颜色词的翻译法 (7)5.4、增加颜色词的翻译法 (7)6、结语 (7)7、参考文献 (8)从颜色词看中英文化差异引言色彩与人类的生活息息相关,是人类认识世界的一个重要领域。

机械工程外文翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)

机械工程外文翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)

Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,itstudies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention hasprovided a main power fountainhead for the industrialrevolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a newEngineering –separated from the civil engineering tools andmachines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham andthe establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineersin 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanicalengineering already mainly used in by trial and error methodmechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in theresearch,the design and the realm of production used .From themost broad perspective,thedemend continuously to enhance theefficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degreeof education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle largevolumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,threerotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security, which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type(petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complexsurgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Someenviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producingnoise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable natural forces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical sciencefoundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automaticcontrol;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,thedesing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to break down into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,includeplan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,theconsultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use thescience for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanicalengineering, to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,markedcharacteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,suchas:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desginincludeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnicalengineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Designstages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed forit and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Designconsiderations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapes and size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especiallystudents,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,forexample,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not theother point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will need reasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.Theyare:input,processingexprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess . Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.Forexample,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to productperformance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,someproducts,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,syntheticrubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/founding,heattreatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materalcutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manusllyproduced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needsindentification,collectionmaterials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.Onecan not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdualprocesses,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous withthem .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causingbottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommthoperation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics ofthe disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,morespecifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study ofits impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,foresample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支,它研究机械和动力的产,尤其是力和动力。

毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)

毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)

译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展,是经济性,环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加,导致交通拥挤。

道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次,作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤,但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用,因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。

本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点,使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长,环境保护和社会正义。

研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式,可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。

一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。

随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染,减少了道路网络的可靠性.在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设,改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出,作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。

交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况.转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆,或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量,减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。

此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。

继在20世纪70年代初和80年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在2003年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费;直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。

然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。

道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。

工程管理专业超越边界的BIM大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文

工程管理专业超越边界的BIM大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目:超越边界的BIM文献、资料英文题目:BIM Beyond Boundaries文献、资料来源:文献、资料发表(出版)日期:院(部):专业:工程管理班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期: 2017.02.14本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:BIM Beyond Boundaries文献、资料来源:Design Intelligence文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2012.12.10院(部):管理工程学院专业:工程管理班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期:2015.2.10外文文献:BIM Beyond BoundariesSeptember 10, 2012 · by Randy DeutschAbstract: Opting for depth over breadth of expertise is a false choice that will lead individuals, organizations, the profession, and industry in the wrong direction.Keywords: BIM, expertise, anti-learning, master builderSeveral forces are converging to create an unprecedented and timely opportunity for organizations that have embraced building information modeling (BIM). These forces —including the rise of the expert, the growing complexity and speed of projects, and BIM’s increasing recognition as an enabler, catalyst, and facilitator of team collaboration — also present significant challenges that can be overcome with the right approach and mindset.At one time, being an expert meant knowing more than one’s competitors in a particular field. Firms that reinforced their expert culture hoarded information, which resulted in silos of expertise. Today, many firms are looking to hire people perceived as building and software technology experts, shortsightedly addressing today’s needs at the expense of tomorrow’s. While architects have always been trees with many branches, our current economic climate has discouraged them from being anything but palm trees: all trunk, no branches.And yet things change so quickly that those who went to bed experts are unlikely to wake up experts in the morning. Due to the speed and complexity of projects, we do not have time to acquire knowledge the old way — slowly, over time, through traditional means. Even when we supplement our book learning with conferences, webinars, and continuing education, it is impossible to keep up with the flow of new information in our industry.Expertise today is a much more social, fluid, and iterative process than it used to be. Being an expert is no longer about telling people what you know so much as understanding what questions to ask, who to ask, and applying knowledge flexibly and contextually to the specific situation at hand. Expertise has often been associated with teaching and mentoring. Today it’s more concerned with learning than knowing: less to do with continuing education and more with practicing and engaging in continuous education.Social media presents the would-be expert with both opportunities and challenges. Workingwith the understanding that somebody somewhere has already done what you are trying to do, design pr ofessionals, like agile technology experts, can find what they’re looking for by tapping into their networks and aggregating the responses. Conversely, due to the rise of social media, virtually all anyone has to do today to be considered a technology expert is to call themselves one. Because social networks allow people to proclaim themselves experts, it can be hard to know who to turn to, resulting in the rise of otherwise unnecessary certifications.An expert today is someone whose network, community, or team deems him or her so. Such acknowledgment from one’s community can be considered a form of social certification. To grow one’s professional reputation, expertise in BIM counter-intuitively requires unlearning, detachment, collaboration, and developing both deep skills and broad interests.BIM EXPERTISE REQUIRES UNLEARNINGAs we grow in our careers, we tend to focus more on people issues and less on technology. We also tend to cooperate conditionally, responding to the behavior of others. This has huge implications for design and construction professionals who might be naturally collaborative —through sharing knowledge, learning, mentoring, and teaching — but are otherwise conditioned and tempered by the culture of the firm where they work.Working in BIM provides an unprecedented opportunity to learn: how buildings go together, how projects are scheduled, cost implications of decisions, and impact on the environment. At the same time, there is a great deal we still need to unlearn with BIM. We can start by asking some questions: Which aspects of the traditional design process change with BIM and which stay the same? What knowledge, methods and strategies must be abandoned due to BIM and what is critical to keep? And perhaps most important: What, while learning to work in BIM, needs to be unlearned?While unlearning habits we picked up working in CAD would seem like a good place to start, there’s also a great deal we need to unlearn in order to return to our original sharing attitude and cooperative ways. These include bad habits we’ve acquired since we left the cocoon of school and embarked on the hard knocks of a career in architecture and construction, where we may have learned to be mistrustful, skeptical, competitive, secretive, and working independently in silos. In doing so, we’ve unlearned many of the critical natural habits, attitudes, and mindsets necessary to work effectively and collaboratively on integrated teams.BIM EXPERTISE REQUIRES DETACHMENTFrom Japanese martial arts there’s the concept o f shuhari: First learn, then detach, and finally transcend. As consultant Ian Rusk has explained, shu, ha, and ri are considered three phases of knowledge that one passes through in the study of an art. They can be described as the phases of traditional knowledge, breaking with tradition, and transcending it.Working in BIM, we need to address all three steps to meet our goals. Of the steps, the second (detachment, or breaking with tradition) is the most important. Detachment requires that we remain flexible and agile while learning, not holding on tightly to our ideas, agendas, or prejudices, so that we can move beyond them.BIM EXPERTISE REQUIRES COLLABORATIONWhile we as an industry have now lived with BIM for more than two decades, most firms have acquired and implemented the technology primarily as a visualization and coordination tool in the past several years. We appear to have reached a standstill in the software’s use, with many firm leaders wondering how to make the leap to more advanced uses. Further mastery of the application through traditional means won’t help us get there. If we are to achieve our personal, organizational, professional, and industry-wide goals of fully participating in public, community, creative, and economic life, something more needs to happen.Achieving higher levels of BIM use — including analysis, computation, and fabrication —requires skills and a mindset that allow us to work productively and effectively in a collaborative setting. Working with BIM enables but doesn’t n ecessarily lead to collaboration. We each have to decide whether or not to look beyond BIM as a tool and embrace it as a process. When recognized as a process, BIM can be a powerful catalyst and facilitator of team collaboration.BIM EXPERTISE REQUIRES DEPTH AND BREADTHIt would be a mistake to assume that expertise in BIM as a technology alone will lead to greater leadership opportunities on integrated teams. In this capacity, BIM requires attention to acquiring skills that, while easy to attain, can be overlooked if we focus primarily on the software tools.With BIM, technical expertise should not be considered more important than increasing one’s social intelligence, empathy, or the ability to relate well with others. Additionally, the conventional window for achieving technological expertise is too long. Better that one achieves ahigh level of BIM competency motivated by passion and curiosity. Having competency in one subject doesn’t preclude you from addressing others. In fact, it can be a determinant f or doing so.Being versatile flies in the face of current thinking that to succeed we should bolster our strengths over our weaknesses. The answer to Should I be a specialist or generalist? is yes. There must be people who can see the details as well as those who can see the big picture. One gift of the design professional is the rare (and underappreciated) ability to do both simultaneously. As with any hybrid —generalizing specialist or specializing generalist —one’s strength provides the confidence to contribute openly from many vantage points and perspectives.It is critical for “T-shaped” experts to reach out and make connections (the horizontal arm of the T) in all the areas they know little or nothing about from their base of technical competence (the vertical arm of the T). T-shaped experts have confidence because of their assurance that they know or do one thing well. Their confidence allows them to see as others see by means of — not through —what they know. Their expertise doesn’t color their p erception so much as provide a home base to venture from and return to with some assurance that they’ll maintain their bearings when venturing out across the table.Broad-minded design professionals often find themselves in the role of “anti-experts,” approaching challenges from the perspective of the outsider. To this Paula Scher of Pentagram said, “When I’m totally unqualified for a job, that’s when I do my best work.” Once we balance, own, and ultimately realize our expert and anti-expert selves, we (as a community, profession, and industry) will do our best work.WHAT DO WE DO NOW?Firms want to know how to optimize their work processes to become more efficient at what they do best, to remain competitive by leveraging the competitive advantage of BIM and integrated design. One of the ironies facing the industry is that in order to master BIM, don’t learn more BIM. Instead, do other things.What will bring about greater efficiencies and effectiveness, increase productivity and deliver value, is not additional technology knowledge but our ability to communicate, relate, work together, think like one another, have empathy, understand, and listen. If design professionals want to lead they will do so not by increasing their depth but by benefit of broader capabilities involving their reach.What do we do now? Go wide and deep. Go against common wisdom and fortify your soft skills, your reach and wingspan. To master BIM you have to transcend BIM.We need to develop both sides of ourselves in order to move beyon d our own and others’ biases and anticipate consequences for courses of action before they are acted upon. We need to develop the ability to put the project first, navigate iRooms and packed conference tables to get our ideas and points across, be able to read people for overt and subliminal responses, have the confidence to ask questions without feeling threatened and be asked questions without becoming defensive. It is as though we have placed so much emphasis on the bricks we’ve forgotten the mortar that allows us to communicate genuinely, to relate well with one another and integrate.Having to choose between depth and breadth is a false choice that heads our profession and industry in the wrong direction. Rather than focusing on one over the other, we need to develop simultaneously vertical deep skills and horizontal soft skills, to work on our strengths and weaknesses, to be expert and anti-expert, specialist and generalist, to design from evidence and from intuition, to be task- and people-oriented, to have mastery over one thing and be a jack-of-all-trades.As one blog commenter recently asserted, “In order to practice architecture well, you need to understand a lot of things that aren’t architecture.” BIM technology experts know one thing. To flourish and persevere, we need to know and do many things.Often overlooked in mutual mentoring of computer technology and building technology by senior and junior staff are basic people skills: listening, questioning, negotiating, collaborating, communicating. The concern is that the emerging design professional —adept at BIM tools while learning how buildings come together —won’t learn the necessary communication and people management skills to negotiate a table full of teammates on an integrated team. These skills need to be nurtured, mentored, and acquired as assuredly as computer and building technology skills. These skills require the same amount of deliberate practice and feedback as the mastery of technology skills. Developing complementary, collaborative skills is as critical as becoming competent with the technology. As Ernest Boyer anticipated, “The future belongs to the integrators.” And that future has arrived.Succeeding in practice today is a both/and, not an either/or, proposition. Design professionals must be both BIM technologist and building technologist. Those who accept thismodel will lead, persevere, and flourish in our new economy.Last year in Design Intelligence, Stephen Fiskum wrote, “One thing is certain: The solution to the current mal aise in our profession is not for us to go broader but to go deeper” (“Preparing for a New Practice Paradigm,” January/February 2010). This is a new world: By going wider and deeper we provide owners and our organizations with the most value and increased productivity. Working effectively and collaboratively in BIM will help us transcend our current state, bridge the gap, and cross over to more advanced uses.THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY MINDSETIt is not just that the integrated team is now multidisciplinary, but we each must become multidisciplinary. Doing so requires a multidisciplinary mindset. This entails empathy, a genuine appreciation for others’ ideas, seeing from many perspectives, and anticipating possible consequences to any course of action. An industry representative recently stated in a public forum, “I don’t want the architect to think like a structural engineer. I need for him to think like an architect!” To leverage our technology tools and work processes, being an architect today means that we thi nk like a structural engineer as well as a contractor and owner. Doing so doesn’t take away from architects’ role but increases their credibility by making them more effective and influential at what they do well.Working in BIM — inward focused, object-oriented, filling-in dialog boxes — discourages this mindset. It is a mistake to think that those who work in BIM are technicians and that a firm principal or senior designer who sees the big picture will mediate between the model and the world in which the model operates. Leaders must see to it that their teams look outward, keeping an eye on the model while seeing the horizon.THE TECHNOLOGY/SOCIAL CONTINUUMWorking in CAD, there are those who focus on drafting and those more adept at communication, negotiation, and persuasion. With BIM, technical understanding and people know-how must exist in each and every design professional.The majority of BIM-related literature has been focused on the technology, not on the people who use it. People issues and attitudes are the main impediment to the collaborative work processes enabled by the technology. Human issues, issues of communication and collaboration, firm culture, motivation, and workflow —all exacerbated by the advent of BIM into theworkplace — are an even greater challenge than the admittedly considerable software application and technical problems associated with BIM’s use.LEADING FROM THE MODELWorking in CAD, a senior team member would redline an emerging employee’s work. Leadership was decidedly top-down: Someone senior designed or detailed, and someone less senior drew it up. The problem was that the senior team member never knew whether the emerging employee understood what was being drawn.Working in BIM provides a completely different work flow — one we have yet to leverage fully. Because those on the front lines are not only the first to discover clashes and inconsistencies but also to visualize what something looks like and how it might function, BIM allows our emerging talent to lead the process —to learn on the job while recognizing their power from their privileged position of the first look in the model.The new leadership mandate in this process is for architects to lead from their involvement in the BIM environment. Leading from the model can be likened to leading from the middle in that BIM requires and even enables followership, and servant- and situational-leadership, as opposed to top-down or command-and-control. While leadership historically has been top-down, working in BIM and on integrated teams changes that. Leading in BIM and integrated design is more similar to followership, in which middle managers lead from within the organization. Thus with BIM, the top-down and bottom-up approaches converge, where leading from the middle becomes leading from the model.BIM AND THE MASTER BUILDER TEAMArchitects who find themselves on increasingly large teams must find a way to lead and regain their voice in the design and construction process. If architects learn how to design buildings that are optimized to give owners, contractors, and other team members what they need — of high quality, low cost, sooner, with less waste, while acquiring the mindsets, attitudes, and skills necessary to collaborate with others — then architects will be trusted, newly esteemed, and return to their desired leadership role. What is critical is not that we linearly help emerging professionals move from technical experts to leaders but to be technical experts and project, team, and process leaders at the same time. Expertise is cultivated by creating the right conditions for experts to flourish; people cannot be forced to learn and grow.。

会计学毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

会计学毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

会计学中英文资料外文翻译外文原文Title:Future of SME finance(Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks arevery active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance sector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more its “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance forthe SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more. Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to lending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial marketauthorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing it into EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs:•The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission andthe new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive, which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level:termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, which strengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating will also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments inSMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to ease transparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译题目:未来的中小企业融资背景:中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品,贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。

毕业论文外文翻译模版

毕业论文外文翻译模版
毕业论文外文翻译模版
一、摘要
本文主要介绍了毕业论文外文翻译模版,该模版包括了论文的标题、作者信息、摘要、关键词、引言、正文、结论等部分的翻译模板,可供毕业论文写作时参考使用。
二、标题
毕业论文外文翻译模版
三、作者信息
作者:[姓名]
学号:[学号]
指导老师:[指导老师姓名]
四、摘要
本文介绍了毕业论文外文翻译模版的具体内容和使用方法,帮助毕业论文作者完成外文翻译工作,提高论文质量和水平。详细内容包括论文标题、作者信息、摘要、关键词、引言、正文、结论等部分的翻译模板。
6. 正文的翻译模版:
正文内容丰富多样,翻译时需根据具体内容进,无需额外模版。
八、结论
毕业论文外文翻译模版的使用对于毕业论文写作具有重要意义,能够帮助作者完成外文翻译工作,提高论文的质量和水平。希望本文提供的翻译模版能够对广大学子在论文写作过程中有所帮助,更好地完成毕业论文的撰写工作。
五、关键词
毕业论文、外文翻译、模版、翻译模板、论文写作
六、引言
毕业论文外文翻译是毕业论文写作过程中的一项重要工作,对于提高论文的学术水平和国际影响力具有重要意义。本文提供了一套完整的翻译模版,可供广大学子参考使用,希望能够对大家的论文写作工作有所帮助。
七、正文
1. 论文标题的翻译模版:
中文标题:[中文标题]
英文标题:[英文标题]
2. 作者信息的翻译模版:
作者姓名:[姓名]
作者学号:[学号]
作者专业:[专业]
3. 摘要的翻译模版:
中文摘要:[中文摘要内容]
英文摘要:[英文摘要内容]
4. 关键词的翻译模版:
中文关键词:[中文关键词]
英文关键词:[英文关键词]

毕业论文英文翻译

毕业论文英文翻译

毕业论文英文翻译把汉语译成英语或把英语译成汉语是一种语言活动,它既涉及汉英两种语言本身的知识,也涉及多方面的文化背景知识。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英文翻译毕业论文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!英文翻译毕业论文篇1英文翻译本质浅析【摘要】尽管翻译是人类最早从事的智力活动之一,但是对“翻译到底是什么”这个本质的问题人们至今也没达成共识。

实际上,译学上的许多重大问题,如翻译的标准问题、直译或意译的问题、翻译是科学还是艺术的问题,最终都可以归结为对翻译本质认识的不同。

笔者在拜读过一篇篇高论后,认识到对翻译本质的讨论集中起来涉及两点,一是翻译是一种怎样的活动,二是翻译是一种什么性质的活动;前者讨论翻译的定义,后者涉及翻译的概念、分类和性质。

【关键词】英文翻译定义性质一、翻译的定义许多人曾为翻译下过定义。

卡特福德给翻译下的定义是:the replacement of textual material in one language (SL)by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)。

(Catford,1965)即“一种语言(译出语)的话语材料被另一种语言(译入语)中的对等的话语材料替代”。

在这里,翻译似乎主要是两种存在状态,一种是源语,一种是译语,既不讲翻译主体,也没有提到翻译过程,很难说它说中了翻译活动的实质。

费道罗夫认为“翻译是用一种语言手段忠实、全面地表达另一种语言表达的东西。

”可以看出上面定义中的等值论观点来自费道罗夫的“忠实”、“全面”。

在揭示翻译活动的本质方面,它们都有一个共同的缺点,就是没能明示翻译与其实活动的根本区别。

其实,摘译、编译等活动都是翻译,因为上述活动都主要表现为语言间的意义转换。

在对翻译本质的认识上,威尔斯比以上二位又进了一步:“翻译是将源语话语变为尽可能等值的译语话语的过程”。

(蔡毅,1995)这里没有硬性规定,只是说“尽可能等值”。

外文翻译--基于51单片机温度报警器的设计(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)

外文翻译--基于51单片机温度报警器的设计(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)

外文翻译--基于51单片机温度报警器的设计(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)XXX: Design of a Temperature Alarm Based on 51 MCUDepartment: n EngineeringMajor: Measurement and Control Technology and nClass:Student ID:Name:Supervisor:Date:A microcontroller。

also known as a single-chip computer system。

XXX its ns being integrated on a small chip。

it has most of the components needed for a complete computer system。

such as CPU。

memory。

internal and external bus systems。

and mostof them also have external storage。

At the same time。

it integrates XXX interfaces。

timers。

real-time clocks。

etc。

The most XXX integrate sound。

image。

ork。

and complex input-output systems on a single chip.XXX used in the industrial control field。

Microcontrollers XXX CPUs inside the chip。

The original design concept was to integrate a large number of peripheral devices and CPUs on a chip to make the computer system XXX's Z80 was the first processor designed according to this concept。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

本科毕业论文关于英文翻译 英文电影片名翻译初探 摘要:电影作为一种艺术形式,深受大众喜爱。国与国之间的文化交流,电影也是一个重要组成部分。把国内的好影片介绍出去,把国外的好影片引进来,翻译是重要一环,而首先吸引观众的就是片名。片名的翻译起着重要的作用。翻译片名,要以传递信息和唤起美感为目的。在文字转移过程中,应切实保留原作的信息价值和美学价值。既要忠于原片内容,还要注意文字优美、言简意赅,具有强烈的吸引力和感染力,本文针对目前英文电影片名翻译的现状,对英文电影片名翻译的有关理论展开讨论,同时提出了翻译片名的几种基本方法。

关键词:电影;英文电影;片名翻译;方法 电影是人们喜闻乐见的艺术形式,它能传播信息、抒发感情、反映丰富多彩的生活。给人们带来艺术上的享受。一部好的影片之所以能吸引成千上万的观众, 除了演员的精湛演技、富有哲理的对话以及绚丽多彩的画面外, 与其寓意深刻、回味无穷的片名有着直接的联系。片名, 是影视片的品牌商标, 看似简单却是作者颇费神思的产物, 寥寥数词凝聚着整个作品的精髓。电影片名翻译是一项重要而富于创造性的工作。佳译能够为影片锦上添花。对丰富国内观众业余文化生活,促进国际间文化艺术交流起到不可忽视的作用。翻译片名大多直译,形式与内容皆相似,朴实明了又贴切。但是片名的翻译也是语际交流,是不同文化之间的交流。观众对象不同,文化和欣赏习惯也有差异,原语与译语的表达方式和习惯有同有异。片名翻译时,也应深入理解影片的内容蕴涵和风格,揣摩措词用语,力求准确把握原语与译语的表层意义和联想意义,既要考虑对等,更要考虑到译名的传意性和可接受性。

一、 英文电影片名翻译现状 一一片多名的问题 日前, 电影片名翻译中存在着混乱、不规范的现象, 一片多名的问题较突出。以影片Ghost的翻译为例,大陆译为《幽灵》,香港译为《人鬼情未了》台湾则译为《第六感生死恋》。再如《我知道你是谁》、《有本事来抓我》、《抓的就是你》、《猫鼠游戏》、《神鬼交锋》、《逍遥法外》等种种名字其实都是美国大片Catch Me if You Can的译名。曾火爆全球的歌舞大片《红磨坊》,引进后被武断地改为《梦断花都》,让人觉得一头雾水。

二过分追求票房,大肆炒作地乱译 为了吸引观众的注意力,过分追求票房效果,大肆进行商业炒作,在片名的翻译上商业味太浓。片名翻译中并常用一些刺激、煽情的文字。如港台把海明威的名作The Sun Also Rises《太阳照样升起》译为《妾是朝阳又照君》,好端端的经典名作,却被胡编成了“君妾之爱”。且不说影片的内容,“君妾”之事乃中国历史遗存,怎么一下子跑到外国去了呢?译名与原片名和影片内容风马牛不相及,严重影响了影片的艺术魅力。

目前我国,尤其是港台影视界,单纯追求所谓“经济效益”或“票房价值”,在可以直译的原则下,仍然大砍原电影片名,另外冠之以腥风血雨、香艳奇异的片名。如Shawshank Redemption直译为《肖申克的救赎》,说的是一个现代基督山的故事,却无端译成《刺激1995》。

三机械照搬地死译 死译的原因可能是多方面的,但主要不外乎两种情况:1. 译者没有看过影片,对其内容茫然不知,仅根据片名的字面表层意义。2. 译者自以为是,不愿查词典,查资料。American Beauty翻译成《美国丽人》就是一个典型的例子。既然片名叫《美国丽人》,说的应是美国佳丽的故事。但结果一看,影片从头到尾并没有羞花闭月、沉鱼落雁的丽人,相反,倒是一个其貌不扬、行为怪异的中年男子为影片主人公。影片压根儿就没给观众看什么“美国丽人”,而是让观众看一部黑色幽默片。影片看后使人心沉气闷,翻译成《美国丽人》显然不妥。American Beauty指的是一种产于美洲、季节性开花的深红色玫瑰,意思是“美洲深红的玫瑰”。毫无疑问,原片名是一个隐喻,译为《殷红玫瑰》或《血红玫瑰》似乎更为妥当。

二、英文电影片名的翻译理论 电影是一门综合艺术,片名的翻译既要遵循一定的翻译原则和方法,也需要具备丰富的文化知识和扎实的语言功底。译名既要忠实传达原片名的语义和文化品味,更要考虑观众的期待、审美情趣和接受能力。以严谨的态度进行片名的翻译,精雕细凿,才能有脍炙人口的经典佳译。

根据严复先生提出的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准,一个好的片名翻译应最大限度地传递原片的信息, 做到雅俗共赏, 给人们带来美的享受, 同时考虑票房号召力。即要尽量与原片名相符,且不能流于浅俗,失之偏颇,同时还应与影片的内容相联系,与影片的主题相呼应,从而提升观众的审美意识。围绕这一标准,灵活运用各种知识及方法进行片名的翻译才能形成良性的效果。

英国翻译理论家纽马克Newmark认为语言具有六种功能:表情功能expressive function、信息功能informative function、祈使功能vocative function、美感功能aesthetic function、酬应功能phatic function、元语言功能metalingual function。其中,前四种是主要的。电影片名是一种专有名词,它是编剧精心构思的产物,既能高度概括影片的主题或内容,又能强烈激发读者的观看欲望。因此,它主要具有信息功能、祈使功能以及美感功能。

三、 英文电影片名翻译方法 一音译 音译是使用一种语言读写出另一种语言的词或词组发音的翻译方法。对于片名中涉及到人名、地名,如果为观众所熟知,或具有重要的历史文化意义,则应当音译。音译保留了原片名的韵律节奏,以其浓郁的异域特色吸引广大观众。如:《泰坦尼克号》Titanic,《卡萨布兰卡》 Casablanca 等。有些外国名词早已翻译成中文并为中国人所熟知,具有了特定的文化意义,我们要尊重和沿用这些词语,如《芝加哥》Chicago、《伊丽莎白》Elizabeth。

二直译 凡宜直译的片名应该尽量直译,以便最直接地传达原名的信息,保持原片名与内容的完美统一。直译的优点有四:a简捷易行;b保持原文的格调;c.求得译名和影片内容的统一美;d有利于不断引进新鲜生动的语汇,丰富语言的表达。直译时要原语和译语的特点,在最大限度内保留原语片名的形式和意义进行翻译,这种翻译有的甚至连语序都照搬原片名,几乎是字对字的翻译,如:

Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 Schindler'sList辛德勒的名单 Gentleman's Agreement君子协定 Four Weddings and Funeral四个婚礼和一个葬礼另外一些片名,尽管由于译入语的特点,在词序、结构上稍微有所改变,但由于总体一致性,仍可看作直译,如:

A Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车 Dances with Wolves与狼共舞 On the Golden Pond金色池塘这些直译既生动简明地传达出原片名的意思,又保持了原汁原味,达到神形兼备的等值。

三意译 由于东西方之间的文化差异、表达习惯不同。英语电影的片名很难从直译的片名中将其表达出来。意译是一个概括、综合的过程,是一个再创作的过程。通过再创造,使语言能沟通观众的感情,具有强烈的感染力,而这种感染力是通过形象化的语言来实现的,译成便于读者欣赏的新片名。如把You Can′t Take It with You.你不能带走译成《浮生若梦》,Rebeeca人名“吕贝卡”译为《蝴蝶梦》。

意译的重点在于在翻译允许的范畴内最大程度的吸引观众,深人传达原片内容,增强片名感染力。影片Mr. Holland′s Opus主要讲述了音乐老师霍兰先生辅导一些个性叛逆的学生步上正轨的故事,他所在学校的每个学生都受到了他的巨大影响;他又是交响乐团的指挥,每一个学生都是他的音符,每一个学生都是他的作品opus。直译是《霍兰先生的作品》,意译为《春风化雨》,他运用我们中国人用来形容伟大教师的成语生动地体现了该片的主旨。该片译名寓意深刻,得影片之神髓。

四直译意译结合 有些片名如果直译,则观众会对译名感到茫然困惑而难于理解,或者译名过于平淡而缺乏艺术感染力,这类片名需要采用直译和意译相结合的办法,直译以传达原片名的字面意思,意译以补充原片名的隐含之意。

直译意译结合得最成功的例子当属Waterloo Bridge《魂断蓝桥》。Waterloo Bridge描述了贵族出身的青年军官洛依・克劳宁与妙龄貌美的芭蕾舞明星玛拉的爱情悲剧,故事的开始和终场都在滑铁卢桥,女主人公为了心上人的尊严从滑铁卢桥上纵身而逝。“ Waterloo Bridge”是位于英国伦敦的一座桥。影片以地名为名,如果直译就是《滑铁卢桥》,可我国观众一提到“滑铁卢”,必然会联想到拿破仑,因为那里是他被威灵顿打败的地方。它位于比利时的布鲁塞尔附近,而片名中的滑铁卢桥却在伦敦。况且前者使人联想到炮火连天,硝烟弥漫,而后者却是一首幽怨动人的爱情悲歌。为避免歧义,译者对“桥”bridge一词采用直译进行保留,而弃去易为国人误解、客观上会歪曲主旨的“滑铁卢”。“蓝桥’出自《太平广记》裴航之爱情故事,戏有”蓝桥会’,“魂断”,“死’,之雅称; “魂断”二字,点出故事的悲剧结局,不仅吻合剧情,而且使整个片名典雅蕴藉,神似原题,高于原题。

还有不少英语电影的片名是采用直译与意译相结合翻译出来的。例如The Bridge of Madison County《廊桥遗梦》,《Bambi》――《小鹿班比》,《Blood and Sand》――《碧血黄沙》,《High Ice 》――《冰峰抢险队》等。

结语 电影是一门综合艺术,片名翻译时,应深入理解影片的内容蕴涵和风格,揣摩措辞用法,力求准确把握原文和译文的表层意义和联想意义,既要考虑对等,又要考虑到译名的传译性和可接受性。一个好的译名就像一件艺术精品,使观众得到艺术的熏陶,美的享受和高尚情操的陶冶;一个好的译名又像一块磁铁,能吸引观众去观看欣赏影片,起到很好的导视和促销作用。译者应灵活运用各种翻译方法和技巧,以严谨的态度进行片名的翻译, 精益求精,从而真正体现出片名的导视功能,以提升我国人民的审美意识和电影文化品位。

参考文献 [1]贺莺.电影片名的翻译理论和方法[J].外语教学,2001,1. [2]熊启煦,王春艳.电影片名翻译的现状分析与对策[J].西南民族大学学报,2021,8.

[3]王述文.影视片名的翻译及其审美意义---从《美国丽人》说起[J].四川外语学院学报,2021,7.

相关文档
最新文档