本科论文英文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
本科毕业论文中英文翻译--Wireless-Communications无线通信【范本模板】
Wireless Communications＊byJoshua S。
Gans，Stephen P。
King and Julian Wright1. IntroductionIn 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless communications by transmitting the three—dot Morse code for the letter ‘S’ over a distance of th ree kilometers using electromagnetic waves。
From this beginning，wireless communications has developed into a key element of modern society. From satellite transmission, radio and television broadcasting to the now ubiquitous mobile telephone，wireless communications has revolutionized the way societies function.This chapter surveys the economics literature on wireless communications。
Wireless communications and the economic goods and services that utilise it have some special characteristics that have motivated specialised studies。
First, wireless communications relies on a scarce resource –namely，radio spectrum –the property rights for which were traditionally vested with the state. In order to foster the development of wireless communications (including telephony and broadcasting）those assets were privatised。
浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。
2重要内容翻译2。
1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。
它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。
在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。
中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。
从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。
和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。
企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。
2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。
对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。
毕业论文摘要英文翻译
毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。
论文英文翻译
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
本科毕业论文关于英文翻译
本科毕业论文关于英文翻译自改革开放以来，不同国家的人急于了解他国的文化，电影作为跨文化交流的一种方式，为电影界迎来了春天。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于本科英文翻译毕业论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!本科英文翻译毕业论文篇1英文电影片名翻译初探摘要：电影作为一种艺术形式，深受大众喜爱。
国与国之间的文化交流，电影也是一个重要组成部分。
把国内的好影片介绍出去，把国外的好影片引进来，翻译是重要一环，而首先吸引观众的就是片名。
片名的翻译起着重要的作用。
翻译片名，要以传递信息和唤起美感为目的。
在文字转移过程中，应切实保留原作的信息价值和美学价值。
既要忠于原片内容，还要注意文字优美、言简意赅，具有强烈的吸引力和感染力，本文针对目前英文电影片名翻译的现状，对英文电影片名翻译的有关理论展开讨论，同时提出了翻译片名的几种基本方法。
关键词：电影;英文电影;片名翻译;方法电影是人们喜闻乐见的艺术形式，它能传播信息、抒发感情、反映丰富多彩的生活。
给人们带来艺术上的享受。
一部好的影片之所以能吸引成千上万的观众，除了演员的精湛演技、富有哲理的对话以及绚丽多彩的画面外，与其寓意深刻、回味无穷的片名有着直接的联系。
片名，是影视片的品牌商标，看似简单却是作者颇费神思的产物，寥寥数词凝聚着整个作品的精髓。
电影片名翻译是一项重要而富于创造性的工作。
佳译能够为影片锦上添花。
对丰富国内观众业余文化生活，促进国际间文化艺术交流起到不可忽视的作用。
翻译片名大多直译，形式与内容皆相似，朴实明了又贴切。
但是片名的翻译也是语际交流，是不同文化之间的交流。
观众对象不同，文化和欣赏习惯也有差异，原语与译语的表达方式和习惯有同有异。
片名翻译时，也应深入理解影片的内容蕴涵和风格，揣摩措词用语，力求准确把握原语与译语的表层意义和联想意义，既要考虑对等，更要考虑到译名的传意性和可接受性。
一、英文电影片名翻译现状(一)一片多名的问题日前，电影片名翻译中存在着混乱、不规范的现象，一片多名的问题较突出。
法学毕业论文法学外文翻译中英文对照
英文原文：Hｏw Ｒeal Ｉs Chｉna’s Real Estate Bubｂle And ＷhaｔShｏｕld Be Done ａｂｏut ＩtThinｋ U.S. houｓｉｎg priceｓ havｅｇone beｒserk？Ｔry ｔho ｓe in Ｓｈanｇhai aｎd Ｂeijing， where the cost oｆｈoｍeｓ has ｂeeｎ rｉsing an ｅstｉmaｔｅd 25％ａnnually in ｒecent yeaｒs。
Th ａｔ’ｓｔwｉce tｈｅ jｕmｐ in ｔｈe median sale pｒicｅｏf ｅxisti ｎg Ｕ。
S. homes oｖer tｈe pａｓt ｙear, ａnd a sｉｇn ｔhａｔＣh ｉna’ｓ real ｅｓtate mａrｋet iｓ in ｔｈｅ mｉdst oｆｗｈａt ｓome ｏbsｅrveｒs vｉew as ａ potentially exｐlosiｖe ｂubblｅ.The ｂubｂle is ｒoｏted iｎsuｃh fａctｏrs ａｓ Chｉｎa's ｓtrong ecｏnomic growｔh ｓincｅ 1990 and ｉnｖestor ｂets ｔhat Cｈｉｎa’s curreｎcy， the yuaｎ， will ｂe revalｕed uｐwarｄ in tｈe near ｆｕtｕre. Buｔ such spｅculaｔion is heｌｐing push the ｐｒicｅ of homes beyond tｈｅｒｅach of miｄdｌe ｃlaｓs ｃiｔizenｓ in key Ｃhinｅsｅ ciｔｉes and raｉｓinｇ the prospect oｆａｓudｄen marｋet collapｓｅthaｔ could ｔhrｅａten tｈｅｃountrｙ's shａky bank ｉｎg seｃtor aｎd wiｐe out tｈｅｌife ｓaｖｉｎｇs of manｙｆａmilieｓ。
本科论文-细胞工程3000字翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）英文文献翻译学院名称：电气信息工程学院专业：电子信息工程班级：14电子1B学号：201496111姓名：李鹏指导教师姓名：指导教师职称：二〇一六年六月Part1：cell engineeringIn 2007, Li et al. [94] proposed their microfluidic device for single cell analysis. The chip was fabricated by standard 1-photomask with low cost method. The device consists four reservoirs, four channels and one open region which contain a cell retention chamber. Reservoir one was used for cell introduction and washing, whereas reservoir two was used for reagent delivery. Reservoir three and four were used as waste reservoirs. By using this chip, they quantified dynamic Ca2+ mobilization of a single cardiomyocyte during its spontaneous contraction. Also, they monitored successfully dynamic responses from various external stimulation such as daunorubicin (cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic drug), caffeine, and isoliquiritigenin (herbal anticancer). Their results also prove that anticancer drugs have less effect on the Ca2+ of the cardiomyocytes. This device has quantified the cellular response of single cardiomyocytes, discovery of heart diseases drug and cardiotoxicity testing.In 2010, Mellors et al. [95] proposed an electrophoretic and electrospray ionization based microfluidic device for single cell analysis. The device was fabricated on corning borosilicate glass substrate by using standard photolithography and wet chemical etching technique. Figure 12 shows the schematic of the microfluidic device, where A was a cell loading reservoir and B was buffer loading, which intersects with the separation channelThis intersection zone was a cell lysis zone. CS was an electro-osmotic pump which was connected with an electrophoretic separation channel and electrospray orifice. Cells can flow throughhydrodynamically or electrically to the intersection zone, where cells were electrically lysed. Then, cells can migrate to electrospray orifice through the separation channel where cells electrospray ionization occurred. This device successfully lysed human erythrocytes with real-time electrophoretic separation. The heme group, α and β subunits of hemoglobin were detected from erythrocytes when cells were continuously flowed through the device. This device can analyze 12 c/m.Localized single cell membrane electroporation can provide better cell transfectionwith micro/nanofluidic devices compared to single cell electroporation (SCEP) or bulk electroporation (BEP). Because of micro/nanoscale electrode dimension and distance between two electrodes were very small, as a result, electric field can intense in a very small region of the cell membrane compared to single cell dimension. Thus, the local area of the single cell can be affected by a strong electric field, whereas other areas will be unaffected. Due to the effects of small areas of the whole single cell, high cell viability and high transfection rate can be achieved compared to single cell electroporation. However, Boukany et al. show localized single cell electroporation by using nano-channel based ion transportation using electrophoresis method with two large electrodes [30]. By fabricating micro/nano electrodes with a micro/nano scale electrode gap, this device can provide some promising parameters such as low voltage and power requirement, lower toxic effect due to negligible ion generation, small sample volume and negligible heat generation. These parameters are essential to achieve high transfection rate and high cell viability. Thus, microfluidic based LSCMEP process can provide a better understanding to analyze intracellular cytosolic compounds compared to SCEP or the bulk electroporation process. Nawarathna et al., demonstrated the AFM based LSCMEP process. Figure 13 shows localized electroporation of a single cell using atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique [29]. For this experiment, they modified AFM tip to act as a nano-electrode to make an intense high electric field near the localized area of the single cell membrane. A boron doped silicon AFM tips (σ = 0.001 Ω cm, k = 1.5 N/m) was used for LSCMEP process. Before electroporation, the tip was grown with 20 nm SiO2 layer and finally this oxidized tip was sectioned until bare silicon was exposed by focused ion beam (FIB) technique. As a result, a smaller area of bare silicon can cause an intense high electric field on a single cell membrane. They have reduced this bare silicon area down to 0.5 μm in diameter, which was concentrated with an intense electric field on 10 μm diameter of rat fibroblast cell. Figure 13a–h shows the results of LSCMEP technique using AFM tip for electroporation process and Figure 13i demonstrated the AFM tip, which was positioned on top of the single cell for localized single cell membrane electroporation (LSCMEP) process. To make an intense high electric field, 1Vpp with0.5 Hz pulse was used to transfect rat fibroblast cells. The transfection of single cell was completed within 10 s. This device can perform highly localized electroporation of a sigle cell with concentric electric field on local area of single cell membrane. The experiment can be performed in a friendly environment such as cell culture dishes, etc.In recent years, Boukany et al. [30] showed nanochannel based localized single cell electroporation with a precise amount of biomolecules delivery. In this device, they positioned a single cell in one microchannel by optical tweezers and transfection agent was loaded to another microchannel. These two microchannels were connected by one nanochannel. To apply a very high electric field in between two microchannels, a transfection agent was delivered through the nanochannel using an electrophoretically driven process and finally drugs were delivered inside a single cell through a very small area of the cell membrane. In 2012, Chen et al. demonstrated another localized single cell membrane electroporation usimg ITO microelectrode based transparent chip [27]. Figure 14 shows microfluidic localized single cell membrane electroporation device. They deposited ITO films on a covered glass substrate and patterend it by standard lithographic process to form as ITO lines. After that, a thin SiO2 layer was deposited as a passivation layer by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique. The final ITO lines were cut by the focused ion beam (FIB) technique. The gap between two electrodes were 1 μm and width of each electrode was 2 μm. When single cell was strongly attached in be tween two electrodes gap, the electric field was intensed in only a 1 μm gap area on single cell membrane. As a result, they demonstrated localized single cell membrane electroporation with microfluidic device. Figure 14a shows localized electroporation process between two micro-electrodes and Figure 14b shows multiple number of electrodes for LSCMEP process. Figure 14 c and d shows the optical microscope image of patterened ITO microelectrodes and scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of ITO microelectrodse with micro-channel. According to their results, they achived 0.93 μm electroporation region with 60% cell viability for 8Vpp 20 ms pulse application. To reduce the gap between two electrodes, a high transfection rate can beachived by this technique. This device not only control the recovery of cell membranes (reversible electroporation) without cell damage but also it provides clear optical view by using an inverted microscope (ITO based transparent chip). Recently, another LSCMEP based device was proposed by Jokilaakso et al. [77] for single cell lysis. They reported a silicon nanowire and nanoribbon based biological field effect transistor for single cell positioning and lysis mechanism. Figure 15a shows the cross sectional view and electric connection with PDMS above the device and Figure 15b shows an array of the transistors with both nanowires and nanoribons. To position the single cell on this device, they used programmable magnetic field for magnetic manipulation of 7.9 μm COOH modified COMPEL magnetic microsphere. After positioning the single cell (HT-29) on top of the transistor, cells were adhered for 30 min prior to electroporation experiment. The applied electric field was 600–900 mVpp (peak to peak) at 10 MHz for 2 ms pulse. This electric field was connected with a shorted source and drain in one terminal and another terminal connected on the gate of the device. The electric field intensity was fringing in nature, which affected the cell membrane integrity leading to cell lysis. This device can perform single cell lysis which is potentially applicable to medical diagnostics and biological cell studies.In summary, this article describes the details about bulk electroporation (BEP), single cell electroporation (SCEP), and localized single cell membrane electroporation (LSCMEP) by using micro/nanofluidic devices with their advantages and disadvantages. All of these processes can deliver drugs, DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, proteins, etc. However, to analyze cell to cell behavior with their organelles and intracellular biochemical effect, single cell analysis must be executed. Micro/nanofluidic devices are the potential candidates to analyze single cells, because of their dimension reduction to the dimension of single cell level. These devices provide easy performance such as cell handling, lower power consumption, low toxicity, small sample volume, lower contamination rate, high cell viability, and high transfection rate when compared to conventional electroporation. To reduce the electrode area and gap between two electrodes by using micro/nanofluidic devices,selective and localized drug delivery is possible. This new approach is called localized single cell membrane electroporation (LSCMEP). However, until now this technique is in the development stage. In the future, the LSCMEP process can provide selective and specific single cell manipulation from millions of populations of cells together. Micro/nanofluidic devices can approach this level in the near future, which will be potentially beneficial for medical diagnostics, proteomics analysis and biological studies.Part2：Nerve and muscle cells2.1 INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter we consider the structure of nerve and muscle tissue and in particular their membranes(动植物体内的隔膜、薄膜), which are excitable. A qualitative description of the activation process follows. Many new terms and concepts are mentioned only briefly in this chapter but in more detail in the next two chapters, where the same material is dealt with from a quantitative rather than a qualitative point of view.The first documented reference to the nervous system is found in ancient Egyptian records. The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, a copy (dated 1700 B.C.) of a manuscript composed about 3500 B.C., contains the first use of the word "brain", along with a description of the coverings of the brain which was likened to the film （薄层、薄膜）and corrugations（起皱、皱纹）that are seen on the surface of molten copper（熔融铜）as it cooled (Elsberg, 1931; Kandel and Schwartz, 1985).The basic unit of living tissue is the cell. Cells are specialized in their anatomy and physiology to perform different tasks. All cells exhibit a voltage difference across the cell membrane. Nerve cells and muscle cells are excitable. Their cell membrane can produce electrochemical impulses and conduct them along the membrane. In muscle cells, this electric phenomenon is also associated with the contraction of the cell. In other cells, such as gland cells and ciliated cells, it is believed that the membrane voltage is important to the execution of cell function.The basic unit of living tissue is the cell. Cells are specialized in their anatomy and physiology to perform different tasks. All cells exhibit a voltage difference across the cell membrane. Nerve cells and muscle cells are excitable. Their cell membrane can produce electrochemical impulses and conduct them along the membrane. In muscle cells, this electric phenomenon is also associated with the contraction of the cell. In other cells, such as gland cells and ciliated cells, it is believed that the membrane voltage is important to the execution of cell function.The origin of the membrane voltage is the same in nerve cells as in muscle cells. In both cell types, the membrane generates an impulse as a consequence of excitation. This impulse propagates in both cell types in the same manner. What follows is a short introduction to the anatomy and physiology of nerve cells. The reader can find more detailed information about these questions in other sources such as Berne and Levy (1988), Ganong (1991), Guyton (1992), Patton et al. (1989) and Ruch and Patton (1982).2.2 NERVE CELL2.2.1 The Main Parts of the Nerve CellThe nerve cell may be divided on the basis of its structure and function into three main parts:(1) the cell body, also called the soma;(2) numerous short processes of the soma, called the dendrites; and,(3) the single long nerve fiber, the axon.Fig. 2.1. The major components of a neuron.The body of a nerve cell (see also (Schad and Ford, 1973)) is similar to that of all other cells. The cell body generally includes the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and other organelles. Since these are not unique to the nerve cell, they are not discussed further here. Nerve cells are about 70 - 80% water; the drymaterial is about 80% protein and 20% lipid. The cell volume varies between 600 and 70,000.The short processes of the cell body, the dendrites, receive impulses from other cells and transfer them to the cell body (afferent signals). The effect of these impulses may be excitatory or inhibitory. A cortical neuron (shown in Figure 2.2) may receive impulses from tens or even hundreds of thousands of neurons (Nunez, 1981).The long nerve fiber, the axon, transfers the signal from the cell body to another nerve or to a muscle cell. Mammalian axons are usually about 1 - 20 in diameter. Some axons in larger animals may be several meters in length. The axon may be covered with an insulating layer called the myelin sheath, which is formed by Schwann cells (named for the German physiologist Theodor Schwann, 1810-1882, who first observed the myelin sheath in 1838). The myelin sheath is not continuous but divided into sections, separated at regular intervals by the nodes of Ranvier (named for the French anatomist Louis Antoine Ranvier, 1834-1922, who observed them in 1878).2.2.2 The Cell MembraneThe cell is enclosed by a cell membrane whose thickness is about 7.5 - 10.0 nm. Its structure and composition resemble a soap-bubble film (Thompson, 1985), since one of its major constituents, fatty acids, has that appearance. The fatty acids that constitute most of the cell membrane are called phosphoglycerides. A phosphoglyceride consists of phosphoric acid and fatty acids called glycerides (see Figure 2.3). The head of this molecule, the phosphoglyceride, is hydrophilic (attracted to water). The fatty acids have tails consisting of hydrocarbon chains which are hydrophobic (repelled by water).Fig. 2.3. A sketch illustrating how the phosphoglyceride (or phospholipid) molecules behave in water. See text for discussion.翻译一：细胞工程在2007年。
毕业论文英文文献翻译
毕业论文英文文献翻译Graduation Thesis: Translation of English LiteratureIntroductionThe process of writing a graduation thesis can be a daunting task, especially when it involves the translation of English literature. Translating literary works requires not only language proficiency but also a deep understanding of the cultural nuances and literary techniques employed by the author. In this article, we will explore the challenges and strategies involved in translating English literature for a graduation thesis.Understanding the Source TextBefore embarking on the translation process, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the source text. This involves a careful reading and analysis of the original work, paying attention to the author's style, tone, and literary devices. By immersing oneself in the source text, the translator gains a deeper understanding of the author's intentions and can effectively convey the essence of the work in the target language.Translating Cultural NuancesOne of the most significant challenges in translating English literature is capturing the cultural nuances embedded in the text. Literature often reflects the social, historical, and cultural context in which it was written. Translating these nuances requires the translator to have a comprehensive knowledge of both the source and target cultures. It is essential to find equivalent expressions, idioms,or metaphors that resonate with the target audience while staying true to the original intent of the author.Maintaining Literary TechniquesEnglish literature is renowned for its rich use of literary techniques such as symbolism, imagery, and wordplay. Translating these techniques poses a considerable challenge as they may not have direct equivalents in the target language. The translator must strive to retain the artistic essence of the original work while adapting it to the linguistic and cultural constraints of the target language. This requires creativity and a keen eye for detail to ensure that the translated work captures the same aesthetic impact as the source text. Adapting to Linguistic DifferencesLanguages differ not only in vocabulary but also in grammatical structures and syntax. Translating English literature into another language often involves adapting the sentence structure and grammar to ensure fluency and coherence in the target language. The translator must strike a delicate balance between staying faithful to the original text and making necessary adjustments to ensure readability and comprehension for the target audience.The Role of the TranslatorA translator of English literature for a graduation thesis is not merely a conduit for transferring words from one language to another. They are responsible for bridging the gap between cultures, enabling readers to experience the essence of the original work in their native language. A successful translator mustpossess a deep appreciation for both the source and target cultures, as well as the literary techniques employed by the author. They must strive to create a translation that captures the spirit of the original work while being accessible and engaging to the target audience.ConclusionTranslating English literature for a graduation thesis is a challenging yet rewarding endeavor. It requires a combination of linguistic proficiency, cultural understanding, and literary sensibility. By carefully analyzing the source text, capturing cultural nuances, maintaining literary techniques, adapting to linguistic differences, and embodying the role of a translator, one can successfully translate English literature for a graduation thesis. Through this process, the translator not only contributes to academic research but also fosters cross-cultural understanding and appreciation for the beauty of literature.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
本科论文英文翻译浅谈商务英语翻译与文化关联[摘要] 在商务英语翻译中，一般追求深层次的对等,但文化差异往往导致商务英语翻译中一些文化关联信息的改变乃至丢失，造成一些信息变化与误解。
加强文化与翻译工作的关联研究显得十分重要。
本文以此为切入点进行重点探讨。
[关键词] 商务英语翻译文化信息关联研究国际商务英语以国际商务为语言背景，涵盖经贸英语、金融英语、经济学英语、会计英语、法律英语、广告英语等。
国际商务英语的研究对象是在有关特定语言环境下使用专门用途英语。
一、跨文化商务交际与商务英语翻译国际商业活动使生活在不同文化的人们用不同的语言频繁接触。
不同文化之间的交往需要在交流时克服异国文化的障碍,达到交流沟通的目的。
作为全球商务语言,英语以它的多样性和易变性而著称，导致英语以多种形式存在并具有文化背景的多样性。
国际商务翻译人员要特别注意本国文化与异国的文化差异,以及英语在不同文化背景下的语义信息、文化信息差异,尽量做到文化信息等值或对等。
加拿大翻译家让・德利尔教授曾指出:“代码转译是确立词的一致关系;翻译是寻求信息等值。
”他指出，“词义等值”、“语言等值”等是“代码等值”的同义词。
“意义等值”、“语境等值”、“信息等值”等是“翻译等值”的同义词。
国际商务英语涵盖面广,涉及众多不同领域，翻译标准有其特殊性。
由于文体不同,其侧重点也有所不同。
语义信息对等和风格信息对等是国际商务英语翻译中最基本层面的对等。
原文的文化信息与译文的文化信息等值是国际商务英语翻译中深层面的对等,因此十分隐形。
在国际商务英语翻译实践中,语言转换过程中文化信息的丢失、扭曲常常发生。
二、国际商务英语翻译中文化差异分析综合来看，一般导致文化差异有以下因素:地理位置、对事物认识的文化差异，颜色的文化差异等。
全世界每年有多达4万种产品被介绍到全球市场一半以上传到美国。
这些产品中大约85%都失败了。
国际营销的成功之路是建立在错误营销和广告战役中失败的废墟之上。
他们中大多数失败是由于跨文化交流的错误。
这些交流失败要么是忽视文化差异,要么是对文化差异的无知所造成的。
国际商务英语翻译者需要了解这些差异的起因,以便在翻译过程中处理好文化上的差异。
由于文化差异的客观存在,原文中的文化信息有时很难翻译到译入语中去。
因而,等值的标准就不能完全做到。
文化差异会引起几种不对应的情况:现代科学技术发展日新月异,翻译工作者常常感觉到跟不上步伐。
一个比较明显的例子是，美国运动系列商品Nike,本意是希腊神话中胜利女神的芳名,因此商标Nike能使英语国家的人联想到胜利和吉祥。
但若按音译为“奈姬”或是“娜基”之类,中国消费者便会十分费解,不知其意。
模仿其音节,并考虑运动服装应该具有经久耐磨的特点,译成“耐克”,既有坚固耐穿的含义，又包含了克敌之含义。
虽然如此,Nike 所蕴涵的西方文化信息对中国人来说,不可能像英语国家的人那样想起Nike 女神,翻译中的文化信息被丢失。
2021年10月15日,中国“神舟五号”成功把首位中国太空人杨利伟送入太空,使中国继前苏联和美国之后,成为第三个可以送人上太空的国家。
也许,人们为了纪念中国航天事业这一新里程, 在英语词汇中, 便将“太空”的汉语拼音“taikong”与前两个单词的同一后缀“ - naut”组合成复合词taikongnaut。
三、国际商务英语文化差异的翻译处理在两种语言文化对比过程中,必须在翻译中对文化差异进行合理调整。
原文指称对象似乎毫无意义，原文指称对象可能引起读者误解，译入语“语义过载”而让读者费解。
作为文化载体的语言,必定有着丰富的文化底蕴，这使汉语中的某些词语在英语中只能找到部分对应的词语,甚至根本就没有对应语,出现词语空缺。
三资企业、精神文明等汉语词语在英语中意义空缺,其文化负载最重,翻译时须进行文化调整。
汉英词语的指称意义翻译一般有四种方法,即直译法、意译法、音译法、音译和意译结合法。
直译法是指在不违背译入语文化背景的前提下,在译入语中完全保留原文语言词语的指称意义。
直译法是一种常用的翻译法,当译入语有多个同义词时,译者要进行优选。
如: 中国服装“七匹狼”根据西方文化译成7-wolves ,便能够契合西方人的理念，受到人们的欢迎。
有时,为了保持原文符号意义的完整,译者可采用直译加注的方法。
通过直译加注的方法,既对词语的指称意义做了说明,又巧妙地保持了原文的语言风格,传递了相似的文化信息。
意译法是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求译文与原文内容相符。
意译法是国际商务英语翻译常用的方法,它保留了原名的特点和形式。
意译可分为两种:直接意译和转换意译。
音译法是指用音位为单位在译文中保留源语言的发音以便突出原文主要语言功能的翻译方法。
著名的范例如美国的Cocacola,它被译成“可口可乐”,既保持了原词的音节和响亮,又使人―听便知是饮料商标。
音译商标字母的组合应按照英文的特点,译文要书写连贯,朗朗上口,形意协和,在音似的基础上灵活翻译。
如“鄂尔多斯”羊毛衫的原英文商标Eerduosi就是纯粹的汉语拼音,后经广泛征求意见并向外商讨教,改译为Er2dos注册,为企业创造了良好的企业形象,产品远销美国、德国、英国等地。
同样,我们可否建议将四川的“沱牌”酒商标Tuopai 改译为Tobuy ,将“三笑”牙膏商标San xiao 改译成Trismile?不过,使用音译时要特别注意词的语用意义,别为一时方便而犯忌或闹笑话。
音译和意译结合是指在英译中既保留原文的发音又能体现原文的指称意义,以谐音又谐意的方式达到功能相似。
总之，商务英语翻译中需要考虑多种因素，特别是文化和社会环境等方面，契合实际，整体把握，才能把翻译工作做得更加完美。
参考文献:[1]Hatim B:跨文化交际[M].上海:上海外语教学与研究出版社,2001[2]Charles Mitchell:国际商业文化[M].上海:上海外语教学与研究出版社,2001[3]包惠南:文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001[4]Eugene A1Nida:语言与文化――翻译中的语境[M].上海:外语教育出版社,2002浅谈商务英语翻译中的文化因素【摘要】世界经济全球化发展，促使中西方文化交流逐渐频繁，注重对商务英语翻译的差异性的分析，有助于促进中西方经济贸易往来逐步扩大，形成广阔的经济发展市场，同时也促进中西方文化的进一步交流，促进世界文化的交流与融合。
【关键词】商务英语英语翻译文化差异影响因素引言翻译不仅仅是两种语言之间的转换，同时还包含也语言交流中深厚的文化底蕴。
随着世界经济水平不断发展，世界各过之间的贸易往来和文化交流逐渐频繁起来，英语作为世界交流运用最管饭的语言形式之一，形成精湛的英语翻译是促进中西方文化交流的重要手段，对商务英语翻译的文化因素深入研究为商务英语翻译的准确度提供重要保障。
一、中西方物质生活条件造成商务英语翻译的文化差异中西方物质生活条件不同造成商务英语翻译的文化差异，中国社会发展模式以“男耕女织”的小农经济作为主要生产模式，农耕文明思想根深蒂固，因此中国文化对农耕中“牛”、“马”等动物拥有特殊的喜爱，语言使用中表现为“龙马精神”“马到成功”等成语的应用多有喜悦、喜爱之意的蕴含;西方的经济发展主要以工业发展为主，更加注重生产的方式和生产效率。
因此语言的使用中对于动物名称的使用则不会像中国人使用的那么频繁。
物质生活条件的不同形成商务英语翻译中文化翻译的侧重点不同，形成文化差异。
二、中西方自然生活环境不同造成商务英语翻译的文化差异中西方的自然生活环境不同也是造成商务英语中英文翻译中存在文化差异的重要原因所在。
例如：英国单词“zephyr西风”。
由于英国西邻大西洋，东面面对欧洲大陆，西风从大西洋吹来，形成英国和煦的气候条件，因此在英国人的语言使用中“zephyr”形成独特的文化含义，具有“和煦、温暖”的意思。
而中国地大物博，与英国的大西洋气候不同，中国大部分处于温带季风气候，汉语语言中“东风”表示“和煦、温暖”的意思。
因此在进行中英两国语言翻译时应当注重商务英语翻译由于自然生活环境不同造成的文化差异性。
三、中西方思维方式不同造成商务英语翻译中的文化差异其三，中西人们思维方式的不同也是造成商务英语翻译中重要的文化差异因素。
中国以农耕经济为主，思想经济发展中拥有深厚的“小农意识”，因此在思维方式上以农业生产为主的思维方式，例如在颜色运用中，中国人认为“红色”“黄色”都是农业收获的颜色，汉语中通常用“红色”“黄色”表示喜庆的颜色，常见的汉语形式“红白喜事”，“红色”表示喜庆，喜悦，中国人举行婚礼时通常在婚礼中使用大量的红色表达喜悦之意;汉语中“白色”表示“悲伤、死亡”，因此中国人通常会把“白色”与悲伤联系在一起。
而西方文明中以人文自由为主，注重对自然的追求与向往，在西方的语言运用中，“白色”是纯净的、神圣的，西方人举行婚礼时，新娘通常身着洁白的婚纱，表示对婚姻崇高的尊重和生活美好的向往。
西方人认为“白色”代表“喜事”，当英语中出现“红白喜事”这样的情况即“weddings and funerals”时，通常会引起西方人的反感。
类似“白色”这样的词语应用在中英语言使用中的意义截然相反，因此商务英语在翻译过程中应当注重对中西方文化应用上存在着较大的差异，形成准确的翻译，避免不必要的麻烦和误会产生，影响中西方的经济发展和文化交流。
四、中西方民俗信仰不同造成商务英语翻译中的文化差异中国是一个多神崇拜的国家，人们对崇拜物也有众多禁忌。
比如中国的传统文化中“龙dragon”是神圣的象征，也是皇权的象征，“龙dragon”在中国封建文化中代表着至高无上的皇权，“龙”象征着高贵，是雍容华贵的代名词。
因此在平民百姓的人常生活中一方面“龙”字的使用是避讳的，同时也被赋予“吉祥富贵”的含义。
西方以上帝作为主要的精神信仰，西方人认为“龙”狰狞恐怖，在西方的文化发展中，龙是邪恶的代表，因此西方人对于“龙”的喜爱程度与中国则正好相反。
此外，中西方民的文化差异还体现在中国的儒家思想中要求人们应该“长幼有序”，为表示对长辈的尊重，避免对长辈直呼姓名，而是以不同的“称呼”代替，而西方人经常以长者的名字作为自己孩子的名字以表达对长辈的尊敬和怀念之意。
结论对商务英语翻译中文化影响因素的深度研究，有助于促进商务英语在实际应用中对中西方语言进行翻译时的准确度的提升，保障了语言翻译过程中的准确程度，为双方的贸易交流形成更加完备的语言交流途径，促进双方经济交流向着更加广阔的方向发展，同时注重对商务英语翻译文化影响因素的研究能够形成良好的文化交流环境，促进中西方文化的深度交流与发展。
参考文献;[1]章爱民.商务英语中的文化因素及其翻译策略[J].大连海事大学学报社会科学版，2021，v.8;No.3301：106-110.[2]王茜.试论文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响[J].淮海工学院学报人文社会科学版，2021，v.11;No.10308：84-86.[3]罗健京，刘也玲，邓云华.中西文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响英文[J].语文学刊外语教育教学，2021，No.44410：64-67.[4]肖平飞.论商务英语翻译策略中的文化差异因素[J].邵阳学院学报社会科学版，2021，v.9;No.4903：99-102.[5]李云.探析商务英语翻译中东西方文化差异带来的影响[J].海外英语，2021，No.28821：161-162.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。