超验主义文学英文版介绍
美国文学课件4The Literature of the Romantic Period 2
both nature and the individual human being
“Nature always wears the color of the spirit.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson’s “transparent eyeball” in Nature (p 40)
• “Standing on the bare ground, — my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, — all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.”
• Emerson’s major essays: – Nature (1836); Essays (1841); Second Series (1844); Representing Men (1850); English Traits (1856)
• Emerson’s two famous addresses: – The American Scholar (1837); Divinity School Address (1838)
美国超验主义英语介绍
希望谨慎地生活，只 面对生活的基本事实， 看看我是否学得到生 活要教育我的东西，
and not, when I came to 免得到了临死的时候，
die, discover that I had
才发现我根本就没有
not lived.”
生活过。
பைடு நூலகம்
that evil was nonexistent appeared to be an optimistic folly
Sources
1.欧洲浪漫主义文学 【the romantic literature of Europe】
2.新柏拉图主义 【neo-Platonism】
3.德国理想主义哲学 【German idealistic philosophy】
2. the importance of the individual
3. nature is the symbol of Spirit or God
Creeds
• 1.至善 absolute good • 2.纯洁无暇 unspotted innocence of nature • 3.人具有神性 humanity was godlike and
“American Scholar”: American’s declaration of intellectual independence.( to develop American’s own culture)
Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862
He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
超验主义_美国精神独立宣言
超验主义:美国精神独立宣言张志刚(大连民族学院外国语言文化系,辽宁大连116600)摘 要:从美国超验主义出现的必然性、原理以及进步意义等方面对超验主义哲学思想进行论述,认为它是美国人民精神独立宣言,指出只有超验主义的出现才使美国真正彻底地完成了独立革命运动。
关键词:超验主义;爱默生;精神独立;美国化;个性中图分类号:B 712.41 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-315X (2004)02-0044-04一、引 言 熟悉美国文学的人都知道超验主义,其创始人爱默生是“美国最有影响的思想家”[1](p.43),是“美国文学史上必不可少的人物,其影响自然是巨大的”[2](p.670)。
麦奎德声称:“爱默生对于美国19、20世纪文化影响的独创性和普遍性让我们懂得更多他的精神观和物质观———不管我们是否有意或无意读过其作品。
”[3](p.11)其他国家也感受到其思想的影响。
中国学者钱满书致力于研究爱默生与中国古代思想家之间哲学思想的异同及其相互影响。
她发表了《爱默生与中国》一书,指出超验主义思想在某些方面受到东方哲学的影响。
常耀信教授也指出超验主义的重要性:“超验主义激励了整整一代著名作家,如爱默生,梭罗,霍桑,麦尔维尔,惠特曼,迪金森。
如果没有其推动力,美国历史上最为多产的文学时代之一可能就被剥夺了。
”[4](p.78)超验主义对于美国文学的影响毋庸置疑,爱默生及其追随者将其所倡导的超验主义看作是美国人民精神的独立宣言。
美国国体的独立并不意味着精神方面的独立,只有其在精神方面的独立,才标志着美国在包括文学、艺术等各个领域的真正独立。
因此,超验主义运动是美国独立运动的延续,只有超验主义的出现才是美国真正彻底地完成了独立革命运动。
二、超验主义出现的必然性 美国独立战争后,超验主义的出现是必然的。
这时候,需要出现一种新的思潮以满足新诞生国家的需要。
人们渴望对宗教、社会行为以及文化的重新审视。
爱默生正是在这种社会背景下倡导思想方面的革命,使人民从旧的精神束缚中解脱出来。
超验主义英语
超验主义英语
超验主义（Transcendentalism）是一种哲学和文学运动，源于19世纪初美国新英格兰地区的一些知识分子，代表人物包括拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生、亨利·戴维·梭罗、玛格丽特·富勒等。
超验主义强调人的内在精神体验、个性和自由，反对传统、教条和社会规范的束缚，提倡个体的自我实现和追求精神自由。
超验主义的核心理念是“超验”（Transcendentalism），即超越感官经验和理性思维所能及的现实层面，探索和认识超越自我和自然的神秘领域。
超验主义者认为，人类内在的灵性和直觉能够带领人们超越传统的知识和思想框架，获得更深刻的见解和更高的境界。
这种超验主义观点强调人的主观能动性，有助于打破加尔文教的“人性恶”、“命定论”等教条的束缚，为热情奔放、抒发个性的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础。
Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-爱默生超验主义
• Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. （任何名副其实真正 的人，都必须是不落俗套的人。）
爱默生注重思想内容而没有过份注重词藻的华 丽，行文犹如格言，哲理深入浅出，说服力强， 且有典型的“爱默生风格”。有人这样评价他 的文字“爱默生似乎只写警句”，他的文字所 透出的气质难以形容：既充满专制式的不容置 疑，又具有开放式的民主精神；既有贵族式的 傲慢，更具有平民式的直接；既清晰易懂，又 常常夹杂着某种神秘主义……一个人能在一篇文 章中塞入那么多的警句实在是了不起的，那些 值得在清晨诵读的句子为什么总能够振奋人心， 岁月不是为他蒙上灰尘，而是映衬得他熠熠闪 光。
• Insist on yourself; never imitate. （坚持自己，决不要模仿 ）
以“自立”为核心的爱默生式个人主义在美国个人主义思想的发展中具有承上启下 的作用。一方面，当时资本主义工业化和社会大生产已经开始在挤压和湮没个人。 爱默生在为个人进行呐喊。他的个人主义旨在通过提高人的灵魂和精神来战胜物质 主义和拜金主义。另一方面，美国民主制中的多数专制对个人的压迫也日渐明显， 提倡个人主义旨在保护个人的权利不受侵犯
Emerson’s Education
• 在1817年10月爱默生14岁时，他入读哈佛大 学并且被任命为新生代表，这个身份让他获得 免费住宿的机会。为了增添微薄的薪水，寒假 期间他会到Ripley 伯父在马萨诸塞州瓦胜市的 学校进行辅导及教学事务。在校期间，他阅读 了大量英国浪漫主义作家的作品，丰富了思想， 开阔了视野。
美国浪漫主义文学
Important Literary TermsTranscendentalism(超验主义): Transcendentalism, which appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history. The term was derived from Latin, meaning to rise above or to pass beyond the limits. It laid emphasis on spirit and individual and nature.Free verse (自由体诗): Free verse has no regular rhythm or line length and depends on natural speech rhythms and the counterpoint (对照法) of stressed and unstressed syllables.Also called open-form poetry, free verse refers to poems characterized by their nonconformity to established patterns of meter, rhyme, and stanza. Free verse uses elements such as speech patterns, grammar, emphasis, and breath pauses to decides line break, and usually does not rhyme.Emily Dickinson V.S Walt WhitmanShe differs from Whitman in a variety of ways. For one thing, Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual. Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is regional.”Dickinson often used variations of meters common in hymn writing, especially iambic tetrameter (eight syllables per line, with every second syllable being stressed). She frequently employed off-rhymes. Dickinson’s short poetic lines, condensed by using intense metaphors and by extensive use of ellipsis (the omission of words understood to be there), contrasted sharply with the style of her contemporary Walt Whitman, who used long time, litter rhyme, and irregular rhythm in his poetry.1.Which statement about Thoreau was NOT right?A.He was a lover of nature.B.He was a particular kind of romantic.C.He was a polemicist.D.He was a thorough transcendentalist.2.Which of the following has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism”?A. Divinity School Address.B. Self-RelianceC. NatureD. The American Scholar3. As a philosophical and literary movement, _______ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.A. sentimentalismB. transcendentalismC. modernismD. rationalism4. The period before and American Civil War is generally referred to as ________.A. the Modern PeriodB. the Realistic PeriodC. the Romantic PeriodD. the Naturalist Period5. All the following are works by Nathaniel Hawthorne EXCEPT ________.A. The Marble FaunB. TypeeC. The Scarlet LetterD. Mosses from an Old Manse6. Which of the following is not a work of Emily Dickinson’s?A. I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died.B. The Raven.C. This is My Letter to the WorldD. I lIke to See it Lap the Miles7. Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT ________.A. the strict poetic formB. the free and natural rhythmC. the wwasy flow of feelingsD. the simple and conversational language8. As a philosophical and literary moment, ________ fourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rationalismC. sentimentalismD. transcendentalism9. Which book is not written by Emerson?A. The American ScholarB. Self-RelianceC. NatureD. Civil Disobedience10. The finest example of Hawthorn’s symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in ______.A. The Scarlet LetterB. Young Goodman BrownC. The Marble FaunD. The Ambitious Guest11. The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism is ________.A, Nathaniel Hawthorn B. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Henry David ThoreauD. Washington Irving12. Transcendentalists recognized _______as the “highest power of the soul”.A. intuitionB. logicC. data of the sensesD. thinking13. American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. This was ________.A. Anne BradstreetB. Jane AustinC. Emily DickinsonD. Harriet Beecher14. Captain, My Captain is written for ________.A. LincolnB. WhitmanC. WashingtonD. Hemingway15. Which of the foolowing was written by Thoreau?A. NatureB. Walden.C. The Scarlet LetterD. The Fall of the House of Usher16. Which of the following books is a tremendous chronicle of an appalling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale?A. The Scarlet LetterB. Moby DickC. The Marble FaunD. Moses from an old Manse17. Ralph Waldo Emerson is the most outstanding of all the _______ writers in _______ literature.A. transcendental/ EnglishB. transcendental/ AmericanC. realistic/ EnglishD. realistic / American18. Edgar Allan Poe occupies an important position in American literature as a poet and a ______.A. short story writerB. novelistC. dramatistD. translator19. In Walden, who urges people to simplify their lives and look to nature for meaning?A. Robert FrostB. Walt WhitmanC. Henry David ThoreauD. Herman Melville20. The setting of the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne id in ________.A. England during World War IIB. Paris during the French RevolutionC. the Middle Ages in ItalyD. Puritan America。
超验主义
TranscendentalismAbstractA literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserts the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in the New England region of the United States with Ralph Waldo Emerson as its leader. With the continuous development, Transcendentalism becomes an important ideological liberation movement in the history of American. It stressed the direct communication between God and human and the divinity in human heart. It is also critical. It aims to build a moral and free world, showing the ideal Utopia life. Its spirit is one of important heritages in America history. Transcendentalism is not about doing what is good or bad for the society, but to break away from what society expects and doing what one believes is right for them.Key Words: transcendentalism; individualism; influence; development超验主义摘要超验主义（英文：Transcendentalism，也叫“新英格兰超验主义”或者说“美国文艺复兴”）是美国的一种文学和哲学运动。
美国浪漫主义文学——梭罗
不是梦里 连缀起这诗行； 连缀起这诗行； 就是瓦尔登湖 才使我更接近上帝和天堂。 才使我更接近上帝和天堂。 我是它岸上的圆石 让微风清掠身上； 让微风清掠身上； 它的水， 它的水，它的沙 是我掌心的珍藏； 是我掌心的珍藏； 它那最隐密的泉眼 休憩在我最高的思想。 休憩在我最高的思想。
超验主义追求人的自由的精神，成为美国文 化中一个重要遗产。这种思潮发源于单一神教， 同时又接受了浪漫主义的影响，强调人与上帝 间的直接交流和人性中的神性，其结果是解放 了人性，提高了人的地位，使人的自由成为可 能。超验主义具有强烈的批判精神，其社会目 标是建立一个道德完满、真正民主自由的社会， 尽管带有乌托邦的理想色彩。
朗诵片段 我见过许多个性独特的事物，要数瓦尔登湖最为神奇了。 我见过许多个性独特的事物，要数瓦尔登湖最为神奇了。许多人被形 容成瓦尔登湖，但真正承受得起的没几个。 容成瓦尔登湖，但真正承受得起的没几个。尽管湖畔的树木一片片的被 砍伐，火车也侵入这块领土，尽管爱尔兰人再湖附近盖起了猪棚， 砍伐，火车也侵入这块领土，尽管爱尔兰人再湖附近盖起了猪棚，冰块 商也在湖上采割过冰块，但瓦尔登湖仍然保持着它纯洁的天性。 商也在湖上采割过冰块，但瓦尔登湖仍然保持着它纯洁的天性。它还是 我年青时所见到的那个湖，变化的只是我自己。波痕不断却都转瞬消失， 我年青时所见到的那个湖，变化的只是我自己。波痕不断却都转瞬消失， 湖依然青春亮丽，永远没有一丝皱纹。我矗立在湖边， 湖依然青春亮丽，永远没有一丝皱纹。我矗立在湖边，一只燕子飞快地 掠过湖面，叼起一条小虫，跟以前一样。今夜，它却深深触动了我， 掠过湖面，叼起一条小虫，跟以前一样。今夜，它却深深触动了我，仿 佛以前我并没有与它朝夕相处，为什么呢？因为它是瓦尔登湖！ 佛以前我并没有与它朝夕相处，为什么呢？因为它是瓦尔登湖！
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He was very critical of modern civilization: “Civilized man is the slave of matter.” “Most of the luxuries and many of the so-called comforts of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind.” — Thoreau
Major Works
Nature 1836 Collections: Essays: First Series 1841 Essays: Second Series Representative Men 1850 English Traits 1856 The Conduct of Life 1860
Journal: The Dial Influence Weakness
6. Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882)
philosopher, poet and essayist prose, poetry, speech spokesman of New England Transcendentalism Life (Calvinism, Unitarianism(唯一神教 派）, trip to Europe and back with European Romanticism)
“We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; Divine Soul which also inspires all men.” — “The American Scholar”
“So shall we come to look at the world with new eyes. It shall answer the endless inquiry of the intellect, — What is truth? and of the affections, — What is good? by yielding itself passive to the educated Will. ... Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit.” — “The American Scholar”
Part III
The Literature of Romanticism
Transcendentalism
C.1830s-1850s
Nature (1836) as manifesto The summit of American romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history The term was derived from the Latin verb transcendere: to rise above , to pass beyond the limits
In the intellectual history, he embodies a new nation’s desire and struggle to assert its own identity in its formative period.
During his lifetime he was considered one of the two or three best writers in America, and certainly the most influential among his contemporaries. His reputation has fallen somewhat in the present century.
Emerson’s aesthetics
His essay “The Poet” (Essays, Second Series 1844) marked the birth of true American poetry and true American poets such as Whitman and Emily Dickinson. He places emphasis on ideas, symbols, and imaginative words. Form is important when fused well with content. In theme, poems are to celebrate America and the life of today. True poetry should serve as a moral purification and a passage toward organic unity and higher reality.
has been regarded (first by Oliver Wendell Holmes) as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence” Idea: Americans should write about here and now instead of imitating and importing from other lands.
Major Works
“Resistance to Civil Government”, (or “Civil Disobedience”) 1849 A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 1849 Walden, or Life in the Woods 1854 Slavery in Massachusetts 1854 A Plea for Captain John Brown 1859 “Life Without Principle” 1863 The Maine Woods 1864 Cape Cod 1865
It is a great Transcendentalist work with “regeneration” as a major thematic concern. It earned him the name of “nullifier（废 弃者，取消者） of civilization”. It is a book of self-culture（自修） and human perfectibility.
Walden is a record of Thoreau's two year experiment of living at Walden Pond.
Essays: “The American Scholar” 1837 “The Over-Soul” 1841 “Self-Reliance” 1841 “The Transcendentalist” 1842 “The Poet” (1841-1843)
“The American Scholar”(1837)
Thoreau not only embraced Emerson’s Transcendentalist philosophy, but went further to illustrate the pantheistical （泛 神论）quality of nature. He holds that the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self-sufficient and strive to achieve personal spiritual perfection.
3. Nature as symbol of the Spirit or God
link between God and man
Leaders: Emerson and Thoreau Club: Transcendentalist Club
(Cambridge, Massachusetts, on September 8, 1836)
Believe in a higher individualism; the spiritual nature of reality; the importance of self-reliance; the obedience to instinct; independence of mind; the obligation of optimism and hope; the existence of a unifying Oversoul seemingly unqualified acceptance of life and cheerful optimism
Historical Introduction (Rise of Transcendentalism)
A protest against the general state of culture and society The product of combination of foreign influence and American native Puritan tradition
Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854)