美国文学超验主义 ppt课件
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美国文学课件4The Literature of the Romantic Period 2
– Self-reliance – The importance of the individual – The superiority of intuition to intellect – The presence of a spiritual power in
both nature and the individual human being
“Nature always wears the color of the spirit.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson’s “transparent eyeball” in Nature (p 40)
• “Standing on the bare ground, — my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, — all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.”
• Emerson’s major essays: – Nature (1836); Essays (1841); Second Series (1844); Representing Men (1850); English Traits (1856)
• Emerson’s two famous addresses: – The American Scholar (1837); Divinity School Address (1838)
both nature and the individual human being
“Nature always wears the color of the spirit.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson’s “transparent eyeball” in Nature (p 40)
• “Standing on the bare ground, — my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, — all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.”
• Emerson’s major essays: – Nature (1836); Essays (1841); Second Series (1844); Representing Men (1850); English Traits (1856)
• Emerson’s two famous addresses: – The American Scholar (1837); Divinity School Address (1838)
《美国文学》课件三.ppt
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Anne Bradstreet: "Contemplations (9)"
• Contemplations (9) • I heard the merry grasshopper then sing. • The black-clad cricket (蟋蟀) bear a second part; • They kept one tune and played on the same string, • Seeming to glory in their little art. • Shall creatures abject thus their voices raise • And in their kind resound their Maker's praise, • Whilst I, as mute, can warble (sing in a high voice but not
• Smith says of Pocahontas that she "hazarded the beating out of her owne braines to save mine."
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Captain John Smith: Life experiences
• On September 10, 1608, Smith became president of the council in the colony and orchestrated （organize）such improvements as expanding the settlement around the fort and repairing many buildings.
• His importance is more seen in his Puritanical doctrines; a representative of the idealistic aspect of American Puritanism and an emblem of the Calvinist beliefs and tenets.
Anne Bradstreet: "Contemplations (9)"
• Contemplations (9) • I heard the merry grasshopper then sing. • The black-clad cricket (蟋蟀) bear a second part; • They kept one tune and played on the same string, • Seeming to glory in their little art. • Shall creatures abject thus their voices raise • And in their kind resound their Maker's praise, • Whilst I, as mute, can warble (sing in a high voice but not
• Smith says of Pocahontas that she "hazarded the beating out of her owne braines to save mine."
4
Captain John Smith: Life experiences
• On September 10, 1608, Smith became president of the council in the colony and orchestrated （organize）such improvements as expanding the settlement around the fort and repairing many buildings.
• His importance is more seen in his Puritanical doctrines; a representative of the idealistic aspect of American Puritanism and an emblem of the Calvinist beliefs and tenets.
美国文学 ppt课件
• Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.
• Religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a
wrathful GodOf Plymouth Plantation
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Anne Bradstreet (安妮·布拉 德斯特里特) (1612-1672)
the first American woman poet
a Puritan poet, once called “Tenth Muse”
• The spiritual life in the colonies during that period was molded by the bourgeois Enlightenment.
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2. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790):
• The Autobiography • Poor Richard’s Almanack
the first American writer
A Description of New England 《新英格兰叙事》 (1616)
General History of Virginia《弗吉尼亚通史》 （1642）
• Pocahontas
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William Bradford (1590-1657)
• Politics dominated the revolutionary phase of American writing.
• The crisis in American life carried by the Revolution made artists self-conscious about American subjects.
美国浪漫主义 超验主义
美国浪漫主义时期是指开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止这一段是美国文学史上最重要的时期。
浪漫主义文学的基本特征：强烈的主观色彩，偏爱表现主观思想，注重抒发个人的感受和体验。
重主观，轻客观和重自我表现，轻客观模仿。
喜欢描写和歌颂大自然。
（尤为突出）作者们喜欢将自己的理解人物置身于纯朴宁静的大自然中，衬托现实社会的丑恶及自身理解的美好。
重视中世纪民间文学。
想象比较丰富、感情真挚、表达自由、语言朴素自然。
注重艺术效果。
美国浪漫主义文学的代表人物有惠特曼、霍桑、华盛顿·欧文等浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,是美国文学史上最重要的时期。
华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国浪漫主义文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。
浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期,所以也称为"美国的文艺复兴。
美国社会的发展哺育了"一个伟大民族的文学"。
年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱,很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。
这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期,到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。
到十九世纪中叶,美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州,人口从1790年的四百万增至1860年的三千万。
在经济上,年轻的美国经历向工业的转化,影响所及不仅仅是城市,而且也包括农村。
蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。
另外,大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。
政治上,民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想,产生了两党制。
值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。
随着独立的美国政府的成立,美国人民已感到需要有美国文学,表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民, 与印第安人的遭遇,边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。
这个年轻国家的文学富有想象,已产生了一种文学环境。
报刊杂志如雨后春笋,出现了一大批文学读者,形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。
艾米莉狄金森《美国文学》原创PPT课件
interest in Emily ‘s poems
. different nature
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The Homestead
Emily Dickinson lived with her unmarried sister Lavinia in an elegant house called The Homestead(霍姆斯特德).
At the same time , Dickinson is widely acknowledged as an innovative pre-modernist poet as well as a rebellious and courageous woman.
迪金森的诗谜一般充满奇思妙想，展现出非凡的创造力与想象力。她的作品受到17世 纪英格兰玄学派诗人的影响，同时带有清教的家庭背景的烙印。虽然她不相信家庭的传统 宗教，但她研究了圣经，许多诗歌在形式上也类似圣经。她对破折号的热爱，不规则的韵 律和韵脚，超乎寻常的比喻使她当之无愧地成. 为19世纪美国文坛最具创新意识的诗人9。
A
promineGnrat vlaewaynedr
satnedrnpolitician(
我发生冲突。” Representative to Congress)
Same as their father’s career
Became ill when Emily was 25
Focus of attention and shows Close friend，though they share
.
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Themes
On Nature
• Dickinson observed nature closely and described it vividly but never with the feeling of being lost in it, or altogether part of it, nor was she surprised when its creatures also kept their distance.
《文学美国文学》PPT课件
因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的),
total depravity(人类是完全堕落的，所以
人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到
最好以取悦上帝), limited atonement (有
限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上
帝的拯救)
h
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American Puritanism
Features of American Puritan
h
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2. Early American Puritan Writers
• John Smith, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown: His descriptions about the new world became the source of information for the later settlers.
Exercise
Colonial period and Revolutionary period Early Romanticism Transcendentalism Late Romanticism
The age of Realism
Irving Franklin Cooper Emerson Hawthorne Twain James Dreiser Melville Thoreau
himself to writing Amh erican subject
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2. Evaluation. (Benjamin Franklin1706 – 1790)
1) He was a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, citizen, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, statesman, philosopher, political economist and ambassador.
American Literature超验主义
He is thus removed from the march of time, idealized as a
“primordial” 原始的 figure whose vision isolates him from the political and social struggles of his age. But Emerson was never simply a distant patriarchal家长的 figure sheltered from the material problems of his age. He constructed his “optative” 希求的exuberance茂盛 ，健康 despite the early deaths of his father, two of his brothers, his beloved young wife, and his first son, and despite his own serious bouts 较量with lung disease and eye strain视 觉[眼睛]疲劳. He was a child both of privilege and penury 贫困, of family position and dependence. At Harvard, which he attended on scholarship, Emerson struggled with the academic curriculum and with his expected future as either a teacher or minister. But he also conducted a more satisfying private education of reading and journal writing that would prepare him to be a writer, an American scholar, and poet
美国文学课件10The Literature of the Realistic Period 4
2. Characteristics of American Naturalism Thematically: The lives of the downtrodden Human passion and sexuality The forces of environment and heredity Technically: Detailed documentation of life Gloomy and pessimistic atmosphere
Study question (page 114)
Why does Carrie still suffer from unsatisfied desires after she became successful? “Oh, Carrie, Carrie! … Oh, blind striving of the human heart! In your rocking chair, by your window, dreaming, shall you long, alone, in your rocking chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel”. (page 113)
The Road Not Taken
By Robert Frost
Frost claimed that he wrote this poem about his friend Edward Thomas, with whom he had walked many times in the woods near London. Frost has said that while walking they would come to different paths and after choosing one, Thomas would always felt wondering what they might have missed by not taking the other path.
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Important terms (1)
The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature (1836), and Self- Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.
Important terms (1)
Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Coleridge, and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings.
Important terms (2)
Individualism claims the ability to oppose “authority”, and to all manner of controls over the individual (反对一切压抑个人的支配行 为), especially when exercised by the political state or “society”. It is thus directly opposed to collectivism (集体主义), social psychology and sociology, which consider the individual’s rapport to the society or community.
Important terms (2)
Individualism: Individualism is a moral, political, and social philosophy, which emphasizes individual liberty, the primary importance of the individual, and the “virtues of self-reliance”. It assumes that a person can be socially and culturally free of upbringing.
New England Transcend (1)
Transcendentalism : Transcendentalism is philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy(正统的)of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church(唯一神论 教派), developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.
Important terms (1)
Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature(每人都有内在的神性) and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority.
Important terms (3)
American Renaissance : The name is given to a flourishing of distinctively American literature in the period before the Civil War. This renaissance is represented by the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson, H. D. Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman.
Its major works are Hawthorne’ s The Scarlet Letter ( 红字，1850 ) , Melville ‘s Moby-Dick (白鲸， 1851 ) ,and Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (草叶集， 1855). The American Renaissance may be regarded as a delayed manifestation of Romanticism(浪漫主义的延续), especially in Emerson’ s philosophy of Transcendentalism.