2014年北京师范大学遥感原理考博试题,真题解析
2014年北京师范大学博士入学英语试题与答案详解
北京师范大学 2014 年 3 月考博英语真题与答案详解第一部分：试题Part I ：Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.Passage 1Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people‟s social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom.In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited.Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the “Forbes 400”-the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited. Those on the list who could be called “self-made” were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins, 1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau niche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not acceptedinto “old rich” circles.The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings can be quite high indeed-successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class” because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States.The middle class is hard to define; in part, being “middle class” is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identity themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people tend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have a tenuous hold on this class position.In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class includes workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled trades who do manual labor) and many service workers, such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it. The term “lower” in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class.The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working inminimum-wage jobs. Forty percent of the poor work; 1 0 percent work year-round and full time—a proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments. Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.1. Why does the author mention the "Forbes 400" in paragraph 3?A. To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every yearB. To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealthC. To give examples of successful people who have modest family connectionsD. To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money2. The author states that business and professional people with educational advantages are most often members of the_____.A. lower middle classB. upper middle classC. nouveau richeD. upper class3. Why do most people identify themselves as middle class in the United States?A. They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the countryB. They don‟t really know how to define their status because it is unclearC. They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United StatesD. They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles4. What can be inferred about poor people in the United States?A. They are not able to find entry-level jobsB. They work in jobs that require little educationC. They are service workers and manual laborersD. They do not try to find employment5. According to paragraph 7, why has the underclass emerged?A. The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestyle than it had previously.B. The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live by engaging in illegal activities.C. Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive by welfare or crime.D. Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level in the economic system.Passage 2“The word …protection‟ is no longer taboo”. This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren‟t acting out of unself ishness. They knew their economics were the most competitive, so they‟d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economics would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it. The west continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That‟s why Sarkozy‟s word were so important: he finally inj ected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krug man is one of the few willing to losers will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that “creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely. But there‟s clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key globaleconomic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what‟s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else‟s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today‟s global economy- to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade, Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there‟s a real danger that Adam Smith‟s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.6. It can be inferred that “protection” (Line1, Para.1) means ______.A. improving economic efficiencyB. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs7. The Western leaders preach free trade because ______.A. it is beneficial to their economicsB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith8. By “the tables have turned” (Line 3-4, Para.2) the author implies that ______.A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC. the developed economics have turned less competitiveD. the developing economics have become more independent9. The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because it ______.A. set a long-term rather than short-term goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economics10. The author uses “IMF” as an example to illustrate the point that ______.A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries‟ interests are being ignored by economic leadersPassage 3Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one‟s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.Almost all of an organism‟s energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body. Organ isms at this extreme are “opportunists.” At the other extreme are “competitors,” almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants. A new plant will spring up wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil surface, but because they do notbuild big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight. These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds‟ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens.Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles.The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blendof some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.11. The word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to____.A. extendB. transformC. activateD. waste12. According to the passage, the classification of organisms as “opportunists” o r “competitors” is determined by_____.A. how the genetic information of an organism is store and maintainedB. the way in which the organism invests its energy resourcesC. whether the climate to which the organism lives is mild or extremeD. the variety of natural resources the organism consumes in its environment13. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contribution to the longevity of oak tree EXCEPT____.A. the capacity to create shadeB. leaves containing tanninC. the ability to withstand mild droughts and firesD. the large number of acorns the tree produces14. According to the passage, oak trees are considered competitors becauseA. they grow in areas free of opportunitiesB. they spend more energy on their leaves, trunks and roots than on their acornsC. their population tends to increase or decrease irregular cyclesD. unlike other organisms, they do not need much water or sunlight15. In paragraph 7, the author suggests that most species of organismsA. are primarily opportunistsB. are primarily competitorsC. begin as opportunists and evolved into competitorsD. have some characteristics of opportunists and some of competitorsPassage 4Many literary detectives have pored over a great puzzle concerning the writer Marcel Proust: what happened in 1909? How did Contre Saint-Beuve, an essay attacking the methods of the critic Saint Beuve, turn into the start of the novelRemembrance of Things Past? A recently published letter from Proust to the editor Vallette confirms that Fallois, the editor of the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-Beuve, made an essentially correct guess about the relationship of the essay to the novel. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve‟s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.Draft passages in Proust‟s 1909 notebooks indicate that the transition from essay to novel began in Contre Saint-Beuve, when Proust introduced several examples to show the powerful influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creative imagination. In effect, in trying to demonstrate that the imagination is more profound and less submissive to the intellect than Saint-Beuve assumed, Proust elicited vital memories of his own and, finding subtle connections between them, began to amass the material for Remembrance. By August, Proust was writing to Vallette, informing him of his intention to develop the material as a novel. Maurice Bardeche, in Marcel Proust, romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous and apparently random associations of Proust‟s su bconscious. As incidents and reflections occurred to Proust, he continually inserted new passages altering and expanding his narrative. But he found it difficult to control the drift of his inspiration. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. The beginning of control came when he saw how to connect the beginning and the end of his novel.Intrigued by Proust‟s claim that he had “begun and finished” Remembrance at the same time, Henri Bonnet discovered that parts of Remembrance‟s last book were actually started in 1909. Already in that year, Proust had drafted descriptions of his novel‟s characters in their old age that would appear in the final book of Remembrance, where the permanence of art is set against the ravages of time. Theletter to Vallette, drafts of the essay and novel, and Bonnet‟s researches estab lish in broad outline the process by which Proust generated his novel out of the ruins of his essay. But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb‟s newly published complete edition of Proust‟s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greate r detail are disappointed. For until Proust was confident that he was at last in sight of a viable structure for Remembrance, he told few correspondents that he was producing anything more ambitious than Contre Saint-Beuve.16. The passage is primarily concerned with ______.A. the role of involuntary memory in Proust‟s writing.B. evidence concerning the genesis of Proust‟s novel Remembrance of Things Past.C. conflicting scholarly opinions about the value of studying the drafts of Remembrance of Things Past.D. Proust‟s correspondence and what it reveals about Remembrance of Things Past.17. It can be inferred from the passage that all of the following are literary detectives who havetried, by means of either scholarship or criticism, to help solve t he “great puzzle” mentioned in lines 1-2 EXCEPT ______.A. BardecheB. BonnetC. FalloisD. Vallette18. According to the passage, in drafts of Contre Saint Beuve Proust set out to show thatSaint-Beuve made which of the following mistakes as a critic?I. Saint-Beuve made no effort to study the development of a novel through its drafts and revisions.II. Saint-Beuve assigned too great a role in the creative process to a writer‟s conscious intellect.III. Saint-Beuve concentrated too much on plots and not enough on imagery and other elements ofstyle.A. II onlyB. III onlyC. I and II onlyD. I, II, and III19. Which of the following best states the author‟s attitude toward the information that scholarshave gathered about Proust‟s writi ng in 1909?A. The author is disappointed that no new documents have come to light since Fallois‟s speculations.B. The author is dissatisfied because there are too many gaps and inconsistencies in the drafts.C. The author is confident that Fallois‟s 1954 guess has been proved largely correct, but regrets that still more detailed documentation concerning Proust‟s transition from the essay to the novel has not emerged.D. The author is satisfied that Fallois‟s judgment was largely correct, but feels tha t Proust‟s early work in designing and writing the novel was probably far more deliberate than Fallois‟s description of the process would suggest.20. The author of the passage implies that which of the following would be the LEAST usefulsource of informat ion about Proust‟s transition from working on Contre Saint-Beuve to having a viable structure for Remembrance of Things Past?A. Fallois‟s comments in the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-BeuveB. Proust‟s 1909 notebooks, including the drafts of Remembrance of Things PastC. Proust‟s 1909 correspondence, excluding the letter to ValletteD. Bardeche‟s Marcel Proust, romancierPassage 5Why do some desert plants grow tall and thin like organ pipes? Why do most trees in the tropics keep their leaves year round? Why in the Arctic tundra are there no trees at all? After many years without convincing general answers, we now know much about what sets the fashion in plant design.Using terminology more characteristic of a thermal engineer than of a botanist, we can think of plants as mechanisms that must balance their heat budgets. A plant by day is staked out under the Sun with no way of sheltering itself. All day long it absorbs heat. If it did not lose as much heat as it gained, then eventually it would die: Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them, by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere and the cold, black reaches of space temperature is tolerable for the processes of life.Plants in the Arctic tundra lie close to the ground in the thin layer of still air that clings there. A foot or two above the ground are the winds of Arctic cold. Tundra plants absorb heat from the Sun and tend to warm up; they probably balance most of their heat budgets by radiating heat to space, but also by warming the still air hat is trapped among them. As long as Arctic plants are close to the ground, they can balance their heat budgets. But if they should stretch up as a tree does, they would lift their working parts, their leaves, into the streaming Arctic winds. Then it is likely that the plants could not absorb enough heat from the Sun to avoid being cooled below a critical temperature. Your heat budget does not balance if you stand tall in the Arctic.Such thinking also helps explain other characteristics of plant design. A desert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the danger of overheating. It is short of water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating. The familiar sticklike shape of desert plants represents one of the solutions to this problem: the shape exposes the smallest possible surface to incoming solar radiation and provides the largest possible surface from which the plant can radiate heat. In tropical rain forests, by way of contrast, the scorching Sun is not a problem for plants because there is sufficient water.This working model allows us to connect the general characteristics of the forms of plants indifferent habitats with factors such as temperature, availability of water, and presence or absence of seasonal differences. Our Earth is covered with a patchwork quilt of meteorological conditions, and the patterns of this patchwork are faithfully reflected by the plants.21. The passage primarily focuses on which of the following characteristics of plants?A. Their ability to grow equally well in all environmentsB. Their effects on the Earth's atmosphereC. Their ability to store water for dry periodsD. Their ability to balance heat intake and output22. According to the passage, which of the following is most responsible for preventing trees from growing tall in the Arctic?A. The hard, frozen groundB. The small amount of available sunshineC. The cold, destructive windsD. The large amount of snow that falls each year23. The author suggests that the "sticklike shape of desert plants" lines 3-5(paragraph4)can be attributed to the______.A. inability of the plants to radiate heat to the air around themB. presence of irregular seasonal differences in the desertC. large surface area that the plants must expose to the SunD. extreme heat and aridity of the habitatPassage 6To conduct some forms of sleep research, we have to find a way to track sleepiness over the day. Some people might believe that measuring sleepiness is a fairly trivial task. Couldn‟t you, for instance, simply count the number of times a person yawns during any given hour or so?In most people‟s minds, yawning--that slow, exaggerated mouth opening with the long, deep inhalation of air, followed by a briefer exhalation--is the most obvious sign of sleepiness. It is a common behavior shared by many animals, including our pet dogs and cats but also crocodiles, snakes, birds, and even some fish. It is certainly true that sleepy people tend to yawn more than wide-awake people. It is also true that people who say they are bored by what is happening at the moment will tend to yawn more frequently. However, whether yawning is a sign that you are getting ready for sleep or that you are successfully fighting off sleep is not known. Simply stretching your body, as you might do if you have been siring in the same position for a long period of time, will often trigger a yawn.Unfortunately, yawns don‟t just indicate sleepiness. In some animals, yawning is a sign of stress. When a dog trainer sees a dog yawning in a dog obedience class, it is usually a sign that the animal is under a good deal of pressure. Perhaps the handler is pushing too hard or moving too fast for the dog to feel in control of the situation. A moment or two of play and then turning to another activity is usually enough to banish yawning for quite a while.Yawning can also be a sign of stress in humans. Once, when observing airborne troops about to take their first parachute jump, I noticed that several of the soldiers were sitting in the plane and yawning. It was l0 A.M., just after a coffee break, and I doubted that they were tired；I knew for a fact that they were far too nervous to be bored. When I asked about this, the officer in charge laughed and said it was really quite a common behavior, especially on the first jump.There is also a social aspect to yawning. Psychologists have placed actors in crowded rooms and auditoriums and had them deliberately yawn. Within moments, there is usually an increase in yawning by everyone else in the room. Similarly, people who watch films or videos of others yawning are more likely to yawn. Even just reading about yawning tends to stimulate people to yawn.The truth of the matter is that we rea lly don‟t know what purpose yawning serves. Scientists originally thought that the purpose of yawning was to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood or to release some accumulated carbon dioxide. We now know that this is not true, since increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air seems not to make people more likely to yawn but to make them breathe faster to try to bring in more oxygen. On the other hand, breathing 100 percent pure oxygen does not seem to reduce the likelihood of yawning.Since yawning seems to be associated with a lot more than the need for sleep, we obviously have to find some other measure of sleepiness. Some researchers have simply tried to ask people how sleepy they feel at any time using some sort of self-rating scale. There are, however, problems with getting people to make these types of judgments. Sometimes people simply lie to the researchers when asked about how sleepy they are. This occurs because in many areas of society admitting that one is fatigued and sleepy is considered a mark of weakness or lack of ambition and drive. In other instances, people may admit they need four cups of coffee to make it through the morning, but it may never occur to them that this might be due to the fact that they are so sleepy that they need stimulation from caffeine to be able to do their required tasks. For these reasons, many researchers have developed an。
北京师范大学地理学与遥感科学学院考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
北京师范大学地理学与遥感科学学院考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题一、专业的设置北京师范大学地理学与遥感科学学院每年招收博士生26人，下设课程与教学论、自然地理学、人文地理学、地图学与地理信息系统，共3个专业。
其中课程与教学论专业下设王民地理教育、环境教育与环境遗产解说。
自然地理学专业下设方修琦、王静爱的环境演变与自然灾害；符素华、刘宝元的土壤侵蚀与水土保持；谢云的土壤侵蚀与土地生产力；张科利的土地侵蚀与土壤环境；张光辉的水文与水资源评价。
人文地理学专业下设梁进社、宋金平、周尚意的城市与区域发展研究；张文新的城市发展与城市规划研究；吴殿廷的区域和旅游规划；葛岳静的全球化与地缘环境。
地图学与地理信息系统专业下设柏延臣、张立强的遥感与地理信息系统；阎广建的光学遥感机理与信息处理；李小文的热红外遥感；蒋玲梅的微波遥感；王锦地的定量遥感与数据同化；刘素红的3S技术集成应用；杨胜天的水资源与水环境遥感；刘绍民的水文气象遥感；孙睿的生态与环境遥感；刘慧平的地理信息系统方法与应用；张吴明的三维信息数字化。
谢云教授拟接收硕博连读生1人，李小文教授、刘慧平教授各拟接收硕博连读生1人。
二、考试的科目课程与教学论的考试科目为：①1101英语或1102俄语或1103日语②2243自然地理学或2264人文地理学③3052环境教育与环境遗产解说或3735地理教学论。
环境演变与自然灾害的考试科目为：①1101英语②2243自然地理学③3032自然灾害或3737全球变化土壤侵蚀与水土保持的考试科目为：①1101英语②2028水土保持原理或2243自然地理学③3741土壤学或3755水文学土壤侵蚀与土地生产力的考试科目为：①1101英语②2028水土保持原理或2243自然地理学③3741土壤学或3759气候学土壤侵蚀与土壤环境的考试科目为：①1101英语②2028水土保持原理或2243自然地理学③3741土壤学水文与水资源评价的考试科目为：①1101英语②2028水土保持原理或2243自然地理学③3741土壤学或3755水文学人文地理学的考试科目为：①1101英语或1103日语②2264人文地理学③3744经济地理学遥感与地理信息系统的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理或2243自然地理学或2272大气物理③3004地理信息系统原理或3750数字图像处理或3751地统计学光学遥感机理与信息处理的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理或2243自然地理学或2272大气物理③3004地理信息系统原理或3750数字图像处理或3751地统计学或3752摄影测量与遥感热红外遥感的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理或2243自然地理学或2272大气物理③3004地理信息系统原理或3750数字图像处理或3751地统计学或3752摄影测量与遥感微波遥感的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理或2243自然地理学或2272大气物理③3004地理信息系统原理或3750数字图像处理或3751地统计学或3752摄影测量与遥感定量遥感与数据同化的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理或2243自然地理学或2272大气物理③3004地理信息系统原理或3750数字图像处理或3751地统计学或3752摄影测量与遥感3S技术集成应用的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理或2243自然地理学或2272大气物理③3004地理信息系统原理或3750数字图像处理或3751地统计学或3752摄影测量与遥感水资源与水环境遥感的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理或2243自然地理学或2272大气物理③3004地理信息系统原理或3750数字图像处理或3751地统计学或3752摄影测量与遥感水文气象遥感的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理或2243自然地理学或2272大气物理③3004地理信息系统原理或3751地统计学或3759气候学生态与环境遥感的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理或2243自然地理学或2272大气物理③3004地理信息系统原理或3750数字图像处理或3751地统计学地理信息系统方法与应用的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理或2243自然地理学③3004地理信息系统原理或3750数字图像处理或3751地统计学三维信息数字化的考试科目为：①1101英语②2003遥感原理③3004地理信息系统原理或3750数字图像处理或3752摄影测量与遥感三、导师介绍王民：北京师范大学地理学与遥感科学学院教授，博士生导师。
《遥感原理》试题与答案要点试卷
《遥感原理》试题与答案要点1-5一、名词解释（20分）1.多波段遥感：探测波段在可见光与近红外波段范围内，再分为若干窄波段来探测目标。
2.维恩位移定律：黑体辐射光谱中最强辐射的波长与黑体的绝对温度成反比。
黑体的温度越高，其曲线的峰顶就越往左移，即往短波方向移动。
3.瑞利散射与米氏散射：前者是指当大气中的粒子直径比波长小得多的时候所发生的大气散射现象。
后者是指气中的粒子直径与波长相当时发生的散射现象。
4.大气窗口；太阳辐射通过大气时，要发生反射、散射、吸收，从而使辐射强度发生衰减。
对传感器而言，某些波段里大气的投射率高，成为遥感的重要探测波段，这些波段就是大气窗口。
5.多源信息复合：遥感信息图遥感信息，以及遥感信息与非遥感信息的复合。
6.空间分辨率与波谱分辨率：像元多代表的地面范围的大小。
后者是传感器在接收目标地物辐射的波谱时，能分辨的最小波长间隔。
7.辐射畸变与辐射校正：图像像元上的亮度直接反映了目标地物的光谱反射率的差异，但也受到其他严肃的影响而发生改变，这一改变的部分就是需要校正的部分，称为辐射畸变。
通过简便的方法，去掉程辐射，使图像的质量得到改善，称为辐射校正。
8.平滑与锐化；图像中某些亮度变化过大的区域，或出现不该有的亮点时，采取的一种减小变化，使亮度平缓或去掉不必要的“燥声”点，有均值平滑和中值滤波两种。
锐化是为了突出图像的边缘、线状目标或某些亮度变化大的部分。
9.多光谱变换；通过函数变换，达到保留主要信息，降低数据量；增强或提取有用信息的目的。
本质是对遥感图像实行线形变换，使多光谱空间的坐标系按照一定的规律进行旋转。
10、监督分类：包括利用训练样本建立判别函数的“学习”过程和把待分像元代入判别函数进行判别的过程。
二、填空题（20分）1、1978年以后，气象卫星进入了第三个发展阶段，主要以 NOAA 系列为代表。
我国的气象卫星发展较晚。
卫星是中国于1998年9月7日发射的第一颗环境遥感卫星。
《遥感原理与应用》试题答案及要点
《遥感原理与应用》试题答案及要点一、名词解释（20分）1、多波段遥感：探测波段在可见光与近红外波段范围内，再分为若干窄波段来探测目标。
2、维恩位移定律：黑体辐射光谱中最强辐射的波长与黑体的绝对温度成反比。
黑体的温度越高，其曲线的峰顶就越往左移，即往短波方向移动。
3、瑞利散射与米氏散射：前者是指当大气中的粒子直径比波长小得多的时候所发生的大气散射现象。
后者是指气中的粒子直径与波长相当时发生的散射现象。
4、大气窗口；太阳辐射通过大气时，要发生反射、散射、吸收，从而使辐射强度发生衰减。
对传感器而言，某些波段里大气的投射率高，成为遥感的重要探测波段，这些波段就是大气窗口。
5、多源信息复合：遥感信息图遥感信息，以及遥感信息与非遥感信息的复合。
6、空间分辨率与波谱分辨率：像元多代表的地面范围的大小。
后者是传感器在接收目标地物辐射的波谱时，能分辨的最小波长间隔。
7、辐射畸变与辐射校正：图像像元上的亮度直接反映了目标地物的光谱反射率的差异，但也受到其他严肃的影响而发生改变，这一改变的部分就是需要校正的部分，称为辐射畸变。
通过简便的方法，去掉程辐射，使图像的质量得到改善，称为辐射校正。
8、平滑与锐化；图像中某些亮度变化过大的区域，或出现不该有的亮点时，采取的一种减小变化，使亮度平缓或去掉不必要的“燥声”点，有均值平滑和中值滤波两种。
锐化是为了突出图像的边缘、线状目标或某些亮度变化大的部分。
9、多光谱变换；通过函数变换，达到保留主要信息，降低数据量；增强或提取有用信息的目的。
本质是对遥感图像实行线形变换，使多光谱空间的坐标系按照一定的规律进行旋转。
10、监督分类：包括利用训练样本建立判别函数的“学习”过程和把待分像元代入判别函数进行判别的过程。
二、填空题（10分）1、2、轨道，其图像覆盖范围约为SPOT卫星较之陆地卫星，其最大优势是最高空间分辨率达到10米。
34、TMMSS图像有较大改进。
5的遥感图像解译专家系统。
2014年北京师范大学教育学部考博试题,试题解析
2．个人自述（在研究生院网上报名系统下载空表后填写，需同时在网上报名系统提交电子版；以学科 专业导师组报考，不填写报考导师姓名，若有报考导师姓名信息，审核不予通过）；
3．已获硕士学位人员提供硕士毕业证、学位证书复印件(同等学历人员提供学士毕业证、学位证复印 件)；
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教育技术基本理论及其应用、
计算机教育应用、知识科学与 李芒、刘美凤、余胜泉、黄荣
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教育学部 2015 年博士招生专业目录
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教育基本理论、教育哲学、德 石中英、檀传宝、郑新蓉、康
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育原理、教育社会学
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2．往届生需提交硕士论文全文；应届生需提交论文摘要、开题报告全文；
3．研究计划书；
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北京师范大学遥感概论试题
2004年北京师范大学地遥学院849遥感概论试题一、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1 在遥感常用的波段中，所接收的主要电磁波辐射源有哪些？这些电磁波分别携带地物的哪些特征参数信息？2 天空晴朗时，对于0.4-14微米的所有波长，在野外利用不同波段的遥感设备观测理想的常温黑体合同等温度的灰体表面，观测到的黑体表面的数值总比灰体大吗？为什么？3 要提取山体背阴处的地表信息，相比之下，采用TM数据的近红外波段还是蓝光波段的遥感图像更好，为什么？4 SPOT卫星采用把数据记录在卫星上再间接传送到接收站的方式，请问为什么SPOT卫星要在高纬度设立接收站？5 写出图像进行线性灰度变换的基本公式 6 简述监督分类和非监督分类二、论述题 1 要把地面的实际景物变成计算机屏幕显示的遥感灰度图像，需要经过图像的数字化，包括哪些内容？具体操作时应考虑什么样的原则？（15分）2 叙述图像判读的过程（15分）3 论述辐射量校正所包括的内容（15分）4 叙述地图投影的代表性方法（15分）5 要利用遥感数据监测某省的植被状况，并与往年进行对比分析，从数据收集、处理到分析的角度进行论述，并制定工作计划。
（30分）北京师范大学2008年考研遥感概论试题考研_考试大 [ 2008/11/17 ] 保存本文一、名词解释：（每个5分，共30分）选择性辐射体误差矩阵辐射分辨率大气窗口二向性反射因子（BDRF）二、简答题（每个10分，共80分）1、简述在植被遥感中的植被冠层被植物的BDRF影响的关键因素。
2、（空缺）3、简述遥感图像增强中线性拉伸和直方图均衡化方法的区别。
4、简述K-T变换和图像结果反映了植被的那些信息。
5、（空缺）6、在光学遥感中，大气在遥感中有那些作用。
7、微波遥感的遥感器类型和其特点。
8、某一黑体的温度是290K，请计算当黑体处于最大辐射强度时候的波长。
三、论述题（每小题20分共40分）1、如果要对一个城市的绿地进行遥感测图，请你叙述整个工作流程和其中的注意事项。
遥感原理与应用考试复习题精选文档
遥感原理与应用考试复习题精选文档TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-2014——2015年度《遥感原理与应用》考试复习题（命题：2011级土管系）第一章绪论主要内容：①遥感信息科学的研究对象、研究内容、应用领域②电磁波及遥感的物理基础③遥感平台和传感器第二章遥感图像处理的基础知识主要内容：1.图像的表示形式2.遥感数字图像的存储3.数字图像处理的数据4.数字图像处理的系统考题：第一二章（A卷）1.电磁波谱中（A）能够监测油污扩散情况，（D）可以穿透云层、冰层。
（2分）A．紫外电磁波（）B．可见光红外电磁波 0μm)C．微波电磁波(1mm-1m)2.遥感按遥感平台可分为地面遥感、航空遥感、航天遥感。
（2分）3.遥感数字图像的存储格式包括BS、BIL、GeoTIFF。
（1分）4.遥感传感器由收集器、探测器、处理器、输出器几部分组成。
（2分）5.地图数据有哪些类型（3分）答：DEM 数字高程模型DOM 数字正射影像图DLG 数字线划图DRG 数字栅格图6.何谓遥感遥感具有哪些特点（5分）7.答：遥感，即遥远的感知，是在不直接接触的情况下，使用传感器，接收记录物体或现象反射或发射的电磁波信息，并对信息进行传输加工处理及分析与解译，对物体现象的性质及其变化进行探测和识别的理论与技术。
特点：①感测范围大，具有综合、宏观的特点②信息量大，具有手段多，技术先进的特点③获取信息快，更新周期短，具有动态监测的特点④其他特点：用途广，效益高，资料性、全天候、全方位等.B卷1.绿色植物在光谱反应曲线可见光部分中的反射峰值波长是（ B ）。
（1分）A μmB μmC μmD μm2.遥感数字图像处理的数据源包括多光谱数据源、高光谱数据源、全色波段数据源和SAR数据源。
（3分）3.数字化影像的最小单元是像元，它具有位置和灰度两个属性。
（2分）4.函数I=f（x，y，z，λ，t）表示的是一幅三维彩色动态图。
北京师范大学地理学与遥感科学学院博士生招生专业目录 考博招生专业目录 考博真题 考博参考书目 考博资料
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葛岳静教授拟招 硕博连读生1名 ①1101 英 语 ②2264 人 文 地 理 学 ③3744经济地理学
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11 三 维 信 息 张 吴 明
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数字化
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自 然 地 理 学 ③3004 地 理 信 息 系 统 原 理 或 3750 数 字 图 像 处 理 或 3751 地 统 计学 ①1101 英 语 ②2003 遥 感 原 理 ③3004 地 理 信 息 系 统 原 理 或 3750 数 字 图 像 处理或3752摄影测量与遥感
民
09 生 态 与 环 孙睿 1
2014年北京师范大学考博英语真题试卷.doc
2014年北京师范大学考博英语真题试卷(总分：66.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people's social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom. In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited. Despite social myths to me contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the "Forbes 400" — the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited. Those on the list who could be called " self-made" were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets(Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins, 1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau niche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not accepted into "old rich" circles. The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings can be quite high indeed—successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as "middle class" because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States. The middle class is hard to define; in part, being "middle class" is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identity themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people tend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have a tenuous hold on this class position. In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class includes workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers(those in skilled trades who do manual labor)and many service workers, such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it. The term " lower" in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class. The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs. Forty percent of the poor work; 10 percent work year-round and full time—a proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economicdevelopments. Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.（分数：10.00）(1).Why does the author mention the "Forbes 400" in Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every year.B.To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealth.C.To give examples of successful people who have modest family connections.D.To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money.(2).The author states that business and professional people with educational advantages are most often members of the______.（分数：2.00）A.lower middle classB.upper middle classC.nouveau richeD.upper class(3).Why do most people identify themselves as middle class in the United States?（分数：2.00）A.They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the country.B.They don't really know how to define their status because it is unclear.C.They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United States.D.They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles.(4).What can be inferred about poor people in the United States?（分数：2.00）A.They are not able to find entry-level jobs.B.They work in jobs that require little education.C.They are service workers and manual laborers.D.They do not try to find employment.(5).According to Paragraph 7, why has the underclass emerged?（分数：2.00）A.The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestyle than it had previously.B.The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live by engaging in illegal activities.C.Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive by welfare or crime.D.Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level in the economic system."The word 'protection' is no longer taboo". This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause. These leaders, of course, weren't acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economics were the most competitive, so they'd profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economics would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned—though few acknowledge it. The west continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade. That's why Sarkozy's word was so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that "creative destruction" was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reversecompletely. But there's clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice. A little hypocrisy is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what's happening at the IMF(International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else's when they dominate these global institutions. The time has therefore come for the Asians—who are clearly the new winners in today's global economy—to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade. Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there's a real danger that Adam Smith's principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred that "protection"(Line 1, Para. 1)means______.（分数：2.00）A.improving economic efficiencyB.ending the free-trade practiceC.lowering moral standardD.raising trade tariffs(2).The Western leaders preach free trade because______.（分数：2.00）A.it is beneficial to their economicsB.it is supported by developing countriesC.it makes them keep faith in their principlesD.it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith(3).By "the tables have turned"(Line 3-4, Para. 2)the author implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB.the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC.the developed economics have turned less competitiveD.the developing economics have become more independent(4).The Western economists used to like the idea of "creative destruction" because it______.（分数：2.00）A.set a long-term rather than short-term goalB.was an essential part of capitalist developmentC.entailed a positive rather than negative mentalityD.was meant to be the destruction of developing economics(5).The author uses "IMF" as an example to illustrate the point that______.（分数：2.00）A.European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB.there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC.global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD.European countries' interests are being ignored by economic leadersGrowth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one's money is spent on clothes, mere may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction. Almost all of an organism's energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body. Organisms at this extreme are " opportunists." At the other extreme are "competitors", almost all of whoseresources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction. Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants. A new plant will spring up wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil surface, but because they do not build big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight. These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds' falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy. Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens. Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles. The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor.A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acoms, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibitinga blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.（分数：10.00）(1).The word "squander" in the passage is closest in meaning to______.（分数：2.00）A.extendB.transformC.activateD.waste(2).According to the passage, the classification of organisms as "opportunists" or "competitors" is determined by______.（分数：2.00）A.how the genetic information of an organism is stored and maintainedB.the way in which the organism invests its energy resourcesC.whether the climate in which the organism lives is mild or extremeD.the variety of natural resources the organism consumes in its environment(3).All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 7 as contribution to the longevity of oak trees EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.the capacity to create shadeB.leaves containing tanninC.the ability to withstand mild droughts and firesD.the large number of acorns the tree produces(4).According to the passage, oak trees are considered as competitors because______.（分数：2.00）A.they grow in the areas free of opportunitiesB.they spend more energy on their leaves, trunks and roots than on their acornsC.their population tends to increase or decrease irregular cyclesD.unlike other organisms, they do not need much water or sunlight(5).In Paragraph 7, the author suggests that most species of organisms______.（分数：2.00）A.are primarily opportunistsB.are primarily competitorsC.began as opportunists and evolved into competitorsD.have some characteristics of opportunists and some of competitorsMany literary detectives have pored over a great puzzle concerning the writer Marcel Proust: what happened in 1909? How did Contre Saint-Beuve, an essay attacking the methods of the critic Saint Beuve, turn into the start of the novel Remembrance of Things Past? A recently published letter from Proust to the editor Vallette confirms that Fallois, the editor of the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-Beuve, made an essentially correct guess about the relationship of the essay to the novel. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve's blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel. Draft passages in Proust's 1909 notebooks indicate that the transition from essay to novel began in Contre Saint-Beuve, when Proust introduced several examples to show the powerful influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creative imagination. In effect, in trying to demonstrate that the imagination is more profound and less submissive to the intellect than Saint-Beuve assumed, Proust elicited vital memories of his own and, finding subtle connections between them, began to amass the material for Remembrance. By August, Proust was writing to Vallette, informing him of his intention to develop the material as a novel. Maurice Bardeche, in Marcel Proust, Romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous and apparently random associations of Proust's subconscious. As incidents and reflections occurred to Proust, he continually inserted new passages altering and expanding his narrative. But he found it difficult to control the drift of his inspiration. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. The beginning of control came when he saw how to connect the beginning and the end of his novel. Intrigued by Proust's claim that he had "begun and finished" Remembrance at the same time, Henri Bonnet discovered that parts of Remembrance's last book were actually started in 1909. Already in that year, Proust had drafted descriptions of his novel's characters in their old age that would appear in the final book of Remembrance, where the permanence of art is set against the ravages of time. The letter to Vallette, drafts of the essay and novel, and Bonnet's researches establish in broad outline the process by which Proust generated his novel out of the ruins of his essay. But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly published complete edition of Proust's correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. For until Proust was confident that he was at last in sight of a viable structure for Remembrance, he told few correspondents that he was producing anything more ambitious than Contre Saint-Beuve.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage is primarily concerned with______.（分数：2.00）A.the role of involuntary memory in Proust's writingB.evidence concerning the genesis of Proust's novel Remembrance of Things PastC.conflicting scholarly opinions about the value of studying the drafts of Remembrance of Things PastD.Proust's correspondence and what it reveals about Remembrance of Things Past(2).It can be inferred from the passage that all of the following are literary detectives who have tried, by means of either scholarship or criticism, to help solve the "great puzzle" mentioned in Lines 1-2 EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.BardecheB.BonnetC.FalloisD.Vallette(3).According to the passage, in drafts of Contre Saint-Beuve Proust set out to show that Saint-Beuve made which of the following mistakes as a critic? I . Saint-Beuve made no effort to study the development of a novel through its drafts and revisions. II. Saint-Beuve assigned too great a role in the creative process to a writer's conscious intellect. III. Saint-Beuve concentrated too much on plots and not enough on imagery and other elements of style.（分数：2.00）A.II onlyB.I onlyC.I and II onlyD.I , II , and I(4).Which of the following best states the author's attitude toward the information that scholars have gathered about Proust's writing in 1909?（分数：2.00）A.The author is disappointed that no new documents have come to light since Fallois's speculations.B.The author is dissatisfied because there are too many gaps and inconsistencies in the drafts.C.The author is confident that Fallois's 1954 guess has been proved largely correct, but regrets that still more detailed documentation concerning Proust's transition from the essay to the novel has not emerged.D.The author is satisfied that Fallois's judgment was largely correct, but feels that Proust's early work in designing and writing the novel was probably far more deliberate than Fallois's description of the process would suggest.(5).The author of the passage implies that which of the following would be the LEAST useful source of information about Proust's transition from working on Contre Saint-Beuve to having a viable structure for Remembrance of Things Past?（分数：2.00）A.Fallois's comments in the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-Beuve.B.Proust's 1909 notebooks, including the drafts of Remembrance of Things Past.C.Proust's 1909 correspondence, excluding the letter to Vallette.D.Bardeche's Marcel Proust, Romancier.Why do some desert plants grow tall and thin like organ pipes? Why do most trees in the tropics keep their leaves year round? Why in the Arctic tundra are there no trees at all? After many years without convincing general answers, we now know much about what sets the fashion in plant design. Using terminology more characteristic of a thermal engineer than of a botanist, we can think of plants as mechanisms that must balance their heat budgets. A plant by day is staked out under the Sun with no way of sheltering itself. All day long it absorbs heat. If it did not lose as much heat as it gained, then eventually it would die. Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them, by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere and the cold, black reaches of space temperature is tolerable for the processes of life. Plants in the Arctic tundra lie close to the ground in the thin layer of still air that clings there. A foot or two above the ground are the winds of Arctic cold. Tundra plants absorb heat from the Sun and tend to warm up; they probably balance most of their heat budgets by radiating heat to space, but also by warming the still air hat is trapped among them. As long as Arctic plants are close to theground, they can balance their heat budgets. But if they should stretch up as a tree does, they would lift their working parts, their leaves, into the streaming Arctic winds. Then it is likely that the plants could not absorb enough heat from the Sun to avoid being cooled below a critical temperature. Your heat budget does not balance if you stand tall in the Arctic. Such thinking also helps explain other characteristics of plant design. A desert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the danger of overheating. It is short of water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating. The familiar sticklike shape of desert plants represents one of the solutions to this problem: the shape exposes the smallest possible surface to incoming solar radiation and provides the largest possible surface from which the plant can radiate heat. In tropical rain forests, by way of contrast, the scorching sun is not a problem for plants because there is sufficient water. This working model allows us to connect the general characteristics of the forms of plants indifferent habitats with factors such as temperature, availability of water, and presence or absence of seasonal differences. Our Earth is covered with a patchwork quilt of meteorological conditions, and the patterns of this patchwork are faithfully reflected by the plants.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following characteristics of plants does the passage primarily focus on?（分数：2.00）A.Their ability to grow equally well in all environments.B.Their effects on the Earth's atmosphere.C.Their ability to store water for dry periods.D.Their ability to balance heat intake and output.(2).According to the passage, which of the following is most responsible for preventing trees from growing tall in the Arctic?（分数：2.00）A.The hard, frozen ground.B.The small amount of available sunshine.C.The cold, destructive winds.D.The large amount of snow that falls each year.(3).The author suggests that the "sticklike shape of desert plants" in Lines 3-5(Paragraph 4)can be attributed to the______.（分数：2.00）A.inability of the plants to radiate heat to the air around themB.presence of irregular seasonal differences in the desertrge surface area that the plants must expose to the SunD.extreme heat and aridity of the habitat(4).All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contribution to the plants' balancing their heat EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.radiating heat to the atmosphereB.warming the air around themC.absorbing heat from the sunD.evaporating water(5).Which is the TRUE statement about the different plants?（分数：2.00）A.Arctic plants expose the smallest possible surface to incoming solar radiation.B.Tropical plants are usually not affected by the strong sunshine.C.Desert plants grow densely close to the ground.D.Plants in different regions show no relations to the seasons.To conduct some forms of sleep research, we have to find a way to track sleepiness over the day. Some people might believe that measuring sleepiness is a fairly trivial task. Couldn't you, for instance, simply count the number of times a person yawns during any given hour or so? In most people's minds, yawning—that slow, exaggerated mouth opening with the long, deep inhalation of air, followed by a briefer exhalation—is the most obvious sign of sleepiness. It is a commonbehavior shared by many animals, including our pet dogs and cats but also crocodiles, snakes, birds, and even some fishes. It is certainly true that sleepy people tend to yawn more than wide-awake people. It is also true that people who say they are bored by what is happening at the moment will tend to yawn more frequently. However, whether yawning is a sign that you are getting ready for sleep or that you are successfully fighting off sleep is not known. Simply stretching your body, as you might do if you have been siring in the same position for a long period of time, will often trigger a yawn. Unfortunately, yawns don't just indicate sleepiness. In some animals, yawning is a sign of stress. When a dog trainer sees a dog yawning in a dog obedience class, it is usually a sign that the animal is under a good deal of pressure. Perhaps the handler is pushing too hard or moving too fast for the dog to feel in control of the situation. A moment or two of play and then turning to another activity is usually enough to banish yawning for quite a while. Yawning can also be a sign of stress in humans. Once, when observing airborne troops about to take their first parachute jump, I noticed that several of the soldiers were sitting in the plane and yawning. It was 10 A. M. , just after a coffee break, and I doubted that they were tired; I knew for a fact that they were far too nervous to be bored. When I asked about this, the officer in charge laughed and said it was really quite a common behavior, especially on the first jump. There is also a social aspect to yawning. Psychologists have placed actors in crowded rooms and auditoriums and had them deliberately yawn. Within moments, there is usually an increase in yawning by everyone else in the room. Similarly, people who watch films or videos of others yawning are more likely to yawn. Even just reading about yawning tends to stimulate people to yawn. The truth of the matter is that we really don't know what purpose yawning serves. Scientists originally thought that the purpose of yawning was to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood or to release some accumulated carbon dioxide. We now know that this is not true, since increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air seems not to make people more likely to yawn but to make them breathe faster to try to bring in more oxygen. On the other hand, breathing 100 percent pure oxygen does not seem to reduce the likelihood of yawning. Since yawning seems to be associated with a lot more than the need for sleep, we obviously have to find some odier measure of sleepiness. Some researchers have simply tried to ask people how sleepy they feel at any time using some sort of self-rating scale. There are, however, problems with getting people to make these types of judgments. Sometimes people simply lie to the researchers when asked about how sleepy they are. This occurs because in many areas of society admitting that one is fatigued and sleepy is considered a mark of weakness or lack of ambition and drive. In odier instances, people may admit they need four cups of coffee to make it through the morning, but it may never occur to them that this might be due to the fact that they are so sleepy that they need stimulation from caffeine to be able to do their required tasks. For these reasons, many researchers have developed an alternate method to determine how sleepy a person is. It is based upon a simple definition of sleep need: The greater your sleep need, or the sleepier you are, the faster you will fall asleep if given the opportunity to do so.（分数：10.00）(1).The question in lines 3-4(Paragraph 1)is based on which of the following assumptions?（分数：2.00）A.Direct observation is the only reliable metiiod of conducting sleep research.B.People will yawn most frequently in the moments before they fall asleep.C.There is a direct correlation between yawning and sleepiness.D.Yawning is a behavior over which individuals exert little conscious control.(2).The author uses which of the following in the fourth paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Understatement.B.Anecdote.C.Analogy.D.Metaphor.。
2014年北京师范大学信息科学与技术学院考博专业介绍,真题解析
考博详解与指导北京师范大学2015年博士生招生专业目录单位代码：10027地址：电子楼301室邮政编码：100875联系部门：信息科学与技术学院电话：58807943联系人：刘金彪专业代码、名称及研究方向招生导师招生人数考试科目备注018信息科学与技术学院11081202计算机软件与理论01数据挖掘与知识工程别荣芳1①1101英语②2026数据结构与算法分析或2108微积分与线性代数③3156计算机图形学或3157现代数字信号处理或3158数据库系统原理081203计算机应用技术01虚拟现实与可视化宋继华1①1101英语②2026数据结构与算法分析或2108微积分与线性代数③3156计算机图形学或3157现代数字信号处理或3158数据库系统原理武仲科102信号与图像智能处理郭平1同上孙波1邬霞*1姚力余先川1张家才*1张钟军*1赵志文1第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions）1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？）这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。
这是一个必问的问题。
考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA。
下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。
大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。
销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。
不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。
我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。
”In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in.As a college student,I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily.The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied.It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them.I’m very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best.2、What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?（在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么？）你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。
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考博详解与指导2014北师-遥感原理考博试题一、名词解释I2.反照率3.黑体4.方向反射率5.尺度转换6.二、问答题1.SAR图像与光学图像的区别2.简述影响航空相片比例尺的因素3.图像融合的主要方法，并比较分析4.图像分类的方法三、论述题1.结合对地观测数据接收能力的发展，论述遥感信息智能化处理技术的现状与发展趋势2.举出三个遥感领域的国际期刊，并分析其发表论文的特点第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions）1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？）这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。
这是一个必问的问题。
考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA。
下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。
大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。
销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。
不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。
我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。
”In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in.As a college student,I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily.The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied.It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them.I’m very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best.2、What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?（在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么？）你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。
你可以事先和其他的MBA交流一番。
问问他们在毕业后在公司的头5年都做了些什么。
可以这样回答：“我希望能在我的职位上尽力做好工作，由于在同一领域工作的许多人都被提为区域负责人，所以我亦有此打算。
”I hope to do my best I can be at my job and because many in this line of work are promoted to area manager,I am planning on that also.3.What is your greatest strength?（你最突出的优点是什么？）这是很多面试考官喜欢问的一个问题，这是你"展示自己"的最佳机会，不要吹嘘自己或过于自负，但要让雇主知道你相信自己，你知道自己的优点。
如可答：“我认为我最大的优点是能够执着地尽力把事情办好。
当做完一件工作而其成果又正合我的预想时，我会有一种真正的成就感。
我给自己定了一些高目标。
比如说，我要成为出色的毕业生。
尽管在大学一年级时我启动慢了些，但最终我以优等论文完成了学业。
”I feel that my strongest asset is my ability to stick to things to get them done.I feel a real sense of accomplishment when I finish a job and it turns out just as I’d planned.I’ve set some high goals for myself. For example,I want to graduate with highest distinction.And even though I had a slow start in my freshman year,I made up for it by doing an honor’s thesis.4.What is your greatest weakness?（你最大的弱点是什么？）你不应该说你没有任何弱点，以此来回避这个问题。
每个人都有弱点，最佳策略是承认你的弱点，但同时表明你在予以改进，并有克服弱点的计划。
可能的话，你可说出一项可能会给公司带来好处的弱点，如可说：“我是一个完美主义者。
工作做得不漂亮，我是不会撒手的。
”I''m such a perfectionist that I will not stop until a job is well done.5.How do you feel about your progress to date?"（对于你至今所取得的进步你是怎样看的？）绝不要对你以前的所作所为表示内疚。
如可答：“我认为我在学校表现不错。
事实上，有好几门功课我的成绩居全班第一。
在某公司实习时，我获得了该公司数年来给予其雇员的好几项最高评价。
”I think I did well in school.In fact,in a number of courses I received the highest exam scores in the class. As an intern for the X Company,I received some of the highest evaluations that had been given in years.第二部分、其他常见问题6.Why did you choose peking university?7.Why did you choose MBA?8.What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?9.What has been your greatest accomplishment?10.Describe your greatest strengths and weaknesses.11.What have you learned from the jobs you have held?三、行为面试问题（Sample Behavioral Interview Questions）:12.Describe the best/worst team of which you have been a member.13Tell me about a time when your course load was heaviest.How did you get all of your work done?14.Give me a specific example of a time when you sold someone on an idea or concept.15.Tell me about a time when you were creative in solving a problem.16.Describe a time when you got co-workers or classmates who dislike each other to work together.17.Tell me about a time when you made a bad decision.四、压力面试问题（Sample Stress Interview Questions）:18.What kinds of people do you find it difficult to work with?19.What are some of the things you find difficult to do?20.How would you evaluate me as an interviewer?21.What interests you least about MBA?22.How do you handle rejection?23.What is the worst thing you have heard about our school?24.See this pen I''m holding.Sell it to me.五、案例面试问题（Sample Case Interview Questions）:25.A chain of grocery stores currently receives its stock on a decentralized basis.Each store dealsindependently with its suppliers.The president of the chain is wondering whether the firm can benefit from a centralized warehouse.What are the key considerations in making this decision?A magazine publisher is trying to decide how many magazines she should deliver to each individual distribution outlet in order to maximize profits.She has extensive historical sales volume data for each of the outlets.How should she determine delivery quantities?六、非常规问题：26.It is the15th Century.How do convince the Pope that the Earth is round?27.If I gave you an elephant,where would you hide it?28.Why are soda cans tapered on the top and bottom?29.How much RAM does a PC need to run Windows95?30.You are in a boat on a fresh water lake.In your hand is a rock.You throw the rock into the lake.How is the lake''s water level affected?31.If it rained music,what would grow?32.Describe your best friend and what he or she does for a living.33.In what ways are you similar or different from your best friend?34.What are your career''s strengths and how do you capitalize on them?35.Are you a happy person?36.According to JRM,Jr.,a fast growing software company asked this question...You have a wealthy aunt who weighs300pounds.Tell me how you would redesign her toilet.七、其他常见的英语面试问题：37.Would you please make a brief introduction about yourself?38.Why did you take the MBA examination?Would you please say something about the currently MBA program in China?39.Why do you choose RENMIN University to study MBA?Tell me a little about RENMIN University form your understanding.40.How do the people around you review MBA?41.What’s the difference between MBA program at home and abroad?42.If you failed this time what will you do in the near future?43.Why do you want to be a part of MBA students?44.Why do you think you are qualified for MBA program?45.Do you have a career plan in5years?46.Do you have a study plan if you were accepted as a MBA student?47.What’s your opinion about the requirement that a MBA student must have working experience?48.How do you define marketing or management?49.Do you think English is quite important in MBA study?Why?50.Do you think MBA training courses will help you a lot in your future life?Why?51.What do you want to do after your MBA study?52.What is the most important qualification that a MBA student should have?53.Say a little about teamwork.54.Say a little about management.55.How communication works in organizations?56.Tell me the relationship between the management and management theory.57.What will you do if you can’t find a job?58.Do you think that the economy will get better?59.Who are you currently employed with?60.What kinds of opportunities are you looking for?61.What is your biggest accomplishment on the job?62.What joy did you enjoy the most and why?63.What would your former boss say about you?64.Why did you leave your last job?65.Please tell me a little about your working history?What kind of fields?66.Say a little about your educational background.67.What are your strengths and weakness?68.What do you do in your spare time?69.What is your impression of Beijing?70.What is CFO?If you were a CFO,what would you do?71.What is the difference between sales and marketing?72.What do you think is the most important as a manager?在面试快结束的时候，一般考官都会问，你有没有什么要问的。