罗伯特·巴罗《宏观经济学：现代观点》CH08
巴罗《宏观经济学：现代观点》配套题库-章节题库-货币需求和物价水平【圣才出品】
7．货币可以将现在的购买力变成未来的购买力，这是货币交换媒介职能的表现。（ ） 【答案】× 【解析】货币可以将现在的购买力变成未来的购买力，这是货币作为价值储藏手段的表 现。
三、计算题 1．某国货币流通速度是不变的。实际 GDP 每年增长 3%，货币存量每年增长 8%，名 义利率是 9%。以下各个变量是多少？ a．名义 GDP 的增长率； b．通货膨胀率； c．实际利率。 解：a．根据 MV＝PY，PY 即为名义 GDP，那么有：M 变动%＋V 变动%＝名义 GDP 变动%。
2．计价单位（unit of account） 答：计价单位指货币提供了可以表示物价和记录债务的单位的职能。货币具有表现商品 价值、衡量商品价值量的功能作用。计价单位是货币的首要的基本职能。货币作为计价单位， 是将商品的价值表现为同名的量，使它们在质的方面相同，在量的方面可以比较。它是通过 将商品的价值表现为价格而实现的。
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
通货数目增加了，由此导致了物价的上升。
3．某经济的货币需求函数为（M/P）d＝0.2Y/i1/2。 a．推导货币流通速度的表达式。货币流通速度取决于什么？解释为什么会有这种依赖 关系。 b．如果名义利率为 4%，计算货币流通速度。 c．如果产出 Y 为 1000 单位，货币供给 M 为 1200 美元，那么，价格水平 P 为多少？ 答：a．根据：（M/P）d＝kY，即 M/P＝kY，简单整理各项后，这个方程变为 M（1/k） ＝PY。上式也可以写为 MV＝PY，式中，V＝1/k，因此根据题意可以得出，V＝5i0.5。根据 公式可以看出，货币流通速度取决于名义利率 i。当名义利率越大时，人们对每一美元的收 入愿意持有的货币量越小（考虑到名义利率可以看成人们对持有货币而不是存入银行的机会 成本），而当人们只想持有少量货币时（k 小），货币转手就频繁（V 大），因此名义利率越 大时，货币流通速度也越大。 b．如果名义利率为 4%，即 i＝4，根据 V＝5i0.5，可得 V＝10。 c．由 MV＝PY，Y＝1000，M＝1200，V＝10，可得 P＝12。
巴罗宏观经济学：现代观点第3章-PPT文档资料46页
y output per worker k capital per worker
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
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Macroeconomics Chapter 3
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An example: Cobb-Douglas Production Function
In particular, why did the East Asian countries do so much better than the subSaharan African countries?
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
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Growth Questions
How did countries such as the United States and other OECD members sustain growth rates of real GDP per person of around 2% per year for a century or more?
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
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Solow Growth Model
Y−δK=C+s·(Y−δ K) Real income = consumption + real saving
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
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Solow Growth Model
Y = C + I Real GDP = consumption + gross
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Solow Growth Model
∆Y/Y= α·(∆K/K) + (1−α)·(∆L/L) ∆Y/Y= α·(∆K/K) − α·(∆L/ L) + ∆L/ L ∆Y/Y − ∆L/L = α ·(∆K/K − ∆L/L) ∆y/y = α·(∆k/k)
中级宏观经济学课件 chap08+ 新增长理论Ⅰ：AK模型
考虑生产函数 Y F(k, L) AK B K L1
A 0, B 0,0 1
它是AK型生产函数与C-D型生产函数的混合，体 现了报酬不变和报酬递减的共同性质。
人均形式可写为则k的增长率
则k的增长率： y f (k) Ak B k
k
sf (k) (n ) s(A
k
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新增长理论（内生增长理论）
因此当新古典增长模型不能很好解释增长时， 我们自然就会想将储蓄率、人口增长率和技术 进步等重要参数作为内生变量来考虑，从而可 以由模型的内部来决定经济的长期增长率，这 些模型被称作内生经济增长模型。这种以内生 经济增长为主要特征的新经济增长理论的诞生， 标志着现代经济增长理论进入了一个新的发展 阶段。
索洛模型在解释现实经济增长过程中之所以会出现 一些问题，关键在于模型中储蓄率、人口增长率、 资本折旧率和技术进步都是外生变量。资本折旧率 是外生常数容易理解，因为资本折旧速度不容易人 为控制，不同经济的资本折旧率不会有明显差距。 储蓄率、人口增长率和技术进步是由人们的行为决 定的，也是可以通过政策等加以影响的，在不同的 经济中其水平很不相同。
g为表示技术进步率的外生参数，由于假定 技术为固定的常数，因此g=0 （3）资本的增长：K• (t) [dK(t) / dK] sY(t) K(t)
其中s为储蓄率， 为资本折旧率，均为外 生变量
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3．增长路径的动态过程
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18Biblioteka 所以：1.由于k以稳定的速度增长，k不会收敛于某一 个稳态的值，因此k与其他变量的增长是发 散的。
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新古典经济增长模型的假设自然引出结论：
事实与理论的矛盾促使经济学家以假定外生的技术进 步弥补基本索洛模型的缺陷。这种方法能用以说明长 期的正的人均产出增长率，但并不能帮助新古典经济 增长理论家摆脱困境，因为这意味着经济增长的主要 动力来自于增长理论研究的范围之外，增长模型不能 解释经济的持续增长。
10本经典的宏观经济学书籍
10本经典的宏观经济学书籍宏观经济学是研究整体经济运行的学科，涉及国家经济发展、通货膨胀、失业、经济增长等方面的理论和政策。
下面列举了10本经典的宏观经济学书籍，以供参考。
1. 《宏观经济学》（曼昆著）- 这本书是宏观经济学入门的经典教材，介绍了宏观经济学的基本概念、理论和政策，对于初学者来说非常友好。
2. 《宏观经济学》（格里高利·曼昆著）- 这本书是另一位经济学家曼昆的经典著作，详细介绍了宏观经济学的各个方面，包括经济增长、失业、通货膨胀等。
3. 《宏观经济学导论》（罗伯特·J·巴罗著）- 这本书是宏观经济学领域的经典之作，系统地介绍了宏观经济学的基本原理和分析方法。
4. 《宏观经济学原理》（尼·格里高利·曼昆著）- 这本书是宏观经济学领域的经典教材，以清晰简明的语言介绍了宏观经济学的基本概念和原理。
5. 《宏观经济学导论》（尼古拉斯·格里高利·曼昆著）- 这本书是曼昆的另一本宏观经济学导论，对宏观经济学的基本概念和理论进行了深入浅出的讲解。
6. 《宏观经济学：理论与政策》（达维·罗默著）- 这本书是宏观经济学领域的经典教材，以理论与实证相结合的方式，探讨了宏观经济学的主要问题和政策。
7. 《宏观经济学：一种现代观点》（罗伯特·J·巴罗著）- 这本书以现代宏观经济学的观点，系统地介绍了宏观经济学的基本原理和方法。
8. 《宏观经济学导论》（奥利弗·布兰切德著）- 这本书通过实例和案例分析，介绍了宏观经济学的基本概念和模型，对宏观经济学的研究方法进行了详细说明。
9. 《宏观经济学：政策与实践》（费希尔·麦克罗著）- 这本书以政策和实践的角度，讨论了宏观经济学的理论和应用，对宏观经济学的现实意义进行了深入分析。
10. 《宏观经济学：理论、政策与应用》（李嘉图经济研究所编著）- 这本书综合了宏观经济学的理论、政策和应用，对宏观经济学的发展和实践进行了全面介绍。
巴罗宏观经济学：现代观点第3章
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
11
Growth Questions
How did countries such as the United States and other OECD members sustain growth rates of real GDP per person of around 2% per year for a century or more?
30
Solow Growth Model
Each household divides up its real income in a fixed proportion s to saving and 1 − s to consumption ( C ).
Capital depreciate at the same constant rate δ
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Solow Growth Model
∆k/k = ∆K/K − ∆L/L ∆k/k = s·(Y/K) − sδ − n
Y = A·F(K, L)
A Technology Level K Capital Stock – machines and
buildings used by business. L Labor Force – number of workers
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
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Solow Growth Model
巴罗宏观经济学：现代观点第15章
Macroeconomics
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The Price-Misperceptions Model
Empirical evidence suggests that money is not as neutral as predicted by our equilibrium business-cycle model.
Effects of Money in the Equilibrium Business-Cycle Model
• In our equilibrium business-cycle model： Monetary shocks => no effects on real economy
technology shocks Y
Macroeconomics
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The Price-Misperceptions Model
• A Model with Non-Neutral Effects of Money
– the important difference from before is that households have incomplete current information about prices in the economy.
i
real quantity of money demanded, L(Y, i).
Macroeconomics
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Chapter 15
Effects of Money in the Equilibrium BusinessCycle Model
• If M does not respond to changes in the real quantity demanded, P will move in the direction opposite to the change in L(Y, i).
罗伯特 巴罗
“我们取得了一些进展，但最终依据实际解释证明它是一个死胡同。在此后的一两年里，在明白现有框架是 不正确的但又无可替代的情况下，我不知道什么是正确的方向。”他回忆说，“后来，卢卡斯（Robert Lucas） 有关理性预期宏观经济学的成果深深影响着我，而且在我的研究受挫时，它及时到来，稍后萨金特（Thomas J.Sargent）和华莱士（Neil Wallace）的成果也同样很有影响。”
自1980年代中期始，经济增长理论再次成为宏观经济学的热点，一系列新理论集中探讨技术进步的根源。研 究表明，技术进步，即新思想的创造，不同于一般的生产投入，因为新思想应用于生产没有排他性，所以能自由 地为任意数量的生产者所采用。这一特征意味着，技术进步的取得需要某种垄断力量———这是一种典型的不完 全竞争。1990年代，带有这种特征的大量模型出现了，这些理论被称作“内生增长理论”，因为其中的技术变化 率由模型本身来确定，进而决定经济的长期增长率。
媒体评论
作为《华尔街日报》特约撰稿人和《商业周刊》专栏作家，巴罗在文章中积极宣扬财产权利和自由市场的自 由主义立场，并对政府的干预政策是阻碍还是有助于经济增长作出甄别、评析。这些文章已经编辑成书《自由社 会的市场与选择》（1996年MIT出版社）。该书已被译成法、日、西班牙等7种文字。诺贝尔奖得主加里·贝克尔 评价该书为“最好的经济分析范例，对于经济增长和宏观经济问题的讨论清晰而有说服力”；《纽约时报》评论 巴罗“真正能将经济学的精髓准确地传递给非经济专业人士”。
在此时期，巴罗奠定了他在经济增长领域的权威地位。
巴罗宏观经济学：现代观点第10章
In our model, it is best to use a narrower definition of money, for example, as currency held by the public.
PC + ∆B + P·∆K = π + wL + i ·( B+ PK)
nominal consumption + nominal saving = nominal income
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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The Demand for Money
“demand for money,” Md,
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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Determination of the Price Level
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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Determination of the Price Level
A Change in the Nominal Quantity of Money
Checkable deposits issued by banks and other financial institutions.
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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Exercise for MacroeconomicsChapter 8TRUE/FALSE1. Intertemporal substitution effects are substitution effects over time.2. When the marginal product of labor increases due to a positive technology change, the real wage falls.3. The model predicts that in response to a permanent positive change in technology real consumptionwill be procyclical.4. An increase in the interest rate makes future consumption cheaper and future leisure more expensive.5. The income effect on labor supply is positive.MULTIPLE CHOICE1. The cyclical part of real GDP isa. trend real GDP less real GDP. c. real GDP/trend real GDP.b. real GDP less trend real GDP. d. trend real GDP/real GDP.2. Real GDP equals:a. trend real GDP plus the cyclical part ofGDP c. trend real GDP less the cyclical part ofGDP.b. trend real GDP times the cyclical part ofGDP. d. trend real GDP divided by the cyclicalpart of GDP.3. An equilibrium business-cycle model:a. uses shocks to GDP to find equilibriumconditions. c. uses equilibrium conditions to determinehow shocks affect real GDP and othermacroeconomic variables. .b. uses GDP to find equilibrium shocks tothe economy.d. uses GDP to find equilibrium conditions.4. An increase in the level of technology, A, causes:a. an increase in the MPL c. a movement along the MPL hiring morelabor.b. a decrease in the MPL d. a movement along the MPL hiring lesslabor.5. The model predicts that an economic expansion caused by an increase in technology, A, will:a. drive down the real wage. c. drive up the real wage.b. cause labor supply to be greater than labor d. lead to a relatively low real wage.demand.6. The model predicts that in a recession caused by an decrease in technology, A, we would observe:a. a relatively low real wage. c. a relatively high real wage.b. an excess demand for labor. d. an increase in the MPL7. If technology, A, increases, then:a. the MPK and the demand for capitalservices increase. c. the MPK increases and the demand forcapital services decreases.b. the MPK and the demand for capitalservices decrease. d. the MPK decreases and the demand forcapital services increases.8. The model predicts that if there is a technology, A, shock, the real rental price of capital will:a. be relatively high during an economicexpansion or a recession. c. be relatively high during an economicexpansion and relatively low during arecession.b. be relatively low during an economicexpansion or a recession. d. be relatively low during an economicexpansion and relatively high during a recession.9. The model predicts that if there is a technology, A, shock, the interest rate, i, will be:a. relatively high during an economicexpansion or a recession. c. relatively high during an economicexpansion and relatively low during a recession.b. relatively low during an economicexpansion or a recession. d. relatively low during an economicexpansion and relatively high during a recession.10. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to rise due to the income effect. c. tend to fall due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. may rise or fall depending on whether theincome effect is greater than thesubstitution effect or not.d. all of the above.11. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to fall due to the income effect. c. tend to rise due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. may rise or fall depending on whether theincome effect is greater than thesubstitution effect or not.d. all of the above.12. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to rise due to the income effect. c. tend to rise due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. be unchanged. d. tend to fluctuate.13. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to fall due to the income effect. c. tend to fall due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. be unchanged. d. tend to fluctuate.14. If technology, A, increases permanently then we would expect:a. consumption to decrease as thesubstitution effect would be greater than the income effect of the change. c. consumption to increase as thesubstitution effect would be greater than the income effect of the change.b. consumption to increase as the incomeeffect would be greater than thesubstitution effect of the change. d. consumption to decrease as the incomeeffect would be greater than thesubstitution effect of the change.15. If there is a permanent increase in technology, A, then we expect consumption to:a. increase by more than real GDP. c. increase but by less than real GDP.b. increase by the same amount as real GDP. d. be unchanged.16. If there were a permanent increase in technology, A, we would expect real saving to:a. increase as the increase in realconsumption is less than real GDP. c. decrease as the increase in realconsumption is more than real GDP.b. increase as the increase in realconsumption is more than real GDP. d. decrease as the increase in realconsumption is less than real GDP.17. A variable that moves in the same direction as real GDP is known as:a. acyclical. c. countercyclical.b. procyclical. d. exogenous.18. A variable that has little tendency to move during a business cycle is known as:a. acyclical. c. countercyclical.b. procyclical. d. exogenous.19. A variable that moves in the opposite direction as real GDP is known as:a. acyclical. c. countercyclical.b. procyclical. d. exogenous.20. An acyclical variable is one that:a. moves the same direction as real GDP. c. moves the opposite direction as real GDP.b. has little tendency to move during abusiness cycle.d. determined outside the model.21. An procyclical variable is one that:a. moves the same direction as real GDP. c. moves the opposite direction as real GDP.b. has little tendency to move during abusiness cycle.d. determined outside the model.22. An countercyclical variable is one that:a. moves the same direction as real GDP. c. moves the opposite direction as real GDP.b. has little tendency to move during abusiness cycle.d. determined outside the model.23. US real consumer expenditure since 1954 has been:a. procyclical. c. a cyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.24. US real gross domestic private investment since 1954 has been:a. procyclical. c. a cyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.25. Since 1954, in the US:a. real gross private investment has variedmore than real GDP, while real consumerexpenditure has varied less than real GDP. c. real gross private investment has variedless than real GDP, while real consumer expenditure has varied more than realGDP.b. real gross private investment and realconsumer expenditure have varied more than real GDP. d. real gross private investment and realconsumer expenditure have varied less than real GDP.26. US real average earnings of production workers since 1954 has been:a. procyclical. c. a cyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.27. US real rental price of capital since 1954 has been:a. procyclical as the model predicts. c. procyclical rather countercyclical as themodel predicts.b. countercyclical as the model predicts. d. countercyclical rather procyclical as themodel predicts.28. An example of a temporary change in technology would be:a. a new discovery. c. a harvest failure.b. a new invention. d. all of the above.29. An example of a temporary change in technology would be:a. a new discovery. c. a new invention.b. a general strike. d. all of the above.30. With a temporary change in technology the model predicts:a. the interest rate will be procyclical. c. a higher interest rate will motivatehouseholds to increase current real saving.b. a lower interest rate will motivatehouseholds to increase current realconsumption.d. all of the above.31. With a temporary change in technology the model predicts:a. the interest rate will be procyclical. c. a higher interest rate will motivatehouseholds to decrease current real saving.b. a lower interest rate will motivatehouseholds to decrease current realconsumption.d. all of the above.32. With a temporary change in technology, we would expect:a. the income effect of consumption to belarger. c. the intertemporal substitution effect onconsumption to be larger.b. the income effect of consumption to besmaller. d. the intertemporal substitution effect onconsumption to be larger.33. With a temporary positive change in technology we would expect real current consumption:a. to increase a lot. c. to remain unchanged.b. to decrease a lot. d. to either increase or decrease a little.34. With a temporary change in technology, A, we expect little change in consumption because:a. the income effect on consumption islarger. c. the intertemporal-substitution effect islarger.b. the income effect on consumption issmaller. d. the intertemporal-substitution effect issmaller.35. The model predicts that an economic expansion caused by a temporary increase in technology, A,would lead to:a. high real GDP and investment. c. low real GDP and investment.b. low real GDP and high real investment. d. high real GDP and low real investment.36. Temporary changes in technology, A, conflict with the data in that:a. investment is clearly acyclical. c. the wage rate is clearly countercyclical.b. consumption is clearly procyclical. d. all of the above.37. A higher real wage:a. makes consumption more expensive. c. makes leisure less expensive.b. makes it a worse deal for households towork an extra hour.d. makes leisure more expensive.38. A higher real wage:a. increases the income of householdsinducing them to work more. c. increases the income of householdsinducing them to work less.b. decreases the income of householdsinducing them to work more. d. decreases the income of householdsinducing them to work less.39. The overall effect of a higher real wage is:a. to increase labor as the income andsubstitution effect reinforce each other. c. to decrease labor as the income andsubstitution effect reinforce each other.b. ambiguous on labor as the income andsubstitution effect work against eachother. d. ambiguous because the income andsubstitution effect reinforce each other.40. We expect that an increase in real wages will:a. increase labor supply, if temporary. c. increase labor supply, whether permanentor temporary.b. increase labor supply, if permanent. d. reduce labor supply, whether permanent ortemporary.41. An increase in the interest rate induces worker to:a. work more in the current period and lessin the future. c. work less in the current period and morein the future.b. work more in the current period and in thefuture. d. work less in the current period and in thefuture.42. A higher interest rate makes:a. future consumption cheaper. c. current consumption more expensive.b. future leisure cheaper. d. all of the above.43. A higher interest rate makes:a. future consumption and leisure moreexpensive.c. future consumption and leisure cheaper.b. future consumption cheaper and futureleisure more expensive. d. future consumption more expensive andfuture leisure cheaper.44. A higher interest rate makes:a. current consumption and leisure moreexpensive.c. current consumption and leisure cheaper.b. current consumption cheaper and current.leisure more expensive. d. current consumption more expensive andcurrent leisure cheaper.45. A higher interest rate makes:a. current consumption and future leisuremore expensive. c. current consumption and future leisurecheaper.b. current consumption cheaper and future.leisure more expensive. d. current consumption more expensive andfuture leisure cheaper.46. Intertemporal substitution effects motivate households to:a. supply more labor when the wage rate istemporarily low. c. supply less labor when the wage rate istemporarily low.b. supply more labor when the wage rate ispermanently low. d. supply more labor when the wage rate ispermanently low.47. In the US since 1964 total hours worked and employment have been:a. acyclical. c. procyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.48. The measure of labor productivity used in the popular media is:a. Y/L c. procyclical.b. average product of labor. d. all of the above.49. In the model with an upward sloping supply curve of labor and increase demand for labor due to apositive technological, A, change:a. increases employment and the real wage. c. decreases employment and the real wage.b. decreases employment and increases thereal wage. d. decreases employment and increases thereal wage.50. When the labor supply of households is allowed to slope upward:a. the model predictions match the observeddata that employment and real wages arecountercyclical. c. the model predictions do not match theobserved data that employment and real wages are procyclical.b. the model predictions do not match theobserved data that employment and real wages are countercyclical. d. the model predictions match the observeddata that employment and real wages areprocyclical.SHORT ANSWER1. If there is a positive technological change, what happens in the labor market?2. What does the model predict about investment when technology increases and why and what do thedata show about investment in the US?3. What happens to consumption when there is a permanent and temporary increase in technology, A,and why?4. What is the relationship between real GDP and the cyclical part of GDP?5. What happens in the model, if a temporary technology change increase real wages temporarily?。