AgileTest
塑胶材料物性表中英文对照表

塑胶材料物性表中英文对照表
Test Item Properties
Unit Test method Physical Properties Specific gravity Melt Flow Index Moisture absorption Mold Shrinkage Mechanical Properties Tensile Strength Tensile Elongation Flexural Strength Flexural Modulus Izod Impact Strength Rockwell Hardness Thermal Properties Melting Point Heat Deflection Temperature(HDT) Vicat Softening Temperature Flame Characteristics Flammability Glow Wire Test Electrical Properties Dielectric constant Dielectric dissipation factor Volume resistivity Surface resistivity Dielectric Strength Arc resistance Dielectric Constant Dielectric Losses Characteristics
测试项目 成型收缩率 机械性能 拉伸强度 拉伸伸长率 弯曲强度(挠曲强度) 弯曲模量(挠曲弹性率) Izod冲击强度 洛氏表面硬度 热学性能
熔点 热变形温度 维卡软化点 阻燃性能 阻燃等级(耐燃性) 灼热丝测试 电气性能
诱电率 诱电正接 体积抵抗率 表面抵抗率 绝缘破坏强度 耐电弧性 介电常数 介电损耗
考博英语面试自我介绍范文(精选12篇)

考博英语面试自我介绍考博英语面试自我介绍范文(精选12篇)参加外企的面试中,准备一段吸引人的自我介绍很有必要,那么你的`英文自我介绍准备好了吗?求职前的准备和英文自我介绍是非常重要的,那你会怎么介绍自己呢?下面是小编我为您准备的考博英语面试自我介绍范文,欢迎参考,希望能对您有所作用。
考博英语面试自我介绍篇1Good afternoon, profe ssors! It’s really a great pleasure for me to have this opportunity for the interview, and I hope I can make a good impression today and finally enroll in Huazhong University of Science and Technology as a PhD student. Now I will make a brief introduction about myself to you.My name is XXX. I was born in 1986 in Yichang City, a world renowned hydraulicxelectricity town where the Three Gorges Dam stands.Iam learning in Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, majoring in Chemical Process Machinery, and will get my master’s degree in June. Three years ago, I obtained a bachelor’s degree inChina Three Gorges University in the major of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering.In daily lives, I am quiet but not dull. I have many hobbies, such as listening music, reading and playing basketball with friends.These are good ways of relaxing myself in spare time. In learning, I am serious, steady and persistent. Sometimes I concentrate on some tough problems to get them well solved, though it takes much time.I stil l feel it’s worthy. In the past three years, Ihave studied hard and strived for excellence in my research work. I obtained the Scholarship for Postxgraduatesin TUST last year and published four papers as the first authorin some core journals.Mechanical engineering is an extensive and profound subject and I deeply feel that what I have learned is very limited. So I am longing for further study and looking forward to improving my selfxvalue in the next few years. No pains,no gains. Only with greater efforts can I get closer to success. I will make good use of my time and do my best to reach my goals if I am lucky to be a PhD student in HUST.That’s all. Thank you!考博英语面试自我介绍篇2Respected Professor:It is my great honor to introduce myself.My name is Jim ,I come from Zaozhuang ,Shandong Province.My major is mechanical design,and I received my Master’s degree from Dalian University of Technology in 2014.As you may know ,students from Shandong Province are always hardxworking, I am no exception.While obtaining m y Master’s degree,I devoted myself to mechanical design,especially in structure calculation and optimization fields. As a result,I have published several relevant theses and patents independently. These academic experiences have made me more openxminded,agile in thought and also very fond of scientific research.After graduation,I worked at XCMG,which is the biggest construction machinery manufacturer in China. We developed the most advanced scooptram in China,and I worked as one of its engineers. work experiences such as this have urged me develop an active and responsible work ethic.As time went on, I found that most companies utilise existing technologies exclusively,performing little new research. But I believe our society need us to develop moreinnovations .Furthermore,I really want to do some research work and study futher in my major.That is why I am eager to be a Doctoral student .Above all,I am sincerely looking forward to studying here, and I will do my very best. Thank you!考博英语面试自我介绍篇3Good morning, Dear Professors:it is my pleasure to introduce myself to you. My name is MSJ.I major in Pesticide Science and I will graduate from the Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide Northwest A&F University in July ,20XX. Hope a chance to work and develop myself in your department.I passed the CET band 6 test in20XX, after that, I tried my best to learn Medical English and mastered a lot of professional vocabulary. I can manipulate computer proficiently and master Microsoft Office software,also be familiar with SPSS and Photoshop.During the past three years, under the strict guidance of my tutor, professor MA.I have learned systematically the theory of profession and got the basic manipulative skills about Phytochemistry. With the help of my supervisor,I have successfully finished the subject “Agricultural Activity of Alkaloids from Cephalotaxus sinensis ” and grasped some experimental skill , such as abstraction, separation.I am looking forward to working in your department. If I am admitted, I will be thankful and try my best to work for you.That’s all.SKS.考博英语面试自我介绍篇4Good morning, Dear Professors:It’s my honor to introduce myself. My name is XXX, I amfromXXCountyXXProvince, December XXXX I was born in a poor family, and my parents are peasants。
药品检验报告英语001

【分享】药品检验报告中的一些词语的英文翻译检验报告Certificate of analysis化工有限公司chemical CO. , LTD制药(药业)有限公司Pharmaceutical co. ,Ltd.化工厂CHEMICAL PLANT精细化工有限公司FINE CHEMICAL CO., LTD品名PRODUCT //title批号batch NO.生产日期manufacturing date // manu. Date检验日期Analysis date有效期Exp date // expiry date检验标准quality standard //inspecting basis //Specification数量QUANTITY 报告日期report date 包装规格package企业标准Company Standard//enterprise standard检查项目test items//analytical items性状appearance // characteristics//description//Character分子式molecular formula 分子量molecular wt化学式Chemical formula鉴别identification溶液外观appearance of solution澄清度&颜色clarity & color白色或类白色结晶粉末white or almost white crystalline powder味微苦 a little bitter taste无色无味odorless,smelless酸碱度acidity and alkalinity铅盐Plumbum salts 砷盐Arsonium salts有关物质related substances 分为:individual impurity substance NMT….;total impurity substance NMT。
信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会(五篇)

信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会(五篇)第一篇:信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会当我们对人生或者事物有了新的思考时,常常可以将它们写成一篇心得体会,这样我们可以养成良好的总结方法。
一起来学习心得体会是如何写的吧,以下是小编为大家收集的信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。
20xx年4月24日,借助网络平台,聆听了解月光教授对义务教育阶段信息科技课程标准解读。
通过专家的解读,对信息科技课程的概况、变化、核心以及需要重点关注的地方,有了更深的了解。
一、概括首先,解教授对于信息科技课程作了总的概括,信息科技教育是全民都要接受的教育,数字素养是未来公民必备修养。
《义务教育信息科技课程标准(20xx年版)》的发布,全新定位了课程性质,从“信息技术”调整为“信息科技”,将信息科技及其所占课时从综合实践活动课程中独立出来,更清晰地凸显“科技创新”的重要价值。
强调“信息科技课程”对“促进科技创新自主可控、维护国家安全”的重要“基础性意义”。
解教授也指出信息科技课程的宗旨是培养学生科学精神和科技伦理,提升自主可控意识,培育社会主义核心价值观,树立国家安全观,提升国民数字素养与技能。
了解了信息科技课程的概括,才能为接下来的课程调整打好基础。
二、变化接着,解教授讲了本次信息科技课程标准与之前的不同,一是课程属性的更改:课程目标、内容和实施都具有显著的变化;二是课程总目标定位从信息素养变为数字素养;三是“跨学科主题”作为课程内容的重要组成部分,比如说信息科技和语文学科教学的整合,不仅可以丰富教学课堂的内容,增加语文课堂的趣味性,还能够在一定程度上吸引学生注意力,促进学生情感升华;四是更加强调自主可控、原始创新和原创精神,在日常教学中,我们会忽视学生面临问题时“窥测方向”的过程,也就是忽视了学生思维的最初方向――原创思维,苏霍姆林斯基认为:“在学生的心灵深处,都有一种根深蒂固的需要,那就是希望自己是一个发现者、探究者和成功者。
水解氯英文版检测方法的附件英文

水解氯英文版检测方法的附件英文Attachment for the English version of the testing method for Chloride hydrolysis:1. IntroductionThe chloride hydrolysis test method is used to determine the level of chloride content in a sample by measuring its hydrolysis. This attachment provides additional information and guidelines to conduct this test in an English version.2. Equipment and Materials- Sample container- Deionized water- Pipettes- pH meter- Burette- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution- Indicator (e.g., phenolphthalein)- Glass beakers- Heating source (e.g., Bunsen burner)- Filter paper- Analytical balance3. Procedure3.1 Sample Preparation- Weigh an appropriate amount of the sample using an analytical balance.- Transfer the sample into a sample container.3.2 Hydrolysis- Add deionized water to the sample container, ensuring that the sample is completely submerged.- Allow the sample to hydrolyze for a predetermined period (e.g., 24 hours) at room temperature.3.3 Measurement- Take a pH measurement of the hydrolyzed sample using a pH meter.- Record the pH value obtained.3.4 Titration- Transfer a known volume of the hydrolyzed sample (e.g., 50 mL) into a glass beaker.- Add a few drops of the indicator to the beaker.- Titrate the sample with sodium hydroxide solution until the pH reaches the desired endpoint (e.g., pH 8.3). Record the volume of NaOH solution used.4. Calculation- Calculate the chloride content in the sample using the volume of NaOH solution used, the concentration of the NaOH solution, and the initial mass of the sample.5. ReportingReport the chloride content of the sample in the appropriate unit (e.g., ppm) along with the testing conditions, including the sample preparation method, hydrolysis time, pH measurement, and titration procedure.Please note that this is a general guidance for the English versionof the testing method for chloride hydrolysis. Specific details and procedure may vary depending on the laboratory's protocols and requirements.。
J2EE最佳实践总结[5篇范文]
![J2EE最佳实践总结[5篇范文]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/6447f90f2e60ddccda38376baf1ffc4ffe47e212.png)
J2EE最佳实践总结[5篇范文]第一篇:J2EE最佳实践总结J2EE最佳实践总结1、始终使用 MVC 框架。
2、在每一层都应用自动单元测试和测试管理。
3、按照规范来进行开发,而不是按照应用服务器来进行开发。
4、从一开始就计划使用 J2EE 安全性。
5、创建您所知道的。
6、当使用 EJB 组件时,始终使用会话 Facades.7、使用无状态会话 bean,而不是有状态会话 bean.8、使用容器管理的事务。
9、将 JSP 作为表示层的首选。
10、当使用HttpSession 时,尽量只将当前事务所需要的状态保存其中,其他内容不要保存在 HttpSession 中。
11、在WebSphere 中,启动动态缓存,并使用WebSphere servlet 缓存机制。
12、为了提高程序员的工作效率,将 CMP 实体 bean 作为 O/R 映射的首选解决方案。
1.始终使用 MVC 框架。
MVC 框架可以将业务逻辑(Java beans 和EJB 组件)、控制器逻辑(Servlets/Struts 动作)、表示层(JSP、XML/XSLT)清晰地分离开来。
良好的分层可以带来许多好处。
MVC 框架对于成功使用J2EE 是如此重要,以致没有其他最佳实践可以与其相提并论。
模型-视图-控制器(MVC)是设计 J2EE 应用程序的基础。
MVC 将您的程序代码简单地划分下面几个部分:负责业务逻辑的代码(即模型——通常使用 EJB 或者普通的 Java 对象来实现)。
负责用户界面显示的代码(即视图——通常通过JSP 及标记库来实现,有时也使用 XML 和 XSLT 来实现)。
负责应用程序流程的代码(即控制器——通常使用Java Servlet或像 Struts 控制器这样的类来实现)。
如果您不遵循基本的 MVC 框架,在开发过程中就会出现许多的问题。
最常见的问题就是在视图部分添加了太多的成分,例如,可能存在使用 JSP 标记来执行数据库访问,或者在 JSP 中进行应用程序的流程控制,这在小规模的应用程序中是比较常见的,但是,随着后期的开发,这样做将会带来问题,因为JSP 逐步变得越来越难以维护和调试。
职称职务头衔名称的英文翻译

职称职务头衔名称的英文翻译1. Chief Executive Officer (CEO) 首席执行官2. Managing Director (MD) 总经理3. Chief Operating Officer (COO) 首席运营官4. Chief Financial Officer (CFO) 首席财务官5. Chief Information Officer (CIO) 首席信息官6. Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) 首席营销官7. Chief Technology Officer (CTO) 首席技术官8. Vice President (VP) 副总裁9. Director of Operations 运营总监10. Director of Marketing 市场总监11. Director of Finance 财务总监12. Director of Human Resources 人力资源总监13. Director of Sales 销售总监14. Project Manager 项目经理15. Senior Manager 高级经理16. General Manager (GM) 总经理17. Operations Manager 运营经理18. Marketing Manager 市场经理19. Finance Manager 财务经理20. Human Resources Manager 人力资源经理21. Sales Manager 销售经理22. Account Manager 客户经理23. Business Development Manager 业务发展经理24. Product Manager 产品经理25. Purchasing Manager 采购经理26. Supply Chain Manager 供应链经理27. Public Relations Manager 公关经理28. Brand Manager 品牌经理29. Communications Manager 通讯经理30. Social Media Manager 社交媒体经理31. Content Manager 内容经理32. Web Developer 网站开发人员33. Software Engineer 软件工程师34. Database Administrator 数据库管理员35. Network Administrator 网络管理员36. Information Security Analyst 信息安全分析师37. Data Scientist 数据科学家38. IT Manager IT经理39. Customer Service Representative 客服代表40. Sales Representative 销售代表41. Account Executive 客户主管42. Business Analyst 业务分析师43. Financial Analyst 财务分析师44. Market Research Analyst 市场研究分析师45. Public Accountant 注册会计师46. Human Resources Coordinator 人力资源协调员47. Recruiter 招聘专员48. Administrative Assistant 行政助理49. Executive Assistant 行政助理50. Receptionist 接待员51. Office Manager 办公室经理52. Operations Coordinator 运营协调员53. Marketing Coordinator 市场协调员54. Financial Coordinator 财务协调员55. Sales Coordinator 销售协调员56. Project Coordinator 项目协调员57. Quality Control Manager 质量控制经理58. Safety Manager 安全经理59. Environmental Manager 环境经理60. Compliance Manager 合规经理61. Legal Counsel 律师62. Regulatory Affairs Manager 法规事务经理63. Government Relations Manager 政府关系经理64. Lobbyist 游说者65. Public Affairs Manager 公共事务经理66. Event Planner 活动策划师67. Travel Coordinator 行程协调员68. Education Coordinator 教育协调员69. Communications Coordinator 通讯协调员70. Social Media Coordinator 社交媒体协调员71. Public Relations Coordinator 公共关系协调员72. Brand Coordinator 品牌协调员73. Content Coordinator 内容协调员74. Customer Service Manager 客服经理75. Sales Trainer 销售培训师76. Learning and Development Manager 学习和发展经理77. Performance Management Manager 绩效管理经理78. Compensation and Benefits Manager 薪资和福利经理79. Talent Acquisition Manager 人才招聘经理80. Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) Manager 人力资源信息系统经理81. Diversity and Inclusion Manager 多元化和包容性经理82. Health and Wellness Manager 健康与福利经理83. Sports Marketing Manager 运动营销经理84. Talent Agent 艺人经纪人85. Studio Executive 制片商高层86. Production Assistant 制片助理87. Film Director 电影导演88. Screenwriter 编剧89. Cinematographer 摄影师90. Film Editor 影片编辑91. Set Designer 布景设计师92. Sound Designer 音效设计师93. Composer 作曲家94. Musician 音乐家95. Record Producer 音乐制作人96. Recording Engineer 音乐录制工程师97. Radio Host 电台主持人98. Television Producer 电视制片人99. Broadcast Engineer 广播工程师100. Advertising Account Executive 广告客户主管101. Creative Director 创意总监102. Art Director 美术指导103. Copywriter 文案撰稿人104. Media Planner 媒体策划师105. Market Research Manager 市场研究经理106. Public Relations Specialist 公共关系专家107. Brand Strategist 品牌策略师108. Marketing Analyst 市场分析师109. Digital Marketing Specialist 数字营销专员110. Content Strategist 内容策略师111. Social Media Specialist 社交媒体专员112. Graphic Designer 平面设计师113. Web Designer 网页设计师114. Multimedia Designer 多媒体设计师115. Animator 动画师116. Game Designer 游戏设计师117. User Experience (UX) Designer 用户体验设计师118. User Interface (UI) Designer 用户界面设计师119. Information Architect 信息架构师120. Interaction Designer 互动设计师121. Mobile Developer 移动应用开发人员122. Web Developer 网站开发人员123. Software Developer 软件开发人员124. Database Developer 数据库开发人员125. Front-End Developer 前端开发人员126. Back-End Developer 后端开发人员127. Full-Stack Developer 全栈开发人员128. Quality Assurance (QA) Engineer 质量控制工程师129. Test Engineer 测试工程师130. Systems Administrator 系统管理员131. Network Engineer 网络工程师132. Technical Support Engineer 技术支持工程师133. Help Desk Technician 帮助台技术人员134. Cybersecurity Analyst 网络安全分析师135. Penetration Tester 渗透测试人员136. Malware Analyst 恶意软件分析师137. Information Security Consultant 信息安全顾问138. IT Auditor IT审计员139. Computer Forensic Analyst 计算机取证分析师140. Network Security Engineer 网络安全工程师141. Cloud Architect 云架构师142. Cloud Engineer 云工程师143. Cloud Administrator 云管理员144. DevOps Engineer DevOps工程师145. Agile Coach 敏捷教练146. Scrum Master Scrum主管147. Product Owner 产品负责人148. Agile Project Manager 敏捷项目经理149. Business Process Analyst 业务流程分析师150. Business Process Manager 业务流程经理151. Lean Six Sigma Black Belt 质量管理师152. Business Transformation Manager 业务转型经理153. Change Management Specialist 变革管理专家154. Continuous Improvement Manager 持续改进经理155. Enterprise Architect 企业架构师156. Solution Architect 解决方案架构师157. Technical Architect 技术架构师158. Infrastructure Architect 基础架构师159. Network Architect 网络架构师160. Data Architect 数据架构师161. Data Analyst 数据分析师162. Database Administrator 数据库管理员163. Data Engineer 数据工程师164. Business Intelligence (BI) Analyst 业务智能分析师165. Data Scientist 数据科学家166. Machine Learning Engineer 机器学习工程师167. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Engineer 人工智能工程师168. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) Developer 机器人流程自动化开发人员169. Virtual Reality (VR) Developer 虚拟现实开发人员170. Augmented Reality (AR) Developer 增强现实开发人员171. Blockchain Developer 区块链开发人员172. Cryptocurrency Trader 加密货币交易员173. Cryptocurrency Analyst 加密货币分析师174. Data Entry Clerk 数据录入员175. File Clerk 档案员176. Office Assistant 办公室助理177. Secretary 秘书178. Paralegal 律师助理179. Legal Assistant 法律助理180. Court Reporter 法院记录员181. Translator 翻译182. Interpreter 口译员183. Tour Guide 导游184. Flight Attendant 空乘人员185. Hotel Manager 酒店经理186. Restaurant Manager 餐厅经理187. Chef 主厨188. Waiter 服务员189. Bartender 酒保190. Retail Store Manager 零售店经理191. Sales Associate 销售顾问192. Visual Merchandiser 视觉陈列师193. Supply Chain Analyst 供应链分析师194. Logistics Coordinator 物流协调员195. Warehouse Manager 仓库经理196. Distribution Manager 分销经理197. Import/Export Manager 进出口经理198. Freight Broker 货运经纪人199. Customs Broker 海关经纪人200. Transportation Manager 运输经理。
美国洗涤试验仪器 DT 2说明书

DT 2Manual Disintegration TesterFlexible basket assembly with two independent stationsAutomatic lift-in / lift-out optionManual determination of individual disintegration end-pointsPrecise temperature controlComplete reporting including statisticsFlexible basket assemblyThe user-friendly DT 2 unit is equipped with two inde-pendent basket assemblies allowing each position to be controlled, started and stopped individually. Methods can be stored and used individually on each station. The DT 2 is fully compliant with USP / EP / JP requirements and can run apparatus A methods (6-tube baskets) and apparatus B methods (3-tube baskets for dosage forms > 18 mm).Automatic lift-in / lift-out optionThe lifting mechanism lowers the basket assembly auto-matically into the beaker at test start. Baskets can be lifted out either at test end (pre-set test time), at a user deter-mined end-point (test hold time is recorded), or after a pre-set run-time for pH change. An acoustic signal indicates completion of each pre-set run-time.Manual determination of individual disintegration end-pointsThe device allows the user to manually take either a“single” test (disintegration time of each tube individually) or an “all” test determining only the complete disintegra-tion time of all tubes.Precise temperature controlAn integrated heating system guarantees a precise temper-ature of the test medium at all times. The temperature of the test media is shown on the display in real-time. During the test, the media temperature is constantly monitored and recorded by a temperature probe on the basket rack assembly. The integrated double temperature control system provides the most precise results. Temperature setting and calibration are controlled by the firmware.Complete reportingA print-out of the test report includes:• test device information(device type, firmware version, serial number)• method data(method number , test time, temp, and specifications)• test protocol(test date and time, test hold times, temperature statistics)• test results (end-points)• end-point statisticsValidation and qualificationThe DT 2 is manufactured from high quality materials and requires minimal maintenance. The relevant qualification documentation (IQ / OQ) can be supplied with the device. Complete system validation and qualification can also be provided by the SOTAX Global Service Network.Technical SpecificationsBasket-rack assemblies 2Strokes per minute 31 +/-1Height of stroke 55 mmTemperature 20 – 45˚C +/-0.2˚CPower 230 V / 50 Hz or 110 V / 60 Hz InterfacesRS-232-C, Parallel Width / depth / height 370 x 410 x 550 mm Weightca. 23 kgSOTAX AG | Nordring 1 | 4147 Aesch | SwitzerlandP+41614875454|F+41614821331|**************→Basket rack assemblies for apparatus A and apparatus B methods→Manual determination of individual disintegration end-pointsM B 20005E N -01_08/06-2015。
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Agile testing(敏捷测试)基本上是伴随着敏捷开发的概念成长起来的,但在受关注程度上,远远不及敏捷开发本身。
自然,开发队伍从数量和活跃度上来讲大于测试队伍,是其中的一个原因;除了这个原因之外,“敏捷测试究竟如何在项目中发挥作用”这个问题可能也是导致敏捷测试概念的流行度远远不如敏捷开发的原因之一。
敏捷测试和传统测试观点最大的不同在这几个地方:
1.敏捷测试并不倾向于严格区分开发和测试角色,全体工程师对于质量具有同等的责任,
测试任务由开发和测试工程师共同完成;
2.敏捷测试的迭代周期很短,为了在很短的迭代周期中完成测试任务,要求建立“足够好”
的验收测试,建立足够的自动化测试;
3.敏捷测试不严格依赖于文档(需求,设计等),测试角色必须和其他成员以及客户有
良好的沟通,以保证建立的质量标准符合用户的需求,以及能够使用项目中的相关知识建立合理的测试框架;
4.关于底层测试和关于代码质量是敏捷测试中的一个非常好的实践。
其中,对传统测试观点最大的冲击是第1和第3点,打破测试角色和开发角色之间的严格限定,用沟通而不是文档作为建立测试的基础,这些的确会让一个熟悉传统测试环境的测试工程师骤然间不知所措。
敏捷测试的要点之一就是,不依据于角色而是依据于任务来考虑整个开发过程中的测试。
但是,对一个开发组织来说,组织中一定存在开发工程师和测试工程师的角色划分,作为一个敏捷团队中的测试工程师,他的主要工作职责是什么呢?或者说,他可以在哪些工作上发挥自己的作用呢?
敏捷过程中与测试相关的任务很多,概括说来有如下一些:
1.建立不同级别的测试验收标准(也就是test suite),包括单元测试、集成测试、系
统测试等各个层面的验收标准;
2.推动整个组织的质量文化,保证整个组织的成员在质量责任与目标方面达成一致;
3.通过技术或是管理的手段,保证产品、代码具有良好的可测试性;
4.通过自动化测试手段缩短每个产品发布周期中测试所需的时间;
5.与客户沟通确认客户可接受的软件质量标准,并建立针对此标准的验收测试;
6.深入了解应用系统和业务需求,通过探索性测试方法设计有效的测试用例,发现产品
中的缺陷;
7.建立对整个团队可见的质量度量体系,保证整个团队能够随时看到产品的质量度量值。
这些工作都可以是敏捷团队中测试工程师角色的工作任务,但显然,在现实中,不太可能要求所有这些工作都由测试工程师来承担─同时,让测试工程师承担全部这些工作任务也并不合理,某些工作由开发工程师角色,或是由开发工程师和测试工程师共同承担更为合理。
接下来,把列出的这7项工作更详细的划分成“测试工程师必须完成的工作”,“测试工程师需要去推进的工作”,以及“能为项目带来巨大价值的工作”。
1.测试工程师必须完成的工作:
1.与客户沟通确认客户可接受的软件质量标准,并建立针对此标准的验收测试;
2.深入了解应用系统和业务需求,通过探索性测试方法设计有效的测试用例,发现
产品中的缺陷;
3.建立系统和用户验收级别的测试验收标准;
4.通过自动化测试手段缩短每个产品发布周期中测试所需的时间;
2.测试工程师需要去推进的工作:
0.推动低层次测试(单元测试和接口级别的测试)的进行。
低层次是测试对于需要
快速发布的敏捷开发来说至关重要,但在大部分国内的软件组织中,开发测试都
需要经过不断的推动才能被最终执行下去,测试工程师具有相关的测试技巧,
并且能够用翔实的统计数据表明低层次测试的必要性,是最好的推动低层次测试
的人选;
1.推动整个组织的质量文化,保证整个组织的成员在质量责任与目标方面达成一致。
这一点对于敏捷组织来说也是至关重要的;在许多传统的软件开发组织中,经常
能看到开发和测试之间的扯皮,针对一个遗漏的缺陷,大家考虑第一件事不是
如何去修复,如何去防止,而是首先“追究责任”─在敏捷过程中,需要一个非常
不同的环境:也即,质量责任是由所有工程师共同承担的,对于出现的问题,
重要的是解决和预防。
3.能为项目带来巨大价值的工作
0.建立对整个团队可见的质量度量体系,保证整个团队能够随时看到产品的质量度
量值。
保证产品质量度量的可见可以让整个团队清楚的看到我们现在正在工作的
产品与我们期望交付的产品在质量上还有多大的差距,这样整个团队可以以质
量度量作为指示,集中精力工作在这些差距上,从而可以尽快的发布“可工作”
的产品。
“验收测试的通过度”,“单元测试的通过率”,“功能完成情况”等等项
目都可以是质量度量中的度量项。
1.通过技术或是管理的手段,保证产品、代码具有良好的可测试性。
良好的可测试
性对于产品的维护,自动化测试的进行都是非常有利的─我觉得,甚至可以武断
的说,如果一个应用系统没有良好的可测试性,就很难期望可以在该项目上设
置良好的测试框架。
测试工程师一般不参与具体的设计工作和代码实施工作,但
测试工程师可以推动开发工程师在设计和实现时尽可能的考虑可测试性设计,
另一方面,测试工程师也可以通过测试覆盖率这个质量及时发现应用中可测试性
不强的地方,推动开发工程师的改进。
当然,要完成这些工作,和传统的QA工程师相比,敏捷过程对测试工程师提出了更好的技能上的要求。
一个敏捷项目中的测试工程师应该具有这样一些技能:
1.良好的沟通和协作能力;
2.良好的设计和代码能力,至少可以和开发工程师在同一水平上讨论具体的设计和代码
实现;
3.快速学习和总结的能力(运用探索性测试发现缺陷);
4.对自动化测试有深刻的理解(至少要能清楚的认识到自动化测试不等于UI自动化测
试,也不等于用自动化测试工具进行录制和回放);
5.快速的风险分析和判断能力(在许多情况下都不会有足够的时间开展full regression,
如何判断风险和决定相应的对策至关重要)。