跨文化交际中的肢体语言

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【学校】跨文化交流中的肢体语言商务英语毕业论文

【学校】跨文化交流中的肢体语言商务英语毕业论文

【关键字】学校中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目:跨文化交流中的肢体语言姓名:00000班级、学号:系(部) :经济管理系专业:商务英语指导教师:开题时间:完成时间:31 日目录课题跨文化交流中的肢体语言一、课题(论文)提纲三、参照文献Body language in intercultural communication0000摘要:肢体语言是文化交流的一部分。

肢体语言,众所周知,是指能够传递某种特定信息的面部表情、手势语,以及其他身体部位动作。

像动作,脸部表情,眼神交流等等。

用肢体语言来表达感情几乎是人类的本能。

因为它简单方便,所以被广泛的运用于生活中。

除一些世界公认的肢体语言外,不同的文化还有各自的肢体语言。

在进行跨文化交流时,相同的肢体语言形式可能具有完全不同的意义。

本文比较了不同文化的肢体语言的差别并简单阐述了肢体语言,以便于我们更好的提升沟通技巧和理解能力。

AbstractBody language is a part of intercultural communication. Body language, as is universally known, means elements in nonverbal communication produced by body. Such as movement, facial expressions, eye contact and so on. Use body language to express emotion almostly is a instincts of human itself. It is widely used in reality life Because of its simple、fast、directly. except some admittedly body languages, different cultures have different body languages. When you process an intercultural communication, the same body language form probably shows different meaning. This article intends to compare the difference of body language with different culture,present its meaning and talk it briefly so that we can improve our communication skills and abilities by understanding it wellKeywords:body language;interculturcommunication;applicationIntroduction:Intercultural communication , means the interaction between people from different background.In nowadays, economy globlization trends becoming obvious day by day, intercultural communication is no longer a rare thing to us. With the fast development and popularity of the internet,it is very convenient for people to carry on intercultural communication. A basic content of intercultural communication is body communication, if the message can not handle well, misunderstanding will caused in intercultural communication sometimes. Therefore, when you carry on intercultural communication, you should understand some common body language in international communication.The necessity and importance of language in intercultural communicationBody language plays a significant role which complete language in intercultural communication. Why do language have such a essential effects on communication?Because sometimes, body language be able to express meaning or contents more profound than verbal language,they can express what the verbal language cannot express directly.People communicate with each other by their body language in the ways of nodding, waving, eye contact, shrugging and so on. Use body language to express emotion almostly is ainstincts of human itself. It is widely used in dai ly life Because it i s simple,fast,directly.Like all of other nonverbal communication behaviors, body language serves a variety of purposes. Body language sometime repeats or takes place of verbal communication with the use of gestures. Moreover, body language can regulate social interaction, and finally it conveys our attitude toward ourselves and toward others in communication. In addition, it express information masterly and leave a better imagine space on others.As an unique way of communication, body language plays an irreplaceable role in people's munication is mainly depend on verbal language or written word, but as a matter of fact, body language is regard as a widely method to express emotion, attitude or advice. And have affect on communication deeply.According to the relevant statistics, the percentage of body language communication is about 65% in social occasion. A psychologist give up a formula:Transmit of information= 7%language+38%voice+55%body languageAlthough the aboved data need a further discussion, while it is more emphasis on the role of body language in interpersonal communication. Non-verbal action, majority is unconsciously reveal, and it often reflects his real feelings. It is more easier for people to disguise words when using language, In the process of communication, meanwhile, the non-verbal behavior is not so easy to conceal. As Freud said “understanding people's deep psychological idea, language is not reliable, the body languages are more true than human’s emotion and desires.”In the process of information communication, not only the expression and movement appears with the disseminator’s verbal language, but also the recipients are receiving information while showing a series of expressions. It is an important feedback, it is a recipient psychological feedback, it is more important than the language.2.The classification of body language2.1Facial expression languageExpression refers to the person's facial expressions. How many people's facial expressions it is, I’m afraid it is impossible to work out, there are some common facial expressions like:"happiness, anger, sadness and joy, others such as fear, disappointment,it is called as changing. No wonder Roman Rolland said, “facial expressions is the language which nurturedcenturies and thousands of times more complex than the mouth talking. ”The eyes are the windows of the soul, eye contact is the main source of confidence in nonverbal communication. Besides, we convey ideas by eyes,the eyebrow and mouth movements also can not be ignored.2.2 Hand languageThe use of hand and arm movements, is the most powerful method to convey his ideas in body language.In a general sense, we have to use hand gestures to help strengthen the ideas or describe things. Therefore, it is used everywhere. Even in a social situation. Gesture language is the most important part of the body language, is the most important silent language, is the most useful language. No matter the past, now and the future, its still an indispensable tool of people contacts. In the different nationality or ethnic groups, the meaning of same kind of sign language expression may be roughly the same or similar, also may be quite the opposite. The following are several common sign language:V-gesture: It has become Esperanto for long time, and it is come from the because the V word in English on behalf of Victory, so V express the joy and sense of victory to people. When you use this gesture, you need turn your finger’s back to your face. It is said that this gesture become popular after the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill use during the Second World War in English-speaking countries. Be careful when using this gesture, you must put palm out, otherwise, means stigma, neglect to other.OK gesture: There is no doubt that it is also a Esperanto which composed of english letters O and K, its means no problem, everything is ready , also shows i’m fine, all right, thank you for your attention.However, in the south of , OK gesture means that something he disapproved is not worth mentioning.In the Middle East and , this gesture symbolizes holes, which have a clear meaning of homosexuality. If in the bar and other public places, someone show you this gesture is probably looking for a partner, and do not return a thumb gestures, you also do not think he told you OK,so you are politely return a ok.In addition, leg movements can also reveal personal potential consciousness.At a meeting, a staff suddenly received a call from his wife who said that her mother had acar accident and went to the hospital, asked him to the hospital immediately. After the call, of course, he was very anxious and want to ask for leave. But at that time, his manager is giving a speech and hate to be interrupted. If his action left a bad impression on the manager, it will directly affect his promotion prospects. He was quitely worried, but can not take any action, so he frequently look at the door, and also turn his toes towards the door. At this moment, the manager just find his movement and ask the reason, then let him leave immediately.2.3 Poseture languageBody language includes human’s standing posture, walking posture and sit, squat, stoop, sleep and so on.Psychologists have pointed out that a man’s legs are close together when he standing,it generally make a stable and reliable impression on people, and it will also left a difficult communication impression ;while a man stand with his legs apart, his legs have a little toe out of people, then it gives a bold, aggressive proactive attitude to people;A mans legs close together, one after another, which reflects he has ambitious targets, haste temper but very brave and full of adventurous spirit; There is also a kind of person, when he stand focus on one foot, the other foots toes touch the ground behind gravity legs, these people would mostly like to change, willing to face challenge. Of course, standing posture not entirely representative of a person, because well-trained professionals could change body posture, but it at least can make it clear that standing posture is an important language, it has the ability to convey his ideas.Person's walking posture can express a variety of feelings, such as pleasure,frustration,passion, or lazy, slack and so on. psychologists found that: the person whose pace is large and elastic, their hands swinging force, are usually more self-confident, optimistic, objectives; walking pace inertia and variable of the speed ,that kind of person are more hesitant, pessimistic, insight view; People who like to dominate others usually like walk a high kick backwards ;When a women walking , the higher her arm swing, the more t she is energetic; On the contrary, women who walked less by arm swinging, most of them are in the thoughts confusion or frustration.What the“ real” secret of the Body Language exhibited is that all verbal languages can not cover. In the process of intercultural communication, especially those regarding the interests and rights of negotiation, consultation, communication. experienced people who able to master“secretBody language”, often through analyse other's instantaneous exposed body movements or posture, grasp each other's mood swings, real inner intentions quickly.and thereby get the initiative and advantage position. So familiar with “Secret Body Language”as important as English proficiency, even more important.2.The factors influence body language in intercultural communication .Because of different nationalities in which the ecological, physical, social and religious environment is different, each language environment have given rise to a different language habits, socio-cultural, folklore and customs of various contextual factors, and therefore in different cultures, the meaning of body language is not exactly the same, all ethnic groups of communication have different non-discursive way.The probable reasons that cause these diofference are as follow:3.1Different sense of valueIt should be recognized that the values of Eastern and Western cultures have lot of difference, due to the acceleration of world economic globlization process, the international cultural exchanges and cooperation become more frequent.The cultural mutual penetration of different levels in different countries and regions is more obvious, but some deep-rooted values of each are unique. For example, the United States as the representative of Western culture, in terms of value mainly showed as utility, efficiency, emphasize individualism and privacy, have a strong sense of competition and adventure spirit.Besides, westerners havent thoughts of hierarchy, humble, and expensive, cheapdistinction.Of course, many Westerners, is also have double standard in the values. Such as privacy, some U.S. companies prevail to steal employee's privacy, the company let security person look up the file folders, notebooks, open the phone calls, browsing phone automatically record card, or even open the computer, copy file on hard drive when the employees are go outside.Therefore, in the process of intercultural communication, both sides want to achieve understanding and respect, we must first understand and respect each other's values.3.2 Different customsIn the human experience and belief, custom play the dominant role, therefore, there is an old saying“when you in rome, do as romans do”.And if we Chinese people visit others,the host usually offer tea or drinks for guest, the guests will repeatedly refuse and say “no”, or “don't bother”even if the guest is very thirsty, extremely desire to drink tea. While most of the foreigners, often require host if they can offer something to drink, or the host ask guests what would they like to drink, guests is very delight to tell the host what to drink. And there are lot of things sounds like a joke, but that is the true. A Chinese meet his foreign friends outside,then he askl “Mr, have you eaten”? Then, say goodbye to the foreigner, m ove forward .H owever,the foreigners think Chinese friend treat him a dinner today. Another thing, but also because of the customs of the gap, and raises the below jokes.A foreigner visit his Chinese friend’s home, according western manners, foreign friends praised host “Your wife is beautiful” According to Chinese custom, the host hurriedly reply “where , where”? foreign friends think the host ask him which party is beautiful ? He added “everywhere”.3.3 Language hibitsChinese people usually tend to explain the reason fisrt, and then get down to the business, on the other way around, westerners, such as Americans answer the phone, introduce themselves first“this is xx company, can I help you?” when the Other party explain clearly whom he want speak to ,then ask: may I know who is this ? But we often “hey, who is this? Or who do you speak to”?4 . Understand and use body language correctlyA Chinese man talks to an American or Canadian woman, is it impolite to look at each other?In various cultural background , whether nod head means “yes”, shock head means “no”?4.1 Correctly understand different meaning of different body languageIt is necessary to understand that body languages have different meaning in the same situation, and the same body language have diffrent meaning in the diffrent occasion.It is important to note that body language has different meanings in different cultures. How to interpret body language, it depends on the situation, the culture, the relationship we have with the person as well as the gender of the other. This means that there is not one signal that has the same meaning all over the world. Body language is also interlinked with spoken language and a whole pattern of behaviour from a person. As well as that, various body language signs can help each other to understand meaning clearly or strengthen the meaning of what we express.For example, shaking head at sometimes does not absolutely means disapproval, also it is possible means “unbelievable” or “do nothing” or even a think highly of praise --- “fantastic”. For example, when you see a football player shoot a ball into the goal, you probably will shake you heads to praise. Similarly, in the process of interaction, we must correctly identify the meaning of each other’s same sortof action, which is very important.Due to body language behavior is often comparatively obscure, you have to identify each other's true colors through this hazy “veil”, without a certain social experience and sometimes its not really easy to distinguish. For example you ask someone to help, the other can say “OK” or “no” to you, but some people often can not express in his face resolutely “do it or not”, it is a subtle meaning.4.2 Understand the meaning of others’eye contacts correctlyIt is necessary to understand the meaning of each other's eyes, but also learn how to use eye contact to communicate.A personal eye expression plays an important role in interpersonal communication. The eye contact foremost serve as enhancing human interaction, For speakers, its better for them to control, regulate themselves. Warning , points out other's role so that they could adjust their conversation or manner timely. For listening people, different eye contacts can tell other whether you listen or not, or absent-minded. You can also look at each others to encourage them to go on, indicate others end the conversation.The way of using eyes contact is different in differentcountries and communities. Westerners, Americans, the Israelis, when they are talking to someone, their eye contacts is relatively strong, so both sides take the measure that they through the information launch of eyes contacts, enhancing the penetration power of the audio language. Asians, their eye contact are more softer,and they would not look others intently as westerners. But generally speaking, when you are talking with others, the scope of eye contacts activities should be natural circulate at each other's eyes, head, shoulder, take soft spots policy.4.3 Correct application of gesture and posture languageIn social occasions, or when dealing with people, we need to learn how to correctly use gestures and posture to convey your feelings and hopes to each others, at the same time, you should understand other's gestures and posture message.In the cultural exchanges, there are lots of common sign languages.A mans hands twisted tightly, it shows that he is nervous; rubbing his hands that shows he is eager; his hands spread out, that means there is no reservation; cover his mouth with hand, shows surprise.And then, due to different cultural backgrounds, the same gesture would have a totally different meaning, for example,the American put the palm inside means peace or victory, but in the United Kingdom it might convey the opposite message. ConclusionBody language is a important method of human communication,its connotation is also different with the difference of cultural inviroment, life style,thinking habbits. Therefore, in cross-cultural communication, we should learn and understand the meaning of body language in different countries and regions, by using it properly to reduce conflict, improve communication quality, only the two sides will master a variety of body language communication forms of different meanings, place them in the appropriate cultural context so that achieve communicative purposes.参考文献:[1]许静.非语言交际的跨文化差异与外语教学[A].上海外语出版社,2005[2]顾曰国.跨文化交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.[3]贾雨新.跨文化交际[M].上海:上海外语出版社,1997[4]毕继万.跨文化非语言交际[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本!。

跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异

跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异

跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异姓名:XX 学院:外国语学院专业:英语年级:2009级学号:XXXXXX摘要肢体语言(body language)又称身势语言,是表示使用身体运动或动作来代替或辅助声音、口头言语或其他交流方式进行交流的一种方式的一个术语。

其之所以能够被称之为语言,主要在于它的信息通报性。

肢体语言和我们所学习的语言一样,它作为一种特殊的语言也是不可被忽视的文化的一部分。

它之所以具有着不可忽视的作用是因为它能够在学习和运用语言的过程中通过肢体的不同动作把我们想要表达出的话语以及内部实质意义更为深刻鲜明的表现出来,肢体语言能够更好地促进语言的交流,我们都知道,不论是以中国为代表的东方国家还是以欧美为代表的西方国家都有着肢体语言的存在,除了一些世界公认的肢体语言以外,不同的国家肢体语言还有着其不同的语言内涵,了解东西方不同的肢体语言有助于我们更为深入地了解西方文化,更好的增进我们语言的进修。

目录肢体语言的定义,重要性Ⅱ肢体语言的分类A :表情语言B :动作语言C : 体态语言Ⅲ影响跨文化交流中肢体语言的因素A:语言习惯B: 风俗习惯C:价值观Ⅳ正确理解中西方肢体语言的区别和运用A:动作一样,意义不同B:意义相同,动作有差异C:只存在于美国文化中的动作D:只存在于中国文化中的动作E:对一些常见的肢体语言的理解关键词:肢体语言、跨文化交际、如何运用正文Ⅰ肢体语言的定义,重要性肢体语言 (body language)也称体态语言,是人类借助和利用自己的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态的变化来表达和传递思想感情的方式。

运用自己的体态来表情达意几乎是人类自身的一种本能,因为它简便、迅捷、直观,在现实生活中的使用极其广泛,而且有时更能无声胜有声地巧妙表达信息并留给对方更大的想象空间。

Ⅱ肢体语言的分类1.面部表情语言(facial expression language)在跨文化交流中,面部表情语言指的是在交流的过程中通过面部的一系列动作,来传达出我们内心的真实想法,不同国家的人民之间存在着语言障碍,但是通过面部的千变万化的表情我们可以相互了解对方的意愿,他的喜、怒、哀、乐,悲、恐、惊。

跨文化沟通中的身体语言与非语言沟通技巧

跨文化沟通中的身体语言与非语言沟通技巧

跨文化沟通中的身体语言与非语言沟通技巧在跨文化沟通中,身体语言和非语言沟通技巧扮演着至关重要的角色。

由于不同文化之间的差异,人们常常会面临语言沟通障碍,而身体语言和非语言沟通则成为了弥合这一障碍的有效手段。

本文将探讨跨文化沟通中的身体语言和非语言沟通技巧,帮助人们更好地进行全球化交流。

一、身体语言的重要性身体语言是人们在交流过程中通过肢体动作、面部表情、姿势以及眼神等传递的信息。

在跨文化沟通中,身体语言可以起到弥补语言障碍的作用,增强交流的准确性和效果。

首先,身体语言能够帮助人们更好地理解和解释语言的含义。

在某些情境下,语言可能存在歧义或者不充分的表达,而身体语言则可以起到补充和协助的作用。

通过观察对方的面部表情、手势和姿势,我们可以更准确地理解对方的意图和感受。

其次,身体语言可以帮助人们建立情感的连接。

在跨文化沟通中,情感的交流往往比信息的传递更为重要。

通过适当的身体语言,我们可以表达自己的友好、尊重和信任,从而有效地建立起彼此之间的情感联系。

最后,身体语言还可以帮助人们传达文化背景和社会习俗。

不同国家和地区存在着巨大的文化差异,通过观察他人的身体语言,我们可以更好地了解和尊重对方的文化,并避免因文化冲突而造成的误解和困惑。

二、非语言沟通技巧的运用除了身体语言,还有许多非语言沟通技巧可以帮助人们在跨文化交流中更好地理解和被理解。

首先是语速和语调的调整。

在跨文化沟通中,语速和语调的变化可以帮助我们更好地适应对方的语言习惯,提高交流的效果。

例如,有些语言有较快的语速和抑扬顿挫的语调,而有些语言则更为缓慢和平稳。

适应对方的语速和语调可以减少沟通的阻碍,增进双方的理解和共鸣。

其次是姿势和体态的调整。

不同文化对于姿势和体态的要求和解读也存在着差异。

在跨文化交流中,我们应注意避免一些可能被视为冒犯或不礼貌的姿势,同时也要学会观察和理解对方的姿势和体态,以便更好地沟通和互动。

再次是眼神的运用。

眼神是非语言沟通中非常重要的一环。

跨文化肢体语言对比

跨文化肢体语言对比
起眉毛在北美表示惊讶;在英国表示不同意或担心。
三、目光交流
人们常说眼睛是心灵的窗户,所以目光接触在人交 际中起着非常重要的作用。在这一方面可以有许多“规 定”:由于场所、谈话双方的感觉需求以及背景的不同; 人们的目光接触也不同。如在美国大城市里,白人之间
有个大家公认的目光交流距离大概16-32英尺,在这个距
置而不是对方的眼睛;在阿拉伯国家,谈话时眼睛需要
直视对方来表示双方对所谈话题有兴趣;在波多黎各, 好姑娘“不看成人的眼睛”这种行为是尊敬和听话的表 现。 其他眼部动作的对比。不停地眨眼睛在美国是表示不信
任;在中国以及香港是表示烦躁。朝某人眨一下眼睛在
美国表示万事顺利,在酒吧或歌厅则是表示招呼人过来 聊天;而在法国和澳大利亚却是表示不礼貌的行为。
四、手部动作
手势是指人类用语言中枢建立起来的一套用手掌和
手指位置、形状的特定语言系统。一般而言,南欧地 区的国家如意大利、西班牙、希腊等国的手势运用频
繁且夸张;中西欧的国家如德国、英国、荷兰等次之;
而远在北方的北欧诸国则又次之,因为他们几乎不会
使用手势来表达任何信息。
四、手部动作
手掌动作。这一动作在不同的国家也有着不同的含
“不”。
一、头部动作
2.搔头 当对某事感到困惑或者尽力要回忆起某人某事的时 候,会有这种动作。当人们在处理问胚要做出决定的时 候,常做的动作也是搔头。当你不知如何回答别人的提
问时,也可搔头,表示:给我点时间,让我想一想,考
虑一下。
一、头部动作
3.抬头 在美国,当你觉得有什么悬乎的事情要发生或有什
利,手掌朝上并附带耸肩动作表示说话人很无辜,不
知道以及不关心这件事;而在法国却表示荒唐可笑的 意思。

浅析跨文化交际中肢体语言的运用在幼儿习得英语中的作用

浅析跨文化交际中肢体语言的运用在幼儿习得英语中的作用

浅析跨文化交际中肢体语言的运用在幼儿习得英语中的作用摘?要:在外语教学中,肢体语言可以帮助教师更加准确地表达和修饰某种语言信息,使学生能有效地理解这一信息及其含义。

幼儿习得英语主要是靠模仿和重复,教师在幼儿英语教学中恰当地使用肢体语言会加深幼儿对所学词汇的兴趣和理解,并使幼儿主动去模仿老师所讲的词句,从而帮助幼儿轻松地习得英语。

关键词:肢体语言;幼儿英语教学;幼儿习得英语在跨文化交际中肢体语言是指交谈者在谈话时通过肢体动作、身体姿势、面部表情和手势等向对方传达某种语言信号,从而使有声语言得以重复、补充、替代和调整,进而促进双方自然地交流和沟通。

因为肢体语言的重要功能和作用,有学者提出把肢体语言引入到外语教学的方法中,并且对此进行了深入的研究。

美国的海伦娜·柯顿、卡罗尔·达尔伯格、德国的希尔伯特·迈尔均在其著作中提到肢体语言是教师在课堂教学中需要借助的辅助形式。

国内也有学者把肢体语言与外语教学联系在一起专门研究。

近几年来,幼儿英语教学受到社会和幼儿教育机构的广泛关注,就连许多商业机构也把商机瞄准在了幼儿英语学习上。

之前的研究大多是针对大学生和中学生的外语教学和习得而进行的,目前还没有学者把肢体语言与幼儿英语教学联系起来,因此缺乏这方面的理论指导。

幼儿在英语习得过程中是否能有效地理解英语词句、是否能接受非母语的说话方式以及是否能区分母语和非母语的不同表达等,这都需要一种行之有效的教学方法。

本文从肢体语言在交际中的功能作用、肢体语言在外语教学中的作用以及肢体语言对幼儿英语教学的意义等方面,初步探讨了肢体语言对促进幼儿英语习得的作用,为幼儿英语的教学和习得提供了适当的参考。

一、肢体语言的功能作用在交际中,语言不是唯一的交流方式,它往往是伴随着非语言形式进行的,而非语言通常比语言本身重要得多。

非语言形式中,肢体语言的应用则较为广泛,来自不同文化背景的人们尽管语言不通但仍然能够交流,其主要原因就是人们在跨文化交际中能应用肢体语言来弥补语言上的不足。

跨文化交际中身体语言的表现方式-社会语言学论文-语言学论文

跨文化交际中身体语言的表现方式-社会语言学论文-语言学论文

跨文化交际中身体语言的表现方式-社会语言学论文-语言学论文——文章均为WORD文档,下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——1 引言世界上由于不同民族的经济、社会、地理环境及风俗习惯的差异,不同的语言思维环境产生了不同的语言习惯、社会文化。

在社会交往中人们习惯用自己的语言思维方式来解释对方的言语或非言语信息,不同的文化背景会给跨文化交际行为带来一定的障碍和误解。

英国19 世纪人类学家泰勒创别甲在《原始文化》中提出,文化是一个包罗万象的复合体,其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他的能力和习惯。

鲁思本尼迪尼在《文化模式》中则说,文化是通过某个民族的活动而表现出来的一种思维和行动方式,一种使这个民族不同于其他任何民族的方式。

由此,丁亚平在他的《艺术文化学》中指出文化映寓的是历史发展过程中人类的物质和精神力量所达到的图景、程度和方式。

跨文化交际指的是不同文化背景的人之间所发生的相互作用。

由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质、社会及宗教等环境不同,各自的语言环境便产生了不同的语言习惯、社会文化、风土人情等诸语境因素,因而在不同的文化中,肢体语言的意义也不完全相同,各民族有不同的肢体语言交际方式。

全球文化的多样性,要求我们在外语学习的过程中,除了学习其语言外,还必须了解其文化。

在跨文化交际中,除了通过言语行为获取信息外,我们还需要了解不同文化的非言语行为,即身体语言。

身体语言具有民族性,是文化的一部分,是民族文化的历史沉积。

不同的民族文化将会产生不同的身体语言,而同一种身体语言在不同的文化中有不同的文化内涵。

对不同文化的身体语言的学习会给我们在跨文化交际中带来便利。

2 身体语言的表现方式在人类的日常交际中,除了借用语言这一重要工具来传达信息外,人们还使用许多其他手段来表达自己的思想和感情。

一切不使用语言进行的交际活动统称为身体语言。

根据字典上的解释,身体语言指手势,身体姿势,面部表情等这些用来表达各种身体、心理和情感上的状态并与人进行非语言交流的语言,包括眼神、手势、身姿、微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接触、讲话人之间的距离、讲话的音量、时间观念和对空间的使用等等。

跨文化交际中的肢体语言

跨文化交际中的肢体语言

跨文化交际中的肢体语言跨文化交际中的肢体语言来源:英语毕业论文/ 肢体语言是人类进行非语言信息交流的重要手段,其内涵也随着文化环境、生活方式和思维习惯的不同而呈现出一定的差异。

要用外语进行有效的、成功的跨文化交际就必须学习和了解肢体语言在不同民族文化中的交际功能。

肢体语言跨文化交际文化差异肢体语言又称身体语言,是指经身体的各种动作(包括面部表情和身体各部位的动作等)来进行传递信息、交流思想的现象。

作为一种独特的交际方式,肢体语言在人们的交际过程中起着不可替代的作用。

有研究表明,一个人要向外界传达完整的信息,55%的信息都需要肢体语言来传达。

在人际交往中,有的肢体语言非常具体,有的则十分概括;有的旨在交流,有的仅为表达;有的提供感情信息,有的则表现人物的性格和态度。

肢体语言个人发出,有社会共知含义,并有可能对交际对象产生影响和发生作用。

但是,不同的国家有着不同的文化,肢体语言的内涵也随着文化的不同而呈现出一定的差异。

因此,要用外语进行有效的、成功的交际,就必须对不同文化中的肢体语言所表示的含义有所了解。

体距语的文化差异在人类的人际交往中,个人往往会不自觉地与别人保持相当距离,以保持其心理上的安全感受。

美国人类学教授爱德华·T·霍尔博士认为,在人际交往中存在四种空间距离:亲密距离(0~45cm,适合于夫妻关系及情侣之间)、个人距离(45~120cm,存在于朋友、熟人、亲戚之间)、社交距离(120~360cm,多用于洽谈业务和接待陌生客人时)和公共距离(360cm~750cm,多用于非正式的聚会。

) 从这四种分法可以看出,人类在不同的活动范围中因关系的亲密程度而有着或保持不同的空间距离,关系越远,亲密程度越小,并且这个空间距离的大小还会受到文化背景、环境、行业、个性等的影响。

一般说来,西方文化注重个人隐私,而中国人则不太讲究个人空间。

多数英语国家的人在交谈时不喜欢离得太近,总要保持一定的距离。

跨文化交际之肢体语言 (2)

跨文化交际之肢体语言 (2)
第三十页,共46页。
奥尔特曼:
主要领地(primary territory)。指明确的个人独享领地和日 常生活活动的中心,受到精心的保护和防范。 住房、卧室。
次要领地(secondary territory)。指临时享有的物品。电 视机、餐具、杂志等。
公共领地(public territory)。 指任何人都可享有的临时领地。
第十六页,共46页。
Head gesture 头部动作
头部是人体的最高部位,它被视为人的生命力的中心,也 被视为人体中最神圣的部位。头部动作(head gesture)在交
往中起着极其重要的作用。
第十七页,共46页。
人类学家Charles Darwin(1809-1882)认为,点头和摇头都是模
时间语(time language)是用时间表达出的信息符号。 它研究的是人们对准时、及时、延时,时间的早、晚、长、 短,过去、现在、将来等概念的理解。
第四十页,共46页。
美国人对时间 本身的价值是极为重视的。他们将时间比做一个 看得见、摸得着的商品,时间就是金钱,既能买进又能售出,因
此在英语中它经常和下列动词连用: buy(买);sell(卖); save(节省);spend(花费);waste(浪费);lose(失 去);divide(分开);make up(补偿);measure(计量)
A good fence makes a good neighbor.
好篱笆才有好邻 居.
第三十五页,共46页。Fra bibliotekSilence 沉默
沉默(silence)在人类的交往中也是传播信息的一种非言语
语言。在不同的文化里,人们对沉默的运用是有差异的。
第三十六页,共46页。
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跨文化交际中的肢体语言
跨文化交际中的肢体语言来源:英语毕业论文/ 肢体语言是人类进行非语言信息交流的重要手段,其内涵也随着文化环境、生活方式和思维习惯的不同而呈现出一定的差异。

要用外语进行有效的、成功的跨文化交际就必须学习和了解肢体语言在不同民族文化中的交际功能。

肢体语言跨文化交际文化差异肢体语言又称身体语言,是指经身体的各种动作(包括面部表情和身体各部位的动作等)来进行传递信息、交流思想的现象。

作为一种独特的交际方式,肢体语言在人们的交际过程中起着不可替代的作用。

有研究表明,一个人要向外界传达完整的信息,55%的信息都需要肢体语言来传达。

在人际交往中,有的肢体语言非常具体,有的则十分概括;有的旨在交流,有的仅为表达;有的提供感情信息,有的则表现
人物的性格和态度。

肢体语言个人发出,有社会共知含义,并有可能对交际对象产生影响和发生作用。

但是,不同的国家有着不同的文化,肢体语言的内涵也随着文化的不同而呈现出一定的差异。

因此,要用外语进行有效的、成功的交际,就必须对不同文化中的肢体语言所表示的含义有所了解。

体距语的文化差异在人类的人际交往中,个人往往会不自觉地与别人保持相当距离,以保持其心理上的安全感受。

美国人类学教授爱德华·T·霍尔博士认为,在人际交往中存在四种空间距离:亲密距离(0~45cm,适合于夫妻关系及情侣之间)、个人距离(45~120cm,存在于朋友、熟人、亲戚之间)、社交距离(120~360cm,多用于洽谈业务和接待陌生客人时)和公共距离(360cm~750cm,多用于非正式的聚会。

) 从这四种分法可以看出,人类在不同的活动范围中因关系的亲密程度而有着或保持不同的空间距离,关系越远,亲密程度越小,并且这个空间距离的大小还会受到
文化背景、环境、行业、个性等的影响。

一般说来,西方文化注重个人隐私,而中国人则不太讲究个人空间。

多数英语国家的人在交谈时不喜欢离得太近,总要保持一定的距离。

北美人通常认为,左右的间距是人与人交往之间“舒适安逸的距离”。

在人际交往中,如果身体距离超过了个人距离的极限,会让他们觉得是一种侵犯隐私行为,从而感到不愉快。

阿拉伯人则喜欢互相挨得近些、触摸他的伙伴,感受他的体热、甚至通过闻他的气味以示信任、友情和尊重。

而在中国文化中,尤其在同性青年朋友(尤其女性)交往时,人们常常手挽手地并肩而行以示友好和亲昵,这在西方人的眼里是很难理解的。

此可见,在对个人空间要求方面,不同的民族文化有不同的习惯。

同时,西方人崇尚个人自,不喜欢身体之间的接触;中国人则往往喜欢把个人空间扩展为集团或家族的空间。

中国的家人、同学和亲密朋友在公共场合一般都喜欢挤在一起。

英语国家的人却不同,即使是一家
人也不例外。

在餐厅就餐的时候,中国人宁可全家挤坐在一起也不愿意分一部分人到别的餐桌去。

英语国家的人是宁可轮流用餐也不愿挤坐在一起[2]。

在英语国家里,一般的朋友和熟人之间交谈时,避免身体任何部位与对方接触。

而在中国,人们常常通过轻轻触摸来表示亲近。

比如中国人往往喜欢摸摸、拍拍、或是亲亲小孩,这样往往很容易引起外国友人的尴尬和反感。

以上这些都说明不同文化背景的人对空间的运用和安排都有着各自的固定模式,从而构成无数的文化差异。

因此,在进行跨文化交际的时候,我们需要了解和尊重不同民族对于人际空间的要求,从而避免误会和争执,有助于不同文化、国家的人民之间更好地交流和交际活动的顺利实现。

表情语的文化差异表情语是指通过眼、嘴、面部肌肉等变化而显现脸部的情感体验,通常包括于面部表情和眼部动作。

面部表情是形体动作语中最能表现人情绪的非言语行为,曾有国外心理学家写过
一个公式:交际双方的相互理解=语调(38%)+表情(55%)+语音(7%)。

可见面部表情在交际中的重要性[1]。

面部表情一般是内心情绪的真实流露,往往与人的心理活动相一致,是随意的、自发的。

人的喜、怒、哀、恶、惧、欲等情感都会通过各种信号和行为在脸上表露无遗。

但在不同文化又有不同的显露规则。

以笑为例。

中国人的笑有许多种,如微笑、抿嘴笑、苦笑、皮笑肉不笑等。

不同的笑有不同的含义,这让外国人有些很难弄懂。

而有些民族在贵客来到时,会以笑脸相迎来表现欢迎的态度,但是美国的印地安族却大哭来迎接客人的到来。

还有些面部动作在不同的文化中也代表不同的意思。

如咂嘴唇在中国文化中,表示有滋有味;在英国文化中,表没有滋味;在许多地中海国家,则是过分夸大痛苦和悲哀标志。

在面部语中,也存在同种动作传递不同信息的现象。

比如中西方都有以手捂嘴这个动作,但中国人是为了说悄悄话或者防止唾沫外溅,而英
美人则为了掩饰说谎。

所以同英美人接触时,最好不要做这个动作,以免造成负面影响。

表情语的另一个重要表现手段是目光接触。

俗语说,“眼睛是心灵的窗户”。

眼睛是透露人的内心世界的最有效的途径,人的一切情绪、情感和态度的变化,都可从眼睛里显示出来。

但是,说话人和听话人之间的目光接触的程度因文化的差异而又显得有所区别。

如有教养的英国男子认为直接凝视与之交往的人的眼睛是一种绅士风度;波多黎各文化认为,好姑娘不看成人的眼睛这种行为是尊敬和听话的表现;法国人则特别欣赏一种鉴赏似的注视,这种眼光看人是就传达了一种非语言信号:虽然我不认识你,但我从内心底欣赏你的美。

同时,英美文化要求人们直视别人的眼睛,这是诚实的标志。

但是在中国,人们为了表示礼貌或尊敬往往避免直视对方。

所以这也经常引起西方人的误会,认为中国人眼神飘忽,必定有所欺骗。

而在与西方人的交际中,盯着对方看或看得过久也是不合
适的。

中国人有时会出于好奇、惊讶而目不转睛地看某人或者某事,而英美人则认为这种目光使人发窘从而引起尴尬。

身势语的文化差异身势语借助手、脚、身体等表达思想,主要包括首语、臂部语、腿部语和手势语。

在人们的交际过程中,人与人之间所沟通的信息除了以言语为媒介外,还可以通过身体的动作为媒介来充分地表达人的思维、情感和心理反应。

可以说,身势语的信息传递同言语信息的传递一样,也是一个信息发出者编码到信息接收者解码的过程,浸透着双方人体语言系统知识和文化因素。

因此,要用外语进行有效的、成功的交际,就必须对不同文化中的手势、动作、举止等所表示的含义有所了解。

首先,要着重理解不同的手势在不同文化中的特殊含义。

手势语是肢体语言的核心。

可以说,手势语是最为丰富生动的肢体语言,不同的手部动作具有不同的行为代码和文化含义。

如中国人竖起拇指表示赞扬,伸出小指表示“差,坏”;美国人将拇指朝上表示要求搭
便车,将拇指朝下则表示“坏”;日本人伸出小指表示“情人”。

又如,在太阳穴处用食指划圈这一动作,中国人认为这是在动脑子,英美人则以此表示某人简直疯了或者太奇怪了。

在美国,男人之间的握手是很用力的。

俄罗斯人认为两人隔着一道门或跨着门槛握手是不吉利的。

在阿拉伯国家,伸左手与人相握,是无礼的表现。

而中国人的握手则没有什么忌讳。

其次,同一种身势语所承载的交际功能会随着文化的改变而改变。

如有些文化认为,点头表示肯定,摇头表示否定。

但在保加利亚、土耳其、伊朗和印度的部分地区,人们却用摆头(即头部呈弧形,从一侧移到另一侧,像钟摆一样)这个与摇头相似的动作表示肯定。

埃塞俄比亚及其它地区的人却用扭头(即把头猛的转到一侧后复原),这半个摇头的动作表示否定。

英美人常常做出把拇指尖和食指尖对接构成圆形、其余三指自然伸出的手势,这个手势在英美国家一般表示“OK”、“完全可以,好极
了”,但这个手势在在法国南部地区表示”零”、“一文不值”,在很多拉丁美洲国家则被视为是一种不敬的行为。

此外,还有一些身势语只使用于某一特定的地区或群体,具有一定的特殊性。

如当别人为自己倒茶或斟酒时,中国人常常是伸出右手食指及中指轻叩桌面,以示“磕头致谢”之意。

这种动作是中国文化所特有的。

而有些动作只存在于英美文化中。

如英美人习惯于在鼻子尖上捻动一下拳头表示讨好或拍马屁,或者用大拇指顶着鼻尖,其它四指一起摇动表示挑战蔑视等。

小结肢体语言所代表的意义是其在一定的文化背景中经过长时间的相互交往所约定俗成的。

不同的肢体语言在不同的文化中具有不同的含义,具体的肢体语言在各个文化中的理解也不同。

这样的文化差异常常容易导致交往失当甚至使交际完全中断。

因此,英语学习者应了解、熟悉并掌握不同文化背景下各种肢体语言的确切含义,以正确理解对方的意图,避免因误解而产生不必要
的交际障碍,从而促进人们在跨文化交际中互相理解,实现良好的沟通和交流。

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