马克吐温写作风格鉴赏(An Analysis of the Writing Styles of Mark Twain)英文版全文
An Analysis of the Writing Styles of Mark TwainHis colloquial Language and Satire in the Adventures of Huckleberry FinnI. The Background of Mark Twain1.1 Mark Twain and His ExperienceMark Twain, pseudorym of Samuel langhone Clemens, was brought up in the town of Hannibal, Missouri, near the Mississippi River. He was twelve when his father diod and he had to leave school. He was successively a printer’s apprentice, a tramp printer, a silver miner, a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi, and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California. This knocking about gave him a wide knowledge of humanity. As one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experience. His life spanned the two Americas, the frontier America and the emerging urban, industrial giant of the twenty-century.As a witness of the civil war, Twain saw clearly the great changes in nation’s economic development and political life. With the final victory over the South the North once again enjoyed its wielding power in the nation’s administration. Now the acute conflict at home was undermined and the American people again focused their full attention on re-construction after the war. Because most majority of the slaves were emancipated, the slave-based economy of the defeated South had its prosperity became rootless. In this case, clusters of groundless southern poor whites and the newly freed slaves headed directly of indirectly for the new-liberated cities to seek opportunities. It may be called the ‘Gold Rush’ rejuvenated, or rather, it was so-called the ‘American Dream’ by some critics. Twain also could not help rushing to the west to will his American dream. He once believed the idea of development and industrialization since it would modernize the young country and encourage the enterprising spirit of the American who had long been famous for it. He was firmly enthralled by such fever, so once again he held an optimistic attitude towards the post-westward expansion. He drew much inspiration from the unparalleled and magnificent event and spoke highly of its decision-makers and its people.1.2 The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe best work that Mark Twain ever produced is, as we noted earlier on, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, with its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of ‘some simplicity, some innocence, and some peace.’ The story takes place along the Mississippi River, on both sides of which there was unpopulated wilderness and a dense forest. It relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with him and helping him as best he could, changes his mind, his prejudice about black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well.At the heart of Twain’s achievement is his creation of Huck Finn, who embodies that mythic America, midway between the wilderness and the modern super state.1.3 A General Introduction to the MississippiThe Mississippi is not only Mark Twain’s life stage but also American society’s stage. It flows through the middle of America; it’s one of the greatest rivers in the world. In Twain’s early years, the geographic core was the great valley of the Mississippi River, and the Mississippi is the main ar tery of transportation on the young nation’s heart. In 1857, young Mark Twain entered thatworld as a cub pilot on a steamboat. Later, when he wented to write something, this land provided him with many plentiful writing materials.II. Analyzing Two Writing Styles of Mark Twain (in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) Mark Twain was the first important writer to consistently use the American speech rather than England’s English. His honor, whether it was aimed at pure entertainment or at social satire, was irresistible. His realism, and details influenced many later American novelists. That was why Ernest Hemingway once said “all modern American literatures came from one book written by Mark Twain called The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” And it became Twain’s masterpiece. Mark Twain’s three years’ life on that returned to the Mississippi left such a fond memory with him that returned to the theme more than once in his writing career. Huckleberry Finn is a veritable recreation of living models, and is H uck’s book, not Jim’s. The two major characters, Huck and Jim, represent the two sides of the dilemma: Huck strikes out for an absolute freedom, while Jim requires, in order to gain his own freedom, that Huck qualify his freedom by entering into the pursui t of Jim’s. It starts out as a comedy , an ‘As You Like It’ with a hero drawn from the bottom of society rather than the top. Huck and his father, Jim, the swindlers(the Duke and the Dauphin), colonel sherburn and the drunkard Boggy-all these characters prototypes in real life. The portrayal of individual incidents and characters achieved intense verisimilitude of detail. Serious problems are being discussed through the narration of a little illiterate boy. The fact that the wilderness juxtaposed with civilization, the people half wild and half civilized, many of whom are worse, vulgar, are brutal. As for the style of the book, the form is based on the simplest of all novel-forms, the so-called picaresque novel, or novel of the road, which strings its incidents on the line of the hero’s travels. But, in this novel, rivers are roads that move, and the movement of the road in its own mysterious life transmutes the primitive simplicity of the from: the road itself is the greatest character in this novel of the r oad, and the hero’s departures from the river and his returns to it compose a subtle and significant pattern. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn shows us the major achievements of his art: the masterful use of dialects; humor and pathos, innocence and evil. This novel demonstrates his ability to capture the enduring, archetypal, mythic images of America and to create the most memorable characters in all of American fiction.2.1 Use of Colloquial LanguageThe book is written in a colloquial style, in the general standard speech of uneducated Americans. Moreover, the prose of Huckleberry Finn established the prose virtues of American colloquial speech. It has something to do with ease and freedom in the use of language. Most of all, it has to do with the structure of the sentence, which is simple, direct, and fluent, maintaining the rhythm of the word’s group of speech and the intonations of the speaking voice. Mark Twain’s colloquial style has influenced a large number of American writers.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn displays the major achievements of his art: the carefully controlled point of view, with its implicit ironies expressed through the voice of a semiliterate boy: the masterful use of dialects: the felicitous balancing of nostalgic humorist and realism, humor and pathos, innocence and evil, all united for a journey down the Mississippi that serves as the mythic center of the novel. This novel demonstrates his ability to capture the enduring, archetypal, mythic images of America and to create the most memorable characters in all of American fiction.2.1.1 Vernacular LanguageMark Twain wrote in his unpretentious, colloquial, and poetic style. He used vernacular language, dialect with spelling representing pronunciation. Part of this comes from his interest inhumor. The directness of the language is a very influential point in Twain’s style. Ernest Hemingway in the 20th century said that he had learnt his craft from Mark Twain because if the direct speech and the direct narration that Twain was able to achieve. The hoax and tall tale are also part of twain’s style. Hoax is writing something fantastic and pretending that it were true, much like the tall tale. It tolls as if it were true, and so the reader would laugh that any body could believe such preposterous things, the burlesque making fun of establishes ways of writing.Mark Twain said, “I amend dialect stuff by talking and talking it till it sounds right.” He wanted his writing to have the sound of easy-going speech. In Huckleberry Finn the fountainhead of the American colloquial prose, he wrote seven different dialects and each can be distinguished. If the reader is a linguist, he can examine the different pronunciations that Twain has shown. In his own time, dialect writing was considered humorous. People got a big laugh out of reading these misspell words. Another feature of the book, which helps to make it famous is its language. The book is written in the colloquial style in the general standard speech of uneducated Americans.. Mark Twain’s introductory note on accents is an indication of his conscious attempt to achieve accurate detail. “In this book,” he says, “a number of dialects are used, to wit: the Missouri Negro dialect; the extreme forms of the backwoods southwestern d ialect; the ordinary ‘pike country’ dialect; and four modified varieties of this last. The shadings have not been done in a haphazard fashion, or by guesswork; but painstakingly, and with the trustworthy guidance and support of personal familiarity, with t hese several forms of speech.” “Painstaking ” and “not haphazard,” though they possess a humorous ring, denote the conscientious effort on the part of the author, and trustworthiness and familiarity and the author’s awareness of dialects in using which rev eal his attempt to reproduce actual daily speech with a degree of accuracy. A recent and very influential recasting of Huck’s vernacular voice has identified. We may quote a passage from this masterpiece as an illustration:“I took the sack of corn me al and took it to where the canoe was hid, and shoved the vines and branches apart and put it in; then I done the same with the side of bacon; then the whisky-jug. I took all the coffee and sugar there was, and all the ammunition; I took the wadding; I took the bucket and gourd; took a dipper and a tin cup, and my old son and two blankets, and the skillet and the coffee-pot/ I took fish lines and matches and other things- everything that was worth a cent. I cleaned out the place I wanted an ax, but there wa sn’t any, only the one out at woodpile, and I know why I was going to leave that. I fetched out the gun, and now I was done.”The words used here are, perhaps “ammunition” which is etymologically French, mostly Anglo-Saxon in origin, and are short, concrete and direct in effect. Sentence structures are most of them simple or compound, with a series of “then” and “ands” and semi-colons serving as connectives. The repetition of the word “took” and the stringing together of things leave the impression that Mark Twain depend solely on the concrete object and action for the body and movement of his prose. What is more, there is an ungrammatical element, which gives the final finish to his style. The whole book approximates the actual speech habit of an uneducated boy from south American of the mid-nineteenth century.The vernacular language in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn initiated the new style of language in American novels, and has had significant influence upon American writers of later generations.2.1.2 Local ColorLocal color as a trend first made its presence in the late 1860s and early seventies. The vogue oflocal color fiction was, the logical combination of a long, progressive development. It was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that been gathering energy since early nineteenth century. Twain refers to the elements, which characterize a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and also a particular place. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to identify and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Twain depicted social life through descriptions of local places and people he knew best and believed that “the most valuable capital, or culture, or education usable in the building of novels is personal experience.” Yet, sometimes Twain wrote a sentimental story, not because he was sentimental, but because he wanted to show the reader how stupid such a story really was. The reader has to be very careful when he or she reads Mark Twain. Twain often played trick on the reader. He often said things when he meant just the opposite. This is the irony that he got the humor from the Far West. He would do things that he did just to make fun , but the reader might think that he really meant it. Then the reader was the tender-foot who taken in .Mark twain preferred to respect social life through portraits of local places which he knew best and drew heavily from his own rich fund of knowledge of people and places. The Adventures of huckleberry Finn is one such example. Finn is living breathing personality. It is through his use of language and his activities that Twain creates character and sets down objective truth: Finn is uneducated; he dislikes civilized ways because they are restrictive and hypocritical he likes. Meanwhile, local color mixed romantic plots with realistic descriptions of things which were readily observed, with the customs , dialects, sights, smell and sounds of regional America. After the Civil war, local color had further developed, In this book, this kind of literature mainly describes the local life, the keynote was optimistic, and the language was narrative humorous. The char acters he created were humorous and full of wittiness. Mark Twin’s work was regarded the witness of America’s pure local life. According to Calkins, “Few American writers have written the same after reading telling.” From my point of view, American literat ure is so charming for this kind of works.Local color became dominate in American Literature(1860-1870). One of the most important writing features of Mark Twain is the use of Local colorism. It is also impossible in the Mississippi River towns through which Huck and Jim journey to imagine being a hero .This in turn makes Sherborn a cold-blooded killer and Huck a saint (and Tom a good). Let me repeat it as a saint，however, Huck is no more bent on social reform, no more optimistic about it, than is sherburn. So local colorism is a variation of American realism, and also a description of a small refined region. Twain, breaking out of the narrow limits of local-color fiction, described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since, and he created The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a masterpiece of American realism that proverbs to be one of the great books of world literature.2.1.3 PunIn English paronomasia called pun, means call by a different name. The exact definition is: Humorous use of word to suggest different meanings, or of words of same or similar sound has different meanings. There are five forms of pun: homophonic pun, paranomasic, antalaclasis, sylletic pun, asteismus. In a certain context, pun has several pragmatic functions. Throughout all of Twain’s writing, we see the conflict between the ideals of Americans and their desire for money. But Twain never tried to solve the conflict. He is like a newspaperman who reports what he sees.In this situation, his humor was often rather childish. This may bespeak why the critic P. Abel said:” Twain was a boy and an old man, but never was he a man.”In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we can find many words and phrases that were used vividly to describe the things that happened, such as ‘I went along slow then, and I wasn’t right down certain whether I was glad I started or whether I wasn’t. This sentence is very interesting; pun is used to express the author’s mood at that moment. We can also use another kind of language to replace the original, but the effect is so different. So we can conclude that pun played an important role in this novel.2.2 Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnSatire is a way of criticizing people or ideas in a humorous way to show that they have faults or are wrong, or a piece of writing or play, which uses this style. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain shows satire on southern culture before the civil war, when the Mississippi valley was still being settled. Twain blended two different subjects, the experience of westward expansion and the experience of southern slavery. And he wrote about both regains of the country. His attitudes toward the south were much less pleasant than his attitudes toward the west, because he confronted the south problem of slave of mistreatment of humans by humans. Through the change of the white boy Huck’s attitude toward Jim, a runaway black slave, Twain condemned racial discrimination. Twain made fun of typical American values, yet underneath he felt a brooding pessimism not only about American valuable but also about life itself. It was a dreadful thing to see Human beings be awful cruel to one another. Due to Twain’s own experience, satire is successfully used in this novel. There’s one sign ificant scene which should be remembered, Huck Finn witnesses many instances of cruelty, brutality and hypocrisy in the township along the river Here are four points about his satire in this novel.2.2.1 VanityVanity in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has a perfect embodiment. Twain viewed the poor whites and showed the reader how these no-count whites thought they were better than black slaves. Many share-coppers just able to make enough money to live for these sorts of illusions. Vanity was the only thing that kept them above the slaves. Their standard of living in many cases was beneath that of slaves. The only thing that made them feel good about themselves was that they were white. And Twain made the reader laugh at the ludicrous idea that they were held. For Huck Finn, the journey on the raft with Jim was a voyage of moral discovery. At the early stage, Huck Finn looks upon Jim as a Negro slave with a common attitude. However, as they progress down the river, he changes his mind and no longer has prejudice against black people. He gradually comes to see Jim as a human being and begins to accept him as his friend. Yet Huck Finn never fully succeeds in breaking free from the prevailing attitude towards Negroes. As for this part, it’s a large contra st to the other people. Huck Finn rebels against the atrocious king and duke. He is disgusted with their trifling with human beings. It is because that Huck Finn is such a good and noble person that his moral dilemma in helping a Negro slave to escape constitutes a profound condemnation of the way of life and moral values of American south. His conscience has been formed by the morality of St. Petersburg and he never quite succeeds in freeing himself from that society’s corrupt standards. Huck Finn’s formed conscience is the measure of the moral corruption of the community that shaped. So he sinks into an inner struggle. He becomes increasingly caught between his friendship with Jim and the common social standards. Compare with others, Huck Finn’s goodness i s always unconscious and spontaneous, arising out of thedeepest recesses of his nature. He abuse cares about the welfare of others and cannot bear to see anyone suffer. He shows sympathy for the nicest of Peter Wilks and saves money for them. So the opposite character embodies vanity has come into the stage. However, humor could no more be found in Twain’s biter works. On the contrary, it was replaced by bitter satire, and vanity is an embodiment of Twain’s satire.2.2.2 Unquestioning Acceptance of ViolenceThe second object of satire is the genteel upper-class southerner. The genteel upper-class southerners don’t understand themselves, either. They lived a aristocratic life. In the novel, Granger fords are violent and hateful toward other people. Out of senseless perversion of a code of “honor”, they are involved in a feud, one that has been going on for generations with the shepherd sons. Its cause has been forgotten. Every Sunday, the shepherd sons and the Grange fords go to the same church. The shepherd sons sit on one side of their guns against the wall. And they listen to the preacher talk about brotherly love. When the sermon is over, they pick up their guns and they keep an eye on each other as they walk out the door so they will not get shot in the back. The satire is merciless, not only because these people are violent, but because they accept their violence as right. No one wants to reform. Huck keeps asking “Why?” It is just the way life is. This unquestioning acceptance of violence is the reason why Twain condemned southern society. The destruction and tyranny of Huck Finn’s father are other reasons for his escaping and desiring to be free. Huck Finn’s father is a part of that society with Huck Finn’s wishes. In contract to Miss Watson’s hypocr isy, his father presents the brutality and severity of civilization that threaten to destroy Huck Finn. His father believes that money and education are all the things of that time. Huck didn’t accept the violence from his father. Huck Finn’s freedom is mo dified by the presence of his father’s actions. Living in the woods, his father beats him quite frequently and sometimes leaves him locked up in the cabin for a long time. Once when his father returns from town, he is so drunk that he almost kills him. Huck Finn is mature enough to recognize the danger and only when he becomes convinced that his father represents immediate threat to his life does he decide to escape. Throughout his life plans to escape Huck Finn is more concerned for his life than anything else and prefers simply to disappear and begin a new life. Huck Finn’s desire to be free, at it’s deepest levels, and explores the possibility of an individual achieving true freedom in society. He is constantly forced to flee from a civilized society in order to preserve his sense of integrity and identity. It’s only when he is on the river in the group with Jim that flees secure and nature. Having escaped from the feud, he remarks that there is no home like raft and other places seem to be cramped up and smothery but a raft is. And he feels free and easy and comfortable very much on a raft. It is striking that whenever, Huck Finn comes into contact with the people along the river he is forced to assume a false identity. His initial escapes from his own cruel father and the society of St. Perterburry forces him to feign his own death. Brian Donnelly argues that Huck Finn’s true life could only be achieved by dying in the eyes of the people and by escaping down the Mississippi River. This is the way that Huck chose to the problem: violence.2.2.3 CowardThe violence on which southern culture rests is a pretence or illusion to disguise the basic cowardliness of the people and their refusal to act as individuals. Twain felt it even more deeply. People are vi olent, in Twain’s view, because they are cowards. Things are all mixed up in southern society, in any society, based on violence. It is a society without a leader. Twain’s attack on these people is bitter. In the middle part of this novel, the king and the duke were seriously evil; indeed,the long wilks episode is not funny. Had a lawyer Levi Bell, a precursor of Puddn’s head Wilson, not intervened, the outcome would have been dark in the measure of sherburn; in sherburn’s world there are no good people to be ruined. In Wilkses’ world, however, the good people are so powerless as the coward in Brecksville. The hopeless lambs offer no hope of betterment; they only measure its absence. Huck and Jim had left St. Petersburg with high hopes of freedom that are badly set back at cairo. The Willks episode ends in the utter defeat of these hopes. There seems to be no way to escape the duke and the king, the rest we have already discussed. Jim’s captivity is paralleled by Huck’s in thrall to Tom. It is on the very ve rge of the collapse of all possibility of freedom that Huck places his highest bid for it. Indeed, Jim has already been recaptures when Huck finds himself at last making the decision Twain had not been able to make at Cairo: “It was a close place,” he realizes, “I was a trembling, because I’d got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knew it. I study a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself:’ All right, then, I’ll go to hell.’” Let us say the obvious: Twain has chosen the route of social engagement when it’s too late in the story to take it. Huck has decided when he is willing to go to hell, but the harder decision was whether to go to Ohio. All in all, Huck is not a coward, those people who want to use violence to attack others can be called coward. During that years, the whole American society upheavaled strongly, and this novel deeply depicted the experience of this kind of person, under Mark Twain’s writing, coward is so vivid to embody the features of that age. We can pay more attention on sherburn, a merchant and a military man, a double pillar of society—but in a society that does not deserve to be supported. On the contrary, it merits being brought crashing down, for all the reasons Huck has been exposing through the incidents of his journey. This is not a deformable society; one can only curse it and leave. Sherburn curse it and stays, and Twain finds himself approving the cursing and not knowing what to think of the staying. Does he see something of his own situation in Sherburn furious isolation among idiots and knaves? Sherburn, moreover, is not merely an inhabitant of society; as storekeeper and military man, he is presuming ably one of those who shape it. In Huck, Twain depicts on the contrary someone who has no power at all. Homeless and no money soon became an orphan. The real questions were not whether he will leave society but whether he will enter it and to what end? From his onto logical distance, Huck looks at the world of men with natural detachment. At his most critical he feels “ashamed of the human race”. Instead, sherburn sets about shaming the damned human race, hating its inescapable presence. The murder of Boggs, who is the lowest representation of humanity in sherburn’s eyes, expresses that hatred: he tells Boggs to be gone, but Boggs stays and sherburn can’t stand his presence another moment. What sherburn cannot do is himself leave, so as to be, like Huck, peacefully and even compassionately ashamed of the human race—away from it.2.2.4 SlaveAfter reading this novel, this book has been brought to my attention by a surprising assortment of people: blacks and whites. At that time, blacks played a role of slave. The common element in this encounter has not been the kind of people making statements, nor shared opinions or political perspectives, nor even their assessments of the article. Rather, they have been united by a virtually uniform structure in their narratives, suggesting an odd sort of sub-genre. Sometimes these persons report their own experience of reading the essay, and sometimes they describe the experience of one of their students. The reader likes the essay but feels troubled about this, not knowing whether the author is black. Uneducated black slave named Jim, the book relates thestory of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with him and helping him as best as he could, changes his mind, his prejudice about black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well. Meanwhile, Jim is very kindhearted. All of Huck’s virtues come from his good heart and his sense of humanity, for most of the things he was taught turned out to be wrong; for example, he was taught that slavery was good and right, and that runaway slaves should be reported, so what Huck has got to do is to cut through social prejudices and social discriminations to find truth for himself. Huck starts by believing that blacks are by nature lower than whites-inferior animals of sorts in fact. Through their escape down the river, he gets to know Jim better and becomes more and more convinced that he is not only a man, but also a good man. Thus he ends up by accepting him not merely as a human being but also as a loyal friend.2.3 A Combination of Colloquial Language and SatireTo sum up, fundamentally, Twain is a great American writer. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an outstanding novel; one of the most successful writing styles is a combination of colloquial language and satire. In fact, most of Twai n’s works are the combination of both colloquial language and satire, but The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was a case in point. On the other hand, it is his masterpiece as a humorist while the novel also can be eyed as a satire on sentimentality and Romanticism on the other. We have ever seen colloquial language and satire in some works, but no one’s writing is so appropriate like Twain’s. It displays American culture out of the ordinary and the attitude toward the entire society. In this book, the author use the first character to narrate, meanwhile colloquial language as the main writing language has come into the stage, in order to have the effect on vivid writing, satire is come out. In this situation, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn displays the major achievements of his art: writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.Ⅲ. The Significance of Mark Twain’s Writing StylesColloquial language and satire are so important in this novel. This image of the quintessential American writing is not really literary goes along with a vision of the great American novel but as a sort of spontaneous telling of unmediated experience. In the same passage Hemingway explains that he has never been able to read Thoreau for being unable to read literary naturalists, only those who are extremely accurate. There aren’t nothing more to write about, and I am rotten glad of it, remarks Huck at the end of his story. The heart of Twain’s achievement is his cre ation of Huck Finn, who embodies that mythic America, midway between the wilderness and the modern super state. That was why Ernest Hemingway once said “all modern American literatures came from one book written by Mark Twain called The Adventures of Huckl eberry Finn.” And it became Twain’s masterpiece. In short, neither enlightenment nor retrospection elevates the style or the philosophy of Huckleberry Finn’s narrator into the high culture that has placed the work itself at its pinnacle. Ⅴ. ConclusionAs one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experience. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Twain’s best book because, for whate ver reasons, he brought together in it, with the highest degree of artistic balance, those most fundamental dualities running through his work and life from start to finish. Most of all it has to do with the structure of the sentence, which is simple, dire ct, and fluent, maintaining the rhythm of the word’s group of speech and the intonations of the speaking voice. Mark Twain’s colloquial style has influenced a。
外国文学欣赏马克吐温作品赏析
吉姆的形象
吉姆还是一个具有人的正常情感的富有“人性”的人。 在南北战争爆发之前，实行蓄奴制的南方社会特别是 上层社会是不把奴隶当“人”看的，只是当作可以驱 使的毫无情感的活的工具。小说真则有意识的表现了 吉姆对妻子女儿的深深思念。
他更是一个富有同情心和牺牲精神的人。在大河上漂 流时，他处处照顾哈克，尽可能不让孩子受惊受苦； 当汤姆中弹受伤时，他不顾自己的安危，留在危险区 域协助医生救护孩子。
T•S•艾略特说他在英美开创了新文风，是“英 语的新发现”。肖伯纳认为他是英语的语言大 师。
福克纳也说：“我认为，马克·吐温是第一个真 正的美国作家。我们大家都是他的继承人。我 们都是他的胄裔。”
至今，在美国，用方言土语叙述故事已成为一 个主要的文学传统。
。
谋生
马克·吐温很不善于利用他那几百万美元的稿酬。他办了一个
出版社，1周之内就亏了两万美元。他买了一部根本无用的蒸汽发
电机的专利。以后又把更多的钱花在试制印刷机方面，但制造出
来的印刷机，只能印刷“马克·吐温”几个字。有一天，他碰到了
贝尔，贝尔劝他参加投资研制电话机这一新发明。马克·吐温以为
贝尔也许神经失常了，人怎么能通过电线谈话呢？！假如当时马
3、人物塑造
哈克的形象：哈克是美国“文明社会”的小 叛逆者。他天真、纯朴、善良、正直。
①他厌恶“文明社会”规范，向往自由自在 的社会。
“道格拉斯寡妇拿我当她的儿子，说是要给 我受点教化，可是那寡妇一举一动都很讲究 规矩和体面，实在太闷气。在她家里过日子 真是一天到晚活受罪，所以在我实在受不了 的时候就偷着溜掉了。我又穿上我那身破烂 衣服，钻到我那空糖桶里去呆着，这才觉得 自由自在，心满意足。”
哈克的意义
哈克是一个现代流浪儿典型。哈克在密 西西比河上流浪，他是一个现代流浪儿， 和传统流浪汉不同的是，他的旅行冒险 不是为了追求物质利益，而是为了追求 自由，表现出文明的倾向。他不愿做虚 伪的“文明人”，宁愿下地狱。他帮助 黑奴隶吉姆逃跑，反对种族歧视。
浅谈马克吐温作品中的美国式幽默
浅谈马克吐温作品中的美国式幽默马克吐温，这位独特的美国作家，以其独特的幽默风格而闻名于世。
他的作品中充满了美国式幽默，让读者在欢笑中领略到了美国的独特文化。
本文将通过分析马克吐温作品中的美国式幽默，带领大家深入了解这种幽默风格的内涵与表现。
马克吐温作品中的美国式幽默表现在许多方面，其中最为突出的是他独特的讽刺手法。
他常常通过夸大、夸张、巧妙的语言技巧来展示人性的种种缺陷，从而让读者在欢笑中认识到社会的种种问题。
例如，在《百万富翁》中，马克吐温通过一个突然变得富有的穷人的故事，揭示了金钱、权力对人的异化，以及社会中人与人之间的冷漠与虚伪。
马克吐温作品中的美国式幽默还体现在他善于捕捉和描绘细节上。
他的作品中充满了生动、形象的描绘，让读者仿佛置身于故事中。
例如，在《淘金热》中，马克吐温生动地描绘了人们疯狂淘金的状态，以及因此引发的种种社会乱象。
这些细致入微的描述不仅令人捧腹大笑，同时也暴露了人性的贪婪和盲目。
马克吐温作品中的美国式幽默既是一种独特的文学风格，也是一种深刻的社会批判。
他通过幽默的方式揭示了人性的弱点和社会的种种问题，让读者在欢笑中反思自己的生活和价值观念。
这种幽默风格也成为了马克吐温作品中最具魅力和最值得我们品味的地方。
通过马克吐温的作品，我们也能更深入地了解美国的文学和文化，以及隐藏在这种幽默背后的美国式价值观。
马克吐温，这位著名作家、演讲家和，以其独特的讽刺和幽默风格而闻名于世。
在本文中，我们将从马克吐温的几篇作品入手，探讨他在讽刺和幽默方面的表现。
在马克吐温的代表作品中，《百万英镑》和《镀金时代》以其轻松的幽默吸引了无数读者。
让我们以《百万英镑》中的一段经典段落为例：亨利·亚当斯，一位普通的美国年轻人，因为偶然的机会被卷入了一场英国贵族的无聊赌局。
他被赠予了一张价值百万英镑的支票。
支票的持有者是一对富有的兄弟，他们为了解决一个争论，想看看一个普通人如何应对这种突如其来的巨大财富。
从《哈克贝利费恩历险记》看马克吐温的写作风格 Analysis of the Writing Styles of Mark Twain in the Ad
从《哈克贝利费恩历险记》看马克吐温的写作风格Analysis of the Writing Styles of Mark Twain in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn从《哈克贝利??费恩历险记》看马克??吐温的写作风格Analysis of the Writing Styles of Mark Twainin the Adventures of Huckleberry FinnAbstractMark Twain, father of modern American literature, is an outstanding representative of American writers of realism in the nineteenth century. He is both a master of humor and a great novelist and establishes a new milestone for America and the world in the field of literature. As the masterpiece of Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn marks the cli of Twain’s literary creativity. Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.” For more than one century, this novel has been listed in the canon of great novels. Works and articles of criticism on this novel have been numerous.On the textual analysis of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, this paper is intended to study the writing Styles of Mark Twain. In this novel, one of the most successful writing styles is a combination of colloquial language and satire. At the same time, the novel is also noted for itsunpretentious, poetic style, wide-ranging humor, and its universally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom. All these writing styles have been analyzed in this paper.Key Words：Mark Twain; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; the writing styles内容摘要马克??吐温（1835―1910）是美国十九世纪伟大的作家，也是美国现实主义文学的杰出代表。
试析马克_吐温小说的艺术风格(三稿) (1)
试析马克·吐温小说的艺术风格【摘要】：马克〃吐温的作品富有鲜明的美国特色，采取幽默、戏谑乃至荒诞的手法，塑造了众多的形象。
由于他对社会生活中的种种弊端和罪行做了辛酸的嘲讽和抨击，因而堪称“黑色幽默”。
【关键词】：马克〃吐温；密西西比；荒诞；悲观；绝望马克·吐温，原名塞缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯，1835年11月30日出生于美国密苏里州门罗县的佛罗里达村，四岁时，马克·吐温随全家搬至密西西比河畔的小镇汉尼拔。
十二岁时，父亲去世，马克·吐温开始独立谋生，做过印刷工学徒，后来又当过排字工人。
1857年学习领港技术，1859年正式成为宾夕法尼亚号快艇上的领港员。
南北战争爆发后，淘过金、当过筛沙工，1862年成为弗吉尼亚市《企业报》唯一的一名记者，并以马克·吐温为笔名走上了文学创作之路。
他的创作具有浓郁的地域特色，并在不同时期的作品中体现出来。
早期创作，如短篇小说《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》（1865）、《竞选州长》（1870）等，以幽默、诙谐的笔法嘲笑美国“民主选举”的荒谬和“民主天堂”的本质；中期作品，如《汤姆·索亚历险记》（1876）等，对美国社会的庸俗风气和崇尚迷信的宗教信仰及沉闷腐朽的学校教育进行了无情的揭露和批判；而晚期作品，如《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》（1900）等，批判揭露意义逐渐减弱，而绝望情绪有所增强。
一、独特的密西西比风格由于长期生活在密西西比河畔，马克·吐温的作品及其幽默都具有浓烈的密西西比地域文化特点：大量使用地方方言和俚语，语言生动形象、朴实无华。
如《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》：跳蛙的故事本来在美国西部民间广为流传，而马克·吐温将其用轻松幽默的语言表现出来，格外引人发笑。
故事讲述的是在卡拉维拉斯县有个叫吉姆的人，专爱跟人打赌，并把打赌当成生活中的最大乐趣：“……他是你从来没见过的最古怪的人，总是找到一点什么事就来打赌，如果他能找到什么人跟他对赌的话；要是他办不到，他情愿换个个儿。
从马克·吐温的代表作中浅谈其写作特色
《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》在创作主题上有着质的不同。虽说前 者是后者的姐妹篇,但它有着自己鲜明的主题——反对蓄奴制,赞美为 自由而斗争。小说通过哈克与吉姆深厚友谊的描写,旨在阐明为自由而 斗争,并不单是黑奴的事,也是一切被压迫人民共同的目标。
《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》既是一部成功的现实主义小说,也是一 部出色的儿童小说。它主题深刻,不回避社会的阴暗面,如它描写了罗 宾逊医生被谋杀、强盗船船沉人亡等血腥场面。小说在人物刻画上也 是十分成功的。哈克与汤姆完全不同:汤姆是个传统意义上的天真、活 泼、顽皮但可爱的孩子,可是哈克则是一个全新的形象,他很少有传统 的浪漫色彩,身上总是脏兮兮的,几乎没有什么文化,不受文明社会的 束缚,说话直来直去,满口脏话,但做事精明,注重实际。如果说汤姆是 一个不切实际的浪漫主义者,那么哈克却是一个精明的现实主义者。 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》的成功之处在于作者把现实主义的真实描 写与浪漫主义的抒情幻想巧妙地结合在一起,把细微的儿童心理分析、 诙谐的讽刺和犀利的政论有机地结合并统一起来,使艺术与说理的结 合达到了完美的境地。在叙事手法上,小说采用的是第一人称,通过 “我(哈克)”来讲述故事,给人亲切感;同时,他在讲述故事时巧妙地 运用大量方言口语和成语,给人耳目一新的感觉,对美国文学语言的发 展做出了巨大的贡献,为美国小说的语言带来意义深远的变化,奠定了 美国文学口语化风格的基础。它文笔清新,不事雕琢,词汇和句法简单 朴素,语言直接、准确、简明,颇有浑然天成的意味;长句极其少见,句
从马克·吐温的代表作中浅谈其写作特色
摘要
马克·吐温是美国批判现实主义文学的奠基人,被誉为“美国文学 中的林肯”。他以其才智、幽默与追求真理的敏锐目光探索着美利坚的 灵魂,他两部描写少年历险故事的著作《汤姆·索耶历险记》和《哈克贝 利·费恩历险记》成为脍炙人口的不朽名著,而后者尤为其伟大的代表 作。
对马克·吐温小说语言风格的赏析
对马克·吐温小说语言风格的赏析作者：彭杰来源：《语文建设·下半月》2013年第07期摘要：马克·吐温是美国著名的现实主义作家和幽默的语言大师，一生创作了大量的优秀文学作品。
他的作品总是用最具有真情实感的语言达到一种诙谐幽默的效果，具有强烈的时代性特点，语言风格完美地将浪漫主义和现实主义进行了结合。
本文将从马克·吐温的个人生平开始，选取具有代表性的文学作品对马克·吐温的小说语言风格进行赏析。
关键词：马克·吐温文学作品语言风格马克·吐温是美国十九世纪中后期最为杰出的现实主义作家，凭借其诙谐幽默的语言风格给读者带来了一部又一部捧腹大笑或者机智的文学作品故事，并且在作品中对社会的不公正现实和丧失了的浪漫主义进行了辛辣的讽刺和抨击。
马克·吐温的文学作品真实地对美国下层贫穷的劳苦大众的生活进行了刻画，对美国虚伪的民主，腐朽的道德观念，种族歧视和拜金主义进行了批判，尽显其个人的语言艺术。
一、有关作家马克·吐温个人生平的总体概述文学家马克·吐温于1835年诞生在美国密苏里州的佛罗里达小村，父亲是一位经商的乡村小律师，马克·吐温自幼身体就不好，家庭条件也不富裕，因此接受的正规教育非常有限。
他的父亲于1847年去世，从此他就开始了独立的生活，也注定了年少的马克·吐温很早就体验了劳动人民的辛苦，先后当过工人、海上水手、新闻记者，几乎走遍了美国的大江南北，对各种各样人们的生活都比较熟悉，并且对广大人们群众的贫困生活有着深深的同情。
马克·吐温生活的时代是美国资本主义快速发展和迅速进入垄断的重要历史时期，其本人就亲身经历了南方的蓄奴制度，西部的边疆开拓运动，西部淘金和工业革命等巨大的时代变革。
丰富的生活经历和体验不仅增长了马克·吐温的见识和才干，这也为以后的文学创作积累了丰富的素材。
马克·吐温在文学创作初期，语言显示出一种诙谐幽默的风格，但是并没有什么内涵，伴随着阅历的丰富，他发现仅仅依靠语言的幽默还是不够的，所以在后期的文学创作中融入了对社会批评的内容，并且塑造出了一个个形象饱满、喜闻乐道、栩栩如生的经典人物形象，让读者在开怀大笑的同时也意识到美国现实社会中存在的种种弊病和丑陋现象并加以思考。
英语毕业论文简析马克吐温在汤姆索亚历险记中使用的写作手法 (1)
路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索- 百度文库XX学院本科毕业论文（2008级）姓名：学号：院系：双语学院专业：英语（英日方向）指导教师：二〇一一年六月An Analysis of Mark Twain’s Writing Techniques in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer简析马克吐温在《汤姆索亚历险记》中使用的写作手法姓名：学号：院系：双语学院专业：英语（英日方向）指导教师：吉林华桥外国语学院Jilin HuaQiao Foreign Languages InstituteContentI. Introduction (1)Ⅱ. Mark Twain and The Adventure of Tom Sawyer (1)2.1 Mark Twain’s Life Experience (1)2.2 A Brief Introduction of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (2)Ⅲ. Writing Techniques Reflected in the Work (4)3.1 Humor (4)3.2 Satire (5)3.3 Colloquial Language (6)3.3.1 Local Color (7)3.3.2 Vernacular Language (7)3.4 Figures of Speech (8)3.4.1 Exaggeration (8)3.4.2 Metaphor (9)3.4.3 Transferred epithet (10)3.4.4 Metonymy (10)ⅣConclusion (11)Bibliography (12)AbstractMark Twain, a mastermind of humor and satire, is seen as a giant in world literature. His humor had great impact on the following men of letters. He produced the world famous juvenile work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer which reflected his own life experience. He produced countless successful works loved by people form different countries. Until today, his works are still read by people all over the world. The thesis presents some of the writing features which contributed to his success such as humor, satire colloquial language and various figures of speech and some of the illustrations from the work.The thesis consists of four parts. The first part of the body tells the life experience of Mark Twain and his famous work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. The part following, which is also the theme that is discussed in the thesis, is a detailed analysis to some of the writing techniques such as humor, satire which Mark Twain applied in his work. This part specifically states how he created a vivid and expressive image to his readers with the application of the writing techniques and what kind of effects he achieved through this by some of the examples from Twain’s work. The last part is a conclusion of the achievements and brilliance Mark Twain have got. Mark Twain depicts the real world around him with vivid and animated words which shows his true feelings to the world.Key Words: Mark Twain; Tom Sawyer; writing techniques摘要美国的幽默大师和现实主义作家马克·土温,被看作一位世界文学巨匠。
马克吐温写作风格
马克吐温写作风格马克吐温的写作风格分为三阶段：一：轻松、幽默、愉快。
二：笔锋辛辣讽刺。
三：悲观，带有厌世情绪。
马克·吐温是19世纪后期美国批判现实主义文学的代表，在不同时期，其作品风格迥异，从最初的轻松幽默到尖酸讽刺，最后陷入绝望与强烈。
美国从自由竞争资本主义向帝国主义的转变，加上马克·吐温个人坎坷的人生路程，都对其写作风格的变化造成很大影响。
原名萨缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯，19世纪美国现实主义文学的杰出代表，是美国著名的幽默大师、小说家、作家、亦是著名演说家。
因其创造性地将文学创、将文学语言“国有化”，被誉为“真正的美作“美国化”。
马克·吐温的写作特点广泛，融幽默讽刺于国文学之父”一体，既富有独特的人性思考，又不乏深刻的社会剖析，调侃中带有辛辣的讽刺与悲天悯人的情感。
马克·吐温写作风格的改变：(一)马克·吐温早期作品风格：马克·吐温在内战时期开始他的创作生涯，早期的作品一般为浪漫、幽默、轻快的风格。
1865年他凭借《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》一举成名，赢得了幽默家的称誉。
这部作品讲述了一个赌徒的轶事，形象地展示了当时正处于开发时期的美国西部地区的特殊风情，表现出纯粹的美，作者扮国气质。
1869年马克·吐温发表《傻子出国记》演无知的美国人，嘲笑欧洲的封建残余和宗教愚昧。
从其早期的创作可以看出，这位表面上轻松嬉笑、想象力丰富的幽默作家，其实是一位严肃的社会批评家。
他的幽默所包含的滑稽诙谐以及他常运用的极度夸张的手法，是一种揭露现实的手段，同时又富于生活气息，深受读者喜爱。
在这一时期的作品凸显了马克·吐温作为幽默大师的才能。
抓住社会黑暗的一面加以尖酸地讽刺和批评，尽管它只是一个笑话，语言轻快、幽默，但他写作主题还是相当严肃的。
总之，在吐温的早期作品中，写作风格的基调是轻快、积极向上以及幽默的。
(二)马克·吐温中期作品风格：在马克·吐温创作中期，他作品的写作风格由早期的幽默、乐观到辛辣讽刺再到更为尖酸讽刺。
外国文学欣赏马克吐温作品赏析技术介绍
05 结语
马克吐温作品的价值与意义
1 2
批判现实主义
马克吐温的作品深刻地揭示了社会的不公和弊端， 通过幽默和讽刺的手法，让读者反思现实生活中 的种种问题。
人文关怀
马克吐温的作品关注社会底层人物的生活，揭示 了人性的复杂和多样性，展现了人文关怀的精神。
3
语言艺术
马克吐温的语言幽默风趣、生动有力，他的作品 不仅具有文学价值，同时也为语言艺术的发展做 出了贡献。
THANKS
讽刺官僚主义
马克吐温的作品中对官僚主义的讽刺尤为尖锐，他通过夸张和幽默的手法揭示了官僚主义的荒谬 和腐败。
批判种族歧视
马克吐温的作品中也涉及到了种族歧视的问题，他通过人物塑造和情节安排对种族歧视进行了批 判。
人物塑造与叙事技巧
生动的人物形象
马克吐温的作品中人物形象鲜明，他通过对人物的细致刻 画和塑造使得读者能够深入了解人物的内心世界和性格特 点。
揭示社会不公
马克吐温的作品中经常出现对社会不公的揭示和批判，他通过幽默和讽刺的手 法，揭示了社会中存在的贫富差距、种族歧视、性别歧视等问题。
批判社会不公
马克吐温的作品中经常出现对社会不公的批判，他通过讽刺和幽默的手法，批 判了社会中存在的虚伪、腐败、不公等问题，呼吁人们追求公正和平等。
对人性的深入剖析
语言风格创新
塑造了经典角色
马克吐温的作品以其独特的语言风格 和幽默感，打破了当时文学创作的传 统，为美国文学注入了新的活力。
马克吐温的作品中塑造了许多经典角 色，如汤姆索亚、哈克贝利芬等，这 些角色已经成为美国文学的代表形象。
社会批判意识
他的作品揭示了美国社会的不公和虚 伪，对当时的社会现象进行了深刻的 批判，推动了美国文学的社会意识发 展。
马克吐温的语言特点
马克吐温的语言特点引言马克吐温（Mark Twain），本名塞缪尔·克莱门斯（Samuel Clemens），是美国最具影响力的作家之一，也是美国文学史上最重要的幽默主义作家之一。
他的作品常以通俗易懂的语言和诙谐幽默的风格为特点，深受读者喜爱。
本文将深入探讨马克吐温的语言特点，包括他的简练明了、生动形象、幽默诙谐以及对社会现象的讽刺等方面。
一、简练明了在马克吐温的作品中，简练明了的语言风格是最为突出的特点之一。
他善于用简单明了的语言表达复杂的意思，使读者能够轻松理解故事情节和人物性格。
他不喜欢迂回曲折的表达方式，而是直截了当地传递思想。
例如，在他的代表作《哈克·费恩历险记》中，描述了一个少年的成长历程和对奴隶制度的批判。
他用真实而朴实的语言，让读者深入感受到那个时代的黑暗和社会的不公。
二、生动形象马克吐温的语言生动形象，常常让读者能够看到作品中人物和场景的栩栩如生。
他擅长通过细腻的描写和生动的对话来刻画人物形象。
他的描写方式充满了细节和情感，给人带来强烈的视觉和心理冲击。
例如，在《汤姆·索亚历险记》中，他巧妙地运用对话和描写，呈现出了汤姆·索亚天不怕地不怕的形象，让读者感受到了他的聪明和勇敢。
三、幽默诙谐马克吐温的幽默诙谐风格是他作品中受到广泛赞誉的一大特点。
他以一种诙谐而幽默的方式来讲述故事，常常把人物描绘成幽默搞笑的形象。
他通过夸张和讽刺，让读者开怀大笑。
例如，在《汤姆·索亚历险记》中，他生动地刻画了一个顽皮捣蛋的少年形象，通过他的各种“恶作剧”，让读者捧腹大笑的同时也能体会到他的聪明才智。
3.1 幽默的对话马克吐温擅长创造出让人忍俊不禁的对话，这是他幽默诙谐的一大表现形式。
他的对话经常带有讽刺意味，有时候是人物之间的互相嘲笑，有时候是对社会现象的嘲讽。
这种幽默的对话使得他的作品更加生动有趣，也更容易引起读者的共鸣。
例如，在《大河上下》中，他通过对主人公和其他人物之间的对话，讽刺了那个时代的虚伪和贪婪。