国家统考科目考研英语-764考试卷模拟考试题.docx
考研英语全国研究生入学考试英语真题模拟及答案
考研英语全国研究生入学考试英语真题及答案考研英语全国研究生入学考试英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her newbook Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improvetheir lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of manypubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.”Dare to bedifferent, please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenbergargues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via socialcommunication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: weunconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality ofVermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plantrunning. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since , when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past . In , the state went a step further, requiring that anyextension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happennext. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of anunderground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year againstallowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the agreement is invalid because of the legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left tolose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promisesfrom Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny andacceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Littlereward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy.rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without sufferingmuch in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’spublic-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes frompublic-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute ofCalifornia points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies andmerit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions haverallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit thosewho want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat pay packets haveattracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much biggerproblem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector unionmembership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one fromthe list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the firstmedia machine that serves as the mode of production, meansof distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret warfor two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of productionremains, with a small number of people uploadingmaterial, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining contentto just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneselfof a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn ofthe millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only beginto imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world'smedia culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinianevolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such atheory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless,unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable tosuppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewilderingvariety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.(48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex culturalbehavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies areality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution ofgrammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans areborn with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generativerules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children canlearn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifyingtraits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases thatresult from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between themrepresent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language changethat are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergianuniversality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither ofthese patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lireage-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university.Write them an email in the name of the Students’Unionto1)extend your welcome and provide some suggestions for their campus life here.2)You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “LiMing”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案详解Section I Use of English1．【答案】B【解析】从空后信息能够看出，这句表示的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，因此应该选C, maintain“维持，保持”，其它显然语义不通。
研究生英语模拟题(附答案)
研究生英语模拟题(附答案)Part I Vocabulary(20 points)Section A:Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are our choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet witha single line through the center.1. Furthermore, we did not want to join the legions who conquered their guilt en route to new depths of _______ rottennessA. retrospectiveB. narcissisticC. subjectiveD. prescriptive2. What they were hearing, as it turned out, were the ______ left over from the first explosion, the hissing echoes ofcreation.A. reverberationsB. proprietyC. repercussiveD. imminentness3. When Title 13 of the U.S. Code forbade publication of an individual’s records, a complex series of steps gradually increased ________ protections.A. assuranceB. diffidenceC. confidenceD. confidentiality4. Others came with skills and ________. Many were born in the US to immigrant parents.A. imaginationB. effluenceC. affluenceD. medication5. James Dean, in “Rebel Without a Cause,”is certainly larger than life, but the teenage angst that he ______ the confusion almost all adolescents feel in the journey from childhood to adulthood.A. articulatesB. displacesC. disposesD. discharges6. As we speak of the growing maturity of Su Tung-po’s prose, we say that he has “gradually approached naturalness”-a style that has shed off its youthful love of pomposity, pedantry, _______ and literary show man-ship..A. paymentB. disposalC. fluencyD. virtuosity7. Some found the name “colonial and offensive.”Liew responded, “British-India is about the beauty and ______ of that era.A. enthusiasmB. romanceC. passionD. compassion8. My concerns are not on religious grounds or on the basis of a perceived _______ ethical principle.A. intrinsicB. extrinsicC. extraneousD. irrelevant9. Therefore, the freest possible flow of information, ideas, and opinions, and a greater respect for ______ political and religious convictions will actually breed strength and stability going forward..A. convergentB. acquittalC. divergentD. sanctimonious10. From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very ______ proposition.A. concentrativeB. pathogenicC. lucrativeD. dimensional11. This step is of great significance when viewed in the _____of the progress of the experiment.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive12. When a hurricane is _____, the National WeatherBureau issues a warning.A. immaculateB. impertinentC. immenseD. imminent13. Despite the rescuers’strenuous efforts, hopes of finding the missing climbers are now beginning to _____.A. decreaseB. fadeC. looseD. faint14. Negotiations between the employers and the workers broke down because both sides were too _____.A. ingeniousB. indispensableC. incredibleD. incompatible15. The group of spectators was _____by the police who were at the scene of the accident.A. dispersedB. displacedC. disposedD. discharged16. Before the gases are discharged into the atmosphere they must be _____harmless.A. renderedB. disposedC. handledD. converted17. He _____after the car accident, although at first he wasn’t expected to live.A. pilled upB. pulled offC. pulled overD. pulled through18. But very few fear the slow catastrophe that is _____upon the world through environmental pollution.A. creepingB. crawlingC. mountingD. ascending19. In spite of the destruction caused by the earthquake, the people tried to _____their own businessas if nothing had happened.A. go overB. go aboutC. go withD. go through20. We are prepared to make some concessions on minor details, but we can not _____on fundamentals.A. concentrateB. complementC. compensateD. compromiseSection B: SubstitutionDirections: In this part, you are to choose one word from the words marked A, B, C and D to substitute the one underlined in the sentence in order to keep the meaning closest to the original one. Mark your choice on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.21. In that sense guilt is the great civilizer, the internal commandment that helps us choose to be kind to each other ratherthan to join in a stampede of me-firsts.A. impulsiveB. crashC. flightD. shatter22. A religious enthusiasm for the apparent convergence of science and theology in the big bang cosmology is understandable.A. configurationB. syzygyC. syllableD. connection23. Thus, surveillance of citizens in the name of national security undermines the very society it was intended to protect.A. observationB. judgmentC. constitutionD. institution24. An alarming number are pushing themselves to the emotional brink in their quest for excellence. Many also detect signsof resentment among non-Asians, an u pdated “yellowperil.A. accidenceB. SuppositionC. correspondenceD. indignation25. In this case, I said there were aspects of her story that reminded me of “One True Thing,”a picture about a mother andher estranged daughter who are reconciled as the mother is dying of cancer..A. reestablishedB. harmonizedC. circulatedD. distributed26. All forms of pose, sham, learned nonsense, academic stupidity and social humbug are politely but effectively shown thedoor..A. excavationB. reverenceC. deceptionD. spoil27. Despite her high-powered contacts, she can often be found in Bangkok’s bustling Chanukah market.A. meddlesomeB. busyC. sedulousD. assiduous28. In making a copy of oneself or some famous person,a parent is deliberately specifying the way he or she wishes thatchild to develop.A. memorizingB. providingC. combiningD. designating29. Against great odds in the 20th century China has not only survived, it is moving forward dramatically.A. likelihoodB. disadvantageC. inconvenienceD. convenience30. They are still to be held responsible for any errors that their products cause, on matter the magnitude.A. significanceB. directionC. diagramD. prediction31. He remembered how one day Sullivan entered, placed a piece of paper on the desk.A. retardedB. recalledC. revealedD. observed32. The scientist always checks statements and makes experiments carefully and objectively to verify them.A. confirmB. conformC. articulateD. discrete33. Early in sixteenth century, Copernicus suggested that the earth revolved around the sun.A. proposedB. believedC. explainedD. implied34. It happened that a camera crew was on board the plane when a UFO appeared.A. AccidentallyB. SupposedlyC. CorrespondinglyD. Fortunately35. A major breakthrough came in 1971 when microprocessors came into being.A. was developedB. appearedC. got circulatedD. became real36. A passing tanker saved them five days later.A. recoveredB. reverencedC. rescuedD. spoiled37. Beware of pickpockets in public places.A. Take care ofB. look ofC. Watch out forD. Take notice of38. We will assemble statistics.A. memorizeB. provideC. combineD. gather39. Would you please distribute these invitations to the students in your class?A. hand inB. hand outC. hand overD. hand back40. Large passenger planes often carry weather instruments with which to forecast storms.A. impedeB. directC. diagramD. predictPart II Filling in the Blanks (20 points)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with I0 blanks. You are required to select one word For each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage throughcarefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 41 to 50 are based on the following passage. There is an alarming 41e that our American economy is direction of what some people call a two-tier society--a large population middle-class or higher incomes and values, with a a42 increase at the top, and a large number of people who have been economically and culturally uncouple from the main society.A great many 43k myself included, feel uneasy about the fact that 70 percent of the economy does what is called service work and only 30 percent does what is called goods-related work New 44 n keeps entering the economy and bringing employment into disorder. When you look back at how the American economy developed; you see a 45h off the farm into the factory and out of the factory into the office. The main push has come from technology. There has been 46 b little new machinery to push people out of the office, butthat's changing now. If the computer creates jobs in the office, the service sector will increase and there will be no squeezing of employment. But if technology press service people out of work, I don't know where they are going to go.Personally, I think American 47 i is in for a very severe challenge. We have always considered ourselves virtually to have a right to be number one in the world. But of course we don't have any such right or 48l . And we have to be patiently prepared for unsettling fact that we are number two, or three, or four in many ways. In terms of health, for instance we have fallen 49c behind, and that's a big blow to our self-image.In the next 20 years the government will have to take active steps in providing work and income for the bottom one third of the population. The government 50g provides some sort of income, but it doesn't provide work. And work is essential for people's self-respect and also for the building of many kinds of basic frame works that are needed in the country.A) considerable I) optimismB) relatively J) immigrationC) variously K) economistD) provided L) assuranceE) possibility M) insuranceF) complete N) technologyG) unwillingly O) eventuallyH) migrationQuestions 51 to 60 are based on the following passage. The status of women in 51m North America has been well studied and described and can be briefly 52d. Throughout the colonial period there was a marked shortage of women, which varied with the regions and was always greatest in the frontierareas. This favorable ratio 53g women’s status and position and allowed them to pursue different careers. The puritans, the religious sect （教派）that 54l the early British colonies in North America, regarded 55l as a sin, and believed that life in an underdeveloped country made it absolutely necessary that each member of the community perform an 56h function. Thus work for women, married or single, was not only approved, it was regarded as a civic duty. Puritan town councils expected widows and unattached women to beself-supporting and for a long time provided needy spinsters with parcels of land. There was no social 57i against married women working. On the contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands in their trade and won social 58e for doing extra work in or out of home. Needy children, girls as well as boys, were indentured or apprenticed and were expected to work for their keep.The vast majority of women worked within theirs homes, where their labor produced most articles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing and partially that of shoes was in the hands of women. In addition to these 59j, women were found in many 60k kinds of employment. They were butchers, silversmiths, gunsmiths, upholsterers. They ran mills, plantations, tankards, shipyards, and every kind of shop, tavern, and boardinghouse. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, sextons, journalists, printers, apothecaries, midwives, nurses, and teachers.A. extract F. laziness K. differentB. idleness G. enhanced L. dominatedC. digest H. economic M. colonialD. summarized I. sanction N. controlE. approval J. occupations O. professionalsPart III Reading Comprehension(30 points)Section ADirections: There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage: Will Rogers (1879–1935) achieved success over a long and varied career with his humorous and incisive commentary on the foibles of American life. Calling himself a cowboy philosopher, he reached a wide following with his stage act, lectures, newspaper and magazine articles, films, radio broadcasts, and books. The youngest of eight children of a comfortable Oklahoma family, he was born on his parents' ranch in 1879. He was not a very dedicated student and never actually graduated from high school; he ran away from the military school where his father sent him to helphim settle down to a responsible life in Oklahoma. Wanting to see the world, he took on a number of jobs that allowed him to travel. He worked as a trick rider in Texas Jack's Wild West Show in South Africa and later toured around Australia and New Zealand with a circus; he then toured the United States as part of a Wild West show and eventually began working in vaudeville shows in New York City as a trick roper. He experienced his first success as a performer when he began telling jokes during his rope act. He worked as a vaudeville performer, interspersing humor with his rope act, for more than a decade.In 1916, Rogers was hired by the Ziegfeld Follies and quickly became a star of the show. He had discovered that newspaper stories provided great material on which to base his humorous commentary; using newspaper stories as his source material, he was able to come up with comic material for three shows daily with the Follies. By 1919, he had gathered enough successful jokes to create two collections of his humor, The Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference and The Cowboy Philosopher on Prohibition After a briefattempt at a movie career in California in 1918, he returned to New York, where he immediately found a different forum for his humorous commentary as an after-dinner speaker. His success as a speaker caught the attention of the McNaught Newspaper Syndicate, and in 1922 he was asked to write a weekly column for the syndicate, a position he maintained for the rest of his life. In 1924, he created a collection of his favorite columns for publication in the book The Illiterate Digest. In 1926, his career expanded even more. In that year, he was sent to Europe to write a series of articles for the Saturday Evening Post;these articles were then compiled into the volume Letters of a Self-Made Diplomat to the President (1926). He was also hired in 1926 to send a daily telegram for inclusion in the New York Times, an assignment that he maintained for the rest of his life. Additionally, in 1926 he made his first radio broadcast, which eventually became a popular series of weekly broadcasts. Rogers' popularity increased dramatically during this period, and he was soon sought after by the film industry for a second attempt at moviemaking. Hebegan a new career in sound films with They Had to See Paris (1929) and continued to make films throughout this period, the best known of which were A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1931) and Steamboat 'Round the Bend (1935).Throughout his varied career, Rogers always managed to reflect the essence of life in America, and the public responded enthusiastically to him. Though his criticisms of the country's current foibles could be pointed, overall Rogers reflected a genuine optimism about the future of the country and its citizens, resulting in the immense popularity that he experienced throughout his career.61. It is mentioned in paragraph 1 that Will Rogers was known for all of the following EXCEPT for his work_________________.A) as a rancher B) as a speaker C) as a writer D) as an actor62. According to paragraph 2, when Will Rogers was born, his family was __________.A) friendly B) well-off C) urban D)casual63. According to paragraph 2, it is NOT true that WillRogers____________.A) was a good studentB) failed to graduate from high schoolC) attended a military schoolD) left a military school without explanation64. It is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 that Will Rogers_____________.A) took part in a Western show in South AfricaB) traveled with a circus in AustraliaC) was a circus performer in the United StatesD) worked as a trick roper in New York65. It is indicated in paragraph 2 that Will Rogers first became successful when he_______.A) began telling jokes during his nightclub actB )introduced humor into his vaudeville actC) incorporated new and exciting tricks into his rope actD introduced a Wild West act into the circus Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage: Over millions of years, the world's climate has undergone a series of dramatic changes that have most likely resulted from oscillations, or pendulum-likeswings, in the rotation of the Earth. One such dramatic climate change was what is commonly called the Ice Age and was in reality a series of phases of colder and warmer weather that commenced approximately two million years ago. What we today refer to as the Ice Age was in reality a series of weaker and stronger glacial periods during which sheets of ice expanded and moved varying distances south followed by interglacial periods when the glaciers melted to varying degrees and retreated to the north. These successive periods of colder and warmer weather have had striking effects on the world's landscape and on the life forms that inhabit the land. Each glacial period in the series of colder and warmer phases had a different impact, depending on how far south the ice extended, how long it lasted before melting, and how much it changed the landscape and sea levels.The effect on the world's landscape that resulted from the changing climate was dramatic. Vast sheets of glacial ice in the northern latitudes of the world cut deep u-shaped valleys that still exist today and caused huge boulders and enormous amounts of clay and dustto be deposited across North America, Europe, and Asia and to reshape the landscape of these areas. As the glacial sheets of ice crept southward on the northern continents, they trapped large amounts of water. Thisserved to reduce the amount of moisture in the atmosphere that could fall as rain or snow, reducing the amount of rainfall and leading to further aridity and the expansion of deserts in the tropical and subtropical regions. In addition, with so much water held in the glacial ice, the sea level fell, resulting in the exposure of land that today is covered with water. During glacial periods there was a land bridge from France to England, the islands of Japan and Java were connected to the Asian mainland, and Asia was linked to North America over what is today the Bering Strait. Then, during interglacial periods, when the glacial ice retreated to the north, more water became available as glaciers melted. Vegetation expanded with the increase in rainfall, and coastlines changed with the increase in ocean water; during interglacial periods, many areas that today are landmasses were covered with water. Prehistoric people seem to have adapted well to theseenvironmental changes. They moved from place to place in response to climatic changes. They could be found living in the grasslands of Asia, in the forests of southeast Asia, and in the temperate areas of southern Europe, and they moved into and out of the more northerly regions as the glacial regions retreated and advanced. Their diet changed to adapt to the changes in plant and animal life during succeeding glacial and interglacial periods, and the use of stone tools, the building of shelters, and the use of clothing came about during this period. It was these sorts of adaptations that enabled humans to survive and progress while many other species failed to survive and thrive during this period in the way that prehistoric people did.66. What is stated about the Ice Age in paragraph 1?A) It caused the rotation of the Earth to swing.B) It was a period of sustained intensely cold weather.C) It came about as a result of variation in the Earth's rotation.D) It lasted for two million years.67. Which of the sentences below expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1?A) During the Ice Age, there were periods when the glaciers moved forcefully and other periods when the movement ofglaciers was weaker.B) During glacial periods, the glaciers moved to colder areas in the north, while during interglacial periods, glaciersmoved toward the south.C) During the Ice Age, glaciers tended to freeze north of the equator and melt south of the equator.D) The Ice Age really consisted of colder glacial periods and warmer interglacial periods.68 The word striking in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by __________.A) remarkable B) violent C) attractive D) dangerous69. The word it in paragraph 1 refers to ____________.A) a different impact B) the ice C) melting D) the landscape70. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as affecting the impact of a glacial periodEXCEPT__________.A) the amount of area that was covered with iceB) the length of time that a glacier lastedC) the effect that a glacier had on the geography of the landD) the effect that a glacier had on the chemistry of the waterQuestions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage: A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. One's physical assets and liabilities don't count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not-so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un-American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of agroup-college students, perhaps, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual's accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average-looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted. Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Siphon, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah StateUniversity professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire(追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.71. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager .A. a person's property or debts do not matter muchB. a person's outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC. women should always dress fashionablyD. women should not only be attractive but also high-minded72. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ____.A. people do not realize the importance of looking one's bestB. women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC. good-looking women aspire to managerial positionsD. attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not73. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributes .A. they observe the principle that beauty is only skin-deepB. they do not usually act according to the views they supportC. they give ordinary-looking persons the lowest ratingsD. they tend to base their judgment on the individual's accomplishments74. "Good looks cut both ways for women" (Line 1, Para. 5) means that_______.A. attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB. good-looking women always get the best of everythingC. being attractive is not always an advantage forwomenD. attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial positions75. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ______.A. handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women areB. physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite wellC. physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quite wellD. good looks are important for women as they are for menSection BDirections: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words) One summer my wife Chris and I were invited by friends to row down the Colorado River in a boat. Our expedition included many highly successful people-the kind who has staffs to take care of life'sdaily work. But in the wilder rapids, all of us naturally set aside any pretenses (矫饰) and put out backs into every stroke to keep the boat from tumbling over. At each night's encampment, we all hauled supplies and cleaned dishes. After only two days in the river, people accustomed to being spoiled and indulged had become a team, working together to cope with the unpredictable twists and turns of the river.I believe that in life as on boat trips _ teamwork will make all our journeys successful ones. The rhythms of teamwork have been the rhythms of my life. I played basketball alongside famous players, and the team I now coach, the New York Knicks, has recovered from years of adversity to become a major contender in the 1990s.I'm persuaded that teamwork is the key to making dreams come true. We all play o a number of teams in our lives-as part of a family, as a citizen, as a member of an agreement, written or unwritten. It contains the values and goals for every team member.For example, in the late 1970s a General Motors plant in Fremont, Calif, was the scene of constant warfare。
考研英语-模拟试卷(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语（一）模拟试卷21(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)It is much clear that our diets are unhealthy. Now, an increasing number of scientists and physicians wonder if our【C1】______for unhealthy, obesity-inducing eating might be【C2】______to the food choices made during our first weeks and months of life.【C3】______, the latest research indicates that what we learn to like as infants【C4】______what we eat as adults. If 【C5】______, we might be able to【C6】______the obesity epidemic in a new and more promising way, one that【C7】______the very first spoonful. Today, 【C8】______, most of those early loving spoonfuls contain more sugar and salt thanis nutritionally【C9】______. A recent study in the Journal of Public Health found that53 percent of processed baby and toddler foods lining supermarket shelves have a(n) 【C10】______number of calories from simple sugars, and 12 percent of them have too much sodium. The authors,【C11】______how overindulgence【C12】______both of these nutrients is linkedto cardiovascular disease and diabetes, suggest that early【C13】______to overly sweet or salty meals could promote a taste for these unhealthy【C14】______in the future. 【C15】______focus on limiting the unhealthful aspects of diet, Gary Beauchamp, a biopsychologist and a leading expert on chemosensory science, prefers to study the【C16】______of good-for-you foods. Based on data he has collected in the past 40 years, Beauchamp thinks “that complex multisensory flavor profiles are influenced by our【C17】______during the first few monthsof life. “ And if parents【C18】______healthful tastes and flavors, such as carrots or broccoli,【C19】______, an infant will not only rapidly adapt, but will also develop a(n)【C20】______for these flavors that could persist for a lifetime. [279 words]1．【C1】A．preparationB．inclinationC．compensationD．suggestion正确答案：B解析：本题考查上下文语义。
2024考研英语模拟卷
2024考研英语模拟卷The countdown to the 2024 postgraduate entrance examination has begun, and the English section remains a formidable challenge for many candidates. This year's mock exam is designed to closely mirror the actual test, offeringa glimpse into the rigors of the upcoming battle.The listening section has been crafted with meticulous care, featuring a variety of accents and speech rates to test the candidates' comprehension skills under different conditions. The passages are rich in content, coveringcurrent affairs, scientific discoveries, and cultural insights, ensuring a well-rounded preparation.Reading comprehension is where the candidates' analytical skills are put to the test. The passages are dense with information, requiring candidates to not only understand the text but also to infer the underlying meanings and make connections between ideas.The vocabulary and grammar sections are a testament tothe candidates' linguistic prowess. Each question is a puzzle, requiring a deep understanding of the nuances of the English language and the ability to apply that knowledge in context.The writing section is the ultimate showcase of a candidate's ability to express themselves in English. Fromthe structured essay to the more creative writing tasks, thispart of the exam demands clarity of thought, precision of language, and the ability to convey complex ideas succinctly.The mock exam also includes a translation section,bridging the gap between the two languages. It is a true test of the candidates' bilingual capabilities, requiring them to translate not just words, but also the essence of the message.In the final analysis, the 2024 mock exam serves not only as a diagnostic tool but also as a motivational force. It isa reminder that with dedication and strategic preparation,the English section of the postgraduate entrance exam can be conquered.。
研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题答案 .doc
研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题答案Section I Use of English1.B2.D3.D4.D5.B6.A7.C8.C9.B 10.C11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.A 23.D 24.B 25.C 26.D 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.D31.C 32.D 33.A 34.B 35.A 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.DPart B41.G 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.DPart C46）一百年前，运动仅仅局限于那些在后院或者农场中举行的活动。
那时候，恐怕没有人会想到它在二十世纪的今天所受到的关注程度。
47）虽然说现代社会是一个休闲社会有些言过其实，但是大多数人却比以前拥有更多的业余时间。
48）无论是体育迷还是参与者，运动都能使他们以某种方式表达来他们的感情（如愤怒和挫折感），而这种方式是社会所接受的，甚至是社会所鼓励的。
49）一般来说，下层劳动人民倾向于参与棒球和篮球这样的运动，因为这类运动只需要一块场地，一个球和几名球员而已。
50）虽然和美国社会的其他职业相比，从事职业运动中的有色人种获取高收入的机会大一些，这是事实；但是，几乎所有的经理或者运动队老板都是白人，这也是事实。
Section III WritingPart ASample answer:Dear Sir or Madam,I write in response to your invitation to students to propose ways for the improvement of the library.I am a fourth-year student majoring in educational psychology and I find that the level of student service is excellent. Indeed, every member of your staff is, without exception, extremely polite and helpful.However, I feel that our library is in need of more up-to-date publications as well as a full set of classical and reference works. In addition, if you could supply more computers in the library, the research needs of both the students and the teachers will be more fully satisfied.I am looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely,Li MingPart BSample answer:As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, a boy is contemplating the true meaning of happiness. It is indeed a tough question for him: what on earth is happiness? He is puzzled as to in which circumstance he will feel happy---when he makes money, or wins true love, or is in good health, or what?It is obvious that happiness is difficult to define. We all know people who have a relatively easy and comfortable life, and yet are essentially unhappy. And we may also have friends who have suffered a great deal but generally remain happy. Therefore, happiness is actually of one's own making. If you have a positive attitude and are determined to find the little happiness of life, you are destined to be jolly, no matter what kind of situation you are in.Happiness is an attitude, not a condition. It lies in the struggle to be happy. People sometimes go to extremes and frantically pursue money, power, high social status, etc., which are all symbols of success—but never of happiness. Perhaps if they shifted their goal from ultimate success to unswerving efforts and to a confidence that they will be successful one day, they'd be a great deal happier.。
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语模拟试卷
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语模拟试卷SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 Points)At least once a year, Bill and Melinda Gates like to take what they call a "learning tour" .As they tour hospitals and huts, they seem to 1 in these escapades, not just because they are intellectually 2 by the scientific challenge of treating the diseases of the poor but also because they are convinced that they are living 3 a historic inflection point 4 medical breakthroughs could save the lives of millions. They see the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation not as a solution but as a catalyst for this 5 : pumping resources and 6 into the fight just when scientists are inventing new tools that could change everything.The Gates Foundation has accomplished a 7 of what it aims to do. But already it has helped save at least 700,000 lives in poor countries through its investments in 8 . In the U.S., its library project has brought computers and Internet 9 to 11,000 libraries. And it has 10 the biggest privately funded scholarship program in history. It is the largest foundation in the world, with an 11 of $29 billion.Each day, the Gates foundation 12 about 140 requests for money or help. Until now, the foundation has focused on education, global health and Seattle-area initiatives. But it may soon 13 water, sanitation and hygiene for the poor. Bill 14 he will continue to increase the 15 of time he devotes to the foundation.There is a real risk that billions of dollars from the Gateses will not be nearly enough to 16 the decline in health in poor countries. There is an equally great risk that they will 17 billions of dollars trying. They invest not in one malaria treatment, for example, 18 in many. After they were criticized for investing too 19 in new inventions, they put more money into 20 fixes that already exist.1.[A] interest [B]delight [C]indulge [D]highlight2.[A] captivated [B]captured [C]carried [D]calculated3.[A] in [B]at [C]by [D]through4.[A] when [B]where [C]how [D]that5.[A] purpose [B]practice [C]progress [D]prospect6.[A] rigor [B]virtue [C]risk [D]view7.[A] fragment [B]friction [C]fraction [D]fracture8.[A] vaccinations [B]variations [C]varieties [D]verifications9.[A] addition [B]addiction [C]assistance [D]access10.[A] speeded [B]surpassed [C]sponsored [D]stimulated11.[A]endowment [B]employment [C]engagement [D]entertainment12.[A] requires [B]acquires [C]receives [D]attracts13.[A] apply [B]add [C]afford [D]affiliate14.[A] concludes [B]reclaims [C]claims [D]contends15.[A] quality [B]quantity [C]number [D]amount16.[A] reserve [B]reverse [C]restrain [D]resist17.[A]waste [B]withdraw [C]withhold [D]warrant18.[A] and [B]or [C]but [D]as19.[A]highly [B]hastily [C]heavily [D]helpfully20.[A]distributing [B]contributing [C]attributing [D]assimilatingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Will America's economic future look more like Dell or Kmart? Both built their businesses on price cutting. Dell cut prices by outsourcing the design and production of personal computers and captured enough global demand to become the world's largest PC seller. Kmart cut prices, but at the cost of less choice for consumers and declining service, and found itself losing customers and piling up debt. The macroeconomic version of price cutting is deflation, and some economists are now suggesting the U.S. economy is on the verge of a deflationary cycle. If so, are we headed on the path of Dell or Kmart?Disinflation—a falling but still positive inflation rate—is often good for an economy, and even mild deflation—in which that rate drops below zero—may be no worse than mild inflation, if it reflects rising productivity. For example, technological advances and strong demand have enabled the semiconductor industry to steadily improve the power of chips so, in effect, the price of a given chip steadily falls. Imagine a version of the same thing on an economy-wide scale, and you have benign deflation.But deflation also can be malignant, as Japan demonstrates. There, a collapse in stock and real-estate prices triggered falling demand and rising unemployment. Consumers cut back, and so did firms; and as the economy slipped into recession, normal inflation receded. Bankruptcies spread, demand and employment fell further, and prices and wages began to actually fall. And the Japanese government found itself virtually powerless.The numbers in America are getting worrisome. The consumer price index, which rose 3.4 percent in 2000, inched up just 1.6 percent in 2001. Over the four quarters up to June of this year, it increased barely 1 percent. This is strong disinflation, heading toward deflation. Economists were not surprised, because inflation or deflation can often be foreseen by looking at the gap between an economy's potential and what it actually produces. The economy's potential to produce more goods and services depends on how fast workers' productivity increases and how fast the work force expands. For example, when productivity grows 2.5 percent a year and the work force grows 1 percent a year the economy's potential grows 3.5 percent. When the economy grows faster than its potential, economists expect inflation.Still, there's no reason to expect the United States to endure anything like the spiral of deflation, debt, and bankruptcy that has gripped Japan. U.S. stocks did experience a bubble, but there's little evidence of another one in real estate that could burst. Deflation won't make us stronger, as price cutting did for Dell; nor will it drive us to a Kmart-type bankruptcy, as it nearly has in Japan. Rather, the mild deflation that seems most likely here will probably dampen growth in the short term, but maybe with some long-term benefits.21.The term “outsourcing” (line 2) probably means___________.[A] selling in a global market[B] hiring services from outside the company[C] eliminating certain business functions[D] leaving out design and production steps22.K-Mart’s price reduction strategy _________.[A] improved its financial outlook[B] lowered its expenses[C] increased productivity[D] resulted in fewer customers23.According to the text, how might economists predict inflation or deflation?[A] by examining the rate of increase of worker productivity[B] by comparing current productivity to past productivity[C] by comparing potential and actual production data[D] by analyzing patterns of disinflation and deflation24.What two elements comprise the potential of any economy?[A] productivity increases and workforce expansion[B] technological advances and strong demand[C] falling demand and rising employment[D] prices and wages25.The author concludes that the US economy___________.[A] is heading towards a K-Mart type bankruptcy[B] will likely experience mild deflation[C] should cut consumer prices as Dell did[D] should cut consumer borrowing ratesText 2Clever, rich or both--almost every country in the world has some sort of programme to attract desirable migrants. Competition is fierce and, as with most things, that lowers the price and increases choice. Britain has two programmes, one for the rich--who have to invest £750,000 ($1.36m) in actively traded securities--and one, much larger, for talented foreigners. Both have worked well. Unlike some other countries, Britain does not make applicants find a job first: with good qualifications, they can just turn up and look for work. That helps keep Britain's economy flexible and competitive. But now a bureaucratic snag is threatening the scheme. The problem comes with anyone wanting to convert his visa into "indefinite leave to remain" (Britain's equivalent of America's Green Card). This normally requires four years' continuous residence in Britain. After a further year, it normally leads to British citizenship.The law defines continuous residence sensibly. Business trips and holidays don't count, if the applicant's main home is in Britain. An average of 90 days abroad was allowed each year. But actual guidelines are tougher: they say that "none of the absences abroad should be of more than three months, and they must not amount to more than six months in all". Over the four years needed to qualify, that averages only six weeks a year.For many jet-setters, this restriction is a career-buster. Six weeks abroad barely covers holidays, let alone business travel. Roger Gherson, who runs a specialist immigration law firm, reckons that, including such dependants, the new rule could affect 750,000 people. Next week his firm is going to court to try to have the guidelines ruled illegal. They came to light in a case involving a wealthy foreigner. His application for permanent residency was rejected in April, though in the previous four years he had been abroad for only 351 days, and never for more than 90 days at a stretch.The Home Office insists that the rules have not changed since 200l. That would confirm Mr. Gherson's suspicion that the new policy has come in by accident, probably as a result of zeal or carelessness by mid-ranking officials. Their attitude is at odds with the stance of the government, which has been trying for years to make the system more user-friendly for the world's elite. But lawyers such as Mr. Kalin are in no doubt of the risk Britain is running. America, he says, is already losing out in the global talent market because of its "painful and humiliating" immigration procedures. If Britain's rules stay tight, he says, foreigners will go elsewhere. Likely beneficiaries are Ireland and Austria, European Union countries whose residency visas and passports confer the same convenience as British ones, with less hassle.26.What is implied in the first two sentences?[A] Desirable migrants may have more choices[B] Immigration is discriminatory[C] Immigrant supply outweighs demand[D] People considering immigration require capital27.In contrast to many other countries, Britain’s immigra tion policies are___________.[A] permissive[B] submissive[C] cohesive[D] restrictive28.The author’s attitude toward the residency restrictions is___________.[A] they are suitable for the majority[B] they are questionable in their purpose[C] they are necessary to weed out insincere applicants[D] they are too excessive29.The author uses the example of America to___________.[A] suggest an ideal model[B] criticize their shortcomings[C] explain the most logical solution[D] foreshadow the future30.The text tends to express the idea that___________.[A] extreme policies isolate desirable immigrants[B] Britain’s economy depends on immigrant contributions[C] the quality of immigrants to Britain is already declining[D] Britain’s immigration policy fa vours wealthy applicantsText 3There are three fundamental types of machine translation (MT) in use today. Basic machine translation breaks each sentence down into component words, which are further analyzed for their base forms and grammatical and functional structures. The sentences are then transferred into the target language, sometimes using an "interlingua," an artificial language or universal interface such as Esperanto that is applicable, in theory, to all languages. The interlingua idea has been around for a long time, but a truly viable one has yet to be written.Memory-based systems do not actually translate, but draw on a broad database of exact or similar matches from sentences or phrases that are already known. They can be useful in areas with a lot of standard phrasing, such as business letters, boilerplate contracts, and medical diagnostics. Statistical/cryptographic systems, such as Language Weaver, calculate the probabilities of correspondence by examining parallel texts. They then "learn" these translation patterns and use them to translate similar constructs. But claims of extraordinary accuracy are generally not borne out in tests by professional, human translators.The holy grail of MT is FAHQT: Fully Automatic, High-Quality Translation. For now, professional and amateur users content themselves with "gisting"—the practice of accepting 80 percent accuracy so as to get a general sense of a text's meaning. (Ninety percent accuracy leaves one error on every line.) Professionals who work with MT always do so in conjunction with human judgment, either by "pre-editing" to limit vocabulary or by "post-editing" to correct errors. Where political sensitivity and nuance are everything, "gisting" would be worse than useless. On the other hand, a dedicated memory-based system can be used to translate treaty names, provisions of international law, and the like because they are directly correspondent and there's no risk of error.There are plenty of computer scientists who think we don't need to settle for Not Really Automatic, Pretty-Mediocre Translation. Mike Collins of MIT, for one, has high hopes for "machine learning," which bypasses the need to hand-encode software by comparing broad databases of text previously translated by humans. In theory, this will allow the machine translator to learn grammatical rules. With vast oceans of multilingual text now available digitally—Collins cites documents created by the European Parliament—this may indeed be the best hope for MT, though it is probably still a long way from affordable commercial application.Language Weaver CEO Bryce Benjamin acknowledges that even the best translation software cannot hope to replace human translators; it is simply one tool "to help them to increase productivity and value." The war on terrorism notwithstanding, the jobs of thousands of professional translators in the arts, sciences, and industry seem relatively safe for now. But then again, horses were pretty damn sure of themselves 100 years ago, and look what happened to them.31.Basic machine language translation would be best used to___________.[A] translate children’s books[B] translate standard contracts[C] translate jury trial transcripts[D] develop an ‘interlingua’32.The “holy grail of MT” most likely means that___________.[A] FAHQT is the best type of MT that incorporates machine learning[B] FAHQT could be used to translate religious documents[C] FAHQT is the current industry standard[D] FAHQT is the standard computer scientists work towards33.The word “Gisting”（line 2,para 3）most probably means ___________.[A] pre-editing a text to limit vocabulary[B] post-editing a text for accuracy[C] translating to achieve the general sense of a text[D] accepting one error on each line of translated text34.A necessary step in all forms of MT is___________.[A] using an intermediate translation technique[B] programming grammatical rules into the translation software[C] applying human judgment to the process[D] using a dedicated translation machine35.The author’s refer ence to horses___________.[A] emphasizes that MT is a slow process[B] indicates how quickly MT will achieve 100% accuracy[C] suggests that MT will improve in the next 100 years[D] suggests that human translators could soon be unnecessaryText 4Here's an unusual term: Gross National Happiness. Economists are not about to replace Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with GNH anytime soon. Yet there is a growing tendency for economists to weigh more than GDP when considering the welfare of a nation and its people. GDP measures the total output of goods and services a nation produces. But for rich nations to focus excessively on ways to raise the level, or growth, of GDP would be "a mistake," says economist David Blanchflower. That's because "money buys some degree of happiness, but not a lot," he says.A far bigger contributor to happiness is marriage. A spouse provides as much extra happiness as $100,000 in new income, reckons Mr. Blanchflower, an economist at Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H. He made this calculation by combing through large surveys of how people rate their own happiness. The key question: "Taken altogether, how would you say things are these days - would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy?" On hearing that $100,000 number, one jester told Blanchflower, "I love my wife a lot. But how about if I trade her in and take the money?" He then added, "Just kidding!"For several years now, a small group of academic economists have explored what gives people the most happiness. While growth of GDP is still regarded as vital to overcome hunger and other miseries in extremely poor countries, "industrialized countries should ... use a broader conception of well-being than the height of a pile of dollars," Blanchflower notes.One other recent paper by the two economists entitled "Money, Marriage, and Happiness" is getting a lot of attention because it spells out the marital relations of Americans and their measured effect on happiness. Blanchflower describes the paper as an "incredibly moral" one that should please "the Pope." That's because it finds, for instance, that those in a monogamous, faithful marriage are the happiest. Those who cheat on their spouses are less happy. So are those who divorce.So far, national economic policies do not seem to be much influenced by happiness studies, though President Bush's Healthy Marriage Initiative, with its combined goal of strengthening marriage and families and cuttingwelfare, might be viewed as a step in this direction. Revenues from the tax could be used to stimulate happiness —for example, by supporting public works and other government programs that make life easier and more fun for more people. Laws could be passed, Blanchflower also suggests, to shorten the workweek and provide longer holidays, giving workers more time with family and friends —activities that would promote GNH —that is, happiness.36.Researchers have come to believe___________.[A] a spouse adds $100,000 of value to an individual’s worth[B] GNH should replace GDP as a measure of well-being[C] industrialized countries require new measures of well-being[D] faithful marriages are common37.By referring to “Money, Marriage, and Happiness” the author intends to show that___________.[A] researchers are focusing on the economics of marriage[B] money and marriage are essential for personal happiness[C] happiness is related to income[D] long term monogamy fosters the most satisfaction38.Faithful marriage tends to___________.[A] exacerbate personal weaknesses[B] solidify social structures[C] increase a developed country’s G NH[D] enhance personal happiness39.President Bush seems to suggest that___________.[A] strengthening marriages and families will reduce welfare[B] shortening the work week would be progressive[C] GHP could be more important than GDP[D] cutting welfare is a step in the right direction40.What advice would Blanchflower give?[A] define GHP in measurable terms[B] integrate happiness factors into measures of national welfare[C] marry as young as possible[D] marry as late in life as possiblePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For question 41-45, choose the most suitable one form the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）There’s an old folk tale about a king who prepares his son for the throne by sending him into the jungle, repeatedly. At first, the only sounds the son can identify in the buzzing din are the roar of a lion and the cry of a wolf. Soon enough, he starts to pick up less obvious sounds, from the rustle of a snake to the flap of a butterfly. But the king says his son’s education won’t be complete until he can hear the terror in the stillness and the hope in the sunrise. To be fit to rule, the prince must learn to hear what doesn’t make a sound.（41）In fact, it’s perfectly logical for many hedge funds to have named themselves after predators, wit h legendary investor Julian Robertson’s Tiger Management the most well known example. Laws of the jungle easily apply to the investing world and every investor aspires to be king of the wild.（42）The majority of new fund launches do not survive past the first year. The initial three to six months are absolutely critical and much rides on luck.（43）Even after the unpredictable initial phase, there is no guarantee of survival---as the events of last week show. Nine-figure losses on natural gas trades at Amaranth, a well-established fund based in Greenwich, Connecticut, led to the biggest hedge-fund crisis of this decade. Indeed, there’s much to be learned from the hunting habits of the big cats. （44）It’s also important to appreciate that predators hunt with different styles that all yield results if they are executed well. Leopards often hunt at night, stalking their prey for long hours before suddenly pouncing at the right moment. In contrast, cheetahs venture out in the day, often in pairs, and are able to give a much longer chase. （45）Predators have a high sense of self-awareness and approach the hunt accordingly. The key is to be comfortable in your ow n skin rather than imitate someone else’s investing style. Instead, the current fad in the hedge-fund complex is multistrategy funds where the emphasis is on scaling up dabbling in every “hot” area. This leads to a dilution of the investment philosophy and makes it more difficult to monitor the overall risk in the portfolio. In fact, one of the most common reasons for the downfall of large funds is their foray into noncore areas.（A）Going back time and again into the African wild helps reveals what makes a successful predator. The big cats have a mind of their own, think strategically and are very self-aware.（B）For one, the king of the jungle knows how to conserve energy: a lion is typically inactive for two thirds of the day and focuses on going for the large kill, in line with the investing aphorism of not letting too much hard work get in the way of big ideas. Fund managers should keep that in mind, as many burn themselves out by incessantly following each market zig and analyzing every other zag. Getting the big picture right is mostly what matters.（C）If a fund manager posts negative returns in the first few months of launch, the game is over. That’s despite the fact that it’s not unusual for an investor to have a poor three-to six-month spell with the bad patch often caused by externalities. Much of a cub’s survival depends on the mother’s ability to conceal it well in the wild and fend off other predators who want to kill the cub before it starts to compete for prey. In the investing world too, it’s well understood that someone’s outperformance comes at the cost of another’s underperformance.（D）However, for every such majestic creature, there are hundreds of rather less clever wildebeests. And while we may marvel at the picture of a lion sitting atop a hill revealing in his golden mane, the chances of getting there are slim. So are the chances of staying there for long.（E）In the marketplace, too much time is spent on figuring out whether growth and value investing or quantitative and qualitative strategies work better---because history suggests that all styles have their moments.In the long run, no one style is superior and stars emerge from all of them. As the old market saying goes: “If you don’t know who you are, the market is a very dangerous place to find out.”（F）Students of the investing game also have a lot to gain by observing animals in the wild.（G）They can’t all be, of course. Just as only a third of the lion cubs born make it to adulthood and a tiny 3 percent of those lions go on to lead the pride, nearly two thirds of the hedge-fund industry’s $1.1 trillion in assets are concentrated among the top 100---out of a total of 8,000---registered funds.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Anyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spend only a few minutes with a baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler starting to talk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. (46)It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. It's no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that, just maybe, ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.It's not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities to become passionate about a subject or activity, but they can't be forced," says Jacquelynne Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan, who led a landmark, 25-year study examining what motivated first- and seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so, a growing number of educators and psychologists do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who don't seem to have much. (47)They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.Figuring out why the fire went out is the first step.(48) Assuming that a kid doesn't suffer from an emotional or learning disability, or isn't involved in some family crisis at home, many educators attribute a sudden lack of motivation to a fear of failure or peer pressure that conveys the message that doing well academically somehow isn't cool. Parents can play a critical role by praising their children’s effort, strategy and progress rather than emphasizing their 'smartness' or praising high performance alone. Most of all, parents should let their kids know that mistakes are a part of learning.”(49)Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into different levels of ability also bears blame for the disappearance of drive in some kids. Educators say it's important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. "The crux of the issue is that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions," says Michael Nakkula, a Harvard education professor who runs a mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future). (50) The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to disabuse them of the notion that classwork is irrelevant, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that you have to learn to walk before you can run.。
2024考研英语一模拟卷
2024考研英语一模拟卷2024年考研英语一模拟卷一、阅读理解 (40分)请阅读以下四篇文章，并回答文后的问题。
Passage 1Title: The Global Pandemic and its Impact on EducationDescription: Discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global education, focusing on the closure of schools and the shift to online learning.Questions:What impact did the COVID-19 pandemic have on education globally?Why did schools close during the pandemic?How did online learning become a popular option during the pandemic?What challenges did students face with online learning?How have schools adapted to the new normal of online learning?Passage 2Title: The Future of Solar EnergyDescription: Discusses the potential of solar energy as a sustainable energy source and its future development.Questions:What is solar energy and how does it work?Why is solar energy considered a sustainable energy source?What are the current challenges facing solar energy development?What are the potential benefits of solar energy in the future?How can solar energy be more widely adopted?Passage 3Title: The Rise of CryptocurrencyDescription: Explores the rise of cryptocurrency and its impact on the global economy. Questions:What is cryptocurrency and how does it work?Why did cryptocurrency become popular?What are the current uses of cryptocurrency?What impact has cryptocurrency had on the global economy?How can cryptocurrency be more widely adopted and used?Passage 4Title: The Future of Artificial IntelligenceDescription:Examines the potential of artificial intelligence and its impact on various industries and society.Questions:What is artificial intelligence and how does it work?Why is artificial intelligence important?What are the current applications of artificial intelligence?。
国家统考英语试题及答案
国家统考英语试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. What is the man going to do this evening?A. Go to a concertB. See a movieC. Attend a lectureD. Visit a friendAnswer: B2. How much did the woman pay for the coat?A. $50B. $80C. $120D. $150Answer: C3. Where does the conversation most likely take place?A. In a restaurantB. In a libraryC. In a bookstoreD. At a bus stopAnswer: A二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1The passage discusses the importance of sleep and its effects on health.4. According to the passage, what is the main reason for sleep deprivation?A. Stress from workB. Excessive use of electronic devicesC. Lack of exerciseD. Poor dietAnswer: B5. What is the effect of sleep deprivation on memory?A. It improves memoryB. It has no effect on memoryC. It impairs memoryD. It enhances creativityAnswer: CPassage 2The passage describes the benefits of regular exercise.6. Which of the following is not a benefit of regular exercise mentioned in the passage?A. Improved cardiovascular healthB. Increased risk of injuryC. Enhanced moodD. Better sleep qualityAnswer: B7. What does the passage suggest about exercise frequency?A. It should be done dailyB. It should be done at least three times a weekC. It should be done only on weekendsD. It should be done whenever possibleAnswer: B三、完形填空（共20分）8. The best word to fill in the blank is "improve."9. The correct phrase to complete the sentence is "due to."10. The appropriate verb to use in this context is "achieve."Answer: 8. improve 9. due to 10. achieve四、写作（共30分）Task: Write an essay on the topic "The Role of Technology in Education." Your essay should be at least 300 words and should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.Answer: (Sample answer not provided as it requires an essay format.)请注意，以上内容仅为示例，实际的试题及答案应根据具体的考试内容和要求来制定。
2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟试题 .doc
2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟试题预测试卷一Section I Use of EnglishPart ADirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The basic function of money is the enable buying to be separated from selling, thus permitting trade to take place without the so called double coincidence of barter. If a person has something to sell and wants something else 1 return, it is not necessary to search for someone able and 2to make the desired exchange of items. The person can sell the 3 item for general purchasing power—that is, “money”—to anyone who wants to buy it and then use the proceeds to buy the desired item from anyone who wants to sell it.The importance of this function of money is 4 illustrated by the experience of Germany just after World War Ⅱ, 5 paper money was 6 largely useless because, despite inflationary conditions, price controls were effectively 7 by the American, French, and British armies of occupation. People had to8 to barter or to inefficient money substitutes. The result was to cut total output of the economy in half. The German “economic miracle” just after 1948 reflected partly a currency reform by the occupation authorities, 9 some economists hold that it stemmed primarily from the German government’s 10 of all price controls, 11 permitting a money economy to 12 a barter economy.13 of the act of sale from the act of purchase 14 the existence of something that will be generally accepted in payment—this is the “15 of exchange” function of money. But there must also be something that can serve as a 16 abode of purchasing power, in which the seller holds the proceeds in the interim 17 the first sale and the 18 purchase, or from which the buyer can 19the general purchasing power with which to pay 20 what is bought. This is the “asset” function of money.1. ［A］on ［B］in ［C］by ［D］for2. ［A］capable ［B］likely ［C］desirable ［D］willing3. ［A］excess ［B］extra ［C］surplus ［D］ample4. ［A］dramatically ［B］urgently ［C］faithfully ［D］incidentally5. ［A］when ［B］before ［C］since ［D］until6. ［A］developed ［B］reserved ［C］rendered ［D］imagined7. ［A］encouraged ［B］enlarged ［C］endured ［D］enforced8. ［A］conform ［B］resort ［C］commit ［D］gear9. ［A］and ［B］but ［C］therefore ［D］however10. ［A］deprivation ［B］stimulation ［C］elimination ［D］restriction11. ［A］thereby ［B］therefore ［C］then ［D］while12. ［A］alternate ［B］establish ［C］substitute ［D］replace13. ［A］Introduction ［B］Specification ［C］Representation ［D］Separation14. ［A］assumes ［B］requires ［C］focuses ［D］undertakes15. ［A］medium ［B］function ［C］role ［D］nature16. ［A］fashionable ［B］favorable ［C］temporary ［D］token17. ［A］both ［B］for ［C］between ［D］after18. ［A］consequent ［B］relevant ［C］inadequate ［D］subsequent19. ［A］execute ［B］extract ［C］exceed ［D］exchange20. ［A］for ［B］off ［C］back ［D］inSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Two related paradoxes also emerge from the same basic conception of the aesthetic experience. The first was given extended consideration by Hegel, who argued roughly as follows: our sensuous attention and that gives to the work of art its peculiar individuality. Because it addresses itself to our sensory appreciation, the work of art is essentially concrete, to be understood by an act of perception rather than by a process of discursive thought.At the same time, our understanding of the work of art is in part intellectual; we seek in it a conceptual content, which it presents to us in the form of an idea. One purpose of critical interpretation is to expound this idea in discursive form—to give the equivalent of the content of the work of art in another, nonsensuous idiom. But criticism can never succeed in this task, for, by separating the content from the particular form, it abolishes its individuality. The content presented then ceases to be the exact content of that work of art. In losing its individuality, the content loses its aesthetic reality; it thus ceases to be a reason for attending to the particular work and that first attracted our critical attention. It cannot be this that we saw in the original work and that explained its power over us.For this content, displayed in the discursive idiom of the critical intellect, is no more than a husk, a discarded relic of a meaning that eluded us in the act of seizing it. If the content is to be the true object of aesthetic interest, it must remain wedded to its individuality: it cannot be detached from its “sensuous embodiment” without being detached from itself. Content is, therefore, inseparable from form and form in turn inseparable from content. (It is the form that it is only by virtue of the content that it embodies.)Hegel’s argument is the archetype of many, all aimed at showing that it is both necessary to distinguish form from content and also impossible to do so. This paradox may be resolved by rejecting either of its premises, but, as with Kant’s antinomy, neither premise seems dispensable. To suppose that content and form are inseparable is, in effect, to dismiss both ideas as illusory, since no two works of art can then share either a content or a form-the form being definitive of each work’s individuality.In this case, no one could ever justify his interest in a work of art by reference to its meaning. The intensity of aesthetic interest becomes a puzzling, and ultimately inexplicable, feature of our mental life. If, on the other hand, we insist that content and form are separable, we shall never be able to find, through a study of content, the reason for attending to the particular work of art that intrigues us. Every work of art stands proxy for its paraphrase. An impassable gap then opens between aesthetic experience and its ground, and the claim that aesthetic experience is intrinsically valuable is thrown in doubt.21. Hegel argued that .［A］it is our sensuous appreciation that gives peculiar individuality to the work of art［B］it is the content of the work of art that holds our attention［C］the work of art cannot be understood without a process of logical thinking［D］the form of the work of art is what our sensuous appreciation concentrates on22. It can be inferred from this passage that .［A］the paradox that it is both necessary to distinguish form content and also impossible to do so cannot be resolved by rejecting its premises［B］both content and form of the work of art are illusory［C］the content and form of the work of art are separable［D］aesthetic experience is not intrinsically valuable23. Which of the following is NOT what Hegel believed?［A］The content and form of the work of art cannot be separated from each other.［B］The content of the work of art is always the true object of aesthetic interest.［C］The content presented without any individuality is not the content of the work of art.［D］The content understood by means of a process of discursive thought is no more than a husk.24. Premises that are related to each other seems to be dispensable because .［A］Kant thinks they are indispensable［B］either of them can resolve the paradox［C］the premises are separated［D］the premises can account for the theory25. This passage is mainly about .［A］the sensuous appreciation of art［B］the basic conception of the aesthetic experience［C］how to appreciate the work of art［D］the relationship between form and content of the work of artText 2Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kind of market in which dealers in bills, notes, and other forms of short term credit can buy and sell. The“money market”is a set of institutions or arrangements for handling what might be called wholesale transactions in money and short term credit. The need for such facilities arises in much the same way that a similar need does in connection with the distribution of any of the products of a diversified economy to their final users at the retail level. If the retailer is to provide reasonably adequate service to his customers, he must have active contacts with others who specialize in making or handling bulk quantities of whatever is his stock in trade. The money market is made up of specialized facilities of exactly this kind. It exists for the purpose of improving the ability of the retailers of financial services—commercial banks, savings institutions, investment houses, lending agencies, and even governments—to do their job. It has little if any contact with the individuals or firms who maintain accounts with these various retailers or purchase their securities or borrow from them.The elemental functions of a money market must be performed in any kind of modern economy, even one that is largely planned or socialist, but the arrangements in socialist countries do not ordinarily take the form of a market. Money markets exist in countries that use market processes rather than planned allocations to distribute most of their primary resources among alternative uses. The general distinguishing feature of a money market is that it relies upon open competition among those who are bulk suppliers of funds at any particular time and among those seeking bulk funds, to work out the best practicable distribution of the existing total volume of such funds.In their market transactions, those with bulk supplies of funds or demands for them, rely on groups of intermediaries who act as brokers or dealers. The characteristics of these middlemen, the services they perform, and their relationship to other parts of the financial vary widely from country to country. In many countries there is no single meeting place where the middlemen get together, yet in most countries the contacts among all participants are sufficiently open and free to assure each supplier or user of funds that he will get or pay a price that fairly reflects all of the influences (including his own) that are currently affecting the whole supply and the whole demand. In nearly all cases, moreover, the unifying force of competition is reflected at any given moment in a common price (that is, rate of interest) for similar transactions. Continuous fluctuations in the money market rates of interest result from changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon the market and in the pull of current demands upon the market.26. The first paragraph is mainly about .A. the definition of money marketB. the constitution of a money marketC. the basic functions of a money marketD. the general feature of a money market27. According to this passage, the money market .A. provides convenient services to its customersB. has close contact with the individuals or firms seeking fundsC. maintains accounts with various retailers of financial servicesD. is made up of institutions who specialize in handling wholesale monetary transactions28. Which of the following statements concerning money market is not true according to this passage?A. Money market does not exist in planned economies.B. Money market has been established in some socialist countries.C. Money market encourages open competition among bulk suppliers of funds.D. Money market relies upon market processes to distribute funds to final users.29. The author uses the example of middleman to show .A. market transactions are important in different countriesB. dealers are needed in doing businessC. middlemen can play great role in different transactions and different countries.D. middlemen in different countries have different actions in business.30. According to this passage, .A. brokers usually perform the same kinds of services to their customersB. brokers have little contact with each otherC. open competition tends to result in a common price for similar transactions at any given momentD. changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon market tends to maintain a common price forsimilar transactionsText 3Environmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarians at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sentient creatures.Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to reciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, provided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but thenotion of overpopulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfare—the average multiplied by the number of people—is as great as possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.31. The first paragraph is mainly about .［A］the intrinsic value of human experiences［B］the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animals［C］the intrinsic value of ecological system as a whole［D］an ancient ethical question about the nature of intrinsic value32. , we owe nothing to the future generations.［A］In the author’s opinion［B］From a social contrast view of ethics［C］For a utilitarian［D］For most environmentalists33. Population policy we take should be considered .［A］positive ［B］negative ［C］complex ［D］reasonable34. According to this passage, optimum population .［A］refers to the population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible［B］refers to the population size at which the total amount of welfare will be as great as possible［C］is a difficult philosophical issue which remains to be resolved in the future［D］is a difficult philosophical issue which Derek Parfit has successfully settled in Reasons and Persons35. The proper title for this passage should be .［A］A Mystery in Applied Ethics［B］Our Obligations to Future Generations［C］Environmental Ethics［D］Environmental issuesText 4Perhaps only a small boy training to be a wizard at the Hogwarts school of magic could cast a spell so powerful as to create the biggest book launch ever. Wherever in the world the clock strikes midnight on June 20th, his followers will flock to get their paws on one of more than 10m copies of “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix”. Bookshops will open in the middle of the night and delivery firms are drafting in extra staff and bigger trucks. Related toys, games, DVDs and other merchandise will be everywhere. There will be no escaping Pottermania.Yet Mr Potter’s world is a curious one, in which things are often not what they appear. While an excitable media (hereby including The Economist, happy to support such a fine example of globalisation) is helping to hype the launch of J.K. Rowling’s fifth novel, about the most adventurous thing that the publishers (Scholastic in America and Britain’s Bloomsbury in English elsewhere) have organised is a reading by Ms Rowling in London’s Royal Albert Hall, to be broadcast as a live webcast. Hollywood, which owns everything else to do with Harry Potter, says it is doing even less. Incredible as it may seem, the guardians of the brand say that, to protect the Potter franchise, they are trying to maintain a low profile. Well, relatively low.Ms Rowling signed a contract in 1998 with Warner Brothers, part of AOL Time Warner, giving the studio exclusive film, licensing and merchandising rights in return for what now appears to have been a steal: some $500,000. Warner licenses other firms to produce goods using Harry Potter characters or images, from which Ms Rowling gets a big enough cut that she is now wealthier than the queen—if you believe Britain’s Sunday Times rich list.The process is self generating: each book sets the stage for a film, which boosts book sales, which lifts sales of Potter products.Globally, the first four Harry Potter books have sold some 200m copies in 55 languages; the two movies have grossed over $1.8 billion at the box office. This is a stunning success by any measure, especially as Ms Rowling has long demanded that Harry Potter should not be over commercialised. In line with her wishes, Warner says it is being extraordinarily careful, at least by Hollywood standards, about what it licenses and to whom. It imposed tough conditions on Coca Cola, insisting that no Harry Potter images should appear on cans, and is now in the process of making its licensing programme even more restrictive. Coke may soon be considered too mass market to carry the brand at all.The deal with Warner ties much of the merchandising to the films alone. There are no officially sanctioned products relating to “Order of the Phoenix”; nor yet for “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban”, the film of the third book, which is due out in June 2004. Warner agrees that Ms Rowling’s creation is a different sort of commercial property, one with long-term potential that could be damaged by a typical Hollywood marketing blitz, says Diane Nelson, the studio’s global brand manager for Harry Potter. It is vital, she adds, that with more to come, readers of the books are not alienated. “The evidence from our market research is that enthusiasm for the propert y by fans is not waning.”36. When the author says “there will be no escaping Potter mania”, he implies that .［A］Harry Potter’s appeal for the readers is simply irresistible［B］it is somewhat irrational to be so crazy about the magic boy［C］craze about Harry Potter will not be over in the near future［D］Hogwarts school of magic will be the biggest attraction world over37. Ms Rowling’s reading in London’s Royal Albert Hall is mentioned to show .［A］publishers are really adventurous in managing the Potter’s business［B］businesses are actually more credible than media in Potter’s world［C］the media are promoting Pottermania more actively than Hollywood［Ｄ］businesses involved with Potter are moving along in an unusual way38. The author believes that .［A］Britain’s Sunday Times rich list is not very convincing as it sounds［B］Time Warner’s management of licenses is a bit over commercialised［C］other firms may produce goods using Harry Potter images at will［D］what Ms Rowling got in return for her offering to Warner is a real bargain39. Paragraph 4 intends mainly to show Warner’s .［A］determination to promote Potter［B］consistence in conducting busines［C］high regard for Ms Rowling’s request［D］careful restrictions on licensing to Coco-Cola40. It can be concluded from the last paragraph that .［A］products of Potter films have brought enormous profits to Warner［B］current Hollywood’s marketing of Potter may damage its potential［C］readers could get tired of Ms Rowling’s writings sooner or later［D］Warner will maintain the same strategy with Potter in futurePart BSample 1Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)．Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. (41) Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ 60 percent of the workforce and expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2,000.(42)Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. (43). Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may save the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also. at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too.(44) By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start ups, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical.(45) you must tenderly monitor its pulse, in their zeal, to expand. Small business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully four more and more into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that means the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices.To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideas.［A］Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.［B］But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age .［C］Frequent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth.［D］Some 1.2 million small forms have opened their doors over the past 6 years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.［E］According to small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to disappear in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now.［F］But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy’s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and are factories.［G］Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requiresSample 2Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragrphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)［A］Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do, if she find him jealous.［B］He that has wife and children has given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason that those that have children, should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know theymust transmit their dearest pledges.［C］Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses。
2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟试题
2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B], [C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot_1_its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law_2_justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in ways that_3_the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia，for example，appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be_4_as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not_5_by an ethics code.At the very least，the court should make itself_6_to the code of conduct that_7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases_8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law_10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions_11_they would be free to_12_those in power and have no need to_13_political support.Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely_14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it_16_ is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily_17_as unjust.The justices must_18_doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves_19_to the code of conduct.That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and，_20_，convincing as law.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]leads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]through[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conventions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]by all means[B]at all costs[C]in a word[D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1In the2006film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her,Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed,Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.In the last decade or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent release,and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited todesigners.For H&M to offer a $5.95knit miniskirt in all its2,300-plus stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.“Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues.Americans,she finds,buy roughly20billion garments a year—about64items per person—and no matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,who since2008has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M,with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A]lack of imagination.[B]poor bargaining skill.[C]obsession with high fashion.[D]insensitivity to fashion.22.According to Cline,mass-market labels urge consumers to[A]combat unnecessary waste.[B]shop for their garments more frequently.[C]resist the influence of advertisements.[D]shut out the feverish fashion world.23.The word“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to[A]accusation.[B]enthusiasm.[C]indifference.[D]tolerance.24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B]The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C]Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.[D]People are more interested in unaffordable garments.25.What is the subject of the text?[A]Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B]Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C]Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D]Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text2All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis,spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degree at one of200law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with$100,000of debt on top ofundergraduate w-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’efficiency.After all,other countries,such as Australia and Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]lawyers’and clients’strong resistance.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered“restrictive”partly because it[A]bans outsiders’involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text,the author mainly discusses[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,”wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel prize-winning economist,“That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR)policies as a waste of shareholders’money,things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies---at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a“signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second,customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse“halo effect,”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers ca n be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecuti ons under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do no t consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that,among prosecuted firms,those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency: Companies That contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such as child labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%results in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishmentfor bribing foreign officials”,says one researcher.Researcher admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they decide their do-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty.[B]skepticism.[C]approval.[D]tolerance.32.According to Paragraph2,CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices.[B]protecting it from being defamed.[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products.33.The expression“more lenient”(Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34.When prosecutors evaluate a case,a company’s CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35.Which of the following is true of CSR,according to the last paragraph?[A]The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.[B]Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated.[C]Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text4In a rare unanimous ruling,the U.S.Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his“official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on“specific”and “unsettled”issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is“distasteful”and “nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging a meeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is not an“official act.”The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,“assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types of access for average people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–thatall are equal in treatment by government－is undermined.Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36.The underlined sentence(Para.1)most probably shows that the court[A]made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[B]avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[C]was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D]refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37.According to Paragraph4,an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A]concrete returns for gift-givers.[B]sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C]leaking secrets intentionally.[D]breaking contracts officially.38.The court’s ruling is on the assumption that public officials are[A]allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B]qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C]justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[D]exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39.Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A]awaken the conscience of officials.[B]allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[C]guarantee fair play in official access.[D]inspire hopes in average people.40.The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is[A]sarcastic.[B]tolerant.[C]skeptical.[D]supportive.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]In December of1869,Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building.The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments.To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected,and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of1871.[B]Completed in1875,the State Department’s south wing was the first to be occupied,withits elegant four-story library(completed in1876),Diplomatic Reception Room,and Secretary’s office decorated with carved wood,Oriental rugs,and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in1879,where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.[C]The State,War,and Navy Building,as it was originally known,housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation’s foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nation’s most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.[D]Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls.Theodore and Franklin D.Roosevelt,William Howard Taft,Dwight D.Eisenhower,Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford,and George H.W.Bush all had offices in this building before becoming President.It has housed16Secretaries of the Navy,21Secretaries of War,and24Secretaries of State.Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.[E]The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB)commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States.Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury,Alfred B.Mullett,it was built from1871to1888to house the growing staffs of the State,War,and Navy Departments,and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.[F]Construction took17years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.When the EEOB was finished,it was the largest office building in Washington,with nearly2miles of black and white tiled corridors.Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster;the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety.Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.[G]The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.The first executive offices were constructed between1799and1820.A series of fires(including those set by the British in1814)and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building.In1866,the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41.C42.43.F44.45. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end,that I realised just how bad much of the medicalliterature frequently was.I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper:the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were1.17times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which,when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published?A recent paper,titled“The Natural Selection of Bad Science”,published on the Royal Society’s open science website,attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science,but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.What is important is not truth,but publication,which has become almost an end in itself.There has been a kind of inflationary process at work:(47)nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10years ago.Never mind the quality,then,count the number.(48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency,for example,by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature,the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.(49)This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications,or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual's output to simple metrics,such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable savings in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunately,the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible.We must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university.Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1)extend your welcome and2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly2)explain its intended meaning,and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20points）。
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《考研英语-764》
考试时间：120分钟 考试总分：100分
题号 一 二 三 四 五 总分
分数
遵守考场纪律，维护知识尊严，杜绝违纪行为，确保考试结果公正。
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