美国文学简史中文版(上 (1)

Ӝࠬ੎ङ‫ީ઻ڥ‬ਗ਼ߣङͫѸ‫ٷ‬ள‫ޗ‬Иࣿ߄澞չҿѕࡇ‫॔ޕ‬ઢѮપ▲߽ͫ ‫॔ܧ‬ԗдङӜࠬ੎ީԷїԭআ‫؍‬ыਘ૯‫઻ڥ‬չࣿࡴ࣫‫ؘ‬ङӊࣁ澞П੽љӜࠬ ੎Շ‫ي‬૜ߛङ॔ઢѮપ寸ؔдԭআ‫؍‬ыՍ‫ކף‬؆ङׂॅ澞‫ـ‬঒Љգङࡇ‫߄ޕ‬ ЉգङࣔࢵͫѸӜࠬ੎଑▲‫ހ⥭֨઻ڥ‬ত॔չӫЍଭक़‫ސ‬வՕЊИ֢੗‫ޕ‬՗ 峪Иङࠀ੉‫ࣦض‬չ䜳‫॔ޕ‬ઢѮપИङ‫࡯إ‬஌बど২澞
֨ӫ‫ڏ‬଑▲‫ޏ۝ۃ‬Ѝउङଋ३Иͫ২֢֨ 澝 Ѝ঵ۨд▲Зٚ‫ם‬ङડ ௠֫澞֨ਸ਼֢չ੼ࠬ‫ۨڥ‬ङ‫۝ۃ‬Օљ֨଑Зડ௠֫૴ԗО੧Ԉͫ৲ЉՉٝ৆ ଋ‫ޞ‬ङ‫॑ڏد‬ѫ଻пࡣ‫گ‬澝Ю⛻ЊѮ৏ङ‫܃ٴ‬澞଻З‫ࡳࠬ֨ߊޞ‬ՑީՕљપ પङз‫֨ͫە‬২֢‫ؼ‬Օљ‫ؘؘ֪֨֨‬Ԅӱ澞‫׷‬й‫ކ‬ਫ‫ז‬ҽͫ৐৲ૈॲؑ‫ݷݾ‬ ஶկ੏଍ԈЊࣲ‫ޞۅ‬їङؑ‫ݾ‬澝‫࡞ݺ‬澝‫ކ‬ԗஶոͫ֨‫םޏ‬ஏۨд‫ࡴࣿٯޙ‬ङ ࠥ‫ڔ‬澞֨‫ߊޝ‬ङ㼏ࡇ֪‫ڢ‬Иͫ௛੉ભ‫׉‬Њ؉յ֠ङ‫ډ‬䂷ࣜࠀ澝ৢ‫َڱ‬Ճљե Ԙୂ▲пؔ‫ل‬Ԛङ‫ݷݾޏؘ࣫ީࡇل‬ஶࣲ‫۝‬ङИࡶ䪖ߴ澞଑п१ࡇৱђߛӱ ‫םޏ‬ஏङ Ѝ঵ߍ‫׷ڐؼ‬д‫ކ‬؆ङӫҁ澞ѕћङӫҁӄ‫ؠ‬П੽ީ߄Ҽ‫םޏ‬ஏ ङ௎֦ы‫ە‬澝ਘࣀչࡇ୿ࣿࡴͫѕћ۪ৱљ‫ޙ‬ઓङ‫۪ͫڔڥ‬ৱљ࢕ઓ澝சঃ ङ‫ߛڔڥ‬ઓ‫ڣ‬۱੿۱஁澞Љଋͫ֨ Ѝ঵ФӹͫԘ২‫ם‬ஏЇׂߎ࡚߄эТӟ ࣒࣍չԭӳս澞‫ߊޝ‬ङԭӳսәЧҶୂީђ২֢ԭӳӟ࣍Фե଍ӱԘ২‫ם‬ஏ ߛङ澞‫ם‬঳ӱд Ѝ঵ИՙͫԘ২㼏ࡇ֪۵‫׷ڐ‬ӟ࣫дं‫ل‬ѻ֨‫םޏ‬ஏङ‫ކ‬ ыӊӟߛङ‫ކ‬؆ҁս澞‫ࡶ߂ޞڢ‬੧ङ‫ކ‬؆‫ީڔڥ‬峪࠱ͫҿࠩީ‫ͫކށ‬சঃչ ࢕ઓ澞ѸЉ঒ђӄ‫ؠ‬ӱ‫ͫڔڥ‬ଐୃԝӣঠনչ㎷䱣澞‫ـ‬঒‫ͫ࠴ײ‬଑ࡂॽީԘ ২‫ם‬ஏߎ֦ણࣿङ‫ކ‬؆ͫީ২ӯֳࡇ‫ކޕ‬؆ङ߂Ӭㄉਃ澞
‫۞۝ۃ‬જ‫ٯڑ‬桱֡ङ‫ם‬Љӧ்ࣦ֢ङਗࡇͫ‫ث‬଑З‫ܘީۈ؟֢ࣿޏ‬व▲ य़ЉՕդࣙङ☭㕑չ㦄ં澞ѕћ憊ં২֢ङ▲Ӥͫ‫ࣀڢ‬Эԕ‫ܬ‬২֢‫ૹٶ‬㎷䱣 ङ‫ކ‬؆澞வ‫ث‬ਸ਼֢ङ▲࣌ⱐংչ㞒਴‫ͫג‬ٝ৆ੂ‫ڱ‬дࣞॹङ২֢ыࡇӐ‫҅ڶ‬ ਘٜङ֢‫࡞ݺ֨؟‬澝৆ࡺ澝‫ކ‬ԗঈ՟З௅ֿୃ‫߄ܨ‬ҭӣङՇઈߓͫѕћ஬੽ ߄ਘٜङٗЏ澝ӌЏ澝ॠ؆չ‫ކ‬ԗ澞ҁО২֢‫ޏ‬ҽ‫ކ‬ԗ୍੽ুۨୂӣङ‫ކ‬؆ͫ ֨ࣞॹљեङ২֢֦֪Їͫ啺਱澝ࣿ୸ӱՇ‫ي‬澝⻑‫ৄͫם‬й֨ԡЗ‫ך‬Ѝ঵љ եͫљ؉ਘٜӀ߄௪‫ޕࡇޢ‬З‫ۅ‬ङ㊎‫ޏ‬வ嶃ͫ廅૯йЍउ‫ކ‬؆ФߥͫۨОЍ उ‫ކ‬؆ЉՕ‫ંڿ‬ङ߄ࣿԃ୏澞
ԭআ‫؍‬ыҁО‫םޏ‬ஏङПыͫЍЍїї‫ل‬ѻ֨଻ୌ澞֨ւѰ٢Շ࣫‫םޏ‬ ஏФӹͫѕћ‫ؼ‬ٝ৆߄д௤‫چ‬ङত॔չ࣒ૅ‫ޢކ‬澞ࡁ‫੼׎ͫײ‬ւ௛ண‫ޕ‬଴ऊ Јߛङֽ‫ڏׅ‬উ࠻֭չ曣ӶսљՃॢ௩ԭԆ‫ޕ‬଴Ѯਙяङ‫ރ‬Ԟୌ୸ङीߡ‫ם‬ ଳչȔ‫ן‬ஆ୹ȕ‫ڏ‬উͫપ‫ޢ‬ѕћ֨Ҹҫӹե‫߄ؼ‬д‫ކ‬ԗИ‫ڶ‬չ‫ڏ‬উ‫܉‬ਫ澞௛ ண‫ޕ‬ଐӫଭд۱߄ԭআ‫੊ୂ؍‬И֊▲Օ०О‫؁ކ‬ङ▲य़઻‫ކڥ‬澞Օީͫ Ѝ ঵љեͫ଑य़઻‫ކڥ‬சव௛ண‫ޕ‬ङੰૂ৲ࢃ‫ע‬дͧਙя‫ކڥ઻߄ع‬଴࣒ͫѸ ‫ޗ‬ыਈ‫ל‬ଅઍͨ澞ѕћङ‫ކ‬ԗЊ‫ڏ‬উ‫܉‬ਫՕ঑ҁЍउՎї‫ޢކ‬Ф▲ͫՕљգ ՎּՃչٞࡁѰबど২澞
‫ٶ‬եͫԭআ‫؍‬ы߀ࢽ‫֪ࠪە‬ଌଋЉ‫ࢅލ‬ҵङࠬࡳ१ࡇͫ‫ٮ‬ԉѕћ‫ڐ‬ ՇԽ‫ݾͫߥ࠙׷‬ѕћय़ࠛࣥজ澝௛ୟ圍澝ԧࣹ澝ࢹ਻澝嚢咀澝ਰࣿঈ՟य़ӌ ҁ࣒ͫ‫ݾٷ‬ѕћۤ‫ڱ‬дક‫ࣿ୎ך‬哦࣒ङ‫ۅ‬ਈ澞Ѹީͫࠬࡳ१ࡇৱӪӪ֨২ࡳ ॻ६਌૦ͫ‫ثؼ‬ԭআ‫؍‬ы‫ؘ‬੧д୸ߊङ澝୎塃ङय़‫ݺ্ࢯޕ‬ঌ澞ԭআ‫؍‬ыО дՆ‫ث‬২֢‫ڄݺ‬ङ֦֪㠈‫ר‬չ޺ԃ୳ԹͫР੧ଋ‫੸࠶ࠩך‬૜У澞 Ѝ঵ߍङ ▲ࠩ૜УՒҁȔ॔ਟ଍Ԉȕͫ֨଑З଍ԈИфࣿङু࠱Ȕ॔ਟ޼ȕҭࢠ۫‫ވ‬ ࢬ‫ە‬澞؉ऀ‫ޔ‬௎઻‫ګ‬ஶոԃ୏ͫऀ֪Ԉٌ‫ݣ‬ङ‫઻ڥ‬௄ॐ‫ޛ‬Ѝउ‫ࢯرڷ‬рͫ‫ޏ‬ Ѝउ‫رڷѮપ
ԭআ‫؍‬ыङ‫ކ‬ԗ੝ࣀЉީ২֢‫ކ‬ԗङПࡶͫѸԭআ‫؍‬ыࡂॽީ২֢଑ֲ ֦֪Ї߂‫ޝ‬ङПыͫѕћङԽ‫ކ׷‬ԗչ॔ઢѮપ‫ځ‬થީ২֢‫ކ‬؆ङ߂‫࢛ޝ‬ ‫ף‬澞
‫▲֨ޝ‬ЅиԞ‫ٶך‬ӹͫоࡳы‫׷ڐ‬ђ੼Ѳӯоۨ‫܅‬१‫ل‬஋‫ގܞ‬Ԇͫեߛ Ձէ২ࡳङИୂչԧୂ‫ۨͫށ۽‬д‫םޏ‬ஏङ॒ү澞 ‫ם۞ͫٶ‬ӯыւѰ٢ О੼ࣰ࣏֢ࣦչ‫ޏ‬ҽङ૏фஉ঴‫܇ج‬Ȕ॔ઢਢȕङИ֢չԭ‫ͫچ‬Ңࣀ૫Їд ଑ֲ‫םޏ‬ஏͫનઍОީӱдԭ‫ͫچ‬Ҏ‫֪ڢ܋‬ы०Оԭ‫چ‬ы澞ОдЊԭ‫چ‬ы଒ ੧ԚӰͫեы‫םޏ܋‬ஏङ֦ੋы०Оԭআ‫؍‬ы澞
২֢‫ކ‬؆এ՗ͧЇͨ
ԝЬЍ঵љӹ
ࠢଚ
২֢ީ▲З‫ૹٶ‬ङ֢‫؟‬澞ҁО▲З֢‫ͫ؟‬؉ङԷ՗Ցਈђ ‫ ߃ ٶ‬ ‫ޙ‬঑૜澞ҁОԷ՗И▲ЗЉՕӣԁङুۨୂӣङ২֢‫ކ‬؆՗ͫЕࠀ֪પͫЭ ީђ଑▲‫׷ڐמ‬崭ӊङ澞ւѰ٢֨ ‫ٶ‬Շ࣫‫םޏ‬ஏФӹͫ଑ֲ֦֪ङПы ީԭআ‫؍‬ыͫѕћङ՟Зୂ੊ଐ‫֨ה‬Խ‫׷‬Ҹ॑Ӳ‫چ‬՟ЗЉգङՇ‫ي‬உ࠼ͫѕ ћߎ૯‫߄࡚ٷ‬Շଇङ‫ކ‬؆澞ଶӱ㼏ࡇПУৱङ୎塃㇉㬣չ௜૛Фեͫ଑Зय़ ‫ޕ‬ٝ‫ה‬й䋚Лࢯ্ङ‫֪ͫ׋‬ю߄ङՍ‫ף‬ӫҁЭәЧ؏ҶИ‫ލ‬澞২֢ࣞॹљӹͫ Ԙ২‫ם‬ஏՉࠬࡳы৏࡞୸ଇәЗЍ঵澞ंй࠻懣ङ㼏ࡇ৆࡞љ㠈‫ק‬ી‫ئ‬չӼ Ӹ‫ڊ‬џԍԃОऩङͫ֜࠴ͫԘ২‫ם‬ஏ‫߄࡚ޘ‬Շଇङ৆ࡺͫ޾࡚߄Շଇङ‫ކ‬ԗ澞 ђ଑З۞УЇપͫ২ӯֳࡇ‫ޕ‬ङ‫ކ‬ԗͫ‫ؘ‬எЇީࠬࡳ‫ކ‬ԗङ१ࠛͫ‫ކ‬؆չਫ ߐ্‫ࡳࠬީރם‬ङ叆ߛս澞㼏ࡇ֪‫ߊޞ‬২֢ю߄ङәѹ峪ыչࡇ୿ҁ‫ंͫ؟‬ йԷ՗ߚўङ‫ق‬ஒչਘ૯ࣿࡴङ‫ق‬ஒͫЭ࡚߄ਈӊӟӀ߄২ࡳࣔ਩ङҁս澞
Љ‫ކص‬؆ҁսચ‫ߊޝؘͫ‬㼏ࡇৱ੝㎸௳۟ЉૡͫѸҿҁս㬘‫ޗؘ‬Ԣͫѕ ћऀਘٜङધઈ੮ଇдљեۨОыߓஶոࣲખү‫ג‬ङ՟य़‫۝ۃ‬澞ѕћङ峪࠱ Њ‫ކށ‬գ Ѝ঵ਸ਼֢ؑ‫ݾ‬ҁ‫߽▲؟‬傱য‫߽ך‬澞岖‫ͫײ‬٢ப‫ڴ‬क़չ䂷‫ৢޯގ‬ङ ‫ޙ‬ઓַࣤ澝‫ؘٵ‬ͺॠூx௛䜝ङԷ՗ٚੋ澦২֢㼏ࡇ‫ކߒߊޞ‬澧ଃ坘Ԣ◒৲ ҭࢠ઻‫۞ګ‬Уͺ࣊‫ڴ‬Ԣxࡪԏङ峪࠱ূ匞ѩ২澝‫ئ‬й⬡ࣲ澞
ԭআ‫؍‬ы੝ࣀ࡚߄‫ͫ؁ކ‬Ѹ߄Й‫ئ‬ङՍ‫ף‬ધͧ߄ङଐ߄۴Ԏધͨ澞юԘ ২ࡳԭআ‫؍‬ыୂ‫ޕ‬И‫ך ߄ؼ‬य़Ս‫ף‬ધͫҿИ২֢չԆܳ‫ ߄ם‬य़ͫ‫ם‬ ‫ऀ࡟ރך‬ਙя澞২֢ ЗٖИ߄▲ԡٖङդ‫࢛؁‬йԭআ‫؍‬ધ澞ԭআ‫؍‬ыОਘ ٜЍїबѮङՍ‫ކף‬؆۟ӱਘ઼澞ѕћङՍ‫ކף‬؆ԕ‫॔ܬ‬ઢ澝Ѯપ澝‫ݻ‬з澝峪࠱澝ࡇષ澝ࠀઈঈ澞֨‫ୂם‬ӣ‫ݻ‬зИୃ߄Ӝࠬ੎଑З‫઻ڥ‬澞
ࣞॹФեͫ২֢ङ‫ކ‬؆੝ࣀଐ‫ה‬й婻婍ФИͫѸ؉ٝ৆‫ݢ׷ڐ‬਍㼏ࡇ‫ކ‬ ԗङ㯽㰵澞֨ࡇ‫ॹࣞޕ‬ङԷ՗Ҽ‫ͫף‬২֢ыࡇͫࣔӰީҁО‫֨ॻޞڢ‬ஶո‫ވ‬ ж߂ӹӧङ૏фஉ঴٘৭ӣ‫ͫ׿‬ٝ৆ઍજӱд‫ކޕࡇॹڏ‬؆ङ୍੽‫ۅ‬澞▲‫܅‬ ‫ૹٶ‬ङ峪ы‫߀ؼ‬௄ઈͫ২֢‫ކ‬؆‫▲߄رڷ‬З䎀䎿ङߌߛͺѕћࢠ勹ࢽ‫֪ە‬О ଑Зߌߛङ䎀䎿‫ކ‬؆‫ͫࣻࢍृ׍‬帖ࣣਘٜङ৽‫ޢ‬۵޴澞‫ـ‬঒‫ॹࣞͫ࠴ײ‬љե ब‫୸ڢ‬ङ▲࠼‫୿ޞ‬ୌͫ২֢ଐЉਈ‫ݢڽڮ‬਍֨‫ކ‬ԗЇ҉஍ਸ਼֢ङࣙӑͫЉӯ йࡇ‫ކޕ‬؆য哛Շ‫ي‬ङߚў҉ࣀ‫֨؂‬澞௙үͫ֨Ո‫࡞ݺڱ‬Їङ৏▲љեͫ՟ ֪Ԛ֨৆ࡺ澝‫ކ‬ԗЇङՇ‫ٷي‬Љ‫ٵ‬੫澞‫ୂםୂ੼ޞڢ‬ӣଐީ‫଻֪ͫ׮ה‬ୌஔ дࡇ୿‫ݻ‬з‫ޞ▲ͫי‬ଐЉՕਈӟ࣫Ն‫ڐୂ੼ޥ‬ՇЏଜङۨࣅҁս澞֨㗰㨵੊ եङԧୂͫऱ࠳ङࡇ‫ކޕ‬ԗ‫ޗ‬ђળ૜澞
ԭআ‫؍‬ыङՍ‫ކף‬؆չ॔ઢѮપުॐдѕћЙ‫ئ‬ङ‫઻۝‬ԃչ৽‫ޢ‬۵޴ͫ ચ‫ޢ‬ѕћީ֑ਧ澝⥭‫ހ‬澝⦈ԍ澝ѭ‫ם‬ङࡇ‫ޕ‬澞২֢ԭআ‫؍‬ыङՍ‫ކף‬؆ީҿ Վ৯䎀䎿ङ‫ކ‬ԗত檤ͫ଑ѡ‫ކ‬ԗ଴фਙяёࣀ‫ذݹ‬ӟ僃◒ङ‫ڦڑ‬澞
婻婍Иङ২ӯֳࡇ‫ކޕ‬؆
Շ࣫‫םޏ‬ஏ‫଻֨ٷ‬ୌؔ‫ͫل‬Ցީ২֢‫ݻ‬зङআ▲ୂӣ澞২֢ଐީ‫۝ۃ‬Њ ত॔ङ‫םޏ‬ஏ澞ंйИЍ঵ङ࢙ٓୋ‫ݹ‬ӟߛङਈ୏߄‫ײ‬Ӑ⸓ࡲࡊ‫ר‬暰৲ӟͫ ଑य़ਈ୏ҎߣۨдҼйਘंыङ࣫ї‫۝ۃ‬澞২֢ыђ▲‫ؼ׷ڐ‬ӱ࠙ߥୌԾѽ ௠ࣿࡴͫѕћङ‫ކ‬؆ԯީѕћۨԅЊ‫ૂע‬ङઓ‫ڣ‬澞▲Зࡇ‫۪ޕ‬ৱ▲य़ࣿࡴ‫ސ‬ ‫֠֨ީୃͫڔ‬৉‫ځ‬થ‫ײ‬Ѿࣿࡴͫ॑ѫ‫ځ‬થ‫ײ‬Ѿ‫ڏ‬ગ৲‫ڐي‬ङؑ‫ݾ‬ଅખչ‫࡞ݺ‬ ଅખИۨ‫ڥ‬ङ澞
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美国文学简史-序言-introductionPPT课件

of literature.
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Basic Qualities of American Writers
1) Independent
2) Individualistic
3) Critical
4) Innovative
5) Humorous
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Part II. The periods of American literature
II. American Prose Since 1945: Realism and Experimentation.
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• Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by universality of intellectual and emotional appeal.
2. Forms (genres) of literature? Poetry, novel (fiction), drama, prose, essay, epic, elegy, short story, journalism, sermon, (auto) biography, travel accounts, novelette, etc.
2) Thematic Approach
➢ “What is the story, the poem, the play or the essay about?”
3) Historical Approach
➢ Aims at illustrating the historical development
1) Modern poetry: experiments in form (Imagism)

美国文学简史笔记(常耀信)

A Concise History of American LiteratureWhat is literatureLiterature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages.Chapter 1 Colonial PeriodI.Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can bepassed down from generation to generation.(3)Total depravity(4)Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.2.Influence(1) A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious andthoughtful) influenced American literature.(2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.(3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode o f perception was chieflyinstrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric isplain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the directinfluence of the Bible.II.Overview of the literature1.types of writingdiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period(1)Anne Bradstreet(2)Edward Taylor(3)Roger Williams(4)John Woolman(5)Thomas Paine(6)Philip FreneauIII.Jonathan Edwards1.life2.works(1)The Freedom of the Will(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(3)The Nature of True Virtue3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism(1)The spirit of revivalism(2)Regeneration of man(3)God’s presence(4)Puritan idealismIV.Benjamin Franklin1.life2.works(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac(2)Autobiography3.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American PhilosophicalSociety.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case)from heaven”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melvillethus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.Chapter 2 American RomanticismSection 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is RomanticismAn approach from ancient Greek: PlatoA literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)Schlegel Bros.I.Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1.subjectivity(1)feeling and emotions, finding truth(2)emphasis on imagination(3)emphasis on individualism – personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodnessof human beings2.back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1)unrestrained by classical rules(2)full of imagination(3)colloquial language(4)freedom of imagination(5)genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3.back to naturenature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau)II.American Romanticism1.Background(1)Political background and economic development(2)Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence2.features(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new e xperienceand contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of theplace” was radically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. Americanromantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writingsintended to edify more than they entertained.(3)The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with AmericanRomanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticismwas both imitative and independent.III.Washington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American literature2.life3.works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the DutchDynasty(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of internationalrecognition with the publication of this.)(3)The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5)The Alhambra4.Literary career: two parts(1)1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique(2)1832~1859: back to US5.style – beautiful(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4)vivid and true characters(5)humour – smiling while reading(6)musical languageIV.James Fenimore Cooper1.life2.works(1)Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2)The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3)Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3.point of viewthe theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs.democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights4.style(1)highly imaginative(2)good at inventing tales(3)good at landscape description(4)conservative(5)characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6)language and use of dialect not authentic5.literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history ofthe United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring andpushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Taleseffectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West.He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce westerntradition to American literature.Section 2 Summit of Romanticism – American TranscendentalismI.Background: four sources1.Unitarianism(1)Fatherhood of God(2)Brotherhood of men(3)Leadership of Jesus(4)Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5)Continued progress of mankind(6)Divinity of mankind(7)Depravity of mankind2.Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3.Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “oversoul”4.PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismII.Appearance1836, “Nature” by EmersonIII.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/Godgarment of the oversoul4.focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV.Influence1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea thathuman can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw offshackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new anddistinctly American culture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy whereopportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the mo ralnecessity for rising to spiritual height.3.It helped to create the first American renaissance – one of the most prolific period inAmerican literature.V.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.life2.works(1)Nature(2)Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3.point of view(1)One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the“oversoul”.(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man,and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine inhimself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emersonmeans by “the infinitude of man”.(4)Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and thathe makes the world by making himself.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2)True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3)The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4)As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America whichwas to him a lone poem in itself.5.his influenceVI.Henry David Thoreau1.life2.works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2)Walden(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3.point of view(1)He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and wasvehemently outspoken on the point.(2)He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.(3)Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative,healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.(4)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5)He was very critical of modern civilization.(6)“Simplicity…simplify!”(7)He was sorely disgusted with “the inundations of the dirty institutions of men’sodd-fellow society”.(8)He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men. Section 3 Late RomanticismI.Nathaniel Hawthorne1.life2.works(1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2)The Scarlet Letter(3)The House of the Seven Gables(4)The Marble Faun3.point of view(1)Evil is a t the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed fromgeneration to generation (causality).(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4)He has disgust in science.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil onwhich his mind grows to fruition.(2)He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative.To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne hadin mind to achieve.5.style – typical romantic writer(1)the use of symbols(2)revelation of characters’ psychology(3)the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4)his stories are parable (parable inform) – to teach a lesson(5)use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point ofviewII.Herman Melville1.life2.works(1)Typee(2)Omio(3)Mardi(4)Redburn(5)White Jacket(6)Moby Dick(7)Pierre(8)Billy Budd3.point of view(1)He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of“Everlasting Nay” (negative attitude towards life).(2)One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away from each other).Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disasterand death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts overthe comforting 19c idea of progress4.style(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity throughemploying the technique of multiple view of his narratives.(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commentedupon and praised.(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5)He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description ofwhat goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)Romantic PoetsI.Walt Whitman1.life2.work: Leaves of Grass (9 editions)(1)Song of Myself(2)There Was a Child Went Forth(3)Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4)Democratic Vistas(5)Passage to India(6)Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking3.themes –“Catalogue of American and European thought”He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment,idealism, transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits,Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything):equality of things and beingsdivinity of everythingimmanence of Goddemocracyevolution of cosmosmultiplicity of natureself-reliant spiritdeath, beauty of deathexpansion of Americabrotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)pursuit of love and happiness4.style: “free verse”(1)no fixed rhyme or scheme(2)parallelism, a rhythm of thought(3)phonetic recurrence(4)the habit of using snapshots(5)the use of a certain pronoun “I”(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7)use of conventional image(8)strong tendency to use oral English(9)vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some evenwrong(10)sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5.influence(1)His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2)He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast itin a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood.(3)He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4)Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to hisgreat influence.II.Emily Dickenson1.life2.works(1)My Life Closed Twice before Its Close(2)Because I Can’t Stop for Death(3)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died(4)Mine – by the Right of the White Election(5)Wild Nights – Wild Nights3.themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibility4.style(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, itsexpansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of“American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation bybreaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting afreedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the innerlife of the individual.(2)Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.(3)Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitmandoesn’t have.Edgar Allen PoeI.LifeII.Works1.short stories(1)ratiocinative storiesa.Ms Found in a Bottleb.The Murders in the Rue Morguec.The Purloined Letter(2)Revenge, death and rebirtha.The Fall of the House of Usherb.Ligeiac.The Masque of the Red Death(3)Literary theorya.The Philosophy of Compositionb.The Poetic Principlec.Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told TalesIII.Themes1.death –predominant theme in Poe’s writing“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.”2.disintegration (separation) of life3.horror4.negative thoughts of scienceIV.Aesthetic ideas1.The short stories should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression and finality.2.The poems should be short, and the aim should be beauty, the tone melancholy.Poems should not be of moralizing. He calls for pure poetry and stresses rhythm.V.Style – traditional, but not easy to readVI.Reputation: “the jingle man” (Emerson)VII.His influencesChapter 3 The Age of RealismI.Background: From Romanticism to Realism1.the three conflicts that reached breaking point in this period(1)industrialism vs. agrarian(2)culturely-measured east vs. newly-developed west(3)plantation gentility vs. commercial gentility2.1880’s urbanization: from free competition to monopoly capitalism3.the closing of American frontierII.Characteristics1.truthful description of life2.typical character under typical circumstance3.objective rather than idealized, close observation and investigation of life“Realistic writers are like scientists.”4.open-ending:Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves.5.concerned with social and psychological problems, revealing the frustrations ofcharacters in an environment of sordidness and depravityIII.Three Giants in Realistic Period1.William Dean Howells –“Dean of American Realism”(1)Realistic principlesa.Realism is “fidelity to experience and probability of motive”.b.The aim is “talk of some ordinary traits of American life”.c.Man in his natural and unaffected dullness was the object of Howells’s fictionalrepresentation.d.Realism is by no means mere photographic pictures of externals but includes acentral concern with “motives” and psychological conflicts.e.He condemns novels of sentimentality and morbid self-sacrifice, and avoids suchthemes as illicit love.f.Authors should minimize plot and the artificial ordering of the sense of something“desultory, unfinished, imperfect”.g.Characters should have solidity of specification and be real.h.Interpreting sympathetically the “common feelings of commonplace people” wasbest suited as a technique to express the spirit of America.i.He urged writers to winnow tradition and write in keeping with currenthumanitarian ideals.j.Truth is the highest beauty, but it includes the view that morality penetrates all things.k.With regard to literary criticism, Howells felt that the literary critic should not try to impose arbitrary or subjective evaluations on books but should follow thedetached scientist in accurate description, interpretation, and classification.(2)Worksa.The Rise of Silas Laphamb. A Chance Acquaintancec. A Modern Instance(3)Features of His Worksa.Optimistic toneb.Moral development/ethicscking of psychological depth2.Henry James(1)Life(2)Literary career: three stagesa.1865~1882: international themeThe AmericanDaisy MillerThe Portrait of a Ladyb.1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some playsDaisy Miller (play)c.1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then backto international themeThe Turn of the ScrewWhen Maisie KnewThe AmbassadorsThe Wings of the DoveThe Golden Bowl(3)Aesthetic ideasa.The aim of novel: represent lifemon, even ugly side of lifec.Social function of artd.Avoiding omniscient point of view(4)Point of viewa.Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousnessb.Psychological realismc.Highly-refined language(5)Style –“stylist”nguage: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurateb.Vocabulary: largec.Construction: complicated, intricate3.Mark Twain (see next section)Local Colorism1860s, 1870s~1890sI.Appearance1.uneven development in economy in America2.culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists3.magazines appeared to let writer publish their worksII.What is “Local Colour”Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)Garland, Harte – the westEggleston – IndianaMrs StoweJewett – MaineChopin – LouisianaIII.Mark Twain – Mississippi1.life2.works(1)The Gilded Age(2)“the two advantages”(3)Life on the Mississippi(4) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court(5)The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug3.style(1)colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects(2)local colour(3)syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammatical(4)humour(5)tall tales (highly exaggerated)(6)social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)parison of the three “giants” of American Realism1.ThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower class2.TechniqueHowells – smiling/genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colourism and colloquialismChapter 4 American NaturalismI.Background1.Darwin’s theory: “natural selection”2.Spenser’s idea: “social Darwinism”3.French Naturalism: ZoraII.Features1.environment and heredity2.scientific accuracy and a lot of details3.general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societyIII.significanceIt prepares the way for the writing of 1920s’ “lost generation” and T. S. Eliot.IV.Theodore Dreiser1.life2.works(1)Sister Carrie(2)The trilogy: Financier, The Titan, The Stoic(3)Jennie Gerhardt(4)American Tragedy(5)The Genius3.point of view(1)He embraced social Darwinism – survival of the fittest. He learned to regard manas merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in whichonly the “fittest”, the most ruthless, survive.(2)Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherous and heartless, a jungle struggle inwhich man, being “a waif and an interloper in Nature”, a “wisp in the wind ofsocial forces”, is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no powerwhatever to assert his will.(3)No one is ethically free; everything is determined by a complex of internalchemisms and by the forces of social pressure.4.Sister Carrie(1)Plot(2)Analysis5.Style(1)Without good structure(2)Deficient characterization(3)Lack in imagination(4)Journalistic method(5)Techniques in paintingChapter 5 The Modern PeriodSection 1 The 1920sI.IntroductionThe 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is considered “the second renaissance” of American literature.The nicknames for this period:(1)Roaring 20s – comfort(2)Dollar Decade – rich(3)Jazz Age – Jazz musicII.Backgrounda)First World War –“a war to end all wars”(1)Economically: became rich from WWI. Economic boom: new inventions.Highly-consuming society.(2)Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation.b)wide-spread contempt for law (looking down upon law)1.Freud’s theoryIII.Features of the literatureWriters: three groups(1)Participants(2)Expatriates(3)Bohemian (unconventional way of life) – on-lookersTwo areas:(1)Failure of communication of Americans(2)Failure of the American societyImagismI. BackgroundImagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature “haiku”II. Development: three stages1.1908~1909: London, Hulme2.1912~1914: England -> America, Pound3.1914~1917: Amy LowellIII. What is an “image”An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.IV. Principles1.Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;2.To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;3.As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in thesequence of a metronome.V. Significance1.It was a rebellion against the traditional poetics which failed to reflect the new life ofthe new century.2.It offered a new way of writing which was valid not only for the Imagist poets but formodern poetry as a whole.3.The movement was a training school in which many great poets learned their firstlessons in the poetic art.4.It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern English andAmerican poetry.VI. Ezra Pound1.life2.literary career3.works(1)Cathay(2)Cantos(3)Hugh Selwyn Mauberley4.point of view(1)Confident in Pound’s belief that the artist was morally and culturally the arbiterand the “saviour” of the race, he took it upon himself to purify the arts andbecame the prime mover of a few experimental movements, the aim of which wasto dump the old into the dustbin and bring forth something new.(2)To him life was sordid personal crushing oppression, and culture produced nothingbut “intangible bondage”.(3)Pound sees in Chinese history and the doctrine of Confucius a source of strengthand wisdom with which to counterpoint Western gloom and confusion.(4)He saw a chaotic world that wanted setting to rights, and a humanity, sufferingfrom spiritual death and cosmic injustice, that needed saving. He was for the mostpart of his life trying to offer Confucian philosophy as the one faith which couldhelp to save the West.5.style: very difficult to readPound’s early poems are fresh and lyrical. The Cantos can be notoriously difficult insome sections, but delightfully beautiful in others. Few have made serious study of thelong poem; fewer, if anyone at all, have had the courage to declare that they haveconquered Pound; and many seem to agree that the Cantos is a monumental failure.6.ContributionHe has helped, through theory and practice, to chart out the course of modern poetry.7.The Cantos –“the intellectual diary since 1915”Features:(1)Language: intricate and obscure(2)Theme: complex subject matters(3)Form: no fixed framework, no central theme, no attention to poetic rulesVII. T. S. Eliot1.life2.works(1)poemsThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Waste Land (epic)Hollow ManAsh WednesdayFour Quarters(2)PlaysMurder in the CathedralSweeney AgonistesThe Cocktail PartyThe Confidential Clerk(3)Critical essaysThe Sacred WoodEssays on Style and OrderElizabethan EssaysThe Use of Poetry and The Use of CriticismsAfter Strange Gods3.point of view(1)The modern society is futile and chaotic.(2)Only poets can create some order out of chaos.(3)The method to use is to compare the past and the present.4.Style(1)Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm(2)Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and allusions(3)Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absence of bridges5.The Waste Land: five parts(1)The Burial of the Dead(2) A Game of Chess(3)The Fire Sermon(4)Death by Water(5)What the Thunder SaidVIII. Robert Frost1.life2.point of view(1)All his life, Frost was concerned with constructions through poetry. “a momentarystay against confusion”.(2)He understands the terror and tragedy in nature, but also its beauty.(3)Unlike the English romantic poets of 19th century, he didn’t believe that man couldfind harmony with nature. He believed that serenity came from working, usuallyamid natural forces, which couldn’t be understood. He regarded work as“significant toil”.3.works – poemsthe first: A Boy’s Willcollections: North of Boston, Mountain Interval (mature), New Hampshire4.style/features of his poems(1)Most of his poems took New England as setting, and the subjects were chosenfrom daily life of ordinary people, such as “mending wall”, “picking apples”.(2)He writes most often about landscape and people – the loneliness and poverty ofisolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature. He also describes someabnormal people, . “deceptively simple”, “philosophical poet”.(3)Although he was popular during 1920s, he didn’t experiment like other modernpoets. He used conventional forms, plain language, traditional metre, and wrote ina pastured tradition.IX. e. e. cummings“a juggler with syntax, grammar and diction” –individualism, “painter poet”Novels in the 1920sI. F. Scott Fitzgerald1.life – participant in 1920s2.works(1)This Side of Paradise(2)Flappers and Philosophers(3)The Beautiful and the Damned(4)The Great Gatsby(5)Tender is the Night(6)All the Sad Young Man(7)The Last Tycoon3.point of view(1)He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called。

美国文学史

美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。

这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。

代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。

二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期这一时期是启蒙运动时期（the Enlightenment）,从字面上讲，启蒙运动就是启迪蒙昧，反对愚昧主义，提倡普及文化教育的运动。

但就其精神实质上看，它是宣扬资产阶级政治思想体系的运动，并非单纯是文学运动。

它是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建、反禁欲、反教会斗争的继续和发展，直接为一七八九年的法国大革命奠定了思想基础。

启蒙思想家们从人文主义者手里进一步从理论上证明封建制度的不合理，从而提出一整套哲学理论，政治纲领和社会改革方案，要求建立一个以“理性”为基础的社会。

他们用政治自由对抗专制暴政，用信仰自由对抗宗教压迫，用自然神论和无神论来摧毁天主教权威和宗教偶像，用“天赋人权”的口号来反对“君权神授”的观点，用“人人在法律面前平等”来反对贵族的等级特权，进而建立资产阶级的政权。

是欧洲第二次思想解放运动。

）主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），这个思想认为虽然上帝创造了宇宙和它存在的规则，但是在此之后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。

自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义，否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”；认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”；上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”，它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务，而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去；主张用“理性宗教”代替“天启宗教”。

人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。

整理的美国文学上

一、The literature of colonial AmericanEarly New England literature:早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral, historical and political.John smith was considered to be the first American writer. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”. 他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。

其破产后作为向导sought a post as guide to the Pilgrims.他1624年《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”,讲述了传奇故事how the Indian princess Pocahontas( 波卡洪塔斯)saved him.I.Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sincan be passed down from generation to generation.(3)Total depravity(4)Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.2.Influence(1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (seriousand thoughtful) influenced American literature.(2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – gardenof Eden.(3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perceptionwas chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism whichis distinctly American.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; therhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility oftentraceable to the direct influence of the Bible.II.Overview of the literature1.types of writingDiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books,autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period1、William Bradford and John Winthrop2、John cotton and roger Williams3、Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor一、William Bradford and John Winthrop威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普The first governor of Plymouth：William Bradford;The first governor of Boston：John Winthrop.1．William Bradford:《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of PlymouthPlantation”文章从1630年开始写起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登·马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”2．John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”.1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts并开始写日记keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty.3．他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.4．清教徒（Puritan）:就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 总认为自己是上帝选民looked upon themselves as a chosen people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制个人生活行为made laws about private morality as well as public behaviour霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“stern and black-browed Puritans”.二、John Cotton and Roger Williams约翰·科登和罗杰·威廉姆斯1．John Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England. 1633年到Boston开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为he was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成his primary influence was through the pulpit.?听众对他深信不疑。

美国文学史及选读1.1

The origin of American Indians
• They were divided into a great number of tribes who spoke different languages. By the 15th century there were 15 to 20 million inhabitants in the Americas, some of them were quite primitive, while others were among the most advanced cultures in the world. But when the Europeans arrived in great numbers in the 16th and 17th centuries, the cultures of the American Indians began to change as they came into contact with Western culture and technology.
&
Mark Twain
SelecteEdarRneesat Hdeimnignsgwiany American Literature
Outline of American Literature ( 6 periods )
[1] Colonial Period ----Puritanism (1607-1775) Chapter 1
?这些英国人在安顿好新家以后为感谢在危难之时帮助支援过他们的印第安人同时也感谢上帝对他们的恩赐是年年11月第四星期四将猎获的火鸡制成美味佳肴盛情款待印第安人并与他们进行联欢庆祝活动持续了三天

美国文学史Introduction Unit 1

I Questions:
1. What do you know about America (early history)?
1) Peop Now Americans are mainly immigrants mostly from Europe, esp. from England and a portion of people from all over the world. 2) Early history: America was first discovered by Columbus in 1492 .
4. Aims (Why did Puritans come to America?)
to reform the Church of England
to have an entirely new church
to escape religious persecution
II Colonial Writers
国文学史所反映的美利坚民族的文化史、思想史和认识史，
也涉及到美国的政治、经济和种族等方面。 • 文学主要是指作家和作品、重要文学思潮和流派；历史则涉及美国自建国至20世纪末所发生的一些对文学产生重大影响的事件，我们将文学置入历史文化的框架中进行研究、讨论。 • 课程按照文学编年史展开。课堂讲授、自主学习、网络资源平台活动参与、分组讨论四位一体，每课给思考题。培养学生独立查阅资料、研究分析、思考理解、欣赏批判的能力。
Introduction
History and Anthology
of American Literature
Outline
• 本课程在专业培养目标中的定位与课程目标
• 知识模块顺序及对应的学时 • 课程的重点、难点及解决办法

美国文学简史常耀信版讲义1

❖ (3) Total depravity
❖ (4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.
❖ 2. Influence
❖ (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.
❖ (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.
❖ (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.
American Drama Black American Literature
Colonial Period
❖ Background information ❖ Writers and works
New England
❖ New England 's composed of six states, including from north to south : Maine缅因州, New Hampshire新罕布什尔州, Vermont佛蒙特州, Massachusetts马萨诸塞州, Rhode Island罗德岛州, Connecticut康涅狄格州.

美国文学简史

American Literature
A His• • • • • • Colonial Period Revolution and Nation-building Period Romanticism Realism & Naturalism Modernism Post-modernism
Colonial literature (1492-1765)
• • • • • puritanism; Garden of Eden Religion & colonial life both idealistic and practical; British tradition Enlightenment (18th c)
•
• • • • •
•
Fish & Visitors stink in 3 days. 访客和鱼三天都会发臭。 Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck. 勤勉乃幸运之母。 God helps them that help themselves. 天助自助者。 Drive thy Business, let not that drive thee. 你要管理事务，别让事务管理你。 Wink at small faults; remember thou has great ones. 若对小错误视而不见，那你就会犯大错。 Eat to please thyself, but dress to please others. 吃乃快活自家，穿是取悦人家。
Realism & Naturalism
purpose of a novelist: to be a scientist Emile Zola (1840-1902) heredity & environment; hostile forces, indifferent determinism Stephen Crane: The Red Badge of Courage Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie

“Fail”并非“失败”及其他——《美国文学简史》(上册)中艾米莉·

。
为了便于说明问题
不妨全
但是
,
刚刚躺进墓穴
一个为真理而死的人抬进了我隔壁的房间他悄悄地问我我回答他说
: : “ “ :
。
为了什么而失败 ?
。
为了美
,
,
我是为了真理
它们是一回事
咱们是哥儿俩
,
—
。
”
就象亲人遇见在黑夜
, ,
前者好懂
而后者确实使人难以理解
,
读者看到诗人描绘出如下的情景 :
马车在缓缓地前进
经过学校的校园
。
路过成熟的庄稼地人们熟悉的景
A
t
,
越过西沉的太阳
t h
o
一直来到这所房子
编者在介绍作品时
,
,
有所取舍
本无可非议
。
。
但就
如果在删节处加上删节号
。
以免读者误解
似乎更妥当些
:
导
如果把这漏了的四行译了补进去风格
,
以便读者进一步了解这位美国的
,
“
萨芙
”
的独特
大约也不会有什么坏处吧
这儿我不揣冒昧
。
“
辞典
”
l
,
,
i
d e i ,
`
这一词义
,
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美国文学简史复习资料[1]

美国文学美国文学Part 1. Colonial AmericaPhilip Freneau Philip Freneau菲菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sindefended T he The Nature of True VirtueBenjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanack 穷查理历书；The Autobiography 自传Part 2. A merican American Romanticism It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature ,t Romantic Period ,which stretches from the end of the 18th century through the out breakof Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch bookand ended with Whitman's Leave of Grass .American Romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained "an alien quality "for the simplereason that "the spirit of the place" was radically new and alien.And it was bo imitative and independent.Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New York 纽约的历史纽约的历史---------------美国人写的第一部诙谐文学美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；杰作；The The Sketch Book 见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说的传说---------------使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Rip Van Winkle -------short storyJames Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851The Spy 间谍;The Pioneer 拓荒者；;The Prairie 大草原;ThePathfinder 探路者;The Deerslayer 杀鹿者Part 3.New England TranscendentalismRalf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882Essays 散文集散文集::Nature 论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;TheAmerican Scholar 论美国学者;Henry David Threau 亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862W adden,or Life in the Woods 华腾湖或林中生活Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ·朗费罗 An April Day 四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生礼物(poem )/PNathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales 尽人皆知的故事尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse ;Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown 年轻的古德曼·布朗年轻的古德曼·布朗年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter ;The Scarlet Letter红字红字;The House of the Seven Gables ;The House of the Seven Gables 有七个尖角阁的房子有七个尖角阁的房子----------------心理若们罗曼史心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance ;The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇福谷传奇;The Marble Faun ;The Marble Faun玉石雕像玉石雕像Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比·迪克/白鲸；Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 草叶集:Song of Myself 自我之歌Emily Dickinson ； “Because I could not stop for death ” “I ＇ｍ no body... ”poemEdgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-18491809-1849（以诗为（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人伟大抒情诗人----------叶芝）叶芝）The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌;Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔·李Poem-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头T 诗:The Raven 乌鸦;To Hellen 致海伦 Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋;Part 4. The age of RealismWilliam Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯恩·豪威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Hazard of Now Fortunes 时来运转;2323、、Henry James 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；Part 5. Local ColorismMark Twain 马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens Clemens））------美国文美国文学的一大里程碑学的一大里程碑The Gilded Age 镀金时代 -----------novel;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·费恩历险记How to Tell a Story 怎样讲故事怎样讲故事---------对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结 O. Henry short story 短篇小说 The Four Million ”《四百万》”《四百万》小说集小说集、“The Gift of the Magi ”《麦琪的礼物》《麦琪的礼物》Part 6. American NaturalismFrank Norris The Octopus 章鱼,The Pit 小麦交易所);4040、、JackLondon 杰克·伦敦1876-1916T he Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤----novel ;The Sea-wolf 海狼;White Fang 白獠牙;T ;Martin Eden 马丁·伊登;Part 7. The 1920s ImagismEzra Pound 艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972美国现代诗歌之父美国现代诗歌之父Cathay 华夏（英译中国诗The Cantos of Ezra Pound 庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）《In a station of the Metro 》----在地铁站里 Thomas Stearns Eliot The Waste Land 荒原;名诗：名诗：Ash Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三圣灰星期三;;FourQuarters 四个四重奏Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963 After Apple-picking 摘苹果之后)(The Road Not taken 没有选择的道路)----poem---------Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening <雪夜林畔>F Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代一代) )The Side of Paradise 人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned 美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night 夜色温柔Ernest Ernest Hemingway Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威1899-19611899-1961（“迷惘（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）物）The Sun Also Rises 太阳照样升起太阳照样升起;;Farewellto Arms 永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣William William Faulkner Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962短篇小说：;The Sound and the Fury 愤怒与喧嚣;；Short story ------A Rose For Emily 《给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰》 Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie 嘉莉姐妹----Novel ;Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲(Financer 金融家,The Titan 巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说） Arthur Miller ;The Death of a Salesman 推销员--------Play ;１．《了不起的盖茨比》表现了“美国梦”的幻灭，这部小说谴责以托姆为代表的美国特权阶级自私专横，为所欲为，以同情的态度描写了盖茨比的悲剧，并指出他的悲剧来自他对生活和爱情的幻想，对上层社会缺乏认识。

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