考研英语真题阅读理解试题与名师解析十八
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitableand in California optional .Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancyhas nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips ...It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitableand in California optional .Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancyhas nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can bereplaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population aquality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatnessof ours。
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate andperish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at somelevel, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to besolved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, wedemand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it'suseless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease andfearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressivetreatment far beyond what is scientifically justified。
In 1950, the U.S. spent 12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, thecost will be 1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend isunsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Somescholars conclude that a government with finite resources shouldsimply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond acertain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm hasbeen quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to dieand get out of the way ” so that younger, healthier people canrealize their potential。
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely workthrough their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. SupremeCourt Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeongeneral C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.Theseleaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can managethe health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have。
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may beineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer,healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding thequest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humblertherapies that could improve people's lives。
36. What is implied in the first sentence?[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people。
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before。
[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology。
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy。
37. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that[A] medical resources are often wasted。
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases。
[C] some treatments are too aggressive。
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable。
38. The author's attitude to ward Richard Lamm's remark is one of[A] strong disapproval。
[B] reserved consent。
[C] slight contempt。
[D] enthusiastic support。
39. In contras to the U.S. ,Japan and Sweden are funding theirmedical care[A] more flexibly。
[B] more extravagantly。
[C] more cautiously。
[D] more reasonably。
40. The text intends to express the idea that[A] medicine will further prolong people's lives。
[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living。
[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life。
[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care。
名师解析36. What is implied in the first sentence? 第一句话暗示什么[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people。
美国人对于死亡的准备超过其他人。
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before。
美国人比先前享受更高的生活质量。
[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology。
美国人对他们的医学技术过于自信。
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy。
美国人对于他们的长寿有一种虚荣的自豪感。
【答案】 C【考点】推断题。
【分析】该题问的是篇首第一句的含义。
这句话说的是“据说在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的在加拿大死亡是不可避免的在加利福尼亚死亡是可以选择的。
”从这句话中我们可以看出美国人自认为美国拥有先进医疗技术死亡是可以控制的。
所以[C]项是正确的。
[A]项毫无道理因为从文章中可以看出美国人还是害怕死亡的。
2018年考研英语真题及答案解析
2018年考研英语真题及答案解析考研英语最重要的就是做好真题的题海战，只有将真题啃透，才能在实战中得到更高分。
下面是小编分享的考研英语真题及答案解析，一起来看看吧。
考研英语真题及答案解析一Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. __4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. __5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers of blessing. Par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common.Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up. The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.1. A. by way of B. with regard to C. on behalf of D. as well as2. A. decide on B. provide for C. compete with D. adapt to3. A. close B. arrange C. renew D. postpone4. A. In theory B. Above all C. In time D. For example5. A. Unless B. Less C. After D. Although6. A. into B. within C. from D. through7. A. or B. since C. but D. so8. A. test B. copy C. recite D. create9. A. folding B. piling C. wrapping D. tying10. A. passing B. lighting C. hiding D. serving11. A. association B. meeting C. collection D. union12. A. deal B. part C. grow D. live13. A. whereas B. until C. for D. if14. A. avoid B. follow C. challenge D. obtain15. A. isolated B. persuaded C. viewed D. exposed16. A. wherever B. whatever C. whenever D. however17. A. changed B. brought C. shaped D. pushed18. A. invested B. divided C. donated D. withdrawn19. A. warms B. clears C. shows D. breaks20. A. while B. so that C. once D. in that1.[标准答案] [D]as well as[考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：文章身处大环境not only…..but also之中，这是一个明显的并列关系，表示“不仅……而且……”该空与前一句“his parents and his friends”也是并列关系，表示“与他本人以及伴侣的父母朋友相关” 所以答案只能是D. as well as.A. by way of通过B. with regard to 关于C. on behalf of 代表2.[标准答案] [A] decide on[考点分析] 上下文语义[选项分析] 根据该句的主语a young man与宾语a likely spouse 的关系，答案只能是A. decide on 决定。
考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 2. Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)Immigrant Students in Their Studies on Made and Female Differences When it comes to schooling, the Herrera boys are no match for the Herrera girls. Last week, four years after she arrived from Honduras, Martha, 20, graduated from Fairfax High school in Los Angeles. She managed decent grades while working 36 hours a week at a Kentucky Fried Chicken. Her sister, Marlin, 22, attends a local community college and will soon be a certified nurse assistant. The brothers are a different story. Oscar, 17, was expelled two years ago from Fairfax for carrying a knife and later dropped out of a different school. The youngest, Jonathan, 15, is now in a juvenile boot camp after running into trouble with the law. “The boys get sidetracked more,”says the kids’ mother, Suyapa Landaverde. “The girls are more confident.”This is no aberration. Immigrant girls consistently outperform boys, according to the preliminary findings of a just completed, five-year study of immigrant children—the largest of its kind, including Latino, Chinese and Haitian kids—by Marcelo and Carola Suarez Orozco of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Though that trend holds for U. S.-born kids as well, the reasons for the discrepancy among immigrants are different. The study found that immigrant girls are more adept at straddling cultures than boys. “The girls are able to retain some of the protective features of (their native) culture”because they’re kept closer to the hearth, says Marcelo Suarez Orozco, “while they maximize their acquisition of skills in the new culture “by helping their parents navigate it. Consider the kids’experiences in school. The study found that boys face more peer pressure to adopt American youth culture—the dress, the slang, the disdain for education. They’re disciplined more often and, as a result, develop more adversarial relationships with teachers—and the wider society. They may also face more debilitating prejudices. One teacher interviewed for the study said that the “ cultural awareness training” she received as part of her continuing education included depictions of Latino boys as “aggressive”and “really macho”and of the girls as “pure sweetness”. Gender shapes immigrant kids’experiences outside school as well. Often hailing from traditional cultures, the girls face greater domestic obligations. They also frequently act as “ cultural ambassadors”, translating for parents and mediating between them and the outside world, says Carola Suarez Orozco. An unintended consequence: “The girls get foisted into a responsible role more than the boys do.” Take Christina Im, 18, a juniorat Fairfax who arrived from South Korea four years ago. She ranks ninth in a class of 400 students and still finds time to fix dinner for the family and work on Saturdays at her mother’s clothing shop. Her brother? “He plays computer games,”says Im. The Harvard study bears a cautionary note: If large numbers of immigrant boys continue to be alienated academically—and to be clear, plenty perform phenomenally —they risk sinking irretrievably into an economic underclass. Oscar Herrera, Martha’s dropout brother, may be realizing that. “I’m thinking of returning ot school,”he recently told his mother. He ought to look to his sisters for guidance.1．In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by______.A．posing a contrastB．justifying an assumptionC．making a comparisonD．explaining a phenomenon正确答案：C解析：论证方式题。
18考研英语一真题阅读理解红绿蓝答案解析
18考研英语一真题阅读理解红绿蓝答案解析Among the annoying challenges facing the middleclass is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidentialcampaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. Abouthalf of U.S. jobs are at highrisk of being automated,according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-incomejobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many middle-classoccupations—trucking, financial advice, software engineering—have aroused theirinterest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.21. Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B] Low-wage laborers.（与下划线句矛盾）[C] Robot owners.（与加粗矛盾）[D] Middle-class workers.This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point outthat technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The IndustrialRevolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced bymechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created morejobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boostproductivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers fromhard, boring work. But in themedium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.22 . Which of the following best represents theauthor’sview?[A] Worries about automation are in factgroundless.[B] Optimists’ opinions on new tech find littlesuppo rt.[C] Issues arising from automation need to be tackled.[D] Negative consequences of new tech can beavoided.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and AndrewMcAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and jobtraining. Curriculums—fromgrammar school to college—shouldevolve to focus less onmemorizing facts and more on creativity and complexcommunication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fosteringproblem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Onlineeducation can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training andinstruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be ableto do so without going into debt.23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on _____.[A] creative potential[B] job-hunting skills[C] individual needs[D] cooperative spiritThe challenge of coping with automationunderlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastictechnological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up waysto combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual realityhaven’t been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will inventthem.Finally, because automation threatens to widenthe gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net willhave to be rethought. Taxeson low-wage labor need tobe cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should beexpanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for jobcreation, and reduceinequality.24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at _____.[A] encouraging the development of automation[B] increasing the return on capital investment[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor[D] preventing the income gap from wideningTechnology will improve society in ways big andsmall over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who findtheir lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for ourjobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.The first step…The challenge of coping with automationunder…Finally, because automation threat…25. In this text, the author presents a problemwith _____.[A] opposing views on it[B] possible solutions to it[C] its alarming impacts[D] its major variationsText 2A new survey by Harvard University finds morethan two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use ofTwitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White Houseto be filtered through other source, not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to checkdaily headlines. Yet as distrusthas risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their medialiteracy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidentialcampaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in thepolitically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted by BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust newsfrom the media giant.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubtson _____.[A] the justification of the news-filteringpractice[B] people’s preference for social mediaplatforms[C] the administrations’ ability to handleinformation[D] social media was a reliable source of newsMost Americans rely on social media to checkdaily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacyskills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politicallycritical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University ofOxford. And a survey conducted by BuzzFeed News found 44 percent ofFacebookusers rarely or never trust news from the media giant.27. The phrase “beef up” (Line 2, Para. 2) i s closest in meaning to_____.[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] shareYoung people who are digital natives are indeedbecoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group surveyof young people between age s 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” toverify stories. They cross-checksources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about anybias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility foreducating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the surveyconcluded.28. According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people _____.[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources[C] have a strong sense of responsibility[D] like to exchange views on “distributedtrust”Such active research can have another effect. A2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by theUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on socialmedia led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience newsevents moreintimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-sharenews as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to bemore conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna researchgroup found the top reasongiven by Americans for thefake news phenomenon is “readererror,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actualnews” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on socialmedia may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personalresponsibility in count eracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor inchief at Barna Group.29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is _____.[A] readers’ outdated values[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] jo urnalists’ made-up storiesSo when young people are critical of anover-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills—andin their choices on when to share on social media.30. Which of the following would be the besttitle for the text?[A] A Risein Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweetingTrend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on SocialMedia[D] The Platforms for Projection of PersonalInterestsText 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers ofthe dealbetween Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind muststart by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of theleading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential ofthis work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead tofurther concentration of power in the tech giants. It is against thatbackground that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued herdamning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, whichhanded over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on thebasis of a vague agreementwhich took far too littleaccount of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy.31.What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter’s expectations.[D] It put both sides into a dangeroussituation.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements—andthere may be many—between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that allnecessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data hasbeen cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. Butprivacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. MsDenham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existinglaw it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” i t. But thisdistinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, notthemere possession of bits, that gives the data value.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham’s verdict with _____.[A] empty promises[B] tough resistance[C] necessary adjustments[D] sincere apologiesDeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trusthas mended its ways. Further arrangements—and there may be many—between the NHSand DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessarypermissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has beencleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacyis not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denhamchose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since un der existing law it“controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. But this distinctionmisses the point that it isprocessing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that_____.[A] privacy protection must be secured at allcosts（无中生有）[B] leaking patients’ data is worse thanselling it（无中生有）[C] making profits from patients’ data isillegal（曲解原文）[D] the value of data comes from the processing of itThe great question is who should benefit fromthe analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds onthe concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individualthere gains its value only when it iscompared with the data of countlessmillions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giantsin this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address thereal worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops willbenefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them usingpublic resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugsnow can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We arestill at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out tohave gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid afuture of digital feudalism. Ms Denham’s report is a welcome start.34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is_____.[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law[C] the uncontrolled use of new software[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giantsThe use of privacy law to curb the tech giantsin this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address thereal worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops willbenefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a privatemonopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises tosave lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behaveas a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution andsmall choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed toavoid afuture of digital feudalism. Ms Denham’s report is a welcomestart.35.The author’s attitude toward the applicationof AI to healthcare is _____.[A] ambiguous[B] cautious[C] appreciative[D] contemptuousText 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies.Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological changethat has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust itsoperations to the new reality.36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by _____.[A] its unbalanced budget[B] its rigid management[C] the cost for technical upgrading[D] the withdrawal of bank supportAnd interestgroups ranging from postal unionsto greeting-card makers exertself-interested pressureon the USPS’s ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever elsehappens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo theydepend on getprotected. This is why repeated attempts at reformlegislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Serviceunable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to _____.[A] the interference from interest groups[B] the inadequate funding from Congress[C] the shrinking demand for postal service[D] the incompetence of postal unionsNow comes word that everyoneinvolved—Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system’sheaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation ismoving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion overfive years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survivalmeasures. Most of the moneywould come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shiftingpostal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset thefinancial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPSand its union.38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by _____.[A] removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] making more investment in new vehicles.[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D] attracting more first-class mail users.If it clears the House, this measure wouldstill have to getthrough the Senate—where someone is bound to point out thatit amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Serviceafloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining atthe USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percentof the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturdayletter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and wouldsave the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem tohave killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the billis a sign that legislatorsare getting frightenedabout a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not,however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postalsystem for the 21st century.39. In the last paragraph, the author seems toview legislators with_____.[A] respect[B] tolerance[C] discontent[D] gratitude40. Which of the following would be the besttitle for the text?[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from MyCheese[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a QuickCure[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid。
2018年考研(英语二)试题答案解析(完整版)
2018年考研英语二试题答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty,according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people wiill 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist?Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified;another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones wou ld shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what woul d 8 .Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails o n a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans,much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it ca n 12 new scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such 13 can backfire.The insight that cur iosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 ,howev er. In a final experiment,participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewin g an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image.These results suggest that imagi ning the 18 of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curi osity."Hsee says.In other words,don't read online comments.1. A.resolve B.protect C.discuss D.ignore2.A.refuse B.wait C.seek D.regret3.A.rise st C.mislead D.hurt4.A.alert B.tie C.expose D.treat5.A.message B.trial C.review D.concept6.A.remove B.weaken C.deliver D.interrupt7. A.Unless B.If C.Though D.When8. A.happen B.continue C.disappear D.change9. A.rather than B.such as C.regardless of D.owing to10. A.disagree B. forgive C.forget D.discover11. A.pay B.marriage C.food D.schooling12.A.begin with B.rest on C.learn from D.lead to13.A. withdrawal B. inquiry C .persistence D.diligence14.A.self-destiuctive B.self-reliant C. self-evident D.self-deceptive15.A.resist B.define C.replace D.trace16.A.predict B.overlook C.design D.conceal17. A.remember B.choose C.promise D.pretend18. A.relief B.plan C.outcome D.duty19.A. whether B.why C.where D.how20. A.limitations B.investments C.strategies D.consequences 1. A解析：句首作者提出疑问，“为什么人们会读互联网的负面评论和明显很让人伤心的其它事情呢？”随后作者给出答案，“因为人们都有___不确定性的内在需求”。
考研英语阅读理解试题和答案解析
考研英语阅读理解试题和答案解析考研英语阅读理解试题和答案解析2018考研即将到了，在此之前，对于考研英语阅读部分的复习应该如何把握，不如先看看以前的阅读理解试题和答案分析吧。
今天小编给大家整理了考研英语阅读理解试题和答案知识，希望对大家有所帮助。
考研英语阅读理解试题In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems,causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top fourrailroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads willcontrol well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers。
Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers willallow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Anythreat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroadstherefore have them by the throat。
考研英语范文阅读（十八）
In the first year or so of Web business， most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently， as the Web proved to be more than a fashion， companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for. Nonetheless， many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier，” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently，Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year， however， software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers， transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably， the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales， product offerings， or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited， the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards， ， and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity， hospitality， and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall，which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge. 55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________. （A）has been striving to expand its market （B）intended to follow a fanciful fashion （C）tried but in vain to control the market （D）has been booming for one year or so 56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing， the author implies that ________. （A）the technology is popular with many Web users （B）businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions （C）there is a radical change in strategy （D）it is accessible limitedly to established partners 57. In the view of Net purists， ________. （A）there should be no marketing messages in online culture （B）money making should be given priority to on the Web （C）the Web should be able to function as the television set （D）there should be no online commercial information without requests 58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________. （A）pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce （B）interactivity， hospitality and security are important to online customers （C）leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago （D）setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power 答案及试题解析 ACDB 55. [A]意为：⼀直在竭⼒开拓其市场。
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析Being a man hasalways been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal ofmale mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girlsdo. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys inthose crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, anotherchance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of ababy surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram toolight or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost nodifference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent ofevolution has gone。
There is another way to commit evolutionary : stay alive,but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except insome religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays thenumber of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us haveroughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and theopportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the greatcities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity oftoday―everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring meansthat natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class Indiacompared to the tribes。
2018考研英语(1)真题解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题精解S e c t i o n I U s e o fE n g l i s h总体分析来源:R e a d e r sD i g e s t‘读者文摘“㊂文章围绕 信任具有两面性 这一主题展开,介绍了我们倾向于信任他人的生理促因,以及我们对信任潜在威胁的生理防范机制,并通过实验加以说明㊂试题精解对 ;关于[B]像;类似[C]对 (来说);为了[D]自,从;来自,源于[解析]空格句i t回指上句T r u s t(信任),根据空格前后的 必要条件 以及 儿童看护㊁友谊等有价值之事 可知,文意应为:信任是这些事情的必要条件,空格介词应该体现 对 来说( 很必要) 这一逻辑,f o r 有 表示陈述或问题的相关对象(c o n c e r n i n g) 的用法,因此[C]正确,a c o n d i t i o n f o r/o f s t h为常见搭配,表示 某事的先决条件 ㊂2.[A]信任;信心[B]担心,关切;关怀,关爱[C]注意,专心;关心,关注[D]爱好;兴趣,关注[解析]由逻辑关联词O n t h e o n e h a n d...O n t h e o t h e r h a n d...(用于 引出两个相对立的观点㊁事实等 )可知,②③句是对 信任 的正反两方面说明,已知②句在说明其好的一面,则③句 将放在错误的地方往往 应该是解释其 不利一面(错信的情况下) ,所以空格词只能表示 信任 ,[A]f a i t h正确㊂3.[A]好处,益处[B]债务;情义;恩情;影响[C]希望;期望[D]价格;代价[解析]已知③句介绍 信任的不利一面 ,故c a r r i e s a h i g h应该表示 信任可能的负面后果/影响 ,c a r r y ah i g h p r i c e为固定搭配,表示 承受巨大的代价/损失 ,[D]p r i c e符合文意㊂[B]d e b t也可以与c a r r y搭配表示 负债(金钱㊁人情) ,但 错信 不会欠下人情债;而 欠经济债 过于绝对,排除了其他形式的代价㊂4.[A]因此,所以[B]那么,既然如此;然后[C]相反;而[D]又;而且,再说[解析]上段末指出 错信可能要付出高昂代价 ,本段空格后w h y d ow e t r u s t a t a l l提示前后逻辑为:既然信任有巨大的潜在风险,那到底人们为何还彼此信任㊂t h e n除表示时间先后以外,还有i f t h a t i s t h e s i t u a t i o n 既然那样㊁那样的话 的逻辑内涵,[B]正确㊂5.[A]直到 为止[B]如果不,除非[C]虽然;但是[D]当 时;在 情况下[解析]上文已知 人们信任他人是因为这让他们感觉很好 ,而本句t h a t...p l e a s u r a b l e f e e l i n g s信息不足,故结合第6题选项,由四项的大方向可知o x y t o c i n与 愉悦感 是正向关系,所以全句逻辑应该是:付出信任时,就会产生o x y t o c i n这一快乐荷尔蒙,[D]W h e n符合文意㊂6.[A]选择,挑选[B]引起,造成;产生[C]申请;应用;对 适用[D]保持,维持[解析]由空格后a n d可知,p l e a s u r a b l ef e e l i n g s(愉悦感)与t r i g g e r st h eh e r d i n g i n s t i n c t(激发群居本能)为同向并列关系,表明这一荷尔蒙的积极作用,而 愉悦感 与 群居本能 性质相同,同属感知意识类内容,故空格处应该与t r i g g e r s语义类似,[B]p r o d u c e s正确㊂7.[A]咨询,请教;商量[B]竞争,争夺[C]连接;(融洽地)沟通,相处[D]比较;与 类似[解析]由关键词h e r d i n g i n s t i n c t可知,群居生活属于人类的本能追求,而与 群居 直接相关的行为是 与他人联系㊁沟通 ,再结合 人们往往愿意彼此信任 的上下文语境,判断空格部分只能表示 群居本能促使人们和谐相处 的语义,[C]c o n n e c t符合文意㊂8.[A]在;朝;因为,由于[B]被,由;通过;经由[C] 的[D]向;对于[解析]由冒号后内容 研究人员将o x y t o c i n喷进一半受试者的鼻子中 可知,受试者在研究中处于这种荷尔蒙环境中,受到该荷尔蒙的作用/影响,e x p o s u r e t o为固定搭配,表示 暴露于 环境,受到 的影响 ,故[D]t o正确㊂9.[A]环境,背景;语境[B]情绪;思想倾向;氛围[C]时期;阶段[D]圆圈;圈子[解析]由上文③句 o x y t o c i n能产生愉悦感 可知,文中主要论及该荷尔蒙对我们 情绪㊁思维 的影1响;同时,空格前关键词t r u s t i n g(容易相信他人的)及冒号后实例中r e a d y t o所表达的心理倾向性表明,空格处应该表示一种思维倾向性,[B]m o o d符合文意㊂[A]c o n t e x t表示 (事情发生的)背景㊁环境(以更好理解事情) ;[D]c i r c l e表示 (相同兴趣㊁职业等的人形成的)圈子 ,两项均侧重外在环境㊂10.[A](职位或作用)对应的人/事[B]替代者/品[C]同事,同僚[D]支持者,拥护者[解析]分号前为实验行为:研究人员将o x y t o c i n喷进一半受试者的鼻腔中;分号后为结论:那些(被喷入o x y t o c i n的)受试者比起吸入其他东西的,愿意借给陌生人更多的钱㊂很明显,t h e i r应该指 同一实验中另一半施与条件不同的受试者 ,[A]c o u n t e r p a r t s符合文意㊂11.[A]有趣的;古怪的[B]幸运的[C]古怪的,不同寻常的[D]讽刺的[解析]空格上文指出o x y t o c i n会让我们容易信任他人,而空格后内容 针对不可信行为的第六感 应该是对我们有利的,故空格词应体现从上文的 暗藏危机 到本段 大可不必担心 的语义反转,同时引出下文对这一乐观情况的详细说明,[B]L u c k y符合文意㊂12.[A]监视;监听[B]保护,防护[C]使惊奇,使诧异[D]使愉快,使高兴[解析]已知 对不可信行为的第六感 对我们有利,下文 14个月大的孩童能区别 可信与不可信之人 进一步印证该内容,再辅以上文 信任不当会让我们承受高昂代价 可推知,作者准备对这种第六感的保护功能展开说明,[B]p r o t e c t符合文意㊂13.[A]在 中间[B]在 之内[C]朝,向;接近[D]在 上面;关于;超过[解析]由空格前关键词d i f f e r e n t i a t e(区分,区别)及空格后a c r e d i b l e p e r s o n a n d a d i s h o n e s t o n e(可信与不可信的人)可知,文意意在说明孩童可以区别开这两类人,d i f f e r e n t i a t eb e t w e e nAa n dB为固定搭配,表示 将A和B区分开来 ,[A]b e t w e e n符合文意㊂14.[A]转移;移交[B]添加[C]介绍,引见[D]委托(照料),交付(处理)[解析]空格上文指出一项研究发现:14个月大的孩童就能区分可信与不可信之人㊂空格句具体介绍研究过程,60个学步儿童在此之前应该从未与成人测试员有过接触,这样才不会代入已有的认知,使实验结果失效㊂因而文意应该是:受试儿童被带给测试员认识,[C]i n t r o d u c e d正确㊂[D]e n t r u s t e d完全脱离了 测试孩童对于不可信行为的第六感 这一实验目的㊂15.[A]向外,往外[B]向后[C]围绕,在 周围[D]在 内部,往里面[解析]由空格上文④句W h a t s i nh e r e(这里面是什么)可推知,测试员问的是 容器内部有什么东西 ,故受试者应该是往容器内部看,才能发现玩具或其他东西,[D]i n s i d e符合文意㊂16.[A]发现,发觉[B]证明,证实[C]坚称,坚决认为[D]记得;想起[解析]由空格句并列结构H a l f o f t h e m...t h e o t h e r h a l f...可知,本句意在对比两组受试者的不同情况,前半句指出 其中一半人发现了玩具 ,由此推知空格所在半句应该说明另外一半人的发现,故空格词语义应该与f o u n d接近,[A]d i s c o v e r e d正确㊂17.[A]辜负;背叛[B]不公正地对待,冤枉[C]开玩笑,戏弄[D]嘲笑;使希望落空[解析]由上文 测试员看向容器内部并 哇 了一声,接着一半孩子发现里面有个玩具;另一半则发现里面是空的 及下文关键信息 那些没有被测试员欺骗的孩子中(n o t b e e n t r i c k e d) 可推知,另一半孩子 上了测试员的当 ,因而应该意识到自己被 愚弄 了,[C]f o o l e d与t r i c k e d语义接近,符合实验游戏的 玩笑般欺骗 场景㊂18.[A]勉强的;被迫的[B]乐意的;甘愿的[C]犹豫的;不情愿的[D]有权/资格做某事[解析]空格后d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h a t t h e y t r u s t e dh i s l e a d e r s h i p表明这些没有被欺骗过的孩子信任测试员的指挥,既然如此,他们肯定 愿意配合测试员的下一步行动 ,[B]w i l l i n g符合文意㊂[D]e n t i t l e d 表示 被赋予一种官方㊁正式的权利或资格 ,文中受试者为孩童,实验以游戏方式进行,故不合文意㊂19.[A]相比之下[B]作为结果;因此[C]总体而言[D]例如[解析]上文 大部分没有被欺骗过的孩子乐意配合测试员 与空格句 30个孩子中只有5个参与了后续活动 存在明显语义对比(t h em a j o r i t y V So n l y f i v e),也与 两组孩子分别面对可信V S不可信行为,反应应该不同 的实验预期相符,[A]I n c o n t r a s t用于引出与前述内容截然不同的情形,符合文意㊂[C] O n t h ew h o l e用于 引出笼统性的看法 ,用法相当于g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g㊂20.[A]顽固的,僵化的[B]无能力的;软弱的[C]不可靠/信的[D]不合适的;不适宜的[解析]空格处所述的30个孩子经历了 被骗 ,与上句 未被欺骗过的孩子 为两组受试对象,再辅2以后者 信任其测试员的指挥 可推知,与 被骗孩子 组对的测试员应该是 不可信㊁不可靠的 ,同时也与上段句内容 学步的儿童就能区分可信与不可信之人 吻合,[C]u n r e l i a b l e正确㊂全文翻译信任是件微妙的事㊂一方面,对诸如儿童看护㊁友谊等许多有价值的事情来说,信任是一项必要条件㊂但另一方面,错置你的信任往往会承受高昂的代价㊂那么,我们究竟为什么会信任(他人)呢?嗯,因为这样感觉很好㊂当人们对某个人或机构寄予信任时,大脑会释放出催产素,即一种能产生愉悦感并触发群居本能的荷尔蒙,这种本能会促使人类彼此之间融洽相处㊂科学家发现,受这种荷尔蒙的影响,我们会生成一种容易相信他人的心态:在一项瑞士的研究中,研究人员将催产素喷入一半受试者的鼻腔中;比起那些吸入其他东西的受试者,他们愿意借给陌生人的金钱数额明显高出许多㊂幸运的是,我们也有着对于不可信行为的第六感,这也许能够保护我们㊂一项加拿大的研究发现,只有14个月大的孩童就能把可信的人和不可信的人区别开来㊂60名学步童被各自引导着与一位手持塑料容器的成人测试员认识㊂测试员会问: 这里面是什么呢? ,然后他笑着朝容器内部看,同时惊呼道, 哇! 随后研究员请每一位受试儿童往里看㊂他们中的一半人发现了一个玩具;另外一半人发现容器是空的 并意识到测试员欺骗了他们㊂在那些未受过欺骗的孩子中,大部分人乐意配合测试员去学习一项新技能,这表明他们信任他的指挥㊂相比之下,与不可靠的测试员组对的30名孩子中,只有5名参与了后续活动㊂S e c t i o n I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a r tAT e x t1总体分析来源:B l o o m b e r g.c o m‘彭博网“2015.05.12㊂文章指出自动化虽最终会惠及所有劳动者,但在此之前会对中产阶级造成巨大负面影响㊂行文脉络:提出并论证问题 中产阶级面临自动化的恼人挑战 (第一至三段) 提出解决建议 提供多种政策支持 (第四至六段) 总结重申观点 帮助中产阶级应对自动化威胁的政策必不可少 (第七段)㊂试题精解谁受到自动化威胁最大?[A]政治领袖[B]低薪劳动者[C]机器人拥有者[D]中产阶级工人[锁定答案]第二段②句指出,美国现有工作中约一半处于被自动化的高风险,中产阶级尤其不堪负担㊂④句进一步指出,许多中产职业已经引起㊁或很快会引起机器人的兴趣㊂可见受自动化威胁最大的是中产阶级工人,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]并非 自动化威胁对象 ,而是 应该关注自动化威胁的主体 ㊂[B]与第二段③句 低薪工作不能吸引机器人/受威胁较低(d o n't a p p e a l t o r o b o t s) 相悖㊂[C]与第二段⑤句 富人/机器人拥有者将会很好/不受威胁(w i l l b e f i n e) 相悖㊂[提炼思路]本题题干W h ow i l l b em o s t t h r e a t e n e db y a u t o m a t i o n?表明:这是典型的就 文中分类比较信息 设置的判断题㊂解题关键在于对第三段②③④⑤句所述群体面临情形进行排序:富人很安全(T h e r i c h/r o b o t s o w n e r s...w i l lb e f i n e)ң低薪者受威胁但较低(L o w e r-i n c o m e j o b s...d o n ta p p e a l t o r o b o t s)ң中产阶级受威胁最大(m i d d l e c l a s s/m i d d l e-c l a s s o c c u p a t i o n s...d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y s q u e e z e d/h a v ea r o u s e d t h e i r i n t e r e s t,o r s o o nw i l l)㊂22.下列哪项最能代表作者观点?[A]对自动化的担忧实际上是没有根据的㊂[B]乐观主义者就新技术的观点几乎找不到依据㊂[C]自动化引发的问题需要加以解决㊂[D]新技术的负面影响可以避免㊂[锁定答案]第三段①句作者指出,这(自动化对中产阶级工人的巨大威胁)并非危言耸听㊂⑤句提出,在(自动化使工人受益之前的)中期阶段,中产阶级需要大量帮助㊁以对自动化做出调整㊂可见作者3认为自动化会引发诸多问题,[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]与第三段①句 这/对自动化问题的担忧并非杞人忧天/而是有理有据(i s n t t ob e a l a r m i s t) 相悖㊂[B]与第三段②③④整体含义 乐观主义者基于历史情形,提出自动化最终会使工人受益 矛盾㊂[D]错误理解第三段⑤句:将 应帮助工人应对新技术产生的问题(言外之意:影响难以避免) 理解为 新技术的负面影响可以避免 ㊂[提炼思路]本题针对 作者观点和人物观点交杂 的段落命题㊂解题重在借助逻辑词㊁近反义词等划分句群㊁辨别观点,并全面理解作者看法:借B u t㊁e v e n t u a l l y V S i n t h em e d i u mt e r m等对第三段信息分类 ①⑤句为作者观点,②③④句为乐观主义者观点(O p t i m i s t s) ,并理解作者观点: 自动化对中产阶级形成巨大威胁 非危言耸听;乐观主义者以史为据认为自动化终将会使工人受益是正确的,但万不能因此忽视过渡阶段对中产阶级的巨大威胁问题㊂23.自动化时代的教育应该更加强调㊂[A]创新潜能[B]求职技能[C]个人需求[D]合作精神[锁定答案]第四段①句指出,自动化时代应该反思教育㊂②句则指出,从小学到大学的所有课程都应该少强调事实记忆,多强调 创新及复杂沟通能力 ,可见[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]由第四段①句j o b t r a i n i n g捏造出j o b-h u n t i n g s k i l l s,实际该词指 职业培训 ,无关 求职技能 ㊂[C]利用人们所熟知的在线教育特征捏造干扰 强调个人需求(i n d i v i d u a l n e e d s) ,但这无法体现自动化时代教育的重点㊂[D]源自第四段③句h e l p i n g s t u d e n t sw o r ka l o n g s i d e r o b o t s,但这里指 人机合作 ,与 合作精神 有很大差异㊂[提炼思路]本题就 提出建议的段落(涉及众多对象) 考查作者主要观点㊂解题时 首先分清主次信息,概括主要内容,初步得到答案;随后借上下文检验,看是否能形成顺畅逻辑 :首先借段落总分结构以及④句O n l i n e e d u c a t i o n c a n s u p p l e m e n t,可知 自动化时代教育的重点 主要体现在②③句所述 传统教育重点的转变 ,尤其是②句所述 普通教育重点的转变 ,初步选定体现②句核心内容的[A],随后加以检验: 强调创造潜能 和针对问题 自动化的挑战 完全匹配 以 人类所长 补 机器所短 ,确定[A]无误㊂24.作者建议,税收政策应旨在㊂[A]鼓励自动化的发展[B]提高资本投资的回报[C]缓和富人和穷人之间敌意[D]阻止收入差距扩大[锁定答案]第六段①句指出,自动化很可能导致资本收入和劳动收入之间差距拉大,所以必须反思税收政策㊂②句进一步指出,应削减对低薪劳动的税收㊁扩大薪资补贴,以提高收入,鼓励工作,减少不平等㊂概括可知作者建议通过税收政策阻止收入差距扩大,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]将第六段①句所述调整税收政策的目的 应对自动化造成的问题 改为 促进自动化的发展 ㊂[B]将①句调整税收政策的方向 防止资本收入和劳动收入之间差距进一步扩大/提高劳动收入 曲解为相反的 提高投资回报/资本收入 ㊂[C]捏造h o s t i l i t y:文中并未提及穷人和富人之间敌意㊂[提炼思路]本题就 作者提出的方向性建议(b ea i m e da t) 命题㊂解题时首先需要意识到, 方向/目的题 可与 因果关系题 归为一类㊂随后借助逻辑词(i no r d e r t o㊁b e c a u s e㊁w o u l d等)向文中寻找对应的因果关系㊂最后概括相关内容得到正确项㊂具体来看,第六段①②句为解释关系,两句分别以b e c a u s e 和T h i sw o u l d体现句内因果/目的关系(题干t a x p o l i c i e s恰合两句所述 税收政策改革 ),因此可锁定答案来源:①句b e c a u s e从句及②句T h i sw o u l d分句所体现的 目的 ㊂最后概括两处可得答案为[D]㊂25.本文中,作者就问题提供了㊂[A]就其对立看法[B]可能的解决方法[C]它令人担忧的影响[D]它的主要变化形式[锁定答案]本文前三段论证展现问题 美国中产阶级面临自动化的巨大威胁㊂第四至六段则从教育㊁经济㊁税收等多方面指出,应提供政策支持,助其平稳过渡㊂末段总结指出,帮助中产阶级适应自动化的政策必不可少㊂可见[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]错在作者只提到了 乐观主义者(O p t i m i s t s) 一方看法,并未介绍其对立看法㊂[C]源自开篇a n n o y i n g c h a l l e n g e s,但文章并未展开介绍其负面影响㊂[D]错误理解文章前后关系:后半部分(F i r s t...F i n a l l y)并非说明 问题的多种表现形式 ,而是说明 问题的多方解决方式 ㊂[提炼思路]由于本题采用了一种创新性的设题方式(往年未出现过 最后一题侧重考查全篇论证4结构 的情形),所以对会学生造成一定困难㊂但万变不离其宗,学生只需抓大放小,牢牢把握文章主线㊂另外,为了确保正确,可结合 排除法 ㊂具体来看,浏览题干I n t h i s t e x t,t h e a u t h o r p r e s e n t s a p r o b l e m w i t h,可大致推断本文侧重宏观考查全文,a p r o b l e m是全文关注问题,答案则是问题阐释之外的主要内容,初步确定可概括后四段的[B]为答案㊂随后结合排除法:文中并未提到 双方观点交锋 ,排除[A 自动化的影响 ,排除[C];并未介绍 自动化挑战的多种变化形式 ,排除[D]㊂全文翻译中产阶级面临的恼人挑战之中,有一项很可能在下届总统大选中完全不被提及:当机器人来抢其工作时,会发生什么?切勿完全否定上述可能㊂牛津大学的研究表明,美国的工作中约有一半处于被自动化的高风险,中产阶级尤其不堪负担㊂低收入工作,如园艺㊁日托,对机器人不具吸引力㊂但许多中产职业 货车驾驶㊁理财咨询㊁软件工程 已经引起了他们的兴趣,或者很快会引起他们的兴趣㊂富人拥有机器人,他们将会很好㊂这并非是要危言耸听㊂乐观主义者指出,技术巨变过去已经使工人获益㊂工业革命对那些工作被机械化织机取代的卢德分子不太友好,但最终提升了生活水平,且创建出比其曾毁掉的更多的工作㊂同样,自动化最终会促进生产力,通过压低价格刺激需求,并将工人从辛苦乏味的工作中解放出来㊂但在中间阶段,中产阶级工人可能需要大量帮助以调整适应㊂第一步,正如埃里克㊃布莱恩约弗森和安德鲁㊃迈克菲在‘第二次机器时代“中所论证,应当是反思教育和职业培训㊂从语法学校(注:美国指 小学 )到大学,所有课程都应该逐步发展成为少强调事实记忆,多强调创新及复杂沟通能力㊂职业学校应更好地培养解决问题的能力,并帮助学生和机器人并肩工作㊂在线教育可以补充传统教育㊂它可以使额外培训指导更可负担㊂想要获取新技能的专业人员将会无需负债便能得偿所愿㊂应对自动化这一挑战突显了美国恢复其日益衰退的商业活力的必要性:创办新公司必须要变得更容易㊂在先前的技术大变革时代,企业家们通过想出将劳动者和机器相结合的方式实现平稳过渡㊂3D 打印机和虚拟现实的最佳应用尚未被发明㊂美国需要能够发明出它们的新公司㊂最后,因为自动化很可能导致资本收入和劳动收入之间差距进一步加大,所以必须重新考虑税收和安全网㊂削减对低薪劳动的税收,扩大诸如所得税抵扣之类的薪资补贴:这将会提高收入,鼓励工作,奖励公司创造就业机会,并且减少不平等㊂在未来几年内,科技将从大大小小的方面改进社会,但对那些发现自己的生活和事业都被自动化颠覆的人来说,这并没有什么安慰作用㊂捣毁抢走我们工作的机器是疯狂之举㊂但帮助工人们适应的政策必不可少㊂T e x t2总体分析来源:T h eC h r i s t i a nS c i e n c eM o n i t o r‘基督教科学箴言报“2017.04.30㊂全文借多个调查阐释 以千禧一代为代表的美国人的媒体素养正在增强,其信息甄别时判断能力及信息分享时责任意识均在提升 这一主题㊂试题精解根据第一㊁二段,许多美国年轻人对产生怀疑㊂[A]新闻过滤这一做法的正当性[B]人们对社交媒体平台的偏好[C]政府处理信息的能力[D]社交媒体作为可靠的新闻来源[锁定答案]根据首段 超2/3美国年轻人反对总统推特,他们倾向从别的渠道而非总统社交平台(推特)获取白宫消息 以及第二段①②句 (包括年轻人在内的)美国人依靠社交媒体却又不信任媒体 不难敲定[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]由首段末句p r e f e r n e w s...f i l t e r e d t h r o u g h...n o t...捏造出 新闻过滤这一做法不被年轻人认可 ,而文意实为 年轻人认为由总统推特透露出来的白宫消息没有其他渠道透露出来的更可靠 ;[B]根据第二段①句 人们依赖社交媒体获取新闻资讯 捏造而来,虽属事实,却并非年轻人质疑的对象(即 媒体信息资讯的真实性 );[C]根据第二段④句 2016年总统选举期间,密西根州推特用户分5享的网络内容中充斥虚假信息 捏造出 年轻人质疑政府处理(网络虚假)信息的能力 ㊂[提炼思路]先由首段两句间语义逻辑 先浅层后深层 (T h e i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t...)聚焦末句 千禧一代更愿意选择相信其他渠道而非总统推特发出的白宫消息 ;再由第二段句间语义逻辑 先陈述事实后转折引出语义重点并以调查研究发现予以佐证 (...Y e t...S u c ha t r e n d...a c c o r d i n g t o...A n das u r v e y...f o u n d...)聚焦①②句 一方面离不开社交媒体㊁一方面又不信任媒体 ;最后结合两段语义重心 社交媒体㊁新闻资讯㊁信任/意愿 不难得出正确答案㊂捷径:由题干c a s t d o u b t so n与第二段②句d i s t r u s t的同义关系可将解题线索定位至该段①②句,从而锁定怀疑对象a l lm e d i a (包括社交媒体在内的)所有媒体(所提供的新闻信息) ,而唯有[D]重心落于 信息资讯 ㊂27.第二段第二行中b e e f u p的词义最接近㊂[A]增强[B]界定[C]吹嘘[D]分享[锁定答案]将被考词所在句 随着美国人越来越不信任媒体,他们开始自身的媒体素养 与其前文 大多数美国人依靠社交媒体来查阅每日头条 结合,可推测语义逻辑:美国人一方面要依靠社交媒体来获取信息,一方面又不信任媒体上的信息,这种矛盾僵局需要依靠自身来突破,即逼迫自己强化自身媒体素养以甄别信息真伪㊂选项中唯有[A]契合这一语义逻辑㊂且由第三段首句 作为数字原住民的年轻一代确实能够更加娴熟地区分辨别事实与虚假 可推知其媒体信息真伪辨识能力得以提升,由此侧推b e e f u p应该理解为 增强 更契合㊂[排除干扰][B]由被考词后专业术语 媒体素养 捏造出 定义/界定 ㊁[C]由常识 社交媒体分享行为 捏造出 分享 ,[D]由 虚假信息 捏造出 吹嘘 ,但均与文中矛盾僵局 人们依赖媒体却又不信任媒体 所暗藏问题解决之策 从自身突破,其自身媒体素养 无法完美衔接㊂[提炼思路]首先根据被考词所在句内的负面情感基调词d i s t r u s t揣摩该句意在说明 对媒体的不信任增强,被迫提升自身媒体素养 初步锁定[A],然后根据被考词所在句与前文形成的语义转折关联(Y e t) 依赖媒体却又不信任媒体 可进一步揣摩 为了解决这种离不开却又不信任的矛盾僵局,人们只能增强自身媒体素养,以辨识媒体信息真伪 ,从而敲定[A]㊂28.根据奈特基金会的调查,[A][C]有强烈责任感[锁定答案]第三段介绍奈特基金会的调查结果,其中②句概述指出年轻人利用分布式信任来验证新闻,③句进而做出解释:他们交叉核对新闻来源㊁倾向于多角度分析的新闻资讯㊁尤其是对各种观点兼收并蓄的新闻资讯㊂由此可见,[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]根据①句所述调查对象d i g i t a l n a t i v e s的特点 自幼熟悉信息技术 合理推导而来,但它并非调查结果;[C]将④句所示 年轻人在新闻审视过程中自我责任意识 泛化为 对社会㊁对集体㊁对他人等的责任意识 ;[D]将②句u s e d i s t r i b u t e d t r u s t t ov e r i f y s t o r i e s 利用分布式信任来验证新闻真伪 曲解为 喜欢就分布式信任交换意见 ,将 信息甄别方式 偷换为 讨论焦点 ㊂[提炼思路]作为论据的调查实为论点服务,故找寻与调查相关的论点即可㊂即,本段②③④句均意在说明①句论点 年轻人越来越擅长辨别信息真伪 ,而四个选项中唯有[B] 验证新闻 与此挂钩,故正确㊂29.巴纳调查发现虚假新闻问题的主要原因是㊂[A]读者过时的价值观[B]新闻工作者有偏见的报道[C]读者的曲解[D]新闻工作者捏造的新闻[锁定答案]第五段③句指出虚假新闻问题的最重要原因: 读者错误 ,④句对 读者错误 做出解释:对事实新闻信息的误读或夸大,故[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]由①句碎片信息r e-s h a r e㊁t h e i r v a l u e s捏造而来,而句子并无 读者价值观过时 之意;[B]由第三段③句中b i a s及本段③句中i nr e p o r t i n g捏造而来,而文中仅言及 新闻工作者报道中可能会捏造新闻㊁或者会犯事实性错误 而并未言及 新闻工作者报道带有偏见 ;[D]由③句m a d e-u p s t o-r i e s...i n r e p o r t i n g而来,可它并非题干所考查的 主要原因 ㊂[提炼思路]首先由题干m a i nc a u s e f o r t h e f a k en e w s p r o b l e m定位至③句t h e t o p r e a s o n...f o r t h e f a k e n e w s p h e n o m e n o n,然后借其后m o r e s o t h a n锁定r e a d e r e r r o r,最后再借r e a d e r e r r o r的解释性表达m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o no r e x a g g e r a t i o no f a c t u a l n e w s锁定[C]㊂6。
2018考研英语（一）真题答案及解析（精选五篇）
2018考研英语（一）真题答案及解析（精选五篇）第一篇：2018考研英语(一)真题答案及解析2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解本套真题答案由海文机构提供目前仅供参考，标准答案在官方公布后会为您更新Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
it’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things(信任是一个必要条件_____许多重要事情)此处应该是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。
B选项for(对...来说)符合语义，故为正确答案;A选项from(来自于)，C选项like(像...)，D选项on(关于)语义不恰当，故排除。
2、【答案】[C] faith【解析】此处考察词义辨析和中心一致性原则。
第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business(信任是一个奇怪的东西)。
后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition ___ for ___ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc.(一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信任的好处。
On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____.(另一方面，把...放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大...)，显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”，只有C选项faith(信任、忠诚)与trust属于近义词复现，故正确答案为[C] faith。
3、【答案】[B] price【解析】此处考察词义辨析。
第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business(信任是一个奇怪的东西)。
考研英语试题真题及答案
考研英语试题真题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 根据所给文章，选择最佳答案。
A. 选项AB. 选项BC. 选项CD. 选项D【答案】C2. 根据文章内容，判断以下陈述的正确与否。
A. 陈述1：True/FalseB. 陈述2：True/FalseC. 陈述3：True/FalseD. 陈述4：True/False【答案】A. True B. False C. True D. False二、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面短文，从所给的选项中选出最佳选项填入空白处。
[示例]In the first place, we should consider the ___ of the problem.A. scopeB. scaleC. aspectD. nature【答案】D三、翻译（共20分）将下列句子从英语翻译成中文。
1. The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives.2. It is essential to maintain a balance between work and leisure.【答案】1. 技术的快速发展给我们的日常生活带来了显著的变化。
2. 保持工作与休闲之间的平衡至关重要。
四、写作（共20分）根据所给题目，写一篇不少于200词的短文。
【题目】"The influence of social media on modern society."【范文】Social media has become an integral part of modern society, influencing various aspects of our lives. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and interact with each other. However, it also brings about certain challenges, such as privacy concerns and the spread of misinformation. It is crucial for individuals to use social media responsibly and critically assess the information they encounter.【答案】略（考生需根据题目要求自行撰写）注意：以上内容仅为示例，实际试题及答案应根据具体考试内容进行编写。