assignmnent one introduction
Part oneintroduction
Part one：introductionListening: interviewA: I'm Shirley and I _____________ if I can get your _____________, please. B: My name is Li Yuan.A: And what __________________ like me to call you?B: You can call the Xiao Yuan.A: May I know where you are from, Xiao Yuan?B: I' m from China, in the city of ______________.A: And I wonder if you could just show me your _____________.Good, thanks. May I know where you are from?Keep your answers short and to the point.1. “Good morning/afternoon. My name is Steven.Can you tell me your full name please?”Answer: My full name is…2. “What shall I call you?”3. “Can you tell me where you’re from?”Answer: I’m native to Harbin.4. “Can I see your identification, please?”Answer: Here you are./ Here you go.“This is the speaking module for the International English Language Testing System (IELTS)conducted on the 4th of July, 2011 in Harbin. The candidate is Liu Haibo. Candidate number 000007. And the interviewer is Steven.”“Now, in the first part, I’d like to ask you some questions about yourself. Let’s talk about what you do. Do you work or are you a student?”Answer(st) I am a well-qualified college student ( who is) majored in…I’m a …Answer(w) I work as a … in …/ It’s a state-owned enterprise /private enterprise/ multi-national corporation/ foreign capital enterprise / public institutions /official I have been working for …years.Part two“Now, I’m going to give you a topic, and I’d like you to talk about it for 1 to 2 minutes. Before you talk, you’ll have 1 minute to think about what you’re going to say. You can make some notes if you wish. Do you understand?“Here’s your paper and a pencil for making notes. And here’s your topic.(The exami ner hands you the cue card at this point). I’d like you to describe …..“All right. Remember you have 1 to 2 minutes for this, so don’t worry if I stop you.I’ll tell you when the time is up. Can you start speaking now, please?”Part three“We’ve been talking about (Part 2’s topic) and I’d like to discuss with you 1 or 2 more general questions related to this. Let’s talk about first of all,….句型活用例句：I really have no idea. You know, I am actually not a flower lover.I seldom pay attention to the flowers or trees these kinds of stuff.（1）I really have no idea. You know, I am actually not a 宠物lover.I seldom pay attention to the 猫咪or 小狗these kinds of stuff.（2）I really have no idea. You know, I am actually not a 购物狂.I seldom pay attention to the 时髦的衣服or 鞋子these kinds of stuff.（3）I really have no idea. You know, I am actually not a 运动lover.I seldom pay attention to the 奥运会or 体育赛事these kinds of stuff.（4）You know, I am actually not a 旅游lover. I seldom 去其它城市旅游. On one hand, I am 工作特别忙。
Introduction to Computers Assignment One
Howard YeendThe Development ofthe Information Technologyof the Last Decade1MIS0610Introduction to ComputersAssignment OneFAO: Huan JinWord Count (sections 1 to 5, excl. titles and footnotes): 2715.Due: 18 April, 2005Submitted: 18 April, 2005Table of Contents1 Introduction 35 Conclusion101. IntroductionInformation Technology permeates our lives. Almost every aspect of our existence involves at some stage digital technology, be it the stock ordering system at our local supermarket, the traffic light control program as we drive there, or the alarm system that protects our houses. As Rowe notes, “information technology can be applied to virtually every human field”1. The scale to which we have been affected by IT, most noticeably in the western world, but also globally, cannot be underestimated; as early as 1993, Dordick and Wang noted that “almost half of the workers in the industrialized world are employed by the rapidly growing information industries”2This report will detail some of the key changes and developments that have been seen from 1995 until now; charting the steady progression from Windows 95 to XP, 200Mhz processors to the NEC 'Earth Simulator', currently running at 35.6 Teraflops3, from 28.8kpbs modems to9.8Gbps backbone connections and from the first webpage to the Internet Archive, now storing 'over ten billion web pages'4.The central themes examined will be; speed, size and capability. Each of these areas can be applied to all aspects of IT, encompassing both hardware and software. Speed and size are important factors as they are quantifiable, thus making comparisons across time both easier to perform and easier to understand. Capability covers a vast range of different perspectives, and will be examined in relation to the practical applications of each technology that will be covered.These areas will be examined in each of the following three categories: Operating Systems, Hardware, and Networks and Communications.1Rowe: 62Dordick & Wang: 23/timeline/2002.htm4/about/press_release.php2. Hardware2.i OverviewWithout hardware, computers would not exist. Hardware is the fundamental building block upon which all other information technology is based. This section will focus on hard drives and processors, with a brief discussion of Internet connection speeds. Storage capacity and processor speed are the core of personal computers and as such are suitable indicators of the development in this area of IT.2.ii Main DiscussionIn 1965, Gordon Moore recognised what has now come to be termed as “Moore's Law”, which states that hardware complexity doubles every 2 years, and which effectively means that performance will double. So far, it has held true for both processor speeds and hard drive capacities. As noted in the Wikipedia, “current PC processors (2004) are fabricated at the 130 nm and 90 nm levels, with 65 nm chips being announced by the end of 2005. A decade ago, chips were built at a 500 nm level.”5Since the very first computers, manufacturers such as Intel and AMD have been racing each other to provide faster processors. Figure One shows a steady increase in processing power from the infancy of computing in the 1960s to the present day and beyond.Figure One: Development of Computer Power/Cost65/wiki/Moore%27s%5Flaw6/~hpm/talks/revo.slides/power.aug.curve/power.aug.html (modified)The price of computer systems was, until the later part of this decade, prohibitively expensive for home users to become a viable market for PC manufacturers, hence it was thanks to business' need for greater computing power that the highly competitive hardware industry has evolved to the state it is in today. In 1996, French noted that “Approximately 80% of all money spent on computer systems is spent on systems for commercial purposes”7.It is nearly impossible to underestimate how important processor power is to the future of computing. Research projects such as SETI@Home and Google Compute could not be realised without the fast processors that are available today. However, powerful processors are no longer purely for scientific research, today's latest software, and especially games, require very fast processors; Doom 3, a complex three dimensional action game released in 2004, requires at least a 1.5Ghz processor, 384Mb RAM, and an insane 2Gb of hard drive space.8Without the fast processors available today, triumphs of computing power such as IBM's Deep Blue would not be possible; “In May 1997, IBM dramatically demonstrated computing's potential with Deep Blue, a 32-node IBM RS/6000 SP computer programmed to play chess on a world class level. In a six-game match in New York, Deep Blue defeated World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov”9. In defence of Kasparov, it has been suggested that although Deep Blue did succeed in its task, it did so by brute force rather than by any type of Artificial Intelligence; this point further highlights the impressive power at IBM's command, though the need for bespoke supercomputers may be approaching its end; Hobbes Internet Timeline notes that “within four weeks (of SETI@Home's launch,) its distributed Internet clients provide more computing power than the most powerful supercomputer of its time”10.The system requirements for progressive Microsoft operating systems show an increasing need for enhanced performance across all areas of hardware, as Table One illustrates:Internet connections too have increased in speed. In 1995, the vast majority of Internet users dialled up using a 56.6kpbs modem at best (in the 1995 film Hackers, one of the characters remarks that a 28.8kpbs modem is “insanely great”12), today, ISPs are offering 2Mbps ADSL connections for around £25 per month. At its closure in 1995, the NSFNET Backbone had “multiple 45 Mbps links”13, compared to backbone suppliers today offering OC192 connections running at just under 10Gbps.7French: 438/info/systemreq.php9/ibm/history/history/decade_1990.html10/robert/internet/timeline/11Compiled from multiple sources at . URLs listed under section 6.ii12Hackers Movie, Warner Bros., 199513/Internet/history/brief.shtml3.Operating Systems3.i OverviewThe primary focus of this section will be on the development of Microsoft operating systems. While Linux and Mac have developed alongside, and often ahead of, Microsoft products, Microsoft have since the first versions of Windows enjoyed near total market dominance, and provide the most accurate indicator of wider market developments. Additionally although competing operating systems, especially Linux, have frequently adopted and invented new technologies before Microsoft, the technologies only become widely adopted via integration into the leading software packages. Charting the history of Linux also has a unique problem in that the while the kernel is updated much more frequently than any other operating system, these updates tend to take a much longer time to be incorporated into commercial Linux distributions, due partly to the intensive bug testing cycle. Because of this, it is nearly impossible to say with any accuracy at what exact point any particular feature of Linux was featured in a particular distribution. Operating systems form a crucial link in the IT chain; “the operating system is the nucleus of all software activity”14.3.ii Main Discussion“Over the past two decades, Microsoft Windows® products have evolved from a single, one-size-fits-all desktop operating system into a diverse family of operating systems and mobile technologies”15Until 1995, all PC operating systems had been based around MS-DOS or OS/2, offering little more than a graphical front end, or GUI, to a command line interface. All that changed with the release of Windows 95; “Windows 95 and Windows 98 are operating systems designed to bridge the technology gap between the original Windows and Windows NT”16. Though still running on top of DOS, it offered 32-bit computing, enhanced graphics capabilities, an impressive list of supported hardware and perhaps most importantly, Internet Explorer and networking support were added into the Operating System; “Windows 95 integrated a 32-bit TCP/IP ... stack for built-in Internet support, dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play capabilities that made it easy for users to install hardware and software"17.This new technology meant that home users were beginning to be able to see the benefits of computing for personal use. For the first time, the operating system was not geared solely towards business use, as had been the case with DOS and earlier versions of windows, but instead designed to span a broad range of uses that embraced multimedia. Windows 95 came with games and a music CD player, as well as traditional business applications such as the calculator and word processor. With the introduction of Windows 98 came a massive amount of improvement, both in terms of the underlying architecture, and in terms of usability. USB support was added, opening the way for a host of peripheral devices, ranging initially from digital cameras and printers to scanners, remote controls and paving the way for such diverse applications of USB as cup warmers and aquariums18. Additionally, Windows 98 offered even more integration with the now well established Internet, with the inclusion of a massively reworked Internet Explorer which supported HTML 4.0, Java, and support for such technologies as Active Desktop, which allowed automatically updating desktop items such as stock prices, weather reports or currency exchange rates.14Long & Long: 9715/windows/WinHistoryIntro.mspx16Long & Long: 8517/windows/WinHistoryDesktop.mspx18/interests/usb/6984/ and/interests/usb/6db9/Windows ME offered little in terms of fundamental improvements to Windows 98 SE, but instead was effectively just an upgrade from Windows 98, offering security and multimedia enhancements, but was released as the last operating system descended from Windows 3.11. It was significant however, as it heralded the end of an era for Microsoft operating systems. Windows 2000 finally gave businesses a bespoke operating system for the desktop, previously businesses had to rely on Windows 98 for clients, and NT 4 for servers, “More than just the upgrade to Windows NT Workstation 4.0, Windows 2000 Professional was also designed to replace Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT Workstation 4.0 on all business desktops and laptops”19. Windows 2000 gave support for mobile computing, hardware such as infra-red, and gave business users a stable development environment. Additionally, Microsoft released different versions of the same operating system, each targeted to different market sectors, arguably making Microsoft operating systems a viable alternative to the traditionally Unix based environments for Internet and intranet servers.The legacy of the NT core continues with Windows XP, which is targeted towards the home market and features a new user interface, greater ease of use, and near total immersion into the Internet, with remote assistance, video conferencing, application sharing, active directory and a host of other enhancements. Windows XP signifies the start of a new branch for the windows family, beginning the road to fully Internet based operating systems, 64bit computing for power users and, with the recent Tablet Edition of XP, truly versatile mobile computing.In terms of hardware support, progressive Microsoft operating systems have repeatedly offered not only a wider range of natively supported devices, but have also embraced cutting edge technologies. A new feature of modern Windows NT based operating systems, and offering clear advantages to older alternatives, is the new file system, NTFS. NTFS allows Windows to offer a secure multi-user environment, at least parallel to that of older Unix systems. NTFS supports larger drives and files, and has numerous security options such as domain controlled security, Active Directory, and disk quotas. Table Two illustrates the features of various file systems available within windows operating systems and highlights the features/compatibility trade-off involved with NTFS:19/windows/WinHistoryDesktop.mspx20Compiled from Microsoft Windows XP help; “Choosing between NTFS, FAT, and FAT32”, and Microsoft Windows 2000 Pro help; “NTFS file system, defined”working and Communications4.i OverviewThis section will focus exclusively on Internet growth and key events that are related to not only the technology surrounding the Internet, but also the changing way in which it has been used over the past decade. While significant advances have been made in separate communications technologies, such as mobile phone communications, these types of systems are proprietary, and sufficient data to make broad assessments of progress over time is not available. The web has offered people a unique forum for freedom of expression; “the Internet ... allows each individual user an equal voice, or at least an equal opportunity to speak”21.4.ii Main DiscussionThe Internet has seen near exponential growth since its inception in 1969. In 1994, “Load on the first Web server (info.cern.ch) 1000 times what it has been 3 years earlier“22. Figure Two shows the massive growth in hosts that the Internet has seen in the past decade:Figure Two: Growth of Internet hosts over time23In September 1995, domain name registration were made subject to a $50 annual charge, thus making them a commodity and spawning the practice of 'cybersquatting', buying a domain name for the sole purpose of selling it to the highest bidder. This practice was outlawed in the USA in 1998 due to several high profile legal cases involving the use of trademarks; in many countries it is now illegal to register a domain that involves trademarks unless the registrant owns the trademark. The purchase of domain names for the purpose of later sale can still prove a lucrative business as long as trademarks are not involved, as illustrated by the 1997 purchase of '', bought for $150,000USD and sold in 1999 for $7.5 million USD.2421Foster in Porter: 2322/History.html23/robert/internet/timeline/24source: /robert/internet/timeline/The 1995 release of RealAudio technology prompted the swift growth of Internet radio, and today the number of Internet radio stations listed by alone is in excess of8,50025, though this number has declined since the 2001 announcement by the RIAA that online radio stations will have to pay royalties for the songs they play.1995 was also a significant year for the world wide web, as for the first time, www traffic was recorded as having the highest bandwidth use of all Internet services by NSFNET26.In terms of Internet software, 1995 saw the release of Microsoft's Internet Explorer, version 1, followed within six months by the multi-platform version 2, which ran on both Windows and mac architecture. Not only that, but version 2 offered SSL support, thus allowing e-commerce to be conducted securely over the web.IBM report that “In 1996, some 70 percent of the world's business information is managed by IBM databases”27, highlighting not only the importance of databases to business, but the degree to which IBM diversified after the OS/2 débâcle.1996 also saw a massive upgrade to Windows NT 4.0, which was now aimed towards web server usage, with an integrated http server and support for Microsoft FrontPage extensions. Nearly ten years on however, and Windows NT remains the underdog, with Red Hat Linux being the operating system of choice for secure web environments, undoubtedly in part due to the fact that it, like all operating systems based on the Linux kernel, is open source, meaning that every part of its programming is scrutinised and updated on a daily basis by a massive, unbiased community of programmers and networking experts. Recently, Microsoft has acknowledged the power of open source development, and now offers certain parts of legacy applications to educational facilities.The mass migration of hackers from Bulletin Board Systems to the web was fully under way by 1996, and the US General Accounting Office “report that hackers attempted to break into Defense Department computer files some 250,000 times in 1995 alone. About 65 percent of the attempts were successful”28. Security on the Internet becomes a major concern for businesses and home users alike, the former being affected by the release of massively damaging worms such as SQL Slammer, which “took down 5 of the 13 DNS root servers along with tens of thousands of other servers, and impacted a multitude of systems ranging from (bank) ATM systems to air traffic control to emergency (911) systems”29, the latter being affected by the release of AOHell in 1997, a program which allowed users with even less than average computing skills to wreak havoc on America's leading ISP.The 2000 penetration of Microsoft's code servers, and subsequent online circulation of vast amounts of source code may have contributed towards the publication in 2002 of the as yet unexploited 'shatter' attacks by Chris Paget, which detail fundamental flaws in the architecture of windows, leading widespread discussion in security circles about the future viability of Windows for high security applications.25/26/robert/internet/timeline/27/ibm/history/history/year_1996.html28/wiki/A_Hacker_History29/robert/internet/timeline/5. ConclusionThe development of IT over the last ten years has been profound. This report has shown the gigantic leaps forward made in three important areas of IT; Hardware, Operating Systems, and the Internet. In each area, whether talking about processor speed, GUI usability or emerging Internet technologies, recent history has shown marked improvements in the areas of speed, size and capabilities. With the future being forged right now in newsgroups, on the web, and in the real world, with an ever increasing horizon on the limit of human cognitive power, it is tempting to believe that we are somehow merely observing the future and not taking an active part in its construction, but the reality is that the power to create and destroy lies with us; only we can shape what the next ten years will bring.6. Errata6.i List of AbbreviationsDOS Disk Operating SystemEFS Encrypting File SystemFAT File Allocation TableFS File SystemGb Gigabyte, or Gigabit, if in relation to networks speed Gbps Gigabits Per SecondGHz GigahertzGUI Graphical User InterfaceHTTP HyperText Transfer ProtocolISP Internet Service ProviderIT Information TechnologyKb Kilobyte, or Kilobit, if in relation to networks speed Kbps Kilobits Per SecondMb Megabyte, or Megabit, if in relation to network speed Mbps Megabits Per SecondMHz MegahertzMIPS Million Instructions Per SecondMS MicrosoftNT New TechnologyNTFS NT File SystemOO Object Orientated (/ Object Oriented)RIAA Recording Industry of AmericaSSL Secure Sockets LayerTb TerabyteTCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol6.ii ReferencesAll websites cited were accessed on the 11th April, 2005.Websites cited, in order of appearance:NEC Earth Simulator speed:/timeline/2002.htm§§Number of webpages archived:/about/press_release.phpMoore's Law:/wiki/Moore%27s%5FlawFigure One: processing power over time (modified):/~hpm/talks/revo.slides/power.aug.curve/power.aug.html Doom 3 system requirements:/info/systemreq.phpIBM 'Deep Blue' quote:/ibm/history/history/decade_1990.htmlMultiple Internet Statistics, including Figure Two:/robert/internet/timeline/(for Table One, see various Microsoft URLs listed below)NSFNET backbone speed:/Internet/history/brief.shtmlOperating Systems quotes:/windows/WinHistoryIntro.mspx/windows/WinHistoryDesktop.mspxUSB Mug Warmer:/interests/usb/6984/§§USB Aquarium:/interests/usb/6db9/Usage on info.cern.ch:/History.htmlNumber of Internet Radio Stations:/IBM's dominance over business databases:/ibm/history/history/year_1996.htmlSecurity Statistics:/wiki/A_Hacker_HistoryThe URLs used to create Table One are as follows:Windows 95 data:/kb/138349/Windows 98 data:/kb/182751/Windows ME data:/kb/253695/Windows 2000 data:/windows2000/advancedserver/evaluation/sysreqs/Windows XP data:/windowsxp/pro/evaluation/sysreqs.mspxThe image used on the title page was modified from a screen-shot of the Windows 2000Control Panel 'Mouse' Item. All images were saved directly from the source, or if otherwise stated were modified using MS Paint and OpenOffice 1.1 ().6.iii BibliographyT. Berners-Lee, Weaving The Web, London, Orion Business, 1999P. Beynon-Davies, Information Systems, New York, Palgrave, 2002H. Dordick & S. Wang, The Information Society, California, Sage Publications, 1993 C. French, Computer Science, London, DB Publications, 1996L. Long & N. Long, Computers, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1999D. Porter, Internet Culture, New York, Routledge, 1997C. Rowe, People and Chips, Oxford, Blackwell, 1990。
英文作文的一级标题
英文作文的一级标题英文回答：I. Introduction.In this essay, I will explore the multifaceted nature of inquiry and its impact on the development of knowledge.I will begin by examining the concept of inquiry itself, distinguishing between different types of inquiry and their respective goals. I will then discuss the role of inquiryin the construction and dissemination of knowledge, exploring how inquiry has shaped our understanding of the world around us. Finally, I will consider the ethical dimensions of inquiry, pondering the potential consequences of different approaches to inquiry and the responsibility of researchers to use their knowledge for good.II. The Concept of Inquiry.Inquiry is a systematic process of seeking knowledge orunderstanding. It involves gathering information, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. There are many different types of inquiry, each with its own specific goals and methods.One common distinction is between basic research and applied research. Basic research is conducted to increase our understanding of the world around us, without any immediate practical application in mind. Applied research, on the other hand, is conducted with a specific goal in mind, such as developing a new product or treatment.Another distinction is between qualitative research and quantitative research. Qualitative research involves the collection and analysis of non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, and documents. Quantitative research, on the other hand, involves the collection and analysis of numerical data, such as surveys and experiments.III. The Role of Inquiry in the Construction and Dissemination of Knowledge.Inquiry has played a vital role in the construction and dissemination of knowledge throughout history. Through inquiry, we have come to understand the laws of nature, the structure of the human body, and the vastness of the universe.One of the most important ways that inquiry has contributed to our understanding of the world is through the development of scientific theories. Scientific theories are based on evidence and experimentation, and they allow us to make predictions about the world around us. Theories are constantly being revised and updated as new evidence is discovered, but they provide us with a framework for understanding the world and our place in it.Another way that inquiry has contributed to our understanding of the world is through the development of new technologies. New technologies have allowed us to explore the world in ways that were previously impossible, and they have also led to new industries and jobs.IV. The Ethical Dimensions of Inquiry.Inquiry is a powerful tool, and it is important to use it responsibly. There are a number of ethical issues that researchers need to consider when conducting inquiry, such as:The informed consent of participants: Researchers must ensure that participants in their studies are fully informed of the risks and benefits of participating, and that they have given their consent to participate.The privacy of participants: Researchers must protect the privacy of participants in their studies, and they must not use their data for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was collected.The potential for harm: Researchers must be aware of the potential for harm to participants in their studies, and they must take steps to minimize this risk.中文回答：I. 引言。
Unit 1 Introduction
Unit 1 IntroductionI.Definition of Translation（翻译的定义）American Eugene Nida: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.美国翻译理论家尤金·奈达：翻译就是在译语中用最为贴切自然的对等语再现原语的信息-----首先是就意义而言，其次是就风格而言。
Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. II.Principles of Translation(翻译的标准)✧Faithfulness忠实✧Smoothness通顺1)The complaints of the patient did not answer to the proper manifestations of the disease.原：病人的主述没有回答此病的适当表现。
改：病人的主述不符合此病应有的表现。
2) A woman with child came to see her doctor.3)Health is above wealth, for thiscannot give so much happiness as that.原：健康高于财富，因为这个不能象那个给人们很多幸福。
改：健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能象健康那样给人们带来幸福III.The Factors that Affect the Quality of Translation(决定翻译质量的因素)：nguage2.General knowledge3.Working attitudeThe name of the game is controlling the population.游戏的名称是控制人口。
Unit 1 An Introduction
Culture Shock
Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. 文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中 遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。
Beliefs and Material objects Value systems Behavior patterns
culture
Culture always varies from one group of people to another.
Religions—Christianity or Buddhism
Intercultural communication
IV. Culture Shock
留学生李英初次出国，到达美国不久被朋友请 去参加一个聚会。他准时参加，但却发现很多 人都姗姗来迟，穿得也很随便。在聚会上，有 几种饮料和一些简单的食物，但是没有什么像 样的菜。聚会上熟人很少，好不容易见到了马 克，于是与他攀谈起来，谈了大约十来分钟， 马克说他要和另一个朋友去谈谈，就走开了， 李英十非常失望。聚会的主人把他介绍给一两 个人，然后就再也不管他了。两个钟头以后， 他借故离开了聚会。回到家，他还很饿，不得 不煮些面条吃。他决心以后再也不参加这类聚 会了。
Difference in customs
Difference in arts
Definition of Communication
Communication is derived from the Latin word communicare, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
英语论文introduction
英文论文引言的写作技巧Introduction学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。
引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。
本章首先介绍这些规律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。
引言的内容与结构布局引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。
它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；说明自己研究课题的目的；概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。
如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。
经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。
这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。
我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排(如图8.1所示)。
第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。
第一层：1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development……………………………………………………………2) Reviewing previous research in this area……………………………………………………第二层：Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question …………………………………………………………………………………第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research…………………………………第四层：1) Announcing your major findings ………………………………………2) Outlining the contents of your paper ……………………………………图8.1 引言的结构布局之一值得注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。
英语专业高级英语第一册第四单元
2. Hotel
II. Introduction to the Passage
1. Type of literature: a piece of narration - character - actions - conflicts - climax - denouement
2. Ogilvia asked for $ 10,000 but was rejected 3. The duchess offered $25,000 to Ogilvia for driving their car away from the hotel
Part III: conclusion
2. Why did the Duchess send her maid and secretary out?
3.Why did the Duchess decide to make the detective drive their car north? 4. Did Ogilvie accept the Duchess’ offer?
Bestsellers
The Final Diagnosis (1959) In High Places (1962) Hotel (1966)
Airport (1968) Wheels (1971)
The Moneychangers (1975)
translated into 27 languages and widely read all over the world
最新跨文化交际案例InterculturalCommunication—CaseStudies
最新跨文化交际案例InterculturalCommunication—CaseStudiesCourse: Intercultural Communication—Case StudiesTextbook: Self-compiled handoutsObjectives: This curricular module prompts students with the salient issues related to intercultural communication (1CC). Its main focus is on discussions of major problems arising from ICC. During the course the students are exposed to a large variety of cases, taken from up-to-date documents. The goal is not only to build up students' knowledge of ICC, but more importantly to increase their cross-cultural awareness. The course intends to be instructive, practical and enjoyable. At the end of this course, the students will be able to1. deepen their understanding of major ICC principles;2. become familiar with differences in Chinese and American cultures;3. experience conflicts and controversies in ICC;4. enhance their abilities to analyze ICC phenomena;5. improve their ICC competence.Topic Areas:Values: 1. Friendship 2. Ethics 3. Individualism & self-reliance4. Privacy5. Equality6. Attributes7. Time & space 8. Competition & cooperation 9. Volunterism & philanthropyDaily life: 1. Lifestyle 2. Family & marriage 3. Entertainment4. Holidays & travel5. Art & architecture6. Science & technologySocial life: I. Education 2. Religion 3. Political systems & law4. Minorities5. Prejudices &stereotyping6. Building bridgesAssessment:The students will have one assignment for this course. The assignment should center on one of the particular ICC issues covered in the course. They are supposed to address the topic on the basis of theoretical analysis applying the knowledge, principles, as well as strategies obtained during the course. The assignment should run approximately ten pages long, with an abstract, key words anda list of references in the APA format. It must be double-spaced, using Times New Roman (12).Reference:1. Larry A. Samovar. Communication Between Cultures Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press, 20002. Dou, RQ, Qian DX, Li BX. Selected Readings in Intercultural Communication Xi‘an JiaotongUniversity Press, 20043. Jia Yuxin. Intercultural Communication Shanghai Foreign languages Education Press, 20034. Yao Baorong. Han Qi, Wang Tao. Chinese Society and Culture Shaanxi people‘s PublishingHouse, 20025. Hu Wenzhong. Aspects of Intercultural Communication Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press, 20046. Mei Renyi. American Studies Reader Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,20027. Robert M. Crunden. A Brief History of American Culture Paragon House, New York, 19948. Bradford ?J‘ Hall. Among Cultures—The Challenge of Communication Wadsworth, 2005Intercultural Communication------Case StudiesUnit 1 General IntroductionWe are now in a quite different world from before, which is sometimes referred to as ―global village‖. This globalization is mainly due to the amazingly rapid development of science and technology in the areas of transportation and communication systems. Today, trips once taking years, months, weeks, and then days are now measured in a matter of hours. And people in all corners of the world share information and ideas at the same time through sophisticated technology behind such communication means as television, telephone, fax, and the internet.It naturally follows that intercultural contact has become more frequent, more abundant and, therefore, more significant than ever before. China has become an active member of the world community, and her entry into the WTO is bound to bring us into more contact with the outside world.Now that we will conduct more and more intercultural communication, the problem we arefacing is how to do it, and how to do it well. A good knowledge of a foreign language, mainly English---- the most widely used language in the world today, is of courseindispensable. But language alone does not ensure successful communication, especially intercultural communication. Let‘s look at some of the communication cases between people from Chinese and English cultures:Case 1: One cold winter day in a Chinese city, Mr. Wang Lin, on his way to the library, met an American professor who knew very little about China. After greeting him, Mr. Wang said: ―It‘s rather cold. You‘d better put on more clothes.‖But the professor didn‘t appear happy hearing this. Why?(Chinese people like to show concerns, but American people like indepedence and privacy)Case 2: You are the only Chinese among some Americans. One of them is telling a joke.You feel good because you understand every word. All of a sudden, everyone is laughing. Everyone except you. Why?Case 3: There has been a very famous brand of battery in China: White Elephant. Suppose this product is to be exported to the UK or the USA. It‘s very likely to fail without changing its brand name. Why?In each of the above situations there is something ―wrong‖. But this ―something‖ has nothing to do with the langua ge, which is perfect. The problem lies within the culture in which the language is used. In the first case, for instance, Americans (and many Westerners too) don‘t like to be told what to do as they tend to be independent; while Chinese are in the habit of showing and accepting concerns. The second case tells us that sometimes connotations (implied meanings) of words are key to understanding. In the third case a white elephant, arousing beautiful association in the minds of Chinese, stands for something big but useless in the English culture. From thesesimple cases, it‘s not difficult to see what an important role culture plays in communication and why language alone doesn‘t guarantee successful intercultural communication.What we are going to explore in this course are such aspects as mentioned above, since they tend to affect intercultural communication. The aim of the course is to help you develop cultural awareness, and improve your intercultural communication competence through case studies. We know that it‘s impossible to expound all the details of a culture, as culture covers almost every aspect of a person‘s life. But armed with this awareness, you can design your own strategies for dealing with problems arising in intercultural communication situations.During the learning process you will see that all people exhibit culturally conditioned behaviors, approach the diversity of cultures, learn to appreciate similarities and respect differences between cultures, become aware of potential problems in intercultural communication and develop an ability to cope with them. Besides, you are going to have a better understanding of your own native culture—the Chinese culture, of which you may not be always aware just because you are in it.The above aim is to be achieved through a thought-provoking, task-based interactive learning approach. That is to say, in the process you are not just a listener or reader but also a participant in many activities, for instance, discussions about different cases. You are expected to discover a lot about culture for yourself.Unit 2 Communication and Intercultural CommunicationCommunication is symbolic in which people create shared meanings. Symbols are central tothe communication process because they represent theshared meanings that are communicated.Intercultural communication occurs when large and important cultural differences createdissimilar interpretations and expectations about how to communicate competently from two different cultures.(Lusting, M.W. and Koester, J. Intercultural Competence. New York: Addison WesleyLongman, 1999)Reading 1 CommunicationIt doesn‘t matter if this is your first communication course or not. You‘ve probably heard many different definitions of the word ―communication‖. In this chapter you will learn how that communication itself is a cultural element by studying different models of communication. You‘ll learn about the different ways communication and culture are studied and about the skills required to become more effective in intercultural communication.Because communication is an element of culture, it has often been said that communication and culture are inseparable. As Afred G. Smith (1966: Communication and Culture: Readings in the Codes of Human Interaction.New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston) wrote in his preface to Communication and Culture, culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication. Communication requires coding and symbols that must be learned and shared. Godwin C. Chu (1977: Radical Cha nge through Communication in Mao’s China. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii) observed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. T o be understood, the two must be studied together. Culture cannot be known with a stud of communication,and communication can only be understood with an understanding of the culture it supports.Components of CommunicationYou are better able to understand communication when you understand the components of the process. Ten components of communication are source, encoding, message, channel, noise, receiver, decoding, receiver response, feedback, and context.Source. The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Examples are CBS, the White House, your instructor, and your mother.Encoding. In the television and movie version of ―Star Trek‖, you saw Mr. Spock touching alien beings for what was called ―mind meld‖. You assume Mr. Spock was able to access directly the thoughts of the alien creature. Unfortunately, we humans are not able to do that. Your communication is in the form of symbols representing the ideas you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting ideas into symbolsThe symbols into which you encode your thoughts vary. You can encode thoughts into wordsand you can also encode thoughts into non-spoken symbols. The oils and colors in a painting as well as your gestures and other forms of nonverbal communication can be symbols.Traditionally, a clear distinction is made between symbols and the objects or thoughts theyrepresent. The symbol is not the thing, yet we often act as if it were. When you bite into a lemon, the juice causes your mouth to water as salivary glands under your tongue secrete digestive enzymes. But if you visualize a lemon and say the symbol ―lemon‖ to yourself several times your mouth waters asthe same salivary enzymes are produced not by the thing but by its symbols! The symbols ―glove‖and ―above‖probably don‘t cause reactions, but someone special saying ―I love you‖ can trigger several reactions in your body.Message. The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel. The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. Today, you might feel more comfortable using the word ―media‖. The channel of medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of face-to-face communicationNoise. The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes. Noise can be of many forms: External noise can be the sights, sounds, and other stimuli that draw your attention away from the message. Having a radio on while reading is external noise. Internal noise refers to your thoughts and feelings that can interfere with the message. Being tired or being hungry can be distractions from complete attention to the message. Finally, the phrase ―semantic noise‖ refers to how alternative meanings of the source‘s message symbols can be distracting. For example, a speaker‘s use of uncalled-for profanity can cause us to wonder why the speaker used profanity and draw attention away from message itself.Receiver. The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receivers may be intentional; that is, they may be the people the source desired to communicate with, or they may be any person who comes upon and attends to the message.Decoding. Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involvedin the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attendedto and decoded the message. The response can range from doing nothing to taking some action or actions that may or may not be the action desired by the source.Feedback. Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning. A reader of this text may have many responses, but when the reader responds to a survey or writes a letter to the author does feedback occur. When a radio talk show host receives enthusiastic telephone calls and invites a guest back, feedback has occurred.Feedback makes communication a two-way or interactive process. Linear and interactive models seem to suggest that communication is an isolated single discrete act independent of events that preceded or might follow it.Context. The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined asthe environment in which the communication process takes place and which helps to define the communication. If you know the physical context, you can predict with a high degree of accuracy much of the communication. For example, you have certain knowledge and expectations of the communication that occurs within churches, temples, and synagogues. At times, you intentionally want to place your romantic communications in a quiet, dimly light restaurant or on a secluded beach. The choice of the environment, the context, helps assign the desired meaning to the communicated worlds.In social relationships as well, the relationship between the source and receiver may help define much of the meaning of the communication. Again, if you know the context you can predict witha high degree of accuracy much of communication. For example, knowing that a person is being stopped by a police officer for speeding is enough to predict much of the communication. Certain things are likely to be said and done; other things are very unlikely.Culture is also context. Every culture has its own worldview, its own way of thinking of creativity, time, and human nature, its own way of perceiving self, and its own system of social organization. Knowing each of these helps you assign meaning to the symbols.The component of context helps you recognize that the extent to which the source and receiver have similar meanings for the communicated symbols and similar understandings of the culturein which the communication takes place is critical to the success of the communication.Reading 2 Intercultural CommunicationThe link between culture and communication is crucial to understanding intercultural communication because it is through the influence of culture that people learn to communicate. A Korean, an Egyptian, or an American learns to communicate like other Koreans, Egyptians, or Americans. Their behavior conveys meaning because it is learned and shared; it is cultural. People view their world through categories, concepts, and labels that are products of their culture.Cultural similarity in perception makes the sharing ofmeaning possible. The ways in which we communicate, the circumstances of our communication, the language and language style we use, and our nonverbal behavior are primarily all a response to and a function of our culture. And, as cultures differ from one another, the communication practices and behaviors of individuals rearedin those cultures will also be different.Our contention is that intercultural communication can best be understood as cultural diversity inthe perception of social objects and events. A central tenet of this position is that minor communication problems are often exaggerated by perceptual diversity. To understand others‘words and actions, we must try to understand their perceptual frames of reference: we must learnto understand how they perceive the world. In the ideal intercultural encounter, we would hope for many overlapping experiences and a commonality of perceptions. Cultural diversity, however, tends to introduce us to dissimilar experiences and, hence, to varied and frequently strange and unfamiliar perceptions of the external world.In all respects, everything so far said about communication and culture applies to intercultural communication. The functions and relationships between the components of communication obviously apply, but what especially characterizes intercultural communication is that sources and responders come from different cultures. This alone is sufficient to identify a unique form of communicative interaction that must take into account the role and function of culture in the communication process.Intercultural communication occurs whenever a message that must be understood is produced by a member of one culturefor consumption by a member of another culture. This circumstance can be problematic because, as we have already seen, culture forges and shapes the individual communicator. Culture is largely responsible for the construction of our individual social realitiesand for our individual repertories for communicative behaviors and meanings. The communication repertories people possess can vary significantly from culture to culture, which can lead to all sortsof difficulties. Through the study and understanding of intercultural communication, however, these difficulties at least can be reduced and at best nearly eliminated.Cultural influence on individuals and the problems inherent in the production and interpretation of messages between cultures are illustrated in Figure 2. Here, three cultures are represented by three distinct geometric shapes Cultures A and B are purposefully similar to one another and are represented by a square and an irregular octagon that resembles a square. Culture C is intended to be quite different from Cultures A and B. It is represented both by its circular shape and its physical distance from Cultures A and B. Within each represented culture is another form similarto the shape of the influencing parent culture. This form represents a person who has been molded by his or her culture. The shape representing the person, however, is somewhat different from thatof the parent culture. The difference suggests two things: first, there are other influences besides culture that affect and help mold the individual; and, second, although culture is the dominant shaping forces on an individual, people vary to someextent from each other within any culture.Message production, transmission, and interpretation across cultures are illustrated by the series of arrows connecting them. When a message leaves the culture in which it was encoded, it carries the content intended by its producer. This is represented by the arrows leaving a culture having the same pattern as that within the message producer. When a message reaches the culture where it is to be interpreted, it undergoes a transformation because the culture in which the message is decoded influences the message interpretation and hence its meaning. The content of the original message changes during that interpretation phase of intercultural communication because the cultural different repertories of social reality, communicative behaviors, and meanings possessedby the interpreter do not coincide with those possessed by the message producer.。
2019人教版高中英语新教材 必修第一册 Unit 4 词汇学习 1 语篇训练 (学生版)
英语24字整体教学Unit 4 Natural Disaster 词汇学习1 + 语篇训练(学生版)【新教材精创】2020-2021学年高一英语新教材知识讲学（人教版必修第一册）Step1 词汇分类记忆Task 1阅读词汇：1，Tornado_____________2，landslide ____________3，tsunami ____________4，volcanic eruption ____________5，magnitude ____________6，evacuate ____________7, helicopter____________8, revive ____________9, revival ____________10, unify ____________11, context____________12, erupt____________13, hurricane____________14, tap vi. & vt. ____________; n. ____________15, whistle vi.____________；n. ____________16, emergency____________17, crash____________18，kit ____________19, Ecuador____________20, Memphis ____________21, Alberta____________22, ____________23, Sri Lanka____________24, Indonesia____________25, Thailand ____________26, Malaysia____________27, Sumatra Island ____________ 28, Chandra Theeravit____________Task 2 写作词汇1，灾难；灾害____________2，旱灾；久旱____________3，(使)滑行；滑动____________ 5，洪水；大量；淹没____________5，营救；救援____________6，损害；迫害____________ 6，摧毁；毁灭____________7，死；死亡____________8，影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动____________ 9，避难处；居所；保护；掩蔽；躲避____________10，裂纹；裂缝____________10，似乎；好像；仿佛____________12, 破坏；毁坏____________13，严重损坏；破败不堪_________________14，百分之……；每一百中____________15，砖；砖块____________16，金属____________17，震惊；令人震惊的事____________18，震惊；吃惊(短语) ____________18，电；电能____________20，使落入险境____________21，埋葬；安葬____________22，呼吸____________23，努力；艰难的尝试____________24，智慧；才智____________25，遭受；蒙受____________26，火山____________27，供应；补给____________28，台风____________29，露天；在户外____________ 30，生存；幸存____________31，电力供应；能量；力量____________32，管子；管道____________33，镇静的；沉着的____________34，援助；帮助____________ 35，first aid kit____________36，现有(尤指帮助) ____________37，打扫；清扫____________37，消灭；彻底消除____________39，波浪；挥手；招手____________40，侵袭；袭击；击打____________41，递送；传达____________42，总结；概括；概要____________43，影响；结果；效果____________44，长；长度____________Step 2词汇运用检测Task 1 Complete the following sentences with the Chinese translation.1.They had led the country into economic____________.他们把国家带入了经济灾难中。
经典：跨文化交际自编课件Unit-1-An-Introduction
Case 2 First Offer
A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sightseeing is a thirsty business. We did not trust the water, and enjoyed excellent beer. We politely offered some to Heping but he refused. We said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched. On another day, Heping quickly accepted our offer of beer.
• II. Culture, Communication, Intercultural Communication
• III. The Differences between Chinese & Western Cultures
• IV. Summary
• V. Assignments
A Comparison of Chinese & Western Culture
a. I’m sure you’ll be better soon. b. You should drink more water. c. You should be more careful not catch cold again. d. I hope you’ll be feeling better soon.