北京大学医学部神经生物学2013年考博初试真题
解放军医学院(301医院)血液内科学2013年考博真题试卷
2、急性GVHD临床表现及治疗方法。
二、名词解释20分每题4分（5道题）
1、Evanssyndrome
2、POMESsyndrome
3、5q- syndrome
4、粒细胞缺乏症
5、冒烟型骨髓瘤
三、简答题20分，每题10分（2道题）
1、小细胞低色素贫血的诊断及四种常见类型。
2、慢性粒细胞白血病治疗进展。
四、问答题40分，每题20分（2道题）
有1道考哪一个不是维生素依赖性凝血因子，这个可能知道ⅡⅦⅨⅩ，但答案中没写Ⅱ，而是写的凝血酶原，另外还写了个Ⅴ因子。
还有1道题考的下列NHL哪个是T细胞型的，这道题把内科书上NHL分类后面详细描述的那几种按顺序记忆并分类就可以。
还有1道考的哪项不是血友病的特点，选项有出血时间延长、凝血酶原时间正常、部分活化的凝血酶原时间延长、凝血时间延长。
3ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้1医院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：血液内科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题20分，每题2分（10道题）
略，比较基础，具体记不清了。
如第1道题考铁吸收过程中哪个步骤中的铁是二价铁，
2013-北京高考生物试题及答案
2013年北京高考理综生物试题及答案一、选择题：1.下列真核细胞结构与成分，对应有误的是A．细胞膜：脂质、蛋白质、糖类 B.染色体：核糖核酸、蛋白质C．核糖体：蛋白质、核糖核酸 D.细胞骨架：蛋白质2.在细胞生命活动中，不可能发生的过程是A．神经递质由突触小泡分泌到胞外 B.mRNA从细胞核进入细胞质通过主动运输进入线粒体C．老化受损的细胞器融入霉体中 D.O23.有关生物体对刺激做出反应的表述，错误的是A．病毒感染→人体T细胞分泌特异性抗体→清除病毒B．外界温度降低→哺乳动物体温调节中枢兴奋→体温稳定C．摄入高糖食品→人体胰岛素分泌增加→血糖水平回落D．单侧光照→植物体生长素重新分布→向光弯曲4.安第斯山区有数十种蝙蝠以花蜜为食。
其中，长舌蝠的舌长为体长的1.5倍。
只有这种蝙蝠能从长筒花狭长的花冠筒底部取食花蜜，且为该植物的唯一传粉者。
由此无法推断出A．长舌有助于长舌蝠避开与其他蝙蝠的竞争B．长筒花可以在没有长舌蝠的地方繁衍后代C．长筒花狭长的花冠筒是自然选择的结果D．长舌蝠和长筒花相互适应，共同（协同）进化5.关于高中生物学实验的基本原理，叙述不正确的是A.噬菌体须在活菌中增殖培养是因其缺乏独立的代谢系统B.提取组织DNA是利用不同化合物在溶剂中溶解度的差异C.成熟植物细胞在高渗溶液中发生质壁分离是因为细胞壁具有选择透（过）性D.PCR呈指数扩增DNA片段是因为上一轮反应产物可作为下一轮反应模板二、非选择题：29.（16分）为研究棉花去棉铃（果实）后对叶片光合作用的影响，研究者选取固定速率至少具有10个棉铃的植株，去除不同比例棉铃，3天后测定叶片的CO2以及蔗糖和淀粉含量。
结果如图。
（1）光合作用碳（暗）反应利用光反应产生的ATP和 ______,在 __________转化为三碳糖，进而形成淀粉和蔗糖。
中将CO2（2）由图1可知，随着去除棉铃百分率的提高，叶片光合速率 ________。
本实固定速率相对值是 ___________。
解放军医学院(301医院)实用骨科学2013年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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解放军医学院（301 医院）
2013 年攻读博：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 选择题 1.下列哪个肌力描述的不对？ A 时屈膝内侧间隙紧张，松解哪部分？ 3.食指切割伤 2 小时，可自主伸屈，固定中节指骨，远端无法伸屈，问损伤哪 部分？ 4.麦氏征检查的是？ 5. 填空题 坐骨神经由 和 组成，主要分支有 尺神经分出浅、深支，深支支配？ 骨关节结核分为 类型？ 前交叉韧带分为 和 ，分别的作用。 强直性脊柱炎中心型先累及，然后？ 半月板撕裂的三种类型 THA 股骨假体无菌性松动的 X 线表现 名词解释 孟氏骨折 articular cartilage 直腿抬高加强试验 股骨据 哈弗系统 大题 1.THA 的术后并发症 2.脊柱结核的临床表现，鉴别诊断 3.通过踝关节的解剖你解释一下为啥背伸易骨折，跖屈伤韧带？
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4.骨盆骨折的主要合并症及治疗要点 5. 6.
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北京大学医学部人体解剖学2012年考博初试真题
博
初
试
真
题
北京大学医学部
2012年攻读博士学位研究题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题
膝关节的结构，组成，特点，运动的肌肉和神经支配
声波的传导途径
子宫的位置和固定装置
胃肌的交感神经和副交感神经的节前节后神经元胞体位置，内脏大神经
视觉传导通路和损害症状表现
脊髓各节段前根是什么神经纤维，其胞体在什么位置
左右冠状动脉的总行及分支和分布
肛管的内部结构和临床意义
眼眶内部的神经支配和功能
牙痛的传导通路
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中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rar.rar中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rarnew.rar中科院博士英语往年作文题目及部分范文欣赏.rar中科院博士英语试题解析99-04.rar05年中科院山地所博士入学自然地理试题.rar07年3月中科院考博英语及答案.rar.rar07年中科院生态环境研究中心土壤学试题（回忆版试题）.rar07年中科院过程工程研究所考博专业课.rar.rar08中科院全国_生物化学_统考试卷.rar09中科院广州地化研所分析化学.rar.rar1999-2002中科院植物所考博题（植物学和生态学）.rar.rar2000年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2001~2005中科院动物生态学考博试题.rar.rar2001年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.rar.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.txt.rar2006中科院有机化学(秋).rar2006年中科院生态中心生态学专业试题.rar.rar2007中科院量子力学及答案.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第一部分0.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第二部分.rar2007年中科院无机化学考研真题.rar.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所植物生理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所环境生物学考博试题.rar【人文地理】中科院2007年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题.rar.rar【岩溶环境学】中科院2008年考博试题.rar.rar【植物生理学】中科院植物所植物生理学考博真题（2000-2001）.rar【生物化学】中科院植物所攻读博士学位研究生入学试题（1997-2001）.rar【神经生理学】中科院神经科学研究所2001年神经生理学考博试题.rar【细胞生物学】中科院2012年考博试题.rar【计算机科学与基础】中科院计算技术研究所2011年考博试题.rar【遗传学】中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年考博试题.rar（内部资料）中科院考博英语命题特点.rar.rar。
2013高考生物真题北京卷 解析版
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试生物试题（北京卷）一、选择题（共120分)本部分共20小题,每小题6分,共120分。
在每小题列出的四个选项中，选出最符合题目要求的一项.1.下列真核细胞结构与成分,对应有误的是A．细胞膜：脂质、蛋白质、糖类B。
染色体：核糖核酸、蛋白质C．核糖体：蛋白质、核糖核酸D.细胞骨架:蛋白质【答案】B【解析】细胞膜的组成成分包括脂质、蛋白质和糖类(动物还有胆固醇)，主要成分是磷脂和蛋白质；染色体的组成成分包括脱氧核糖核酸、蛋白质、核糖核酸等，主要成分是脱氧核糖核酸和蛋白质；核糖体的组成成分是核糖核酸（rRNA)和蛋白质;细胞骨架指真核细胞中的蛋白纤维网络结构，它所组成的结构体系称为细胞骨架系统.【评价】考查细胞的结构以及考生的理解能力。
通过不完整的表述系统地考查生物学知识，命题符合简捷性的要求。
2。
在细胞生命活动中，不可能发生的过程是A．神经递质由突触小泡分泌到胞外B. mRNA从细胞核进入细胞质C．老化受损的细胞器融入溶酶体中通过主动运输进入线粒体D. O2【答案】D【解析】神经递质通过突触小泡和突触前膜融合，将其分泌到胞外。
mRNA通过核孔从细胞核进入细胞质。
老化受损的细胞器与溶酶体融合完成细胞内消化。
O2 通过自由扩散跨膜运输，不会通过主动运输进入线粒体.所以D不会发生。
【评价】考查跨膜运输、胞吐、溶酶体的功能和细胞衰老，以及考生的理解能力。
以功能（或者说过程)为线索，考查若干看起来不相干的生物学知识。
3．有关生物体对刺激做出反应的表述，错误的是A．病毒感染→人体T细胞分泌特异性抗体→清除病毒B．外界温度降低→哺乳动物体温调节中枢兴奋→体温稳定C．摄入高糖食品→人体胰岛素分泌增加→血糖水平回落D．单侧光照→植物体生长素重新分布→向光弯曲【答案】A【解析】病毒感染后,由B细胞增殖分化产生的浆细胞分泌抗体，抗体与抗原结合形成细胞集团和沉淀,进一步被吞噬细胞吞噬，T细胞不能产生抗体。
博士考试生物化学的一些各校真题
2023 年中国科学院生物化学考博真题一、名词解释1 染色体重塑2 同源蛋白3 亲和层析4 酶的竞争性抑制5 逆转座子6 糖异生二、举5 例真核生物体内非编码RNA 以及其功能〔往年试题〕三、举5 离GFP 在生物化学中的应用〔2023 年试题〕四、真核生物转录起始水平到翻译后水平上的基因表达调控〔往年试题〕五、蛋白质免疫共沉淀(CoIp〕与ChIP 的原理以及应用2023 年北京医科大学博士入学考试试题－－生物化学1.结合实例说明“生物信息大分子”的概念。
都包括哪些类物质分子。
简要说明其执行“信息功能”的要素。
2.何谓“根本转录因子”，写出 6 个以上的名称。
依据你的理解，推断“类固醇激素受体属于根本转录因子”是否正确，为什么？请简要说明类固醇激素受体调整基因表达的机制。
3.解释“同工酶”概念，简要说明严格区分同工酶策略。
写出设计酶活性测定体系的留意事项。
4.解释“维生素”概念，丙酮酸脱氢酶系中包括那些维生素？各以何种形式参与酶系组成。
写出维生素D 在体内主要代谢过程。
5.写出胆固醇合成的原料，限速酶，在血液内主要运输形式，以及 6 中以上在体内重要转化物的名称。
6.以填空形式考苯丙氨酸和落氨酸的分解代谢过程。
7.端粒，端粒酶的概念，其特别的生物学功能。
8.肝脏生物转化的概念，特点，反响类型。
胆红素在肝内转化后的产物，以何种形式排出体外。
9.血浆蛋白质主要成分及生理功能。
2023 年北京医科大学博士入学考试试题－－生物化学1.人类基因组的概念，内容和意义。
2.t ransgene 的概念，如何重组，定位，筛选，检测？3.图示PKA.PKC.TPK 在信号传导中的作用。
4.蛋白质变性与DNA 变性的区分与应用。
5.肝脏在生物代谢中的作用，假设肝脏发生严峻损伤，可能会发生什么转变？6.比较酶的别构调整与化学修饰调整的异同，及各拘束代谢中的作用。
7.具 5 例辅酶，他们的构造，组成及催化的反响式。
8.有一种α-酮酸参与了糖，尿素，氨基酸，核苷酸代谢，是哪一种。
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） (总题数：15，分数：15.00)A.A coughB.Diarrhea √C.A feverD.Vomiting解析：A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisryngitisD.Flu √解析：A.In his bag.B.By the lamp.C.In his house. √D.No idea about where he left it.解析：A.He’s nearly finished his work.B.He has to work for some more time. √C.He wants to leave now.D.He has trouble finishing his work.解析：A.A patientB.A doctorC.A teacherD.A student √解析：A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136 √解析：A.He is the head of the hospital.B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.C.He went out looking for Dan.D.He went to Michigan on business. √解析：A.He has got a fever.B.He is a talented skier.C.He is very rich.D.He is a real ski enthusiast. √解析：A.To ask local people for help.B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C.Try to act like the people from that culture. √D.Stay with your country fellows.解析：A.She married because of loneliness.B.She married a millionaire.C.She married for money. √D.She married for love.解析：A.AspirantB.Courageous √C.CautiousD.Amiable解析：A.He was unhappy.B.He was feeling a bit unwell. √C.He went to see the doctor.D.The weather was nasty.解析：A.You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C.It’s a very popular magazine.√D.It doesn’t sell very well.解析：A.A general practitioner.B.A gynecologist. √C.An orthopedistD.A surgeon.解析：A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.Injections √D.Surgery解析：二、Section B (总题数：3，分数：15.00)A.It is a genetic disorder.B.It is a respiratory condition in pigs. √C.It is an illness from birds to humans.D.It is a gastric ailment.解析：A.Eating pork.B.Raising pigs. √C.Eating chicken.D.Breeding birds.解析：A.Running noseB.Inappetence √C.Pains all overD.Diarrhea解析：A.To stay from crowds. √B.To see the doctor immediately.C.To avoid medications.D.To go to the nearby clinic.解析：A.It is a debate.B.It is a TV program. √C.It is a consultation.D.It is a workshop.解析：A.About 10,000,000. √B.About 1,000,000.C.About 100,000.D.About 10,000.解析：A.A cocktail of vitamins.B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium. √C.The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D.The combination of minerals.解析：A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. √B.The inner ear cells.C.The eardrums.D.The inner ear ossicles.解析：A.General Motors.B.The United Auto Workers.C.NIH √D.All of above.解析：A.An industrial trial in Spain.itary trials in Spain and Sweden.C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden. √D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida. 解析：A.The link between obesity and birth defects. √B.The link between obesity and diabetes.C.The risk of birth abnormalities.D.The harmful effects of obesity.解析：A.Neural tube defects.B.Heart problems.C.Cleft lip and palateD.Diabetes √解析：A.20 million.B.200 million.C.400 million. √D.40 million.解析：A.A weight-loss surgery. √B.A balanced diet.C.A change of life style.D.More exercise.解析：A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.B.How obesity may cause birth defects. √C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.D.How obesity may cause diabetes.解析：三、Part II Vocabulary (10%) (总题数：10，分数：5.00)16.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.（分数：0.50）A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed √解析：17.As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year. （分数：0.50）A.sternB.slack √C.sumptuousD.glamorous解析：18.As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ___________.（分数：0.50）A.mechanismB.miniatureC.medium √D.means解析：19.Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane. （分数：0.50）A.flexibility √B.moralityC.capacityD.productivity解析：20.In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country –recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.（分数：0.50）A.denialB.reversal √C.intervalD.withdrawal解析：21.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.（分数：0.50）A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgar √D.stagnant解析：22.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and_____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.（分数：0.50）A.sustainable √B.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable解析：23.In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.（分数：0.50）A.rationalB.radicalC.conservative √D.progressive解析：24.Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.（分数：0.50）A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating √解析：25.It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.（分数：0.50）A.at large √B.at randomC.on endD.on average解析：四、Section B (总题数：10，分数：5.00)26.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount. （分数：0.50）A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacks √D.discrepancies解析：27.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.（分数：0.50）A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake √解析：28.After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country. （分数：0.50）A.improvedB.burdened √C.inspectedD.tariffed解析：29.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.（分数：0.50）A.a fit of enthusiasmB.a scream of frightC.a burst of laughter √D.a cry of anguish解析：30.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.（分数：0.50）A.loan √B.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval解析：31.The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.（分数：0.50）A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute √解析：32.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise. （分数：0.50）A.irritated √B.tamedC.stampedD.probed解析：33.The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.（分数：0.50）A.inductionB.perception √C.interpretationD.penetration解析：34.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect. （分数：0.50）A.presentation √B.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation解析：35.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.（分数：0.50）A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonably √D.unconventionally解析：五、Part III Cloze (10%) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.” The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said. Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. （分数：10.00）A.crucial for √B.available inC.resulting fromD.ascribed to解析：A.in disguise ofB.in shades of √C.in search ofD.in place of解析：A.This is howB.That’s why√C.It is not thatD.There exists解析：A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying √解析：A.thoughB.not to sayC.not just one √D.as well解析：A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once √解析：A.as opposed toB.in addition toC.as a result of √D.in spite of解析：A.benefits √B.defectsC.approachesD.risks解析：A.in caseB.in advanceC.in returnD.in particular √解析：A.effectB.reason √C.outcomeD.conclusion解析：六、Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%) (总题数：6，分数：30.00)Passage one There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unrepor ted so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression. Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upb ringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties –can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable. （分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________. （分数：1.00）A.in terms of physical environmentB.form a biological perspective √C.based on the empirical dataD.in a statistical way解析：(2).When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.a particular gene is passed on in familiesB.child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency √D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse解析：(3).The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior ___________. （分数：1.00）A.boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD.active measures ought to be taken at an early age √解析：(4).To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB.the consequences of compromising democracyC.the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD.the greater cost of failing to intervene √解析：(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Parenting Strategies for KidsB.The Making of a Criminal √C.Parental EducationD.Abusive Parenting解析：Passage two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man wit h HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon –and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses. （分数：5.00）(1).Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.The end of the world.B.A candle of hope. √C.A Nobel prize.D.A Quick Fix.解析：(2).According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would ___________. （分数：1.00）A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy √B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionpel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD.would change the way we look at those with AIDS解析：(3).As another bit of good news, ___________. （分数：1.00）A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART √C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years解析：(4).The last reason for optimism is that ___________. （分数：1.00）ernments will invest more in improving ARTB.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline √C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem解析：(5).The whole passage carries a tone of ___________. （分数：1.00）A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism √解析：Passage Three Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything? Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物) for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged. Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for. Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster. （分数：5.00）(1).The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________. （分数：1.00）A.seem to have no answers whateverB.are intended to dig for ancient human minds √C.are not scientific enough to be answered hereD.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance解析：(2).The scientists find the proxy to be ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the role of culture √B.the passage of timeC.the structure of a skullD.the biological makeup of the brain解析：(3).According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.human civilization came too lateB.the hardware retained biologically staticC.it took so long for the software to evolve √D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment解析：(4).From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB.the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution √D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain解析：(5).Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.its cognitive development is extremely slowB.to know its past is to understand its future √C.its biological evolution is hard to predictD.as the brain develops, so as the mind解析：Passage Four Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it? One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate. Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”. PlanB involves making sure we have large scale geoengineeringtechnolo gies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing. Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change. Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.（分数：5.00）(1).To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________. （分数：1.00）A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient √B.the warning against worsening climate changeC.the inevitable consequence of global warmingD.the misconception of a warmer world解析：(2).As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________. （分数：1.00）A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB.have nowhere to go but live in the desertC.become victims as soon as 2050D.move closer to the poles √解析：(3).It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________. （分数：1.00）A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions √B.to take protective measures by 2025C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles解析：(4).Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________. （分数：1.00）A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC.to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD.to manage the Earth’s thermostat√解析：(5).Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for? （分数：1.00）A.It’s Time to Go GreenB.Energy-efficient measures must be taken √C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD.For the Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe解析：Passage Five Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s m other, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green l ight to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way. Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to earl y Alzheimer’s? Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion. （分数：5.00）(1).Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________. （分数：1.00）A.a cheat in boasting its biological productsB.donor sperm as a productC.problematic donor sperm √D.a breach of confidentiality解析：(2).It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm_____________. （分数：1.00）A.without knowing its potential dangers √B.regardless of repeated warningsC.for the reason of quality supplyD.for their desperate needs解析：(3).The question from the case is whether ___________. （分数：1.00）A.people are entitled to donor spermB.donated sperm should be just a product √C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bankD.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certified解析：(4).It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________. （分数：1.00）A.treat donor sperm as a productB.screen out the fragile X mutationC.manage their business as others do in NYD.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect √解析：(5).The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________. （分数：1.00）A.Donovan will surely win the case in courtB.any product could have a defect in one way or another。
2013年高考真题生物——北京卷
2013年高考真题生物——北京卷
1. 下列真核细胞结构与成分，对应有误的是
A．细胞膜：脂质、蛋白质、糖类B.染色体：核糖核酸、蛋白质
C．核糖体：蛋白质、核糖核酸 D.细胞骨架：蛋白质
【答案解析】B
2. 在细胞生命活动中，不可能发生的过程是
A．神经递质由突触小泡分泌到胞外B.mRNA从细胞核进入细胞质
C．老化受损的细胞器融入霉体中D.O2通过主动运输进入线粒体
【答案解析】D
3. 有关生物体对刺激做出反应的表述，错误的是
A．病毒感染→哺乳动物体温调节中枢兴奋→体温稳定
B．外界温度降低→哺乳动物体温调节中枢兴奋→体温稳定
C．摄入高糖食品→人体胰岛素分泌增加→血糖水平回落
D．单侧光照→植物体生长素重新分布→向光弯曲
【答案解析】A
4. 安第斯山区有数十种蝙蝠以花蜜为食。
其中，长舌蝠的舌长为体长的1.5倍。
只有这种蝙蝠能从长筒花狭长的花冠筒底部取食花蜜，且为该植物的唯一传粉者。
由此无法推断出
A．长舌有助于长舌蝠避开与其他蝙蝠的竞争
B．长筒花可以在没有长舌蝠的地方繁衍后代
C．长筒花狭长的花冠筒是自然选择的结果
D．长舌蝠和长筒花相互适应，共同（协同）进化
【答案解析】B
5.关于高中生物学实验的基本原理，叙述不正确的是
A.噬菌体须在活菌中增殖培养是因其缺乏独立的代谢系统
B.提取组织DNA是利用不同化合物在溶剂中溶解度的差异
C.成熟植物细胞在高渗溶液中发生质壁分离是因为细胞壁具有选择透（过）性
D.PCR呈指数扩增DNA片段是国为上一轮反应产物可作为下一轮反应模板
【答案解析】C。
北京大学考博英语真题2013年
北京大学考博英语真题2013年Part ⅠListening Comprehension略Part ⅡStructure and Written ExpressionDirections: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.1. Prince Charles, the longest-waiting ______ to the throne in British history, has spoken of his "impatience" to get things done.A.heirB.heirshipC.heritageD.heiress答案：A[解答] 句意是：查尔斯王子是英国史上等待王位继承时间最久的人，他说自己已经“等不起了”。
heir“继承人”；heirship“继承权，继承人的地位”；heritage“遗产，继承权”；heiress“女继承人”。
因此本题选A。
2. Love was in the air in a Tokyo park as normally staid Japanese husbands gathered to scream out their feelings for their wives, promising ______ and extra tight hugs.A.attitudeB.multitudeC.gratitudetitude答案：C[解答] 句意是：爱意在东京公园上空飘荡，平时稳重的日本丈夫聚在一起，大声喊出了对他们妻子的multitude“多数，群众”；gratitude“感谢的心情”；latitude“(思想、行动等的)自由范围，自由”。