有关cal is的理解
英文论文写作中一些可能用到的词汇

英⽂论⽂写作中⼀些可能⽤到的词汇英⽂论⽂写作过程中总是被⾃⼰可怜的词汇量击败, 所以我打算在这⾥记录⼀些在阅读论⽂过程中见到的⼀些⾃⼰不曾见过的词句或⽤法。
这些词句查词典都很容易查到,但是只有带⼊论⽂原⽂中才能体会内涵。
毕竟原⽂和译⽂中间总是存在⼀条看不见的思想鸿沟。
形容词1. vanilla: adj. 普通的, 寻常的, 毫⽆特⾊的. ordinary; not special in any way.2. crucial: adj. ⾄关重要的, 关键性的.3. parsimonious:adj. 悭吝的, 吝啬的, ⼩⽓的.e.g. Due to the underlying hyperbolic geometry, this allows us to learn parsimonious representations of symbolic data by simultaneously capturing hierarchy and similarity.4. diverse: adj. 不同的, 相异的, 多种多样的, 形形⾊⾊的.5. intriguing: adj. ⾮常有趣的, 引⼈⼊胜的; 神秘的. *intrigue: v. 激起…的兴趣, 引发…的好奇⼼; 秘密策划(加害他⼈), 密谋.e.g. The results of this paper carry several intriguing implications.6. intimate: adj. 亲密的; 密切的. v.透露; (间接)表⽰, 暗⽰.e.g. The above problems are intimately linked to machine learning on graphs.7. akin: adj. 类似的, 同族的, 相似的.e.g. Akin to GNN, in LOCAL a graph plays a double role: ...8. abundant: adj. ⼤量的, 丰盛的, 充裕的.9. prone: adj. 有做(坏事)的倾向; 易于遭受…的; 俯卧的.e.g. It is thus prone to oversmoothing when convolutions are applied repeatedly.10.concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的; 确实的, 具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的); 有形的; 实在的.e.g. ... as a concrete example ...e.g. More concretely, HGCN applies the Euclidean non-linear activation in...11. plausible: adj. 有道理的; 可信的; 巧⾔令⾊的, 花⾔巧语的.e.g. ... this interpretation may be a plausible explanation of the success of the recently introduced methods.12. ubiquitous: adj. 似乎⽆所不在的;⼗分普遍的.e.g. While these higher-order interac- tions are ubiquitous, an evaluation of the basic properties and organizational principles in such systems is missing.13. disparate: adj. 由不同的⼈(或事物)组成的;迥然不同的;⽆法⽐较的.e.g. These seemingly disparate types of data have something in common: ...14. profound: adj. 巨⼤的; 深切的, 深远的; 知识渊博的; 理解深刻的;深邃的, 艰深的; ⽞奥的.e.g. This has profound consequences for network models of relational data — a cornerstone in the interdisciplinary study of complex systems.15. blurry: adj. 模糊不清的.e.g. When applying these estimators to solve (2), the line between the critic and the encoders $g_1, g_2$ can be blurry.16. amenable: adj. 顺从的; 顺服的; 可⽤某种⽅式处理的.e.g. Ou et al. utilize sparse generalized SVD to generate a graph embedding, HOPE, from a similarity matrix amenableto de- composition into two sparse proximity matrices.17. elaborate: adj. 复杂的;详尽的;精⼼制作的 v.详尽阐述;详细描述;详细制订;精⼼制作e.g. Topic Modeling for Graphs also requires elaborate effort, as graphs are relational while documents are indepen- dent samples.18. pivotal: adj. 关键性的;核⼼的e.g. To ensure the stabilities of complex systems is of pivotal significance toward reliable and better service providing.19. eminent: adj. 卓越的,著名的,显赫的;⾮凡的;杰出的e.g. To circumvent those defects, theoretical studies eminently represented by percolation theories appeared.20. indispensable: adj. 不可或缺的;必不可少的 n. 不可缺少的⼈或物e.g. However, little attention is paid to multipartite networks, which are an indispensable part of complex networks.21. post-hoc: adj. 事后的e.g. Post-hoc explainability typically considers the question “Why the GNN predictor made certain prediction?”.22. prevalent: adj. 流⾏的;盛⾏的;普遍存在的e.g. A prevalent solution is building an explainer model to conduct feature attribution23. salient: adj. 最重要的;显著的;突出的. n. 凸⾓;[建]突出部;<军>进攻或防卫阵地的突出部分e.g. It decomposes the prediction into the contributions of the input features, which redistributes the probability of features according to their importance and sample the salient features as an explanatory subgraph.24. rigorous: adj. 严格缜密的;严格的;谨慎的;细致的;彻底的;严厉的e.g. To inspect the OOD effect rigorously, we take a causal look at the evaluation process with a Structural Causal Model.25. substantial: adj. ⼤量的;价值巨⼤的;重⼤的;⼤⽽坚固的;结实的;牢固的. substantially: adv. ⾮常;⼤⼤地;基本上;⼤体上;总的来说26. cogent: adj. 有说服⼒的;令⼈信服的e.g. The explanatory subgraph $G_s$ emphasizes tokens like “weak” and relations like “n’t→funny”, which is cogent according to human knowledge.27. succinct: adj. 简练的;简洁的 succinctly: adv. 简⽽⾔之,简明扼要地28. concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的;确实的,具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的);有形的;实在的 concretely: adv. 具体地;具体;具体的;有形地29. predominant:adj. 主要的;主导的;显著的;明显的;盛⾏的;占优势的动词1. mitigate: v. 减轻, 缓和. (反 enforce)e.g. In this work, we focus on mitigating this problem for a certain class of symbolic data.2. corroborate: v. [VN] [often passive] (formal) 证实, 确证.e.g. This is corroborated by our experiments on real-world graph.3. endeavor: n./v. 努⼒, 尽⼒, 企图, 试图.e.g. It encourages us to continue the endeavor in applying principles mathematics and theory in successful deployment of deep learning.4. augment: v. 增加, 提⾼, 扩⼤. n. 增加, 补充物.e.g. We also augment the graph with geographic information (longitude, latitude and altitude), and GDP of the country where the airport belongs to.5. constitute: v. (被认为或看做)是, 被算作; 组成, 构成; (合法或正式地)成⽴, 设⽴.6. abide: v. 接受, 遵照(规则, 决定, 劝告); 逗留, 停留.e.g. Training a graph classifier entails identifying what constitutes a class, i.e., finding properties shared by graphs in one class but not the other, and then deciding whether new graphs abide to said learned properties.7. entail: v. 牵涉; 需要; 使必要. to involve sth that cannot be avoided.e.g. Due to the recursive definition of the Chebyshev polynomials, the computation of the filter $g_α(\Delta)f$ entails applying the Laplacian $r$ times, resulting cal operator affecting only 1-hop neighbors of a vertex and in $O(rn)$ operations.8. encompass: v. 包含, 包括, 涉及(⼤量事物); 包围, 围绕, 围住.e.g. This model is chosen as it is sufficiently general to encompass several state-of-the-art networks.e.g. The k-cycle detection problem entails determining if G contains a k-cycle.9. reveal: v. 揭⽰, 显⽰, 透露, 显出, 露出, 展⽰.10. bestow: v. 将(…)给予, 授予, 献给.e.g. Aiming to bestow GCNs with theoretical guarantees, one promising research direction is to study graph scattering transforms (GSTs).11. alleviate: v. 减轻, 缓和, 缓解.12. investigate: v. 侦查(某事), 调查(某⼈), 研究, 调查.e.g. The sensitivity of pGST to random and localized noise is also investigated.13. fuse: v. (使)融合, 熔接, 结合; (使)熔化, (使保险丝熔断⽽)停⽌⼯作.e.g. We then fuse the topological embeddings with the initial node features into the initial query representations using a query network$f_q$ implemented as a two-layer feed-forward neural network.14. magnify: v. 放⼤, 扩⼤; 增强; 夸⼤(重要性或严重性); 夸张.e.g. ..., adding more layers also leads to more parameters which magnify the potential of overfitting.15. circumvent: v. 设法回避, 规避; 绕过, 绕⾏.e.g. To circumvent the issue and fulfill both goals simultaneously, we can add a negative term...16. excel: v. 擅长, 善于; 突出; 胜过平时.e.g. Nevertheless, these methods have been repeatedly shown to excel in practice.17. exploit: v. 利⽤(…为⾃⼰谋利); 剥削, 压榨; 运⽤, 利⽤; 发挥.e.g. In time series and high-dimensional modeling, approaches that use next step prediction exploit the local smoothness of the signal.18. regulate: v. (⽤规则条例)约束, 控制, 管理; 调节, 控制(速度、压⼒、温度等).e.g. ... where $b >0$ is a parameter regulating the probability of this event.19. necessitate: v. 使成为必要.e.g. Combinatorial models reproduce many-body interactions, which appear in many systems and necessitate higher-order models that capture information beyond pairwise interactions.20. portray:描绘, 描画, 描写; 将…描写成; 给⼈以某种印象; 表现; 扮演(某⾓⾊).e.g. Considering pairwise interactions, a standard network model would portray the link topology of the underlying system as shown in Fig. 2b.21. warrant: v. 使有必要; 使正当; 使恰当. n. 执⾏令; 授权令; (接受款项、服务等的)凭单, 许可证; (做某事的)正当理由, 依据.e.g. Besides statistical methods that can be used to detect correlations that warrant higher-order models, ... (除了可以⽤来检测⽀持⾼阶模型的相关性的统计⽅法外, ...)22. justify: v. 证明…正确(或正当、有理); 对…作出解释; 为…辩解(或辩护); 调整使全⾏排满; 使每⾏排齐.e.g. ..., they also come with the assumption of transitive, Markovian paths, which is not justified in many real systems.23. hinder:v. 阻碍; 妨碍; 阻挡. (反 foster: v. 促进; 助长; 培养; ⿎励; 代养, 抚育, 照料(他⼈⼦⼥⼀段时间))e.g. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrix operators capture how the topology of a system influences the efficiency of diffusion and propagation processes, whether it enforces or mitigates the stability of dynamical systems, or if it hinders or fosters collective dynamics.24. instantiate:v. 例⽰;⽤具体例⼦说明.e.g. To learn the representation we instantiate (2) and split each input MNIST image into two parts ...25. favor:v. 赞同;喜爱, 偏爱; 有利于, 便于. n. 喜爱, 宠爱, 好感, 赞同; 偏袒, 偏爱; 善⾏, 恩惠.26. attenuate: v. 使减弱; 使降低效⼒.e.g. It therefore seems that the bounds we consider favor hard-to-invert encoders, which heavily attenuate part of the noise, over well conditioned encoders.27. elucidate:v. 阐明; 解释; 说明.e.g. Secondly, it elucidates the importance of appropriately choosing the negative samples, which is indeed a critical component in deep metric learning based on triplet losses.28. violate: v. 违反, 违犯, 违背(法律、协议等); 侵犯(隐私等); 使⼈不得安宁; 搅扰; 亵渎, 污损(神圣之地).e.g. Negative samples are obtained by patches from different images as well as patches from the same image, violating the independence assumption.29. compel:v. 强迫, 迫使; 使必须; 引起(反应).30. gauge: v. 判定, 判断(尤指⼈的感情或态度); (⽤仪器)测量, 估计, 估算. n. 测量仪器(或仪表);计量器;宽度;厚度;(枪管的)⼝径e.g. Yet this hyperparameter-tuned approach raises a cubic worst-case space complexity and compels the user to traverse several feature sets and gauge the one that attains the best performance in the downstream task.31. depict: v. 描绘, 描画; 描写, 描述; 刻画.e.g. As they depict different aspects of a node, it would take elaborate designs of graph convolutions such that each set of features would act as a complement to the other.32. sketch: n. 素描;速写;草图;幽默短剧;⼩品;简报;概述 v. 画素描;画速写;概述;简述e.g. Next we sketch how to apply these insights to learning topic models.33. underscore:v. 在…下⾯划线;强调;着重说明 n.下划线e.g. Moreover, the walk-topic distributions generated by Graph Anchor LDA are indeed sharper than those by ordinary LDA, underscoring the need for selecting anchors.34. disclose: v. 揭露;透露;泄露;使显露;使暴露e.g. Another drawback lies in their unexplainable nature, i.e., they cannot disclose the sciences beneath network dynamics.35. coincide: v. 同时发⽣;相同;相符;极为类似;相接;相交;同位;位置重合;重叠e.g. The simulation results coincide quite well with the theoretical results.36. inspect: v. 检查;查看;审视;视察 to look closely at sth/sb, especially to check that everything is as it should be名词1. capacity: n. 容量, 容积, 容纳能⼒; 领悟(或理解、办事)能⼒; 职位, 职责.e.g. This paper studies theoretically the computational capacity limits of graph neural networks (GNN) falling within the message-passing framework of Gilmer et al. (2017).2. implication: n. 可能的影响(或作⽤、结果); 含意, 暗指; (被)牵连, 牵涉.e.g. Section 4 analyses the implications of restricting the depth $d$ and width $w$ of GNN that do not use a readout function.3. trade-off:(在需要⽽⼜相互对⽴的两者间的)权衡, 协调.e.g. This reveals a direct trade-off between the depth and width of a graph neural network.4. cornerstone:n. 基⽯; 最重要部分; 基础; 柱⽯.5. umbrella: n. 伞; 综合体; 总体, 整体; 保护, 庇护(体系).e.g. Community detection is an umbrella term for a large number of algorithms that group nodes into distinct modules to simplify and highlight essential structures in the network topology.6. folklore:n. 民间传统, 民俗; 民间传说.e.g. It is folklore knowledge that maximizing MI does not necessarily lead to useful representations.7. impediment:n. 妨碍,阻碍,障碍; ⼝吃.e.g. While a recent approach overcomes this impediment, it results in poor quality in prediction tasks due to its linear nature.8. obstacle:n. 障碍;阻碍; 绊脚⽯; 障碍物; 障碍栅栏.e.g. However, several major obstacles stand in our path towards leveraging topic modeling of structural patterns to enhance GCNs.9. vicinity:n. 周围地区; 邻近地区; 附近.e.g. The traits with which they engage are those that are performed in their vicinity.10. demerit: n. 过失,缺点,短处; (学校给学⽣记的)过失分e.g. However, their principal demerit is that their implementations are time-consuming when the studied network is large in size. Another介/副/连词1. notwithstanding:prep. 虽然;尽管 adv. 尽管如此.e.g. Notwithstanding this fundamental problem, the negative sampling strategy is often treated as a design choice.2. albeit: conj. 尽管;虽然e.g. Such methods rely on an implicit, albeit rigid, notion of node neighborhood; yet this one-size-fits-all approach cannot grapple with the diversity of real-world networks and applications.3. Hitherto:adv. 迄今;直到某时e.g. Hitherto, tremendous endeavors have been made by researchers to gauge the robustness of complex networks in face of perturbations.短语1.in a nutshell: 概括地说, 简⾔之, ⼀⾔以蔽之.e.g. In a nutshell, GNN are shown to be universal if four strong conditions are met: ...2. counter-intuitively: 反直觉地.3. on-the-fly:动态的(地), 运⾏中的(地).4. shed light on/into:揭⽰, 揭露; 阐明; 解释; 将…弄明⽩; 照亮.e.g. These contemporary works shed light into the stability and generalization capabilities of GCNs.e.g. Discovering roles and communities in networks can shed light on numerous graph mining tasks such as ...5. boil down to: 重点是; 将…归结为.e.g. These aforementioned works usually boil down to a general classification task, where the model is learnt on a training set and selected by checking a validation set.6. for the sake of:为了.e.g. The local structures anchored around each node as well as the attributes of nodes therein are jointly encoded with graph convolution for the sake of high-level feature extraction.7. dates back to:追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992).8. carry out:实施, 执⾏, 实⾏.e.g. We carry out extensive ablation studies and sensi- tivity analysis to show the effectiveness of the proposed functional time encoding and TGAT-layer.9. lay beyond the reach of:...能⼒达不到e.g. They provide us with information on higher-order dependencies between the components of a system, which lay beyond the reach of models that exclusively capture pairwise links.10. account for: ( 数量或⽐例上)占; 导致, 解释(某种事实或情况); 解释, 说明(某事); (某⼈)对(⾏动、政策等)负有责任; 将(钱款)列⼊(预算).e.g. Multilayer models account for the fact that many real complex systems exhibit multiple types of interactions.11. along with: 除某物以外; 随同…⼀起, 跟…⼀起.e.g. Along with giving us the ability to reason about topological features including community structures or node centralities, network science enables us to understand how the topology of a system influences dynamical processes, and thus its function.12. dates back to:可追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992) and can conceptually be described as follows: ...13. to this end:为此⽬的;为此计;为了达到这个⽬标.e.g. To this end, we consider a simple setup of learning a representation of the top half of MNIST handwritten digit images.14. Unless stated otherwise:除⾮另有说明.e.g. Unless stated otherwise, we use a bilinear critic $f(x, y) = x^TWy$, set the batch size to $128$ and the learning rate to $10^{−4}$.15. As a reference point:作为参照.e.g. As a reference point, the linear classification accuracy from pixels drops to about 84% due to the added noise.16. through the lens of:透过镜头. (以...视⾓)e.g. There are (at least) two immediate benefits of viewing recent representation learning methods based on MI estimators through the lens of metric learning.17. in accordance with:符合;依照;和…⼀致.e.g. The metric learning view seems hence in better accordance with the observations from Section 3.2 than the MI view.It can be shown that the anchors selected by our Graph Anchor LDA are not only indicative of “topics” but are also in accordance with the actual graph structures.18. be akin to:近似, 类似, 类似于.e.g. Thus, our learning model is akin to complex contagion dynamics.19. to name a few:仅举⼏例;举⼏个来说.e.g. Multitasking, multidisciplinary work and multi-authored works, to name a few, are ingrained in the fabric of science culture and certainly multi-multi is expected in order to succeed and move up the scientific ranks.20. a handful of:⼀把;⼀⼩撮;少数e.g. A handful of empirical work has investigated the robustness of complex networks at the community level.21. wreak havoc: 破坏;肆虐;严重破坏;造成破坏;浩劫e.g. Failures on one network could elicit failures on its coupled networks, i.e., networks with which the focal network interacts, and eventually those failures would wreak havoc on the entire network.22. apart from: 除了e.g. We further posit that apart from node $a$ node $b$ has $k$ neighboring nodes.。
英语禁忌语大全

英语禁忌语大全A第一个词是cock。
这个词是一开始学英语就学到的基本词汇之一,大家都知道它是“公鸡”的意思,可是在美语里,最好就不要用它了,因为它的意思早就不是“公鸡”了。
在俚语里面,它指的是男性生殖器。
比如你要说:“他有两只公鸡。
”,千万不要说:He has two cocks。
这样一定会让人误解的。
那么用哪个词表达“公鸡”的意思呢?这时候,Rooster就是最好的选择了。
例如你要说:“我是鸡年生的。
”,就可以说:I was born in the year of rooster.说到这里,我就想起在美国的一些中国餐馆里,经常看到垫餐盘的纸上印着中国十二生肖的介绍。
而有很多在“鸡年”的介绍里,用的就是cock这个词,大概有不止一次看到老美读这一段的时候讪笑了。
还有一个需要注意的词是rubber。
学英语的时候我们知道它是“橡皮”的意思,但在美语里面,说“橡皮”用的是eraser,而不是rubber。
Rubber在美式口语里有三个意思,第一个意思指的是“轮胎”,也就是automobile tire或者tire。
例如一个人说:The rubber on my car is ruined.她的意思就是:我车子的轮胎已经被毁了。
Rubber的第二个用法是rubber check,指的就是“假支票”,或者那种支票上的金额大于银行存款的支票。
Rubber的最后一个意思指的就是“避孕套”。
如果一个人说:He always carries a rubber“just in case”.千万不要把这句话理解为:“他总是随身携带橡皮,以防万一”。
这句话的实际意思是:“他总是随身携带避孕套以防万一”。
可见,好多不能乱用的词语是和“性”有关的。
这些词语一旦用错了,不仅会引起不必要的误会,还很有可能影响个人形象。
所以最好的办法就是先看看老美是怎么用的,并在学习过程中不断积累。
第一章什么是不能说出口的英语:禁忌语与俚语a.禁忌语与俚语本书介绍的语言,在英语是属于淫秽的语言(obscene language),也可以说是脏话(dirty words)。
!!!CALIS数字图书馆云服务平台模型_王文清

C AL I S 数字图书馆云服务平台模型□王文清 陈 凌 摘要 结合云计算、SaaS 、W eb2.0、S OA 等技术,基于CAL I S “十五”成果和三期建设目标,提出了CAL I S 云战略和相应的数字图书馆云服务平台(即Nebula 平台)模型。
该模型适合于构建大型分布式的公共数字图书馆服务网络,能将分布在互联网中各个图书馆的资源和服务整合为一个整体,形成一个可控的自适应的新型服务体系,通过对各种服务进行动态管理和分配,来满足不同层次和规模的数字图书馆需求,支持馆际透明的协作和服务获取,支持多馆资源的共建和共享,具有自适应扩展的能力。
文中描述了Nebula 云服务平台总体模型和主要服务功能,描述了平台的整合机制(包括开放接口和服务整合方式等),给出数字图书馆公有云、私有云和混合云的构建方式,最后论述该平台需要解决的部分关键问题并介绍其进展情况。
关键词 数字图书馆 云计算 云服务 服务集成 CAL I S 1 引言中国高等教育文献保障系统(China Acade m icL ibrary I nf or mati on Syste m ,简称CAL I S )通过二期(即“十五”)项目建设,已初步建成了分布式中国高等教育数字图书馆系统[1],其中部分应用系统已经在上百个成员馆和多个省中心部署和使用。
CAL I S 三期项目的建设目标是为全国近2000个高校成员馆提供标准化、低成本、自适应、可扩展的数字图书馆统一服务和集成平台,这些馆通过彼此互联,构成全国高校数字图书馆三级共建和共享服务以及多馆服务协作的联合体系,共同为高校师生提供全方位的文献服务、咨询服务、电子商务和个性化服务。
CAL I S 三期建设的难点在于既要建立多级共建共享中心,又要为不同规模的高校图书馆提供低成本、本地化的数字图书馆解决方案,同时,这些中心和图书馆又能彼此互联,具有很好的扩展性和灵活性。
云计算(Cl oud Computing )是一种将分布式计算、网格计算[2][3]、并行计算以及I nternet 结合起来的新的I T 资源提供模式[4][5][6],能将动态、可伸缩的I T 计算资源以服务方式通过I nternet 提供给用户。
英语禁忌语大全

英语禁忌语大全A第一个词是cock。
这个词是一开始学英语就学到的基本词汇之一,大家都知道它是“公鸡”的意思,可是在美语里,最好就不要用它了,因为它的意思早就不是“公鸡”了。
在俚语里面,它指的是男性生殖器。
比如你要说:“他有两只公鸡。
”,千万不要说:He has two cocks。
这样一定会让人误解的。
那么用哪个词表达“公鸡”的意思呢?这时候,Rooster就是最好的选择了。
例如你要说:“我是鸡年生的。
”,就可以说:I was born in the year of rooster.说到这里,我就想起在美国的一些中国餐馆里,经常看到垫餐盘的纸上印着中国十二生肖的介绍。
而有很多在“鸡年”的介绍里,用的就是cock这个词,大概有不止一次看到老美读这一段的时候讪笑了。
还有一个需要注意的词是rubber。
学英语的时候我们知道它是“橡皮”的意思,但在美语里面,说“橡皮”用的是eraser,而不是rubber。
Rubber在美式口语里有三个意思,第一个意思指的是“轮胎”,也就是automobile tire或者tire。
例如一个人说:The rubber on my car is ruined.她的意思就是:我车子的轮胎已经被毁了。
Rubber的第二个用法是rubber check,指的就是“假支票”,或者那种支票上的金额大于银行存款的支票。
Rubber的最后一个意思指的就是“避孕套”。
如果一个人说:He always carries a rubber“just in case”.千万不要把这句话理解为:“他总是随身携带橡皮,以防万一”。
这句话的实际意思是:“他总是随身携带避孕套以防万一”。
可见,好多不能乱用的词语是和“性”有关的。
这些词语一旦用错了,不仅会引起不必要的误会,还很有可能影响个人形象。
所以最好的办法就是先看看老美是怎么用的,并在学习过程中不断积累。
第一章什么是不能说出口的英语:禁忌语与俚语a.禁忌语与俚语本书介绍的语言,在英语是属于淫秽的语言(obscene language),也可以说是脏话(dirty words)。
常见的英语单词后缀

常见的英语单词后缀1. 名词后缀.(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人1)-an, -ain, 表示"……地方的人,精通……的人”Americ an, histor ian,2)-al, 表示"具有……职务的人" principal,3)-ant,-ent, 表示"……者”mercha nt, agent, servan t, studen t,4)-ar, 表示"……的人”schola r, liar, peddle r5)-ard, -art, 表示"做……的人”coward, laggar d, bragga rt(夸张者)6)-arian, 表示"……派别的人,……主义的人”humanitaria n, vegeta rian7)-ary, 表示"从事……的人" secret ary, missio nary8)-ate, 表示"具有……职责的人" candid ate, gradua te9)-ator, 表示"做……的人" educat or, specul a tor(投机者)10)-crat, 表示"某种政体,主义的支持者" democr a t, bureau crat11)-ee, 表示"动作承受者" employ ee, examin ee12)-eer, 表示"从事于……人" engine er, volunt eer13)-er, 表示"从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人" banker, observ er, London er, villager14)-ese, 表示" ……国人,…..地方的人”Japanese, Canton ese15)-ess, 表示"阴性人称名词,actress, hostes s, manage ress16)-eur, 表示"……家”amateu r, littér a teur17)-ian, 表示"……地方人,信仰…….教的人,从事……职业的人”Christ ian, physic ian(内科医生),musici a n18)-ician, 表示"精通者,……家,”electr ician, magician, technician19)-icist, 表示"……家,…….者, …….能手”physic ist, phoneticist, technicist20)-ic, 表示"……者,……师" mechanic, critic21)-ie, 表示"爱,指小" dearie, auntie, lassie(小姑娘)22)-ier, 表示"从事……职业”cavalier, clothier, brazie r(黄铜匠)23)-ine, ian, 表示"阴性人称" heroin e, baller ina24)-ist, 表示"从事……研究者,信仰……主义者" pianis t, commun ist, dentis t, artist, chemis t25)-ive, 表示"动作者,行为者”native, captiv e26)-logist, 表示"……学家,研究者" biologist, geologist(地质学家)27)-or, 表示"……者" author, doctor, operat or,28)-ster, 表示"做…….事情的人”youngs ter, gamest er(赌徒),songst er29)-yer, 表示" 从事……职业者”lawyer(2). 构成,具有抽象名词的含义1)-acy, 表示"性质,状态,境遇" accura cy, diplom acy2)-age, 表示"状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称" courage, storage, marria ge3)-al, a) 表示"事物的动作,过程”refusa l, arriva l, surviv al, denial, approv alb) 表示具体的事物manu al, signal, editor ial, journa l4)-ance, -ence表示"性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”endura nce, import ance, dilige nce, differ ence, obedi e n ce5)-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质,状态,行为,过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency,6)-bility, 表示"动作,性质,状态" possib ility, feasib ility,7)-craft, 表示"工艺,技巧”woodcr aft, handic r aft, statec raft(治国策)8)-cracy, 表示"统治,支配" bureau cracy, democr acy9)-cy, 表示"性质,状态,职位,级别" bankru ptcy(破产),suprem acy10)-dom, 表示"等级,领域,状态" freedom, kingdom, wisdom11)-ery, -ry, 表示"行为,状态,习性" braver y, briber y, rivalr y12)-ety, 表示"性质,状态”variety, dubiet y(怀疑)13)-factio n, -factur e, 表示"作成,……化,作用" satisf actio n, manufa cture14)-hood, 表示"资格,身份, 年纪,状态" childhood, manhood, falsehood15)-ice, 表示"行为,性质,状态" notice, justic e, servic e16)-ine, 表示"带有抽象概念" medicine, discip line, famine17)-ing, 表示"动作的过程,结果" building, writin g, learning18)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示"行为的过程,结果,状况" action, solution, conclu sion, destru c tion, expression, correc tion19)-ise, 表示"性质,状态”exercise, mercha ndise(商业)20)-ism, 表示"制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为" socialism, critic ism, colloq uialism, herois m21)-ity, 表示"性质,状态,程度”purity, realit y, abilit y, calami t y22)-ment, 表示"行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果treatm ent, movement, judgme nt, punish ment, argume nt23)-mony, 表示"动作的结果,状态" ceremo ny, testim ony24)-ness, 表示"性质,状态,程度" goodne ss, kindness, tiredn ess, friend liness25)-or, -our, 表示"动作,性质,状态" favor, error,26)-osity, 表示"动作,状态”curiosity27)-ship, 表示"情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”hardsh ip, membership, friendship28)-th, 表示"动作,性质,过程,状态" depth, wealth, truth, length, growth29)-tude, 表示"性质,状态,程度" latitu de, altitu de(海拔)30)-ure, 表示"行为,结果" exposu re, pressu re, failur e, proced ure(手续),31)-y, 表示"行为的结果,状态,性质”glory, history, victor y, inquir y(3) 带有场所,地方的含义1)-age, 表示"住所,地点" village, cottage2)-ary, 表示"住所,场地" librar y, granar y (谷仓)3)-ery, ry, 表示"工作场所,饲养所,地点" laundr y, nurser y, surger y(手术室)4)-ory, 表示"工作场所,住处" factor y, dormit ory, labora tory, observ a tory(4) 带有学术,科技含义1)-grapy, 表示"……学,写法”biogra phy, callig r aphy, geogra phy2)-ic, ics, 表示"……学……法" logic, mechan ics, optics, electr onics3)-ology, 表示"……学……论”biology, zoology, techno logy(工艺学)4)-nomy, 表示"……学……术" astron omy, econom y, bionom y(生态学)5)-ery, 表示"学科,技术" chemis try, cooker y, machin ery6)-y, 表示"……学,术,法”photography, philos ophy(5) 表示人和事物的总和,集合含义1)-age, baggage, tonnage2)-dom, newspa perdo m(新闻界)3)-hood, neighbourhood, womanhood4)-ery, cavalr y, minist ry(内阁)5)-ure, legislature, judica ture(6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义1)-ant, ent, solven t, consta nt2)-al, signal, pictor ial(画报)3)ar, collar, pillar(石柱)4)- er, boiler, comput er, washer, cooker5)-ery, draper y(绸缎)6)-ing, clothing, mattin g,7)-ment, instru ment, equipment, attach ment(7) 表示“细小”的含义1)-cle, partic le,2)-cule, molecu le(分子)3)-el, parcel4)-en, chicken, maiden5)-et, pocket, ticket6)-etta, -ette, etto, cigare tte, essaye tte(短文)7)-kin, napkin8)-ling, duckling,9)-let, bookle t10)-y, baby, doggy2. 形容词后缀.(1)带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义1)-able, -ible, movable, comfor table, applic able, visibl e, responsible2)-al, natura l, additional, educat ional3)-an, ane, urban, suburb an, republican4)-ant, -ent, distan t, import ant, excellent5)-ar, simila r, popula r, regula r6)-ary, milita ry, volunt ary7)-ice, -atie, ical, politi c, system atic, histor ic, physic al,8)-ine, masculine, feminine, marine9)-ing, moving, touching, daring10)-ish, foolis h, bookis h, selfis h11)-ive, active, impressive, decisive12)-ory, satisf actory, compulsory13)-il, -ile, -eel, fragile, gentee l(文雅的)(2) 表示“相象,类似”的含义1)-ish, boyish, childish2)-esque, pictur esque3)-like, manlik e, childlike4)-ly, manly, father ly, schola rly, mother ly5)-some, troublesome, handso me6)-y, milky, pasty(3) 表示“充分的”含义1)-ful, beautiful, wonder ful, helpfu l, truthf ul2)-ous, dangerous, genero us, courageous, variou s3)-ent, violen t(4) 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义1)-en, wooden, golden, woolen2)-ous, gaseous 3)-fic, scient ific(5) 表示方向的含义1)-ern, easter n, wester n 2)-ward, downwa rd, forwar d(6) 表示“倍数”的含义1)-ble, double, treble2)ple, triple3)-fold, twofold, tenfold(7) 表示“数量关系”的含义1)-teen, thirte en 2)-ty, fifty3)-th, fourth, fiftie th(8) 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义1)-an, Roman, Europe an 2)-ese, Chines e, 3)-ish, Englis h, Spanis h(9) 表示“比较程度”的含义1)-er, greate r 2)-ish, reddis h, yellow ish 3)-est, highes t 4)-most, foremost, topmos t(10)其他的含义-less, 表示否定,countless, stainless, wirele ss形容词后缀单词举例.1.-able,-ible加在动词后面accept able(可接受的),avoidable(可避免的)unders tanda ble(可理解的),readab le(可读的),countable(可数的),possib le(可能的)2.-al加在地名上African(非洲的),Austra lian(澳大利亚的),Canadian(加拿大的)4.-ern表示方向eastern(东方的),northe rn(北方的),southe rn(南方的),wester n(西方的)5.-ese 表示人Japane se(日本人),Chines e(中国人),Vietna mese(越南人)6.-ic加在名词后面econom ic(经济的),specif ic(特殊的),scientific(科学的)7.-ical加在名词后面econom ical(经济的),histor ical(历史的),political(政治的)8.-ish(1). 加在国家名称后面,表示该国的或者该国的人。
医学英语词汇(词根、词缀)

Ⅱ前缀Post- 后postpartum 产后De- 去dehydration 脱水Hyper- 高hyperuricemia 高尿酸血症Pre—前premature 发生在适当时间之前的Myo—肌myoglolinemia 肌红蛋白血症Tetra—四tetrachloride 四氯化Re—重复Replicate 复制Poly—多Polymerase 聚合酶Deoxy—脱氧Deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸Trans—转移Transferase 转移酶di—二Phosphodiester 磷酸二酯Pro- 原proinsulin 胰岛素原Tachy—快Tachycardia 心动过速Lipo—脂Lipophilic 亲脂的Hydro- 水Hydrophilic 亲水的Entero- 肠Enterohepatic 肠肝的Ar—非,失常Arrhythmogenic 致心律失常的bi- 二Bigeminy 二联律Dis—缺乏Disorientation 定向力缺乏Auto- 自动automaticity 自律性Extra- 外extracellular 细胞外的Non- 非nontraumatic 非创伤性的Epi—上epigastrium 上腹部的Peri- 周围periumbilical 脐周Para—旁paracolic 结肠旁Hemat- 血hematemesis 呕血Intra- 内intramural 壁内的Ipsi- 同ipsilateral 同侧的Oro- 口oropharynx 口咽部Hepato- 肝hepatosplenomegaly 肝脾肿大Dys- 困难dyspneic 呼吸困难的Brady—过缓bradycardia 心动过缓Naso—鼻nasopharygeal 鼻咽的Encephalo—脑Encephalomenigitis 脑膜脑炎Myo—肌myocarditis 心肌炎Gastro- 胃gastroenteritis 胃肠炎Ovi- 卵oviduct 输卵管Endo—内endometrium 子宫内膜Radio- 放射radioimmunoassay 放射免疫测定Nulli—未nullipara 未产妇a- 无、非amenorrhea 闭经-ectomy 切除术hysterectomy 子宫切除术Bronchi—支气管bronchiectasis 支气管扩张Neo- 新neoplasm 新生物Lympho—淋巴lymphoma 淋巴瘤Tetra—四tetracycline 四环素Hypo- 低hypogammaglobulinaemia 低γ—球蛋白血症Micro—微microangiopathy 微血管病变Retino- 视网膜retinopathy 视网膜病变后缀—megaly 肿大hepatosplenomegaly 肝脾肿大-centesis 穿刺术thoracentesis 胸腔穿刺术—emia 血症hyperuricemia 高尿酸血症-itis 炎症pancreatitis 胰腺炎-ase 酶Transferase 转移酶-lysis 分解proteolysis 蛋白分解-philic 亲Lipophilic 亲脂的-genic 致arrhythmogenic 致心律失常的-rrhea 溢galactorrhea 溢乳—stasis 稳定homeostasis 体内环境稳定-scopy 镜检查laparoscopy 腹腔镜检查—otomy 切开术colpotomy 阴道穹隆切开术—pathy 病变retinopathy 视网膜病变—ist 者、专家ophthalmologist 眼科医师解剖: 解剖学术语前缀含义举例a-an—不,不是,非,没有,少azygos: 不成对的部分,无对偶的部分,单一器an tibacterial:抗生素ante—在…之前,…前的antecubital: 肋前的anti- 反抗,治疗的anti bacterial:抗生素circum—环,周围circum ferential fibers: 环型纤维contra—反抗,逆对contra lateral: 对侧的ec—出,偏离ec ctopic: 异位的endo- 内部的,内在的endoscope: 内窥镜epi—在上,向epi dural:硬膜的ex—出,从,来的ex cise: 切除extra-天,…外的extradural: 硬膜外的hyper- 过好的,超出平常的hyperlordosis: 过度前凸ermal (pertaining to upon the skin)hypo- 不足的,在…下的hypokyphosis:后凸平足,平背畸形infra—在…下infra laminar:椎板下节inter—在…之间intercostal:肋间intra- 在…之内intradural:硬膜下ipsi- 相同的ipsi lateral: 同侧的mal—病态的,平启的mal union:骨接合不正medi—中间的medi al: 中间的para- 不正常的,延…的,附近的para esthesia(or paresthesia):感觉异常peri—围绕,附近的peri neural: 神经外膜post—之后,在…后post operative:术后的pre—之前,在…前preoperative:术前准备pseudo—假的pseudoarthrosis(or pseudarthr—osis):假关节retro- 向后,回复retro peritoneal: 腹膜后的semi—半semi lunar: 半月型的sub—之下,在…之下subcutaneous:皮下的supra- 之上supralaminar: 椎板上syn- 共,合syn ostosis:骨连接trans—穿过trans peritoneal: 经腹膜常用后缀-algia 疼痛arthralgia: 关节痛-clasis 断,折断osteoclasis: 骨破折-desis 固定(关节或骨头) arthrodesis: 关节固定术关节融合术-ectomy 切除laminectomy: 椎板切除术—emia 血anemia: 贫血—genesis 形成,起源osteogensis: 骨发生-itis 炎症arthitis: 关节炎—lysis 分解,松解osteolysis:骨吸收,骨质溶解-malacia 软化chrondromalacia:轻骨软化—oid 类似osteoid: 骨样的—oma 肿瘤sarcoma: 肉瘤-otomy 切,截osteotomy:截骨术-paresis 半,部分麻痹hemiparesis:半身麻痹-path(y)病neuropathy: 神经病肥大—penia 不止,减少osteopenia: 骨质减少-plasia 生长,形成hyperplasia:增生,过度增生—plasty 手术修复cranioplasty:颅骨成形术-scope 检查设备thoracocscope: 胸腔镜-scopy 用设备检查thoracoscopy: 胸腔镜检查—stenosis 狭窄的spinal stenosis:椎管狭窄-tome 切割器械ostetome: 骨力—tomy 切,截osteotomy: 截骨术—trophy 食物,营养hypetrophy: 过度生长常用的前缀第一节表示无,抗,非的前缀一.a-,an-无,非。
I开头的形容词

iffy 未确定的ignora nt 无知的illega l 不合法的illegi ble 难以辨认的illegi timat e 私生的illibe ral 气量小,狭隘的,吝啬的illici t 不合法的illogi cal 无缘由的,不合情理的illust rious杰出,著名的imagin ative想象的,虚构的,想象力丰富的imitat ive 模仿的,模拟的immacu late纯洁无暇immane nt 内在的,无所不有的immate rial不相干的,不重要的immatu re 不成熟的immeas urabl e 无边无际的,无法计量的immobi le 静止的immode st 不谦虚的immortal 不朽的,流芳百世的immine nt 迫近的,紧急的immens e 广大无限的immuta ble 不可改变的,永恒的impalp able感觉不到的,触摸不到的impartial 公正的impass ioned充满热情的impass ive 冷淡的impren etrab le 刺不进的,穿不透的impecc able没有缺点的impeni tent不知悔改的impera tive极重要的imperc eptib le 感觉不到的imperi ous 傲慢的imperi shabl e 不朽的imperm eable不可渗透imperm anent暂时的imperm issib le 不允许的impers onal无情的impertinent 傲慢的impert urbab le 冷静的imperv ious无动于衷impetu ous 鲁莽的impiou s 不虔诚的impish顽皮的implac able不饶恕的,难平息的implau sible难以置信的implic it 含蓄的,绝对的impoli tic 失策的impond erabl e 无法估计的,无法衡量的import unate强求的,急切的imposi ng 让人印象深刻的impote nt 无力的,衰弱的imprac tical不切实际的imprec ise 不准确的impreg nable难以攻破的,不受影响的,不动摇的impres sioni stic仅凭印象的improb able不大可能的improm ptu 即兴的improp er 不成体统的improv ident 没有远见的imprud ent 轻率鲁莽的impuls ive 由冲动引起的impure不纯洁的inaccu rate有错的inacti ve 不活跃的inadeq uate不能胜任的Inadmi ssibl e 无法接受的inadvisable不可取的,不明智的inadve rtent 非故意的,粗心大意的inalie nable不可剥夺的inane愚蠢的,无意义的inapplicabl e 不适用的inappropria te 不相宜的inapt不适当的inarti culate (说话)口齿不清的inatte ntive漫不经心的inaudi ble 听不见的inausp iciou s 不祥的incapa ble 无能力的incess ant 不停的inchoa te 才开始的incide ntal附带的inclem ent 狂风暴雨的,险恶的,寒冷的incohe rent无条理的,不连贯的,语无伦次的incomm ensurate 不相称的,不能比的incomm odiou s 不方便的,不舒服的,狭小的incomp arabl e 无可匹敌的incomp atibl e 不相容的,不一致的incomp etent 无能力的incomplete不完全的,未完成的incomp rehen sible无法理解的inconc eivab le 不可想象的inconc lusiv e 非决定性的,无结论的incong ruous不协调的,不一致的incons equen tial不重要的incons idera ble 不值得考虑的,微不足道的incons idera te 不考虑别人的incons isten t 不一致的,矛盾的incons olabl e 无法安慰的,伤心欲绝的incons picuo us 不引人注目的incons tant反复无常的incontestab le 无可争辩的,无可否认的incontinent 不能自我控制的incontrovertible不容置疑的,无可否认的inconv enien t 不方便的incorp oreal非物质的,非实体的,精神的incorr ect 不正确的incorrigibl e 难以纠正的,不可救药的incorr uptib le 正直的,廉洁的incred ible难以置信的,非凡的incred ulous不相信的,不轻信的incumb ent 负有责任的incura ble 不可救药的incuri ous 不感兴趣的indebted 受恩惠的,感激的indece nt 下流的indeci phera ble 不可破解的,无法辨认的indeci sive犹豫不决的indefa tigab le 不屈不挠的indefe nsibl e 不可原谅的indefi nable无法下定义的,难以确切表达的indefi nite模糊的indeli ble 不能消除的,难以忘却的indeli cate不雅的,无礼的indesc ribab le 不可名状的,难以形容的indestructi ble 不能毁灭的,不可摧毁的indete rmina ble 难决定的indete rmina te 不确定的,模糊的indica tive指示的,暗示的indictable可以控告的indiff erent 无兴趣,不关心的indige nous土生的,本来的,固有的indige nt 穷的indige stibl e 难以消化的indign ant 愤怒的indisc ernib le 无法辨认的,看不清的indisc reet不谨慎的indisc rimin ate 不加选择的indisp ensable 不可缺少的indisp osed不愿意的indisp utabl e 不容置疑的indiss olubl e 不溶解的Indist inct不清晰的indivi dual单独的indole nt 懒惰的,懒散的indomi table不可征服的,不屈不挠的indubi table不容置疑的indulg ent 溺爱的inebri ated陶醉的inedib le 不宜食用的ineffa ble 难以用语言形容的ineffe ctive无效的ineffe ctualineffi cient 无效率的,效率低的ineleg ant 不优雅的,不优美的,粗俗的inelig ible无资格,不合格的ineluc table不可避免的inequi table不公平的,不公正的inerad icabl e 根深蒂固的,不能根除的inert无活力的inesca pable不可避免的inesse ntial非必须的inesti mable难以估计的inevit able不可避免的inexac t 不精确的inexcu sable不可原谅的inexha ustib le 用之不尽的inexorable不可改变的inexpe dient 不适宜的inexpe rt 无技巧的,不熟练的inexpl icabl e 无法解释的,费解的inexpressib le 难以形容的inexpressiv e 无表现力的,无表情的inexti nguis hable无法扑灭的,不能抑制的inextr icabl e 解不开的infall ible永无过失的,从不犯错的infamo us 恶名昭著的infantile 孩子似的infatu ated着迷的,迷恋的infect ious传染的inferi or 差的,低劣的infern al 烦人的infert ile 不肥沃的infkam mable可燃的,易激动的,易怒的inflammatory 使人愤怒的,煽动的,发炎的inflat able可充气的inflationary 通货膨胀的inflex ible不可变更的,不屈服的,顽固的,死板的influe ntial有影响力的inform al 非正式的inform ative可提供信息的infra dig 有失身份的infreq uent少有的infuri ating使人十分生气的ingeni ous 巧妙的ingenu ous 天真无邪的,坦白的inglorious可耻的ingrai ned 根深蒂固的,由来已久的inhere nt 内在的inhospitabl e 不适宜的,不适合居住的,荒凉的,冷淡的inhuma n 没人性的~eInimic al 敌意的inimit able不可模仿的iniqui tous不公正的initia l 开始的,最先的injudi cious不明智的injuri ous 有害的inmost内心最深处的,最里面的~innerm ostinnocu ous 无害的,无伤大雅的,平淡无味的innova tive富有创新精神的innume rable数不清的inoffe nsive不令人讨厌的,不伤害人的inoperable不能动手术的inoperative不工作的,不起作用的inoppo rtune不凑巧的inordi nate过分的unorga nic 无机的inquis itive好奇的insalu briou s 对健康不利的(地方,气候)insani tary不卫生的。
商务英语翻译 4.1

continue . LOGO
企业类型的常用翻译
出口导向/外向型企业 export-oriented enterprise
劳动密集型企业
labor-intensive enterprise
技术密集型企业
technology-intensive enterprise
国有大中型企业
big-and-medium-sized state-owned enterprise
Tobacco Import and Export Corporation Investment Company Steel and Iron Works Machine Tools Plant Automobile Repair Plant Printing House
烟草进出口公司 投资公司 钢铁厂 机床厂 汽车修理厂 印刷厂
私有工商业 privately-owned industrial and commercial enterprise
个人独资企业 sole proprietorship enterprise/sole investment enterprise
公私合营企业 state-private joint enterprise
❖目前在中国存在的企业类型如下:
国营企业
state-run enterprise
国有企业
state-owned enterprise
集体企业
collship enterprise
国营企业
public enterprise
私营企业
private enterprise
亏损企业
money-losing enterprise
联合企业
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有关cal is的理解
CALIS 是 ChinaAcademicLibrary&InformationSystem 的缩写,是中国高等教育文献保障系统的简称。
它由教育部领导,整合了国家投资、现代图书馆理念、先进的技术手段和高校丰富的文献资源和人力资源,以中国高等教育数字图书馆为核心,建设教育文献联合保障体系,实现信息资源共建、共知、共享。
CALIS 管理中心设在北京大学,下设文理、工程、农学、医学四个全国文献信息服务中心,华东北、华东南、华中、华南、西北、西南、东北七个地区文献信息服务中心和一个东北地区国防文献信息服务中心。
CALIS 从 1998 年开始建设,目前已经有超过 500 家成员馆参加了 CALIS 项目建设和获取CALIS 服务。
CALIS 的目标是为高等院校教学、科研和重点学科建设提供高效率、全方位的文献信息保障与服务,成为中国经济和社会发展的重要知识引擎。