2000-2013年考研英语完形填空真题和答案(英语一)
2013年考研英语（一）真题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, he theorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___. He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicant would___18___ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___. 1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers 2. A minor B external C crucial D objective 3. A issue B vision C picture D moment 4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example 5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless 6. A in B for C to D on 7. A if B until C though D unless 8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote 9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success 10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified 11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional 12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured 13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged 14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave 15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather 16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced 17. A below B after C above D before 18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop 19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard 20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpful 2013考研英语（一）答案 Section I Use of English 1．【答案】A grants 【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。”第二句顺接上文，“乍一看这是一种优势”，that引起定语从句，这种优势使人们具有一种能力，即能够做出不受外界因素影响的不带偏见的决定。B选项submit “服从，提交”，不能与ability连用，C选项transmit “传输，发射”，也不能与ability 搭配，D选项deliver “传递”，同样不能与ability搭配。A, C, D无论从搭配上还是意思上都不合适。A选项grant本身具有赋予，授予的意思。故答案选A。 2．【答案】D external 【解析】external外部因素和上文的background information同义复现，不考虑背景信息，不受外界因素影响。A选项minor 次要的，B选项objective 客观的，C选项crucial 残酷的，D选项external 外部的，故答案选D。 3．【答案】C picture 【解析】第三题本句but引起句意转折。“但是XX推测不考虑大局会导致决策者被日常接触的信息影响而带有偏见。”首先注意到空前面有定冠词the，指代上文信息，即不考虑背景信息、不考虑大环境。而大局，大环境的表达，此处选择picture是最贴切的。A选项 issue 问题，B选项vision 想象力，美景都不合适，故答案选C。 4．【答案】A For example 【解析】通读后面的句子，提到了法官与被告，这明显是生活当中的一个具体的实例，故答案选A。而B选项 on average “平均，通常”，出现的话，周围往往应该要出现数字。C选项in principle“大体上，原则上”，后面需要出现的是总结性的话语，D选项above all“首先”是用来列举条目，将BCD排除。 5．【答案】B fearful 【解析】从句意上来看“例如，他们提出理论，认为法官不敢在罪行面前表现得太软弱，如果当天已经宣判五六名被告执行缓刑，那么他很有可能将下一个人送入监狱。A选项fond of 喜欢，B选项 fear of 惧怕，C选项capable of 有能力，D选项thoughtless of 考虑不周，故答案选B。 6．【答案】B on 【解析】根据句内的逻辑关系，在对待犯罪行为方面害怕表现出太软弱，在。。。方面，关于。。。的表达应该用介词on，故答案为B。 7．【答案】A if 【解析】A if 表条件。B选项 until 表时间，往往跟not连用，直接排除。C选项though表让步，D选项unless 相当于 if...not 。通读空格所在的前后句子，得出这两句之间的逻辑关系是表示条件的。 8．【答案】D test 【解析】首先注意到idea前面有定冠词this，很明显指代上文提出的观点。而且跟上文以法官为例一样，下文“他们把注意力转向大学录取过程”也是上文观点的例证，目的是对上文的观点进行检验，而不是A选项“促进”，B选项“强调”或C选项“分享”，故答案选D。 9．【答案】D success 【解析】A选项decision“决定”，B 选项quality“质量，品质”，C选项status“地位”，D选项success“成功”。申请者的____不应该取决于同一天随机选到的其他几名申请者。接着下文讲到面试官面试MBA申请者的结果results，因此第9题应该也有结果
2013年考研英语一真题及答案
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题详解Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day。
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truthwas 11 。
2013年考研英语1真题答案及解析
2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of apperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 。
(完整word)2013年考研英语一真题
2013年全国研究生入学考试英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections： Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions。
At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors。
But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision—makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_， he theorized that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。
To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process。
2013考研英语真题及答案解析(英语一)完整版
新东方在线考研资料免费下载中心2013考研英语一真题参考答案及解析(新东方在线版)Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_, he theorized that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was____11____.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with a n applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicantwould_18_ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that hig h fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wa steful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to manyadvocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search fo r, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of suchfine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.Anarizona. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Anturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun .On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field " and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued the Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It could. never did so. The administration was in essenceasserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overtu rned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcemen t.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges inc luding climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increase d rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category forsocial-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education,non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still po int of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see basophilic- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter which is a distinctly animal need.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such49 . Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming “instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning ,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)Section I Use of English1．【答案】A grants【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
2000考研英语一真题及答案
2000考研英语一真题及答案Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked[A],[B], [C]and[D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times________________________1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThe sentence should read,“I have been to theGreat Wall three timessince1979.”Therefore,you should choose[D]Sample Answer[A]to have caught[B]to catch[C]catching（B）[D]having caught1.As I’ll be away for at least a year,I’d appreciate________________________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.[A]hearing[B]to hear[C]to be hearing[D]having heard2.Greatly agitated,I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,________________________to find it locked.[A]just[B]only[C]hence[D]thus3.Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent________________________and the increased number of cases of skin cancer.[A]to sunbathe[B]to have sunbathed[C]having sunbathed[D]sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods,you are not entitled________________________a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on5.On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont________________________I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading“Boston”.[A]which[B]where[C]when[D]that6.Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away,as though ________________________out of the office.[A]went[B]gone[C]to go[D]would go7.The roles expected________________________old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to[D]with8.Talk to anyone in the drug industry,________________________you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.[A]or[B]and[C]for[D]so9.It wasn’t so much that I disliked her________________________that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.[A]rather[B]so[C]than[D]as10.Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce,let alone________________________one.[A]getting[B]to get[C]gotten[D]getPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked[A],[B],[C],and [D].Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5points)Example:A number of[A]foreign visitors were taken[B]to the industrial exhibition,which [C]they saw[D]many new products.Answer[C]is wrong.The sentence should read,“A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition,where they saw many new products.”So you should choose[C].Sample Answer[A][B][■][D]11.on a remote island,little work them,the soldiers suffered from boredom and low.12.If the letter on the writing table an hour ago,it certain there now.13.The party could even lose majority in thelower house of parliament,a period of.14.The mechanisms work in the tendency for such physical activity utilize the harmful constituents of the stress response.15.the long run,however,this hurry full-time staff may be harmful to industry as it is the workforce.16.See to that you include the examination paper questions they didn’t know last time.17.Most newspapers,the major part of space to recent events,usually manage to find on the inside pages for articles some interesting topics.18.One sign you are making progress in an such as painting or photography is you begin to realize how much to learn.19.The ideal listener stays both the music at the moment it is played and it almostthe composer at the moment he.20.exposure to stress has been linked to functioning of the immune system,a person more liable infection.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there four choices marked[A],[B],[C] and[D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found________________________in the woods off the highway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThe sentence should read,“The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woodsoff the highway.”Therefore,you should choose[C].Sample Answer[A][B][■][D]21.He spoke so________________________that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly[C]emphatically[D]determinedly22.France’s________________________of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption[D]resumption23.The215-page manuscript,circulated to publishers last October, ________________________an outburst of interest.[A]flared[B]glittered[C]sparked[D]flashed24.His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties ________________________.[A]came off[B]came on[C]came round[D]came down25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually ________________________it in a profitable direction.[A]adapt[B]control[C]install[D]steer26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and________________________ efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend[D]possess27.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be________________________at the manager’s office.[A]declared[B]obtained[C]reclaimed[D]recognized28.When I________________________my senses,I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room,with Grandma bending over me.[A]woke up[B]took to[C]picked up[D]came to29.The American society is________________________an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources,which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.[A]established on[B]affiliated to[C]originated from[D]incorporated with30.I am not________________________with my roommate but I have to share the room with her,because I have nowhere else to live.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate[D]complied31.At first,the________________________of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible,but,with painstaking efforts and at great expense,it became a reality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation[D]transition32.When the committee________________________to details,the proposed plan seemed impractical.[A]got down[B]set about[C]went off[D]came up33.________________________to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.[A]Orientation[B]Access[C]Procession[D]Voyage34.Mr.Smith had an unusual________________________:he was first an office clerk, then a sailor,and ended up as a school teacher.[A]profession[B]occupation[C]position[D]career35.The mayor is a woman with great________________________and therefore deserves our political and financial support.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]integrity[D]intensity36.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest ________________________to everyone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization[D]proposition37.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs ________________________it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards[D]relates38.To impress a future employer,one should dress neatly,be ________________________,and display interest in the job.[A]swift[B]instant[C]timely[D]punctual39.You don’t have to install this radio in your new car,it’s an ________________________extra.[A]excessive[B]optional[C]additional[D]arbitrary40.We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t ________________________to the traffic jam of the busy city.[A]aid[B]amount[C]add[D]attributeSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked[A], [B],[C]and[D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10points)If a farmer wishes to succeed,he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.He must store a largequantity of grain___41___consumingallhis grain immediately.He can continue to support himself and his family___42___ he produces a surplus.He must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing, as an insurance___43___the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to___44___old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to___45___the soil.He may also need money to construct irrigation___46___and improve his farm in other ways.If no surplus is available,a farmer cannot be___47___.He must either sell some of his property or___48__ extra funds in the form of loans.Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low ___49__of interest,but loans of this kind are not___50__obtainable.41.[A]other than[B]as well as[C]instead of[D]more than42.[A]only if[B]much as[C]long before[D]ever since43.[A]for[B]against[C]of[D]towards44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose45.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise46.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels47.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied[D]self-restrained48.[A]search[B]save[C]offer[D]seek49.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio50.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequentlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40points)Text1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap,but,if properly handled,it may become a driving force.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of theSecond World War,it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.Its scientists were the world’s best,its workers the most skilled.America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.Just as inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful.By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness.Some huge American industries,such as consumer electronics,had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.By1987there was only one American television maker left,Zenith.(Now there is none:Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes.For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors,which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age,was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence.Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing,and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed!In1995the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a deva lued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet,has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanagh,executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government.“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute,a think-tank in Washington, DC.And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as“a golden age of business management in the United States.”51.The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War II because________________________.[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52.The loss of U.S.predominance in the world economy in the1980s ismanifestedin the fact that the American________________________.[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53.What can be inferred from the passage?[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S.economy in the1990s can be attributed to the________________________.[A]turning of the business cycle[B]restructuring of industry[C]improved business management[D]success in educationText2Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about105males born for every100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity,and among70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.Now,boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.This means that,for the first time,there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.More important,another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty years ago,the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weight.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the variation is due to genes,one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide:stay alive,but have fewer children.Few people are as fertile as in the past.Except in some religious communities,very few women have15children.Nowadays the number of births,like the age of death,has become average.Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring--means that natural selection has lost80%of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us,this means that evolution is over;the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely,it has involved little physical change.No other species fills so many places in nature.But in the pass100,000years--even the pass100years--ourlives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve,because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution:they“look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship,as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”No doubt we will remember a20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look just like us.55.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A]A lack of mates.[B]A fierce competition.[C]A lower survival rate.[D]A defective gene.56.What does the example of India illustrate?[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C]The middle class population is80%smaller than that of the tribes.[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because________________________.[A]life has been improved by technological advance[B]the number of female babies has been declining[C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing58.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A]Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution[B]Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D]Human Evolution Going NowhereText3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion,it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at,for,however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it is possible that in years to come they may be regardedas normal.With regard to Futurist poetry,however,the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be--even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.This,in brief,is what the Futurist says;for a century,past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up,till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.Consequently,our feelings,thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.This speeding up of life,says the Futurist,requires a new form of expression.We must speed up our literature too,if we want to interpret modern stress.We must pour out a large stream of essential words,unhampered by stops,or qualifying adjectives,or finite verbs.Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them;we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page,and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused.But it is a little upsettingto read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:“Pluff!Pluff!A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”This,though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry,can hardly be classed as Literature.All the same,no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition:that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.The whole question is really this:have we essentially changed?59.This passage is mainly________________________.[A]a survey of new approaches to art[B]a review of Futurist poetry[C]about merits of the Futurist movement[D]about laws and requirements of literature60.When a novel literary idea appears,people should try to________________________.[A]determine its purposes[B]ignore its flaws[C]follow the new fashions[D]accept the principles61.Futurists claim that we must________________________.[A]increase the production of literature[B]use poetry to relieve modern stress[C]develop new modes of expression[D]avoid using adjectives and verbs62.The author believes that Futurist poetry is________________________.[A]based on reasonable principles[B]new and acceptable to ordinary people[C]indicative of basic change in human nature[D]more of a transient phenomenon than literatureText4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values.Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs,and young people don’t know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.In a recent survey,it was found that only 24.5percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life,compared” ” with 67.2 percent of students in theUnited States. In addition,far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.“Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored, ” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee.“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure. With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.63. In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was ________________________.[A] under aimless development[B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West[D] on the decline64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C]Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65.Which of the following is true according to the author?[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that ________________________.[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before[D]the Japanese appreciate their present lifeText5If ambition is to be well regarded,the rewards of ambition--wealth,distinction, control over one’s destiny--must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf.If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality,it must be widely shared;and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,the educated not least among them.In an odd way,however,it is the educated who have claimed to have given up onambition as an ideal.What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition--if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents.There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this,a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped--with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.Summer homes,European travel,BMWs--the locations,place names and name brands may change,but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams,as easily and openly as once they could,lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.Instead,we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles,which now more than ever seem in ample supply:the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home;the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants;the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life,whose own children are enrolled in private schools.For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional,the proper formulation is,“Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles;its public defenders are few and unimpressive,where they are not extremely unattractive.As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse,a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young,is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end,that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings,but only that,no longer openly honored,it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this,of course,some of which are that ambition is driven underground,or made sly.Such,then,is the way things stand:on the left angry critics,on the right stupid supporters,and i n the middle,as usual,the majorityof earnest people trying to get on in life.67.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________________________.[A]its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B]it is rewarded with money,fame and power[C]its goals are spiritual rather than material[D]it is shared by the rich and the famous68.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is________________________.[A]customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B]too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C]dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D]impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________________________.[A]they think of it as immoral。
(完整word)2000年考研英语1真题
2000年考研英语1真题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections：Beneath each of the following sentences， there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］， [C] and [D］。
Choose the one that best completes the sentence。
Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil。
(5 points)Example：I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979。
[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sincethe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore，you should choose [D］.1.As I’ll be away for at least a year，I’d appreciate 1 from you now and then telling melow everyone is getting along。
[A]hearing[B]to hear[C]to be hearing[D]having heard2.Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, 2 to find it locked。
[A]just[B]only[C]hence[D]thus3.Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent 3 and theincreased number of cases of skin cancer.[A]to sunbathe[B]to have sunbathed[C]having sunbathed[D]sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods， you are not entitled4 a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery。
2013年考研英语真题及解析
2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题(完整版）Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points)People are，on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions。
At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr。
Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision—makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with。
4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea，he turned to the university—admissions process. In theory，the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 。
2013考研英语一真题答案
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案
Section I: Use of English (10 points)
1-5: A-D-C-A-B
6-10: B-A-D-D-A
11-15: D-C-B-D-B
16-20: C-A-C-B-C
Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21-25: B-D-A-D-C
26-30: B-D-C-A-D
31-35: B-A-D-C-C
36-40: C-C-D-A-B
Part B (10 points)
41-45: E-F-B-G-C
Part C (10 points)
46. 然而，当我们看到这样的照片，看到那些无家可归者创造的花园时，感到了深深的震撼：
尽管它们的风格多样，但这些花园道出了其他的根本需求，而非停留在装饰美化或是创造性表达上。
47. 它是一个和平的圣地，不管它有多么粗陋，但它明显是一种人类的需求，与收容所迥异，
收容所明显是一种动物的需求。
48. 无家可归者的花园实际上是无人问津的花园，它们是引入到城市环境中的一种建筑类型，
它要么不存在，要么本身不易识别。
49. 多数人会陷入精神萎靡，我们通常把这种萎靡归咎于某种心理状态，直到有一天，我们
发现自己身处花园，感到压力全无，如魔力驱使一般。
50. 正是这种与大自然之间的或明或暗的关联使花园这个词—虽然指的是“广义”上的花园
—恰如其分地形容了这些人造建筑。
2013年考研英语一真题及详细解答(免费)
2013年考研英语一真题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by __2___ factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big __3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaring too soft __6__ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the __9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were __15___ used i n conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMA T, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the next applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___ the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been __20___.1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. I n the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaum ont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its otherproducts favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Li ne 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD: Living in the deep future"). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's "Red List" of threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we shouldrecognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time.Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for ares of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and teched[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our bdief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings on[A] a sustained species[B] the word’s deminant power[C] a threat to the environment[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] draw on our experience from the past.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.[D] Science, Technology and Humanity.Text 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration lawMonday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws prece de state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Ari zona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers i ncluding the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium f or example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborativeendeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.On e of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of thehomeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sen se, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college , inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail , Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)。
2013年考研英语一真题及答案
2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishPeople are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A]grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C]to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C]share [D]test9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulText 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, P riestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would be described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have all owed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no meansuniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knock ed out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principle s that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact wit h law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Fede ral officers’ duty to withhold immigrants ‘information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail, Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)参考答案Section I Use of English1. A. grants2. D. external3. C. picture4. A. For example5. B. fearful6. B. on7. A. if8. D. test9. D. success10. A. chosen11. D. otherwise12. C. conducted13. B. rated14. D. took 15. B. then16. C. marked17. A. before18. C. drop19. B. undo20. C. necessarySection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 (In the 2006)21. B. insensitivity to fashion22. D. shop for their garment more frequently23. A. accusation24. D. pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing25. C. criticism of the fast-fashion industryText 2 (An old saying)26. B. lower their operational costs27. D. internet browser developers28. C. will not benefit consumers29. A. DNT may not serve its intended purpose30. D. skepticismText 3 (Now utopia)31. B. our faith in science and technology32. A. sustained species33. D. our immediate future is hard to conceive34. C. draw on our experience from the past35. C. the ever-bright prospects of mankindText 4 (On a five to three)36. C. overstepped the authority of federal immigration37. C. states’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement38. D. stood in favor of the states39. A. outweighs that held by the states40. D. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part B41. E. These issues all have root causes in human behavior...42. F. Despite these factors...43. B. However, the numbers are still small...44. G. During the late 1990s...45. C. The idea is to force social to integrate...Section III Translation46. 然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然意识到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47. 一块神圣的和平之地，不管它有多么粗糙，它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。