西方文化概论课后答案完整版、填空题、名词解释、论述题
西方文化导论_课后习题答案
西方文化导论_课后习题答案(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems ofthe Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides andAristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world. Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modernera in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuoushistory of split and unification?The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value. Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could playsuch a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs ofcapitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of theRenaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化导论-课后习题答案
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as aredemonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their o wn gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）
西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad andthe Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval periodand opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for thedevelopment of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideologicalemancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成word文本--------------------- 方便更改。
西方文化概论期末复习完整版
1.西方最早的文明形态：神话。
2.西方最早最早的文明：米诺斯文明（克里特文明）。
∵创造线形文字。
3.最早的希腊人：阿卡亚人。
∵建立的迈锡尼文明滋养了整个希腊。
爱琴文明简表：前26c—前15c 优雅精巧的米诺斯文明（克里特人）前16c—前12c 粗犷豪迈的迈锡尼文明（阿卡亚人）前12c—前8c 黑暗时代（多利亚人）前8c—前4c 希腊城邦时代4.英雄：半人半神，神与人所生，神是理想化的人，因此英雄是理想化的人。
在古希腊，人与自身区分而成为英雄，具有节制、正义、勇敢的美德。
5.希腊文明兴起的原因：腓尼基字母传入；公元前776年，第一届奥林匹克竞技运动会；新兴家族的崛起，农业上以血缘为核心，商业上以契约为核心。
6.用公民和城邦相互解释：亚里士多德《政治学》公民——城邦里享有一定政治权利并要尽一定政治责任和义务的组织者。
城邦——享有一定权利同时要尽一定责任的一定数量的公民共同体。
7.希腊城邦文化的中心：雅典。
希腊化的中心：亚历山大里亚。
8.斯巴达采用的国家制度：政治上：建立元老院，是最高权力中心。
经济上：定期分配土地。
生活上：原始共产主义制度。
9.希腊城邦的政治制度：前8c—前6c：君主制：一个人统治，世袭制度，导致独裁、专政。
僭主制：利用民众的力量夺取政权。
民主制：民众协商的方式。
10.贝壳投票法：雅典。
伯利克里时代，公民大会。
11.前776年，第一届奥林匹克竞技运动会的意义：希腊人自己有了记录时间的方法，有了纪元，从而有了编年史；表明了希腊人对美的崇尚；是希腊城邦文明的标志。
12.《神谱》作者：赫西俄德通过吟唱。
13.三代神王：乌兰诺斯、克洛诺斯、宙斯。
14.诸神居住地：奥林匹斯山。
诸神南下在伯罗奔尼撒平原的奥林匹克祭祀。
奥尔弗斯神秘祭。
《神谱》的文化意义：第一，通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观。
例如：从原始的神“混沌”到宙斯，绝大多数神都象征着某种自然现象（海神、死神、天神等），这种自然的分化和演进过程一直延续。
西方文化概论论述题知识点
西方古典文化概论重点（the spreding of christianity暂时还没归纳） 来源： 崔兰c
laire的日志 Greek Architecture希腊建筑 It has been said that captive Greece conquered victorious Rome, and, as we have seen, the Romans adopted many ideas in painting and sculpture from the Greeks．Roman temples were also strongly influenced by Greek prototypes. Greek columns were built in three styles: Doric, Ionic , Corinthian. Etruscans伊特拉斯坎人 Etruscans, who actually dominated early Rome and provided its kings. It is not known how the Etruscans came to occupy the northern territory of Italy. They are not of Indo-European origin and they most likely came from the Near East if not the orient . I many respects, the culture of the Etruscans was very similar to that of Mycenae in Greece. Their cities ,twelve in number ,were autonomous like the city-states of Archaic Greece and were combined in a loose organization which historians have referred to as the Etruscans Confederacy .As a people, the Etruscans played hard and worked hard. they were not a contemplative people, but were always busy . they were practical and realistic , which became a typical roman trait. The Roman Political system罗马政治体系 the and Roman system , like those of Athens and Sparta ,had three major political components, which tended to offset and balance each other. First were the executives, who were called consuls and had supreme civil and military authority. Second came the senate( meaning “council of elders”) an advisory body of elder statesmen and heads of clans. Third ,there were popular assemblies of citizens. Mainly three assemblies: the Assembly of Centuries, the Assembly of tribes, and the Assembly of Curiae. The Struggle of the orders One of the most important aspect of the early history of the roman republic was the “The Struggle of the orders”------a struggle(斗争) between the patricians(贵族们) and plebeians（贫民们）. The patricians were a small group of citizens representing less than 10 percent of Rome’s population. Greek sculpture in the 5th century B.C 希腊雕塑 Greek sculptors in the 5th century BC had learned to represent the human body naturally and easily , in action or at rest ,which departed widely from the rather rigid form of the earlier kouros. But the realism was touched with ideal qualities: the artists tried to present the image of men and women in their perfection. This idealized realism appears in a bronze statue of Zeus about to hurl a missile. The body is perfect, the left arm pointing toward the target and the right drawn fully back. Every muscleis tensed with power. The unknown sculptor of about 460BC has captured the precise moment of action. In sculpture , the Greeks also got their inspiration from the near east and Egypt. The first type of free-stand statue was called the ―kouros‖,a young man standing rigidly erect in the fashion of Egyptian statues. The female counterpart was called a ―kore‖. The kouros statues dominate the Archiaic period of Greek art. The Sophists In the middle of fifth century BC , the Greek’s interest in the nature of the material in universe had become less. Philosophy turned toward the study of human beings and the dilemmas in their lives. This moral philosophy has inspired debate in all subsequent ages. The moral philosophy today still discusses the problem that Greek philosophers discovered: is there anything that we should do ,as our duty , even though it may bring no reward whatever –or is there some trace of self-interest concealed in every apparently ‖moral‖ act? The first Greeks to undertake this study were the Sophist(meaning in Greek “expect” or ”learned man” ) Stoicism斯多葛学派 Stoicism (Greek Στοά) was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3RD century BC. The Stoics considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a sage, or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not suffer such emotions. Stoics were concerned with the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is in accord with nature. Because of this, the Stoics presente
西方文化概论 章节测试答案
西方文化概论章节测试答案爱琴文明与希腊神话传说（一）1下列说法错误的是（）。
A、希腊文明表现的是一种和谐之美B、罗马文化倾向于较功利，物质方面发展C、西方现代文明包罗万象D、西方现代文明只发展基督教文化正确答案： D2不属于欧洲伸进地中海的三个半岛的是（）。
A、巴尔干半岛B、亚平宁半岛C、克里特半岛D、伊比利亚半岛正确答案： C3埃及第一法老王朝大约出现在（）。
A、公元前1500年B、公元前2000年C、公元3100年D、约在公元前3100年正确答案： D4下列说法错误的是（）。
A、美索不达米亚文明是已知的最古老的文明B、克里特文明晚于埃及文明C、希腊文明的第一个阶段不是克里特-迈锡尼文明D、克里特文明晚于两河流域文明正确答案： C5十九世纪下下半叶，德国的（）考古发掘了克里特文明。
A、莱柯曼B、爱因斯坦C、黑格尔D、施里曼正确答案： D6哪一项不是西方文化的特点？（）A、跳跃性B、动荡性C、两极的大跳跃D、平稳、以不变应万变正确答案： D7中世纪出现的基督教文化的特点是（）。
A、物质主义B、为灵主义C、纵欲主义的D、关注人间、关注现世的快乐正确答案： B8西方文化发展的跳跃性和动荡性要大于中国。
（）正确答案：√9西方文化的源头是基督教文化。
（）正确答案：×10希腊文明的源头是克里特文明。
（）正确答案：√11克里特文明不受埃及文明影响。
（）正确答案：×12西方文明发展的跳跃性和动荡性远远大于东方文明。
（）正确答案：√13世界上最古老的文化是中国文化。
（）正确答案：×14古代希腊是大希腊，环爱琴海周边的地区的都叫希腊文化区，它不仅仅限于今天的希腊半岛的一个民族国家。
（）正确答案：√爱琴文明与希腊神话传说（二）1英国考古学家（）发掘了1600块刻有克里特铭文的泥板。
A、达尔文B、温特利森C、伊文思D、荷马正确答案： C2最早的希腊人是（）。
A、克里特本土人B、罗马人C、多利亚人D、阿卡亚人正确答案： D3对迈锡尼文明说法错误的是（）。
西方文化导论-课后习题答案
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as aredemonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their o wn gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化概论复习题
一．名词解释1.轴心时代：公元前800至前200年之间，是人类文明精神的重大突破时期，具有同步性，普遍性，历时性特点。
各文明出现伟大精神导师——苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德，以色列犹太教先知；古印度释迦牟尼，中国孔子，老子，其原则奠定各自文化传统并一直延续到今天。
2.双希文明：希腊文明代表理性精神，表现在以奥林匹斯山众神为首的神学和以苏格拉底，柏拉图为首的哲学（包括立法管理，国家建设）。
希伯来文明代表信仰精神，表现在基督教文化，宗教伦理，强调献身性。
它们是西方文明的两大源头。
3.西方中心论：是一种文化自我中心态度，认为西方文化优于，高于非西方文明，或认为人类文化围绕西方文化展开，或认为西方文化形态，理想与价值方式具有普遍性意义从而代表非西方文化未来发展方向，黑格尔是典型代表。
4.爱琴文明：包括基克拉迪文明，最高艺术成就——大理石雕塑；克里特文明——宫廷建筑与绘画，公元前1450年走向衰落；迈锡尼文明——金工，是北方游牧文化与克里特文明相融合的结果。
5.柏拉图：古希腊哲学家和教育家，西方客观唯心主义奠基人，出身雅典贵族。
认为理论，现实，艺术三个世界等而下之，理念世界脱离现实世界而独立存在，现实世界是理念世界的幻象，艺术世界时“摹本的摹本”。
其理论综合了本原论、认识论、灵魂论，伦理观以及社会政治学说，是希腊哲学中第一个完整成熟的理论体系，著有《理想国》。
6.哲学家王：柏拉图提出的天才治国说，认为法律和道德在堕落，要公正地治理国家和重建一种新的道德是极其困难的，而哲学家的统治就是知识或智慧的统治，是理想的治国方式。
7.古典主义：西欧文学（特别是法国）艺术上的一个流派，盛行于17世纪，主要特点是模仿古希腊罗马的艺术形式，尊重传统崇尚理性，表现反宗教权威的精神，但模仿多创造少，不能反映现实。
（政治基础是中央集权君主专制，哲学基础是笛卡尔的唯理主义理论）8.哥特式建筑：是当时繁琐的经院哲学的物质的形象的表征，以整体的宏大与细节的繁复来撼动人心。
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第一章 古希腊罗马文化 第一节 1、 如何认识古希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？ （1）、地域范围： 古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。 （2）、时间跨度： 古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段： A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪） 黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪） B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪） C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪） 2、 赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义? 从文化学角度来看，赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：第一，它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观；第二，它蕴含着一种自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。 从第一方面来看，希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。 从第二方面来看，以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。这种维持神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，而在背后决定着诸神的兴衰泰否的就是那个不出场的“命运”。这种通过“命运”的“看不见之手”来实现神系更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
第二节 1、 希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？ 第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视,这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神,希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神. 第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征.自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜,感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱. 第三,” 神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉。 A：神人同形——希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。 B：神人同性——神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。 由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。在希腊宗教和希腊文化中，自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征。肉体与精神的原始和谐，使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。 以人为神的形象，以人的精神承认为神，这是古希腊有别于其它民族发端文化中心的一个不可忽视的特点。随着希腊神话的形成，形成了最初的希腊人本主义观念它成为整个希腊文明和灵魂，乃至整个西方文明的精神。 2.希腊悲剧中的命运意象 首先，希腊悲剧不是善与恶这两种对立的自由意志，而是自由意志与潜藏在它背后的决定论；不是一个人对另一个人的否定，而是自己对自己的否定。 其次，“命运”作为感性的现象世界背后的一种抽象的本质或规律，作为一种普遍性的东西，是建立在形象思维基础之上的希腊神话和悲剧所无法真正把握的，因而对于希腊人来说是一种不可理解也无法改变的宿命。 其次，希腊悲剧表现了一种庄严而神圣的“命运”主题，他的基调是悲壮的、崇高的，因而“命运”是不可亵渎的神圣的。但这种对“命运”的敬畏被日益兴起的怀疑主义思想所冲淡。怀疑主义渐渐使悲剧的根源被归结为人性的弱点，而不再是神秘而不可知的“命运”。
主要就是俄狄浦斯王，索福克勒斯所写。 古希腊索福克勒斯的戏剧代表作之一。它取材于希腊神话传说中关于俄狄浦斯杀父娶母的故事，展示了富有典型意义的希腊悲剧冲突——人跟命运的冲突。剧作家无法摆脱当时浓重的命运观念，使俄狄浦斯逃脱不了体现命运的太阳神“神示”的罗网。但他对命运抱有强烈的不满情绪，认为俄狄浦斯并不是有意杀父娶母，本人非但没有罪，反而是一个为民除害的英雄、受人爱戴的君王。俄狄浦斯智慧超群，热爱邦国，大公无私。在命运面前，他不是俯首帖耳或苦苦哀求，而是奋起抗争，设法逃离“神示”的预言。继而，他猜破女妖的谜语，为民除了害。最后，为了解救人民的瘟疫灾难，他不顾一切地追查杀害前王的凶手，一旦真相大白，又勇于承担责任，主动请求将他放逐。对于这样一个为人民、为国家做了无数好事的英雄所遭受的厄运，剧作家深感愤慨，发出了对神的正义性的怀疑，控诉命运的不公和残酷，赞扬主人公在跟命运斗争中所表现出来的坚强意志和英雄行为。 3.希腊神话的三个基本文化特征 ①希腊神话具有神人同形同性的特点。古希腊中的神是高度人格化的，他们具有人类的思想感情，他们的性格也十分鲜明。与人的区别：长生不死，无比的法术和智慧，超人的神力。他们不仅是自然力量的象征，而且也是社会力量的表现。“神的故事”实际基于人的体验、感受，可以说是“人话”。② 希腊神话体现出浓郁的人本主义色彩。充满了追求光明，酷爱现实生活，以人为本，肯定人的力量的思想。希腊神话“神人合一”神所经历的生活，实际就是人的社会化的生活。对神的肯定与赞扬，实际也是对人的。他们的冥界也充满光明、人间气息，不存在“末日审判”的恐怖与神秘。③地位和影响无可比拟，思想性和艺术性都达到相当的高度。 4, 希腊的自然哲学与形而上学是如何产生和发展的？ 产生：希腊最初的自然哲学是从广为流传的的奥林匹斯多神教中发展出来的，而形而上学的思想渊源则可以上溯到奥尔弗斯神秘祭。希腊自然哲学关于万物“本原”问题哲学思考源于希腊神普所反映的自然演化观，而形而上学关于世界本质（或“形式”）问题的思考则源于希腊神话中诡异的“命运”意象。 发展： （1），希腊“哲学之父”泰勒斯第一次以哲学的方式表述本源的思想，他认为万物都是从水中产生（ 2），米利都学派第一次用哲学语言代替神话语言来说明万物的本原，并用本原自身的内在矛盾代替神系的生殖原则来解释事物的生灭变化。这样，神话所形成的超自然的鬼神就真的被消灭了。（ 3），希腊第一个具有形而上学倾向的哲学家毕达哥拉斯用“数”来解释世界本原，万事万物都必须遵从“数”的规律、法则和必然。（ 4），巴门尼德提出的“存在“和赫拉克利特的”逻各斯“一脉相承，二者都是抽象思维的产物，巴门尼德被称为形而上学的真正奠基人。 （5），苏格拉底和柏拉图是希腊最重要的思想家，其哲学思想中已经明显地表现出一种与希腊的感性直观宗教截然相反的形而上学特点，并且把奥尔夫斯宗教中的唯灵主义倾向和灵肉对立思想推向了极端，从而成为希腊多神教向基督教转化的重要理论中介。
第三节 1、 如何理解希腊化时期东西方之间的文化交流？ （1）从表面上看，希腊化时代是希腊文化在地域上的推广与扩展，但从实际上看，希腊化时代却是希腊文化精神的衰颓和没落。希腊文化的雄浑壮丽、动人魂魄的悲剧时代结束了，接踵而至的是一个低吟浅唱、醉生梦死的平庸时代。 （2）思想上，希腊化时代产生了犬儒主义、怀疑主义、伊壁鸠鲁主义和斯多噶主义等各种哲学派别，各自主张不同甚至对立，但却有一个共同点，就是对现实世界漠不关心。 （3）希腊化时期的一个闲着特点在于，希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕，精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破了，从而产生了明显的自我分裂和二元对立。其结果，一方面是疯狂放纵的物欲，另一方面悲观弃世的神秘，肉体与精神双方都陷入到一种无可奈何的绝望之中，于是不得不转向东方文化的巨大阴影中去寻求解脱。
2、 如何评价希腊化时期的文化精神？ （1）希腊化时期的一个重着特点在于，希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕，精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破了，从而产生了明显的自我分裂和二元对立。其结果，一方面是疯狂放纵的物欲，另一方面悲观弃世的神秘，肉体与精神双方都陷入到一种无可奈何的绝望之中，于是不得不转向东方文化的巨大阴影中去寻求解脱。 （2）随着希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕，精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破，希腊人的灵魂世界空虚无聊，慵怠乏力，已经丧失了任何自我振兴和自我更新的潜能。 从表面上看，希腊化时代是希腊文化在地域上的推广与扩展，但是从实质上看，希腊化时代却是希腊文化精神的衰颓和没落。希腊文化的雄浑壮丽、动人魂魄的悲剧时代结束了，接踵而至的是一个低吟浅唱、醉生梦死的平庸时代。 在希腊化时代，希腊的政治向着东方专制主义、官僚主义和腐化堕落的方向发展，亚历山大帝国分裂而成的三个王国——希腊的马其顿王国、埃及的托密勒王国、西亚的塞琉西王国——陷入了无休无止和徒劳无聊的冲突龌龊之中；希腊的文化则向着繁缛华丽和虚浮无聊的方向发展，越来越多地融入了东方文化骄奢淫逸的成分。 在经济生活方面，希腊化世界的中心冲希腊半岛移至西亚的安提阿和埃及的亚历山大里亚。 在思想方面，希腊化时代产生了犬儒主义、怀疑主义、伊壁鸠鲁主义和斯多葛主义等各种哲学派别，它们各自的主张虽不尽相同，有的（如伊壁鸠鲁派与斯多葛派）甚至直接对立，但是却具有一个共同的特点，那就是对现实世界的漠不关心。哲学不再把它的目光投向宇宙的本原（如希腊的自然哲学）、形而上学的本质（如柏拉图的理念论）或者现实的国家（如亚里士多德的政治哲学），而是将其局限在个人自我完善的狭小圈子里，一味沉潜于个人的幸福和解脱，追求“肉体的无痛苦和灵魂的无纷扰”。 希腊化时期的一个显著特点就在于，希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕，精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破了，从而产生了明显的自我分裂和二元对立。其结果，一方面是疯狂放纵的物欲，另一方面则是悲观弃世的神秘，肉体与精神双方都陷入到一种无可奈何的绝望之中，于是不得不转向东方文化的巨大阴影中去寻求解脱。 3、希波战争对希腊城邦社会产生了怎样的影响？ 希腊人在战争中的胜利首先归因于战争对他们而言所具有的正义性，从而激发起他们的巨大爱国热情，促使各邦内部和各邦之间紧密团结；同时也由于希腊重装步兵和军舰技术上的优势以及将领的正确指挥。希腊人维护了国家的独立，并为经济、政治、社会和文化的进一步发展创造了条件。战争进程和结局对雅典城邦制度的发展和雅典的对外扩张影响尤深，促进了雅典民主政治制度和奴隶制的发展。希波战争所造成的希腊政治格局，对于后来希腊历史的发展有重大影响。 ◆西方历史中心 希腊在波希战争里取胜，使得西方世界的历史中心由两河流域向地中海地区推移，希腊文明得以保存并发扬光大，成为日后西方文明的基础。 ◆希腊 而且希腊战胜亦确保了希腊诸城邦的独立及安全，使得希腊继续称霸东地中海数百年。 ◆波斯 波斯在这场战争里战败，使其对外扩张的气焰受挫，并逐渐走向衰落，最后被马其顿的亚历山大大帝所灭。