西方文化概论试卷及答案(一)
西方文化概论考试题及答案
《西方文化概论》期末作业之一：请以教材各章为中心，就其中你所感兴趣的内容列举十五则思考题，并分别试作简要回答（每题6分且限100字以内，共90分）。
问题一：两河流域有什么特殊之处导致人类文明在此首先出现？答案：根据“地理环境决定论”（1）两河流域自然环境恶劣，农业生产需依靠人工灌溉体系，这促进了群体合作，导致社会分工、职业专门化和新型社会组织形态出现。
（2）两河流域自然资源贫乏，促进了该地区贸易的发展，进而推动了文明进步。
问题二：尼罗河孕育了灿烂的古埃及文明，谈谈尼罗河对埃及文明特征的影响。
答案：埃及文明以恒久和宁静著称（1）尼罗河有规律的定期泛滥为来年带来丰收的期盼，使人们有一种稳定和乐观感。
（2）尼罗河特殊的地理位置，使埃及与外部世界相对隔绝，不易遭受外族侵扰，社会生活呈现安宁、稳定和同一的特征。
问题三：从实用文化层面上，简谈近东文明是从哪些方面对西方文明产生影响的？答案：（1）书写艺术（2）技术方面，包括建筑学、测量学，军事技术，制陶、雕刻艺术等（3）科学方面，包括文学、数学、几何学、修辞学等（4）贸易的艺术，钱币的使用，以法组织、规范社会，外交手段的运用都由两河流域和埃及人首创。
问题四：古希腊文明的特点是什么？答案：（1）古希腊指的是一个文化地理概念，没有同一国家的概念。
（2）不存在拥有很大政治权利和干预世俗生活的宗教力量。
（3）关注人类自身问题，对人本主义和理性精神的不懈追求是希腊文化的根本特征。
问题五：雅典是如何成为希腊地区一大强盛城邦的？答案：雅典被视为希腊民主制的典范，其新形式的政体有两个鲜明特征：任期限制和责任制，将权力与责任联系起来。
雅典所推行的一系列带有首创性的政治改革使其摆脱了长期内政的困扰，经济实力和政治影响均得到加强。
问题六：戏剧被誉为古希腊文学的最高成就，简述你对希腊戏剧的认识。
答案：希腊戏剧以一种舞台表演艺术形式出现，包括悲剧和喜剧。
悲剧主要表现的是主人公的英雄行为，其形象高大雄伟，气势壮烈磅礴，具有永恒的艺术魅力和道德教化作用。
西方文化概论-Chapter 1 -7 (复习题)
1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellenceof taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2.Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and easternMediterranean with ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include Western Europe.3.Western culture is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures ofEuropean origin and most of their descendants.4.Foundations of Western Culture are: ancient Greece (concretely Greekphilosophy), the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law), Catholic and Protestant Christianity.5.Western culture originates from 2 ancient cultures: Hellenistic culture （emphasizing rationality）and Hebraic culture （emphasizing virtue & discipline）6. 3 most noted achievements of ancient Greeks: Mythology; Architecture;philosophy.7.Greek Mythology, set of diverse traditional tales told by the ancient Greeksabout the exploits of gods and heroes and their relations with ordinary mortals.8.The Greek gods resembled human beings in their form and in their emotions.9.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and godd esses dwelling onMount Olympus.10.Zeus is the god of gods, the god of sky, the supreme god, the father of bothgods and men.11.Hermes (Mercury) is god of physicians and thieves; messenger of gods.12.Apollo is the sun god, the god of music, a god of prophecy.13.Dionysus is god of wine and ecstasy.14.Hephaestus is god of fire; celestial blacksmith.15.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.16.Hera is queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage andfamily, the protectress of married women and their legal children.17.Poseid on is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, the god of earthquakesand tsunamis.18.Had es is god of the und erworl d.19.Two of the most important of the semi historical myths involve the searchfor the Golden Fleece and the quest that led to the Trojan War.20.Aphrodite is the godd ess of l ove and beauty, the protectress of sailors.21.Heracles is a divine hero, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, stepson ofAmphitryon and great-grandson of Perseus, the greatest of the Greek heroes.22.The ancient Greek Olympic games was a religious rather than secular festival,celebrating the gods in general and Zeus in particular.23.The idiom “Pandora’s box” means the fountainhead of all evils.24.The idiom “Cupid’s arrow” signifies the magic power of love.25.“Tantalus’s torture” means permanent frustration by the sight of somethingdesired but inaccessible. It also means eternal thirst and hunger.26.The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.27.“The golden fleece” means very valuable thing which is rare an d verydifficult to get.28.“Golden touch” therefore refers to the magic power to change cheap metalsinto gold, or worthless junks into treasures.29.“The golden apple” or “the apple of discord” refers to the things that giverise to conflicts and strife.30.“A chilles’s heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.31.“Trojan horse”, or “the wooden horse” means a trap intended to underminean enemy, or subversion from inside.32.The term “Oedipus complex” was chosen by Sigmund Freud to designate ason’s feeling of love toward his mother and jealous hatred toward his father.33.“Narcissistic (personality) disorder” or “narcissism”, means the indulgencein self-admiration.34.“The sword of Damocles” on one hand signifies the impending danger, andon the other hand, indicates the precariousness of power and rank.35.Constellations: Aries (the Ram)白羊座, Taurus (the Bull)金牛座, Gemini (theTwins)双子座, Cancer (the Crab) 巨蟹座, Leo(the Lion)狮子座, Virgo (the Virgin)处女座, Libra (the Scales)天秤座, Scorpio (the Scorpion)天蝎座, Sagittarius (the Archer)射手座, Capricorn (the Goat)摩羯座, Aquarius (the Water Carrier)水瓶座, Pisces (the Fishes)双鱼座.36.Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are Classical Greek philosophers.37.Western culture originates from the Hebraic-Christian culture that isund oubtedly embodied in and found ed upon the Holy Bibl e.38.Christianity was the inheritor and the reformer of Judaism, and so theChristian Bibl e includ es the Ol d Testament and the New Testament.39.The Old Testament is the coll ection of books written prior to the life of Jesusbut accepted by Christians as scripture.40.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the "Five Books" of Moses，includ es Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.41.The Torah contains the ten commandments, of God, reveal ed at Mount Sinai.42.Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings ofJesus as presented in the New Testament.43.God is the eternal being who created the universe and all there is have theproperties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevol ence, omnipresence and immortality.44.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel ("good news").45.The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God andthe Messiah (Christ).46.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnation and "true God andtrue man" (or both fully divine and fully human).47.Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary.48.The Eucharist (called Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) is the part ofliturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually bread and wine.49.Christianity was l egalized in the 4th century, when Constantine I issued anedict of tol eration in 313. From at l east the 4th century, Christianity has played a prominent rol e in the shaping of Western civilization.50.Christianity may be broadly represented as being divid ed into five maingroupings: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthod oxy, Oriental Orthod oxy, Protestantism, Restorationism.51.Food is important to keep traditions alive as they are part of our history andour culture.52.The multitud es of food styl es of the Western society mainly result from thehistory, heritage, and geographical differences.53.A full course dinner usually consists of multipl e dishes. Usually it is mad e upof three or four courses, such as appetizer, main course and d essert.54.At the end of the meal, napkin shoul d be l eft semi-fold ed at the l eft sid e of theplate.55.Celebrating birthdays became popular almost universally because birthdaysgive peopl e a reason to gather in friendly groups, share food, and enjoy kinship.56.In many portions of the worl d an individual's birthday is cel ebrated by a partywhere a specially mad e cake, usually d ecorated with l ettering and the person's age, is presented. The cake is traditionally stud d ed with the same number of lit candl es as the age of the individual.57.Religious symbolism suggests that lighting candl es opens a channel forprayers to the unseen worl d above. This concept has been borrowed to convey the id ea that blowing out birthday candl es sends a birthday wish to heaven.58.Baptism is consid ered to be a form of rebirth—"by water and the Spirit"—thenakedness of baptism (the second birth) parall eled the condition of one's original birth.59.The removal of cl othing represented the "image of putting off the ol d manwith his d eeds, so the stripping of the body before for baptism represented taking off the trappings of sinful self, so that the "new man," which is given by Jesus, can be put on.60.Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worl dwid e youth movementwith the stated aim of supporting young peopl e in their physical, mental and spiritual d evelopment, that they may play constructive rol es in society.61.If the coupl e of l overs are going into marriage, the man shoul d make aproposal by giving an engagement ring to the woman.62.The marriage will be recognized by: a marriage license and wed dingceremony.63.The reason why brid esmaids and groomsmen are need is that the evil spiritswoul d be confused by so many similarly dressed peopl e.64.A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying or remembering the life ofa person who has died.65.A funeral may take place at either a funeral home or church.66.Funeral services commonly includ e prayers; readings from a sacred text;hymns (sung either by the attend ees or a hired vocalist); and words of comfort by the cl ergy. Frequently, a relative or cl ose friend will be asked to give a eul ogy颂歌, which d etails happy memories and accomplishments; often commenting on the d eceased's flaws, especially at l ength, is consid ered impolite.67.Festivals are precious human heritage that links to religion, customs, historyand peopl e’s lifestyl es. Festivals, of many types, serve to meet specific needs, as well as to provid e entertainment.68.Though festivals many have religious origins, others involve seasonal changeor have some cultural significance.69.New Year’s Day is universally cel ebrated on the first day of the calendar,January 1.70.Chinese New Year is celebrated in many countries around the worl d, it is thefirst day of the lunar calendar.71.Valentine's Day is a holiday cel ebrated on February 14(in most countries).Love and affection are celebrated between l overs by sending greeting cards andgifts, dating.72.Mod ern Valentine's Day symbols includ e the heart-shaped outline, d oves, andthe figure of the winged Cupid.73.Passover is a Jewish holiday and festival. It commemorates the story of theExodus, in which the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt. 74.Easter is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year, celebrating theresurrection of Jesus. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from thed ead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated onEaster Day or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday) .75.Easter egg is seen by foll owers of Christianity as a symbol of resurrection:whil e being d ormant it contains a new life sealed within it.76.Mother's Day is a cel ebration honoring mothers and celebrating motherhood,maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society. It originated from an ancient Greek ritual which was to respect the Mother of Gods, Hera.77.Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the worl d on October 31, thenight before All Saints’ Day, much like Day of the Dead celebrations.78.The American Thanksgiving Day is a traditional family feast with a traditionalturkey dinner, usually in the mid-afternoon. Typical Thanksgiving food also includ es sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cranberries, and fruit salads.79.Carnival typically involves a public cel ebration or parad e combining someelements of a circus, mask and public street party. Peopl e often dress up or masquerad e during the cel ebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.80.The three very important European Film Festivals are Venice Film Festival,Cannes Film Festival, and Berlin International Film Festival.81.The Gold en Lion is award ed to the best film at Venice Film Festival.82.The Gold en Palm is the highest prize award ed at The Cannes InternationalFilm Festival.83.The Gol d en Bear is the highest prize award ed for the best film at the BerlinInternational Film Festival.1。
2018网课西方文化概论期末考试答案一
2018网课西方文化概论期末考试答案一
《世界古代文明》期末考试（20）
一、单选题（题数：50，共
50.0
分）
1 伯罗奔泥撒战争时期，战争双方各自建立了哪一组同盟关系而相互抗衡：（C）
A、商邦同盟和以撒同盟
B、轴心同盟和腓尼基同盟
C、伯罗奔泥撒同盟和提洛同盟
D、开罗同盟和特洛伊同盟
2 以下哪一项是苏格拉底被判死刑时雅典政府公布的罪名：（A ）
A、毒害青年和毒神
B、叛国和谋反
C、逃税和走私
D、谋杀和逃匿
3 以下哪一位著名人物是亚历山大大帝的教师：（C ）
A、柏拉图
B、苏格拉底
C、亚里士多德
1/ 12。
(完整word版)西方文化概论
西方文化概论克里特文明1【单选题】克里特文明开始突然衰落是从公元前（C）以后。
A、14世纪B、16世纪C、15世纪D、13世纪2【单选题】根据考古发掘，西方文明是起始于（A)左右以前。
A、4500年B、3000年C、4000年D、5000年3【单选题】以下哪一项是西方文明最早的源头?（A）A、克里特岛B、埃及C、罗马D、以上都对4【判断题】爱琴文明不是最早的希腊文明.（×)5【判断题】西方文明的摇篮是希腊文明.(√）迈锡尼文明1【单选题】被称为“英雄时代”，是希腊文明中的（D）。
A、克里特文明时代B、希腊文明时代C、迈锡尼文明时代D、黑暗时代2【单选题】以下关于迈锡尼文明时期,北方入侵的三支浪潮的说法正确的是哪一项？（B）A、第一、二支是暴力入侵B、第一支浪潮是和平渗透C、第一、二支是和平渗透D、第一、三支是暴力入侵3【单选题】按照早到晚顺序将几个希腊文明的阶段进行排序,正确的是（A).A、克里特文明、迈锡尼文明、黑暗时代、希腊文明B、克里特文明、迈锡尼文明、希腊文明、黑暗时代C、迈锡尼文明、克里特文明、希腊文明、黑暗时代D、克里特文明、黑暗时代、迈锡尼文明、希腊文明4【判断题】迈锡尼文明有对克里特文明的借鉴，也有北方粗狂的特点。
（√）5【判断题】希腊土居最早建立了迈锡尼文明。
(×）爱琴神话1【单选题】以下哪一位是最早编撰古希腊神话的神谱的游吟诗人？(D)A、亚里士多德B、荷马C、柏拉图D、赫西俄德2【单选题】集中在（A)的两个半岛的是希腊最主要的文明。
A、南方B、北方C、东方D、西方3【单选题】最早时期，奥运会是一种（A）。
A、祭祀活动B、体育比赛C、筛选官兵的方式D、娱乐活动4【判断题】神兽同形同性是希腊神话中一个显著的特点。
(×）5【判断题】克里特神话包括“阿德涅之线”和“代达罗斯的故事”.(√）赫西俄德与荷马1【单选题】古希腊神话中，大地之神该亚在未经交配的情况下就生下了（D）.A、大海之神和动物之神B、天宇之神和星月之神C、动物之神和山河之神D、大海之神和天宇之神2【单选题】荷马和赫西俄德生活在下面哪一时期?（C）A、城邦文明时期B、克里特文明时期C、黑暗时代将尽D、以上都不对3【单选题】认为(A）有血缘关系是希腊神话的特点之一.A、英雄和神B、老百姓和神C、统治者和神D、士兵和神4【判断题】让人关注故事和英雄背后的命运是希腊悲剧的深刻性所在。
尔雅下半年西方文化概论期末考试答案分
我的答案：C2希腊城邦文明最鼎盛时期持续的时间是（）。
（1.0分）我的答案：C7犹太教历史上着名的《出埃及记》讲述的是（）率领犹太人逃出了埃及。
（1.0分）我的答案：C12公元1054年，（）使希腊和罗马之间的沟壑更加深刻。
（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：A13（）最后导致欧洲中世纪的宗教改革。
（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：C19下列教堂不属于哥特式的是（）。
（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：B20希腊最主要的文明集中在（）的两个半岛。
（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：D26最早提出上帝头脑中有个罗格斯的人是（）。
（1.0分）我的答案：A 33我的答案：C38文艺复兴时期的人文主义特点是（）。
（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：B39最早提出地心说观点的是（）。
（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：D我的答案：B我的答案：D二、判断题（题数：50，共?50.0?分）1再洗礼派盛行于德国、瑞士、荷兰等国的上流阶层。
（）（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：?×2中世纪封建社会时期，老百姓只认领主不清楚自己属于哪个国家。
（）（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：?√3基督教在罗马的传播最初是以上层人民为主。
（）（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：?×4尽管薄伽丘是人文主义者，但他写的《十日谈》却开创了一种民间文学。
（）（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：?√5法国的启蒙运动传到德国后变成了思想的大革命。
（）（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：?√6“阿德涅之线”和“代达罗斯的故事”都属于克里特神话。
（）（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：?√7欧洲文艺复兴运动时期的人文主义者并不反基督教，并使基督教变得更加符合人性。
（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：?√8希腊人在被罗马人征服的前后都始终瞧不起罗马人，认为他们是一批非常凶悍的乡巴佬。
（）（1.0分）1.0?分我的答案：?√9古希腊的悲剧往往产生于好人和坏人之间的冲突，是善恶相争的结果。
题目-西方文化概论简介练习答案
1.The term Western world, the West or the Occident can have multiple meanings dependenton its context. Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and eastern Mediterranean with _____ancient Greece_______ and _Ancient Rome___________. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include_Western Europe___________.2.Since the Renaissance, the West evolved beyond the influence of the ancient Greeks,Romans and Muslims due to the_commercial___________, Scientific, and _industrial revolution___________, and the expansion of the ___christian_________ peoples of Western European empires, and particularly the globe-spanning empires of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Since the____age of discovery________ and _columbus___________, the notion of the West expanded to include _the Americas___________, though much of the Americas have considerable pre-Western cultural influence. __Australia__________ and _New Zealand___________ are considered part of Western culture due to their former status as _settler colonies ___________of Western Christian nations.3.In the current political or economic context the term the "West" often includes developed___oriental_________ nations in Asia, such as Israel, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea, that additionally have strong political and military ties to Western Europe, NATO or the United States.4.Western culture or Western civilization is a term used to generally refer to most of thecultures of __European__________ origin and most of their descendants. It comprises the broad, geographically based, heritage of __social norms__________, __ethical values__________, __traditional custo ms__________ (such as religious beliefs) and specific artifacts and technologies as shared within the Western sphere of influence.5.The origins of Western culture are often referred to as "three pillars": __ ancientGreece__________ (concretely Greek philosophy) ；the ancient Rome____________ (specifically Roman law)；Catholic____________ and Protestant Christianity____________.1.Christianity is a ____ monotheistic _神论________ religion centered on the life and teachings of __ Jesus___________ as presented in the New Testament.2.Adherents of Christianity, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the only begotten _ Son of God____________ and __ the Messiah ___________ (Christ) prophesied in the Hebrew Bible.3.Christian theology claims that Jesus Christ is a__ a teacher ___________, the model of a __ virtuous life___________, the _revealer __启示者__________of God, as well as an _incarnation 化身____________of God, and most importantly _ the savior 救世主____________ of humanity who suffered, died, and was resurrected to bring about salvation from __ sin ___________.4.Christians maintain that Jesus ascended into heaven, and most denominations教派teach that Jesus willreturn to judge __ the living ___________ and _ the dead ____________, granting everlasting 来世life to his _ followers ____________.5.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel福音，真理_____________.6.Like Judaism and Islam, Christianity is classified as an __ Abrahamic _亚伯拉罕__________ religion.7.Christianity began as a _ Jewish ___________sect in the eastern Mediterranean, quickly grew in size andinfluence over a few decades, and by the 4th century had become the dominant religion within the Roman Empire.8.Following the Age of Discovery, through_missionary work __传教士__________and __colonization___________, Christianity spread to the Americas and the rest of the world.9.Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization at least since the __4th___________ century.10.As of the early 21st century, Christianity has between 1.5 billion and 2.1 billion adherents, representing about_ a quarter to a third of ____________the world's population and is the world's largest religion.11.Most Christian groups see God as the __ eternal being ___________ who created the _universe____________ and all there is _____________.12.God is usually held to have the properties of _ holiness ____________, _ justice __________, omnipotence万能_____________, omniscience, omnibenevolence, omnipresence and __ immortality ___________.13.God is believed to be transcendent, meaning that he is outside space and outside _ time ____________, andtherefore eternal and unable to be changed by earthly forces or anything else within his creation.14.The account of Adam and Eve is in the Book of _ Genesis ____创世纪________.15.Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating the fruit of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil_____________, which gave them the ability to judge and know good from evil for themselves.16.In Christian theology, the death of Jesus on the cross is the _ atonement 弥补，赎罪____________to the sinof Adam.17._Creeds ____________ (from Latin credo meaning " "I believe") are concise doctrinal statements orconfessions, usually of religious beliefs.18.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnate and "true __ God ___________and true man_____________".19.According to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit _____________and born from the _ V irgin Mary ____________.20.In the Biblical narrative, Jesus' method of teaching involved parables __预言___________, __ metaphor__隐喻_________, __ allegory _______寓言________, _ sayings _____语录_______, ____ proverbs _________ and a small number of direct sermons ____布道_________.21.According to the New Testament Jesus was crucified, died a physical death, buried within a tomb, and rosefrom the dead ___ three __________ days later.22._ Salvation __拯救__________ is the belief that one can be saved (rescued) from sin and eternal death.23.The three principal traditions within Christianity are _Protestantism ____________, __ RomanCatholicism ___________ and _ Eastern Orthodoxy ____________.24._ Protestantism ____________is associated with the belief that the _ Bible ____________ is the final sourceof authority for Christians.25.The crucifixion _____________of Jesus is explained as an atoning sacrifice, which, in the words of theGospel of John, "takes away the sins of the world." One's reception of salvation is related to justification. 26.Trinity 三位一体refers to the teaching that the one God comprises three distinct, eternally co-existingpersons; the Father _____________, the Holy Spirit _____________, and ___ the Son __________.27.Christianity regards the Bible, a collection of canonical books in two parts: the Old Testament and the NewTestament, as authoritative. It is believed by Christians to have been written by __ human authors ___________under the inspiration of _ the Holy S pirit ____________, and therefore for many it is held to be the inerrant word of __ God ___________.28.The Old Testament is about _God and the laws of God__, and the New Testament is about ___thedocturment of Jewish__________. The Word “Testament” means “_ agreement____________”.29.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the " _ "Five Books" ____________" of Moses: _ Genesis _创世纪___________, ___ Exodus __________, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.30.The Torah圣经旧约之首五卷contains the Ten commandments __十诫___________, of God, revealed atMount Sinai _____________.31.Jesus of Nazareth lived in ____奥古斯丁_________ during the reign of the first __罗马大帝___________Emperor Augustus.32.At the beginning Christianity was regarded as a rebellious and disintegrating movement and was subjected tofrequent ________迫害_____.33.Most Christians believe that human beings experience divine judgment and are rewarded either with eternaldamnation _下地狱____________or eternal ___ life __________.34.Christians believe that the second coming of Christ will occur at the end of time.35._second coming of Christ ____________ is a part of theology and philosophy concerned with what isbelieved to be the final events in the history of the world, or the ultimate destiny of humanity, commonly referred to as the end of the world.mon English translations of the word amen阿门include: " __V erily ____真实_______", " __ Truly___________", " So be it _____________", and " _ Let it be ____________."37.The __ The Lord's Prayer _ or Our Father __________ (called Holy _ Communion _圣餐___________, orthe Lord's Supper _____________) is the part of liturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually _ bread ____________ and _ wine ____________.38.Prayer _____________is "the act of communicating with a deity or spirit in worship". Specific forms of thismay include _praise ____________, requesting __ guidance ___________ or assistance _____________, confessing ___ sins __________, as an act of reparation or an expression of one's thoughts and emotions. 39.In Christian belief and practice, a __ sacrament __圣礼_________ is a rite, instituted by Christ, that mediatesgrace, constituting a sacred mystery.40.In Christianity, __ baptism ___________is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which one is admitted as afull member of the Christian Church.41.The ___ crucifix __________ is a cross with a representation of __ Jesus' body ___________, or corpus. It isa principal symbol of the Christian religion.42.From at least the _____4th________ century, Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping ofWestern civilization.43.Christianity may be broadly represented as being divided into five main groupings: _Roman Catholicism____________, _ Eastern Orthodoxy ____________, Oriental Orthodoxy, _ Protestantism ____________and Restorationism.复原主义。
西方文化概论(Z01K02)
一、单项选择题1.最早出自罗马的是以下哪一项制度？（）A、封建制B、民主制C、共和制D、城邦制答案： C2.被称为“英雄时代”，是希腊文明中的（）。
A、克里特文明时代B、希腊文明时代C、迈锡尼文明时代D、黑暗时代答案： D3.atom在古希腊被认为是（）的意思。
A、本质B、物质C、不可分D、种子答案： C4.在古希腊，以下哪一位是米利都学派的创始人，被誉为自然哲学之父？（）A、苏格拉底B、柏拉图C、亚里士多德D、泰勒斯答案： D5.以下哪一项是罗马法的一般性的哲学基础和法理学基础？A、《万民法》B、《公民法》C、《外邦法》D、《自然法》答案： D6.古罗马在公元前450年制定的《十二铜表法》是（）。
A、成文法B、习惯法C、公民法D、交易法答案： A7.罗马人认为罗马起源的传说和以下哪一种动物有关？（）A、狼B、豹C、狗D、狮子答案： A8.凯撒最终遭到（）刺杀而身亡。
A、屋大维B、埃及艳后C、罗马元老D、高卢人答案： C二、判断题1.在罗马历中，将七月献给奥古斯都，将八月献给凯撒。
A、正确B、错误答案：错误2.爱琴文明不是最早的希腊文明。
A、正确B、错误答案：错误3.希腊在希波战争之前，是分离主义，战争之后，开始帝国主义。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确4.古希腊的悲剧往往产生于好人和坏人之间的冲突，体现的是善恶相争的结果。
A、正确B、错误答案：错误5.希腊土居最早建立了迈锡尼文明。
A、正确B、错误答案：错误6.三权分立的最初模型的形成是在伯里克利时期，雅典民主制度完成时。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确7.法国的启蒙运动传入德国后就变成了思想的大革命。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确8.迈锡尼文明有对克里特文明的借鉴，也有北方粗狂的特点。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确9.伊斯坦布尔的由来是土耳其入侵罗马帝国后，将君士坦丁堡改名而来的。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确10.罗马的政治中心是东罗马，官方语言是拉丁语。
A、正确B、错误答案：错误11.古希腊时期，立法者吕库古进行了彻底的政治改革，废除了债务奴隶。
西方文化 试题及答案
西方文化试题及答案题一：列举西方文化的特点，并分别举例说明。
西方文化的特点主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 传统与现代相结合：西方文化在长期的发展过程中，历经多个时期和重大事件的冲击、变革。
因此，它既保留了许多传统文化的元素，又与现代社会相结合，形成了独特的文化风貌。
例如，西方艺术中的古典主义和现代艺术中的抽象主义、概念艺术等风格并存。
2. 科技与创新：西方文化注重科学技术的发展与应用，强调创新和实用性。
西方国家在工业、医学、信息技术等领域取得了世界领先地位。
比如，西方国家在航天技术、人工智能、医学影像等领域的创新和突破。
3. 个人价值与自由：西方文化强调个人的价值和权利，主张尊重个体的自由和独立思考的能力。
西方国家的法律制度、民主制度、言论自由等都是基于这一价值观建立的。
例如，美国宪法中明确规定的人权和自由权利。
4. 多元开放与国际交流：西方文化接纳多元文化，促进国际交流，以开放的心态对待其他文化。
它倡导多元文化的融合与共存，培养全球化视野。
例如，欧洲国家通过欧盟的建立，实现了政治和经济的整合。
题二：从西方文化的角度，分析现代社会中存在的挑战和机遇。
西方文化在现代社会中既面临挑战，也有机遇。
1. 挑战：全球化带来的文化冲击。
随着全球化的推进，西方文化面临来自不同文化的冲击和竞争。
如何保持自身独特性、传统和核心价值面临挑战。
2. 机遇：文化多元促进创新与发展。
西方国家借助全球文化的融合，可以不断吸取其他文化的创新与发展经验。
多元文化的碰撞与融合，可以再次激发西方文化的活力和创造力。
3. 挑战：社会价值观的多元化和冲突。
随着社会的多元化发展，西方国家内部不同文化群体之间的价值观差异可能带来社会矛盾和冲突。
如何实现价值观的平衡与和谐是一个重要的挑战。
4. 机遇：推动全球性的社会问题解决。
作为先进的文化体系，西方文化具备解决全球性社会问题的能力。
例如，西方国家在气候变化、贫富差距、人权保护等领域的实践和经验可以为其他国家提供借鉴和启示。
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西方文化概论试卷及答案（一）
试卷
一、名词解释
人文主义《荷马史诗》巴洛克艺术
二、论述题
1、论述爱琴文化的特点。
2、如何评价启蒙运动？
答案
一、名词解释
人文主义：文艺复兴中的核心精神，是一种乐观向上、勇于进取的人生观和价值观，它反对中世纪教会的来世观念和禁欲主义，肯定“人”是现世生活的创造者和享受者。
它以人为宇宙的中心，要求把人的思想、感情、智慧从神学的束缚下解放出来。
因此，人文主义者弘扬人性以贬低神性，提倡人权以否定神权，主张个性自由以反对宗教桎梏。
本质上讲，它属于资产阶级的世界观。
《荷马史诗》：相传由古希腊盲诗人荷马创作的两部长篇史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的统称。
两部史诗都分成24卷，这两部史诗最初可能只是基于古代传说的口头文学，靠着乐师的背诵流传。
它作为史料，不仅反映了公元前11世纪到公元前9世纪的社会情况，而且反映了迈锡尼文明。
它再现了古代希腊社会的图景，是研究早期社会的重要史料。
《荷马史诗》不仅具有文学艺术上的重要价值，它在历史、地理、考古学和民俗学方面也提供给后世很多值得研究的东西。
巴洛克艺术：
巴洛克原为葡萄牙语，意思是畸形的珍珠，后泛指一种既具有错综复杂特性又具有夸张色彩的精湛技巧。
巴洛克是对文艺复兴后期缺乏生命力的风格主义的反动，也是盛期文艺复兴自然主义的改造。
具有更强烈、更浪漫的效果，其动态性乃是对前者静态性的突破。
最明显的特点是追求表达一种强烈的感情，是一种激情艺术。
二、论述题
1、论述爱琴文化的特点
与东方相比，由于爱琴文化还没有形成一个至高无上的神，王权也没有东方强大，所以爱琴文化受宗教和王权的束缚较小，支配自然和人间的主要是人类自身需要，开放的生产和生活方式既要求人们更深刻的了解自然，又开阔了人们的眼界。
爱琴文化是在较为自然宽松的条件下，发展起来的，因而它没有阴郁、压抑的气氛，也没有殷周青铜造型的敬畏、恐怖气息，而是弥漫着一种强烈的民间欢乐和自由，人们热爱自然和一切美好东西，渴望享受现实生活中的一切美好的东西，世俗性是爱琴文化的显著特征。
从另一个角度说，后来的希腊文化中所体现的理性精神是热情与理智的结合，这种文化不可能以轻人间重鬼神的文化作为背景。
从本质上说，理性精神是以世俗生活为基础，而与对彼岸世界生活的信仰相对立的。
爱琴文化的世俗性对希腊文化和西方文化有着深渊的影响。
可以说，爱琴文化精神在不断的扬弃中得到新生。
2、如何评价启蒙运动？
是发生在17、18世纪欧洲的一场反对封建专制和教会压迫的思想解放运动。
它反对专制王权——追求民主；反对宗教神权——追求自由；反对贵族特权——追求平等；反对愚昧和迷
信——追求科学。
代表人物是孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰、卢梭、狄德罗等，启蒙运动提倡批判的而非历史的哲学；进步的世界观；承认规律、尊重规律的宇宙观；理性主义的口号；“天赋人权”的政治观“自由放任”的经济观，进一步解放了人们思想，冲击着欧洲的封建专制统治，推动了法国大革命的爆发，传播了自由、平等思想。