A Contrastive Study of Politeness Principle betweenEnglish and Chinese
影视剧本中恭维语话题的性别差异——以美国剧本《阴差阳错》为例
影视剧本中恭维语话题的性别差异——以美国剧本《阴差阳错》为例崔艳英【摘要】恭维语是社会语言学研究的焦点课题之一.国内外学者对恭维语做了很多研究,也有很多学者关注到了恭维语的性别差异,得出一些有价值的结论.主要运用Holmes自然语言分析得出的结论,用定量的方法来考察美国剧本Drop Dead Diva中恭维语话题的性别差异.经考察发现,在该剧本的164例恭维语语料中,恭维语话题的确存在显著的性别差异,Holmes的结论在剧本分析中可以得以实证性验证.同时,恭维语话题性别差异的主要解释机制是性别刻板.性别刻板,作为两性分别建构性别角色的依据,是引起男女两性恭维语话题差异的重要原因.【期刊名称】《中北大学学报（社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2012(028)006【总页数】4页(P45-48)【关键词】美国英语;恭维话题;性别差异;《阴差阳错》【作者】崔艳英【作者单位】太原科技大学外国语学院,山西太原030024【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H080 引言恭维语① “Compliment”一词除了可译为恭维语外,还可翻译为称赞语,本文选用恭维语作为术语。
,正如寒暄语和致谢语一样,是一种高度公式化的言语行为。
它是一种礼貌的言语行为,是说话者对听话者具备的良好素质或所属物的显性或隐性恭维。
作为一种言语行为,恭维语是每个社团经常出现的语言现象。
从社会行为的角度看,恭维语所体现出的是对日常生活交际中人与事的价值判断、评价、欣赏与赞美,是对所处社会文化价值环境的反映。
恭维语作为一种社交用语,不仅可以缩短交际者之间的社会距离,而且可以联络感情,维系正常的人际关系。
1 国内外恭维语研究现状及其意义1.1 国外恭维语研究现状国外很多学者从不同角度对恭维语进行了研究。
Pomerantz是研究恭维语的第一人,其研究涉及到恭维语及其应答形式[1]79－112。
Manes and Wolfson采用的方法是随机抽取日常生活中的恭维语素材及其应答部分,研究对象为美国中产阶级,她们的研究发现恭维语的句法和语义构成有一定的规律性 [2]116－132。
Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese
• The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speed recovery.
(2) 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外 界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足， 就变得更加严重了。
译文：The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
• 久仰久仰。 • I am heard so much about you. • 详情容后奉告。 • I’ll give you the details later.
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THAT’S ALL! THANK YOU!
• 他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内 侵犯基本人权，因此受到了各地热爱自由 的人们的谴责。
• Every country is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security.
• 每个国家需要什么来保护国家安全，只有 她自己才能做出最好的判断。
• 哈佛大学，不管它如何自命高明，终究还是 个学府圣地，在那里把问题看错了，无非丢 脸而已，总不至于完蛋。
A Contrastive Study of Chinese and English
Learning English Is Fun
3.汉语注重音节均匀，成双成对:对偶 排比 反复 叠音 汉语注重音节均匀，成双成对 对偶 排比,反复 对偶,排比 反复,叠音 汉语注重音节均匀
行行过太行, 行行过太行, On and on past Taihang we walk By and by to Yanan we make our way Again and again with old friends we talk, One by one we count our hairs grey.
人到事中迷,就怕没人提. 人到事中迷,就怕没人提.
When a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint. There is no difference but difference of degrees between different degrees of difference and no difference.
人生来平等。 人生来平等。
All men are created equal.
做人难，做女人难，做名女人更难。 做人难，做女人难，做名女人更难。
It is difficult for everyone to live in this world, esp. a famous woman.
请你画一个大树，树根、树干、树枝、树丫、树叶都必须画全。 请你画一个大树，树根、树干、树枝、树丫、树叶都必须画全。
1. 英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 英语有形态变化 汉语没有严格意义的形态变化. 汉语没有严格意义的形态变化
English : gender, number, case, tense, voice, mood, degree of comparison, person and parts of speech.
英汉礼貌用语对比
外国语学院语言学导论课程论文课题名称：Contrast in expressions of Politeness between English and Chinese英汉礼貌用语对比学生姓名：学号：专业：英语班级：2011级3班授课教师：AbstractIn intercultural communication, people always are faced with difficulties not only from using different languages but also from different cultural backgrounds. These language barriers often lead to unsuccessful communication. In order for favoring communication, this article will discuss the contrast between English and Chinese politeness principle as well as the communication barriers due to language differences. Key wordsPoliteness, Cultural differences, Intercultural communication1.IntroductionCommunication is the mutual contact between people, and the connection with each other's behavior. Where there are people, where there is human interaction. And at the same time, contact will occur, communicative. People can use language or non-verbal language to express ideas or share feelings. However, this communication process is very complex. People's verbal communication is always influenced by many non-linguistic factors.In the cross-cultural communication of English speakers and Chinese speakers, communication isn’t often smooth, because the two sides do not understand their cultural background. For better communication, British linguist Leach made the famous "Politeness Principle".As a universal phenomenon in all societies, politeness is what people of different cultural backgrounds all try to observe for the purpose of increasing communicative competence. Being an important element in intercultural communication, politeness helps establish, maintain or consolidate harmonious interpersonal relationships, and reduces conflicts and misunderstandings. Therefore, principles of politeness in different cultures should be realized by students. This thesis intends to discuss the exhibition of cultural differences on politeness to help Chinese learners have a better understanding of different principles of politeness in English. Besides, this paper is to explore efficient means to teach students to use English in the polite way in order tocommunicate effectively and efficiently.2.Contrast in expressions of Politeness between English andChineseCultural differences in everyday conversation refer to the differences in habits and rules in communication between different cultures (Liang Jinghong, 2005). Customs are influenced and shaped by the beliefs and values of people in a certain community. People are brought up in community and they are so accustomed to their ways of doing things that they cannot accept different actions for achieving the same goal. Therefore, in this part, differences of politeness such as addressing, greeting, complimenting between English and Chinese are to be discussed.2.1Communicating TopicsIn Chinese culture, between colleagues, between students, between friends almost all kinds of topics are reasonable in talking, such as work, health, salary, marriage, age and so on. However, in English-speaking countries, people often just talk about the weather, work, hobbies and other topics. It also can be more free and open to talk about pregnancy and even sex. But some topic on marital status, children, income, religion and others which belong to the "privacy content" should be ignored. When Chinese people express concern for the health of others, they often ask the health condition of others straightly and make some advisory recommendations. While in English-speaking countries, when people ask the health condition, the tone should be tactful and sincere. When the other does not need you to give your advice, do not put forward proposals.2.2AddressingName is the address form which communication is relied on. Different languages have different address forms. The address forms can reflect different national cultures. Chinese attaches great importance to human kinship. Respect is very essential in Chinese culture. When younger people address the elders, they should call them "grandfather", "grandmother" and other titles to replace their name, not by their name. The same situation with calling teachers, students in China must call them “teacher”, that is sir or madam. But in western countries, teachers can be called by their names. Terms of family relationshipsare only used for relatives in English. But in Chinese, they are not only used for relatives, but also for non-relatives. For example, the young in China always call the women who are elder than them “sister” or “aunt” and those men “brother” or “uncle”.2.3 Greeting and FarewellGreetings are used every day, but they are not conducted in the same way in different cultures. When westerners meet an acquaintance, they often greet each other with “Hello”, “Hi”, or “How are you?” But a Chinese will say “chi le ma?” (Have you eaten?), or “qu na li ?” (Where are you going?). When a native English speaker hears those, he or she may interpret it as an invitation to dinner or interference in his or her personal affairs. So when interacting with foreigners, Chinese should pay more attention. In English, the common ways of greeting are “Good morning”, “Hi”, “Hello”, “How are you?”, and “How is everything going?”When acquaintances part, the English speakers may say “Goodbye”, “See you”, and “Good luck”. Differently,in Chinese, when a guest leaves, the host will show the guest to th e door and say “man zou” (Walk slowly.), “zou hao” (Take care.), or “yi lu shun feng” (Have a nice trip.). But none of these can be directly translated into English.2.4Compliments and ResponsesIn cross-cultural communication, since English speakers and Chinese speakers have different politeness principle to praise or compliment, communicative disorders produce inevitably. Expressions such as “hen hao, bu cuo, hen bang” in Chinese are often used, which mean “great, good, terrific” in English. However, there d o exist some cultural differences in compliments between English and Chinese. One difference lies in who can be complimented. It is usual for an American woman to praise her husband, talking about how hard he works and how well he has done. She might do the same about a son or a daughter of hers. In the English-speaking countries, one can praise one’s family members. But we Chinese people seldom compliment our family members in front of others. The Chinese are polite rather than honest while the westerners tend to be frank and direct. The other difference lies in what can be complimented. It is quite common for a male English speaker to compliment females on her good looks. But in China, praising a man on his wife’s looks will be regarded as indecent, and ev en a taboo. When responding tocompliments, westerners tend to accept the compliments naturally by saying “Thank you!” In contrast, Chinese generally murmur something implying that he or she is not worthy of the praise in order to show modesty, because modesty is considered as a kind of traditional virtue. In China, modesty is the best policy, but to westerners, honesty is the best policy (Luo Ningxia, 2000).2.5 ApologiesBoth Chinese and English have expressions for apologies. For example, there are “dui bu qi”, “bao qian”, “hen yi han”in Chinese and “I am sorry”, and “Excuse me” in English. But generally speaking, English speakers apologize more often than the Chinese people by saying “Excuse me” preceding a request or an interruption. When they want to push their way out of the crowd, leave a dinning table to the toilet, stop a stranger to ask for direction, and even when they need to answer the phone, they would usually say this. But in China, “dui bu qi”, “hen yi han” are very often used only when they feel sympathetic or when they need to bother others. In English, “Excuse me” can also be heard when someone sneezes or hiccups. This is quite different from Chinese culture.2.6 TaboosTaboo expressions exist in nearly all cultures, and inappropriate use of taboo language will cause obstacles in communication. Expressions concerning some phenomenon are considered as taboos in both Chinese and English cultures such as human’s excreta and death. But generally speaking, there are more taboos in English than in Chinese. English-speaking people place a higher value on privacy. Therefore, some topics would be considered as privacy and it is impolite to mention these topics. For instance, asking others about age, especially a woman’s age, is regarded as impolite in western cultures. Besides age, other topics such as income, marital status, and religion are also sensitive topics which may likely cause offense. Chinese sometimes talk about health and express their concern by giving some advice such as “Have a rest.”,“Put on more clothes and drink more water.” However, English speakers will feel uncomfortable on hearing these words. According to English culture, they are independent adults and are supposed to be able to take care of themselves. Such expressions as “Put on more clothes” seem to deny their ability of taking care of themselves. On this occasion, expressions such as “Look after yourself.”, “Hopeyou will be better soon.” sound better to them.3ConclusionIn summary, politeness is a social phenomenon, and generally exist in a variety of languages. Different cultures have different standards of politeness and expression. In cross-cultural communication, the students should try to avoid misunderstanding of courtesy, make relationships closer, and promote communication between people with different cultures. Teachers in English teaching should seize the opportunity to import the culture of English-speaking countries to the students. It is hoped that English learners will attach great importance to the communicative functions of the target language so that they will realize the importance of using polite language appropriately, and then their pragmatic competence of target language will be greatly improved.This paper does not aim to cover all aspects of politeness in EFL teaching. Its ideas and arguments are far from mature. But it is our sincere hope that through a careful study of politeness in FL classroom, we can achieve a more effective teaching and improve students’ communicative competence.BibliographyBrown, P. & S, Levinson. (1978). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Gu, Yueguo. (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, (2), 237-257.Hinkel, E. (1999). Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.Swan, M. (1980). Practical English Usage. London: Oxford University Press.。
英语专业a contrastive study of english and chinese body language’s cultural connotations本科论文
学号：4106027012 泰山医学院毕业设计（论文）A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Body Language’s Cultural Connotations 院（部）系外国语学院所学专业英语本科（非英双专业第二学位）年级、班级2007级1班完成人姓名指导教师姓名专业技术职务2010年5月17日A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Body Language’s Cultural ConnotationsByWang ChunsuSupervisor：Lan XiaoxiaoSubmitted to the School of Foreign Languagesin Partial Fulfillment of Requirements forthe Degree of Bachelor of ArtsTaishan Medical UniversityTaian, ChinaMay, 2010论文原创性保证书我保证所提交的论文都是自己独立完成，如有抄袭、剽窃、雷同等现象，愿承担相应后果，接受学校的处理。
专业：英语本科（非英双专业第二学位）班级：2007级1班签名：2010年5 月17 日AbstractPeople usually rely on languages to communicate, to express their thought or to transmit the information, but just using the languages or words are not vivid enough to communicate in our life. So, we always need the help of body language. Body language, including hand gestures, eye contact, facial expression, body distance, body touch and so on. Body language differs from culture to culture, therefore it is necessary to understand the different meanings of body language in different countries.This thesis, first discusses the definition, importance and function of body language in the communication through the elaboration of some examples; moreover, this thesis majorly focuses on the differences of English and Chinese body language’s cultural connotations, especially those in hand gesture, eye contact, facial expression, body distance and body touch; at last, this thesis discusses the reasons for the differences of English and Chinese body language’s cultural connotations.The research of English and Chinese body language in cross-cultural communication is helpful for people to diminish or avoid misunderstandings caused by the cultural connotations of body language in different countries.Key words: communication; body language; cultural connotations; difference; reason摘要人们在传递信息，表达思想，交流感情时，主要借助于语言交际，然而仅仅使用文字或言语，有时不够生动形象，因而这时就需要非语言交际。
儿童语言习得关键期假说的教育语言学重估
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English in China34 论《爱玛》的反讽艺术35 我看《了不起的盖茨比》中的美国梦36 现实主义在伊迪丝•华顿的小说《伊坦•弗洛美》中的体现37 On the Differences of Rules for Eye Contact Between the East and the West38 绝望而不言败的抗争——塞林格的《麦田守望者》39 简论英汉习语翻译40 文化负载词的交际翻译论——以《吾国与吾民》为例41 从心理学角度试析简爱性格的对立性42 关于汉字“打”在英语翻译中的研究43 口译中的简化与增补44 从《麦田里的守望者》看霍尔顿的摇滚情结45 《道连葛雷的画像》叙事艺术的分析46 Text Cohesion in English Business Contracts47 英汉情感隐喻认知对比分析48 论英汉植物词语的文化附加义49 On China English as A Localized Variety of English and its Implications for ELT50 英语复合名词的认知语义研究51 A Study of Intertextuality in Advertising Text52 论“迷惘的一代”告别“美国梦”——浅谈《永别了，武器》和《了不起的盖茨比》53 从《肖申克的救赎》看体制化对个人的影响54 合作学习模式在高中英语口语教学中的应用55 英语中的性别歧视56 埃德加爱伦坡哥特小说中的死亡主题探索57 从跨文化交际角度看电影片名翻译58 对《傲慢与偏见》中贝内特太太及其女儿们的人物评论59 从奥巴马访华报道看中美媒体报道差异60 通过巴丝谢芭看哈代的宿命论61 解析名词化与商务语篇的汉英翻译62 商务英语谈判的翻译技巧63 金融英语的规范性及翻译策略研究64 A Comparison of the English Color Terms65 英汉形状类量词的隐喻认知分析66 An Eco-Critical Approach to Moby Dick67 On the Chinese Loanwords from English68 《白象似的群山》隐含意义解读69 英语写作中的母语迁移作用及教学启示70 A Comparative Analysis of Wolf Images Between Wolf Totem and The Call of the Wild71 古典诗歌中典故的翻译72 电影英文片名汉译的原则73 D.H 劳伦斯《盲人》中的人文主义研究74 英译汉语序比较研究75 语码转换———从正式场合到非正式场合76 交际教学法在当前高中外语教学过程中的实效性77 语法翻译法与交际法的对比研究78 浅析《双城记》中狄更斯的浪漫现实主义79 浅析“翻译文学”的本体认知与功用价值80 相同之爱，不同诠释——从美剧《吉尔莫女孩》看东西方母女关系之异同81 A Comparative Study of A Wordsworth’s Nature Poem and One by Tao Yuanming82 中英色彩词的文化内涵异同分析83 英语写作中教师的书面反馈84 浅析海尔的企业制度文化85 欧•亨利《最后一片叶子》解读86 Metaphorical Analysis of Polysemy and Its Application in English Teaching87 An Analysis of T wo Women in the Film of The French Lieutenant’s Woman —Victorian Woman vs. Modern Woman88 《洛丽塔》主题与艺术技巧之探析89 从“俄狄浦斯情结”的角度解析《儿子与情人》90 浅谈《认真的重要性》里现实主义和唯美主义的冲突91 论《红字》中的孤独感92 高中英语新课标在xx中实施情况调查与分析93 中美肢体语言的差异94 英汉被动句语义特征对比分析95 分析《雾都孤儿》中的讽刺手法96 圣诞节对大学生的影响的调查研究97 从文化差异比较研究中美家庭教育98 浅析英语外加状语的语用功能99 不做房间里的天使——解读《爱玛》中的女性主体意识100 《德伯家的苔丝》中亚雷形象分析101 英汉习语中价值观的差异102 关联理论视角下幽默的英汉翻译103 论奥巴马就职演讲词的排比修辞104 爵士时代美国东西部的差距在盖茨比的人生悲剧中所扮演的角色105 论跨文化交际中的中西文化冲突106 美的遗失与幻灭——论托妮莫里森小说《最蓝的眼睛》中的黑人世界107 外贸英语函电的文体特征及翻译对策108 英语商务信函中礼貌策略的应用109 浅析《红字》中女性主义的具体体现110 汽车广告功能分析111 从《印度之行》看东西方文化冲突112 英语电影片名翻译策略研究113 Strategy Researches to Improve College Students’oral English114 论惠特曼的战争诗歌115 从花语的不同含义浅析中西方文化差异116 十九世纪英国女性小说中的两位灰姑娘——伊利莎白•班纳特和简•爱形象比较117 海丝特白兰—清教时代的新女性118 《屋顶丽人》中的多重冲突及其张力119 A Study of Pragmatic Functions of English Euphemisms120 论“黑”字所体现的对美国黑人的种族歧视121 不同的阅读任务对高中生英语词汇附带习得的影响122 从合作原则的违反谈黑色幽默在《第二十二条军规》中的实现123 杰克凯鲁亚克与垮掉的一代124 成都旅游定位和发展对策125 激发幼儿学习英语兴趣126 大学英语课堂教学中师生互动的重要性127 中美人际关系比较128 德伯家的苔丝中苔丝的悲剧成因分析129 浅析美国高等教育的创新130 《白象似的群山》中话语权利争夺探究131 从输出原理探讨非英专业英语口语活动的设计132 觉醒的女性意识：《嘉莉妹妹》中女性主义分析133 论《紫颜色》中黑人妇女的反抗134 论《远离尘嚣》中女主人公的悲剧原因135 从关联-顺应理论视角研究旅游文本英译136 中西文化差异在家庭教育中的体现137 《白雪公主》的后现代主义创作技巧138 The Name Translation in A Dream of Red Mansions139 时政新词翻译探析140 比较“迷惘一代”与“垮掉一代”141 英语教学中合作学习策略的初步研究142 论福克纳《八月之光》中的耶稣形象143 On Disillusionment of “American Dream”－－A Comparative Study on Fitzgerald and Dick Diver144 谈成长中的大卫•科波菲尔的情感波折145 The Painful Growth of Scarlett O’Hara in Her Three Marriages146 从电视剧《绝望主妇》看委婉语的交际功能147 《麦田里的守望者》的原型分析148 化妆品品牌名称翻译审美与选词149 罗伯特•弗罗斯特田园诗歌意象的象征意义150 On the Linguistic Characteristics of the Constitution of the United States and Its Translation Skills151 An Analysis of Symbols in The Great Gatsby152 《呼唤》中倒装句汉译策略研究153 房地产广告的英译研究154 从《道连格雷的画像》谈唯美主义艺术观155 《夜访吸血鬼》中的模糊性别观156 论《茶花女》中女主人公玛格丽特的女性魅力在男权主义下的体现157 On Diversified Application of English Euphemism158 A Contrastive Study of Politeness Principle in English and Chinese159 海明威的生态意识在《老人与海》中的体现160 A Study of Neo-Classicism161 A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western Countries 162 CBI理论诠释及在英语教学中的应用163 On the Sufferings of the Protagonists in Wilde’s Fairy Tales from the Aesthetic Perspective 164 自我毁灭——了不起的盖茨比的必由之路165 小学英语课堂互动式教学研究166 从功能翻译理论分析高校网页的汉译英167 从简•奥斯汀作品中的礼仪看英国人的社交心理168 A Survey on Self-regulated Learning of English Major169 弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦的悲剧英雄形象170 英汉谚语的文化对比及翻译171 从制度文明起源的角度浅谈中西方家庭观念的差异172 女性主义视角下的《了不起的盖茨比》173 The Process of Anna’s Spiritual Integration in Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook174 对当今中国大学英语作为第二外语的教学方法的观察和思考175 试析诗歌翻译中文化意象的处理176 论大学英语口语课外活动177 田纳西•威廉斯《玻璃动物园》中的南方淑女形象178 论《呼啸山庄》中两代人之间不同的爱情观179 《飘》与《倾城之恋》中的女性形象对比研究180 PPT课件在理论课教学中的应用及思考181 汉英“甜”字隐喻用法对比182 “集体无意识”理论观照下艾米莉的悲剧性183 On the Functions of Me taphor in Obama’s Inaugural Address184 试论合作学习在初中英语教学中的应用185 A Comparative Study of Jane Austen and Emily Dickinson186 Contrariety of William Blake－－Image Analysis of Songs of Innocence and of Experience 187 中美鬼节文化的对比研究188 从奈达翻译理论初探英汉新闻导语翻译策略189 语用移情及其在英语学习中的运用190 从女性视角看文化冲突—基于亨利•詹姆斯的两部小说191 《了不起的盖茨比》中盖茨比的美国梦的破灭192 西方电影片名翻译的功能目的论分析193 英汉模糊语言对比研究及其翻译194 透过《马丁•伊登》看杰克伦敦对超人哲学的矛盾心态195 战争隐喻在体育新闻报道中的运用196 从电影《暮光之城》浅析吸血鬼文化的改变197 Study on the Basic Principles of Legal English Translation198 儿童语言习得关键期假说的教育语言学重估199 《呼啸山庄》中的哥特元素分析200 论海勒《第二十二条军规》小人物生存模式。
Contrastive studies of English and Chinese Language and Culture
英汉文化语言学的研究对象
1. 理论研究：英汉文化语言学的体系、性质、任务、目标、原则、 方法；英汉语言与中西文化的关系、与相关学科的关系等。 2. 实用研究：中西文化差异的英汉词语涵义。例如：成语、谚语、 俚语、敬语、谦语、俗语、熟语、委婉语、禁忌语、交际语、问 候语、礼貌语、祝福语、致谢语、吉祥语、恭维语、称谓语、歇 后语、双关语、体态语、拟声词、重叠词、颜色词、数量词、动 物词、植物词、食物词、味觉词、季节词、方位词、服饰词、人 体器官词、自然气象词、政治词语、宗教词语、角色用语、民间 信仰词语、典故神话词语、民族或国情惯用语、新生事物词语等。 3.应用研究：跨文化交际学；文化翻译学；语言教学。
Substitutive vs. Repetitive
10. 替换与重复 英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复，讲英语的人对于随意 重复相同的音节、词语或句式往往感到厌烦。英语用 替代的形式来代替上文或句中已出现的词语或内容， 以避免重复并连接上下文。这是写作的一项重要原则。 名词、动词、分句性替代，省略、变换替代（同义词、 近义词、上义词等）。 汉语的重复无论在使用范围、出现频率或表现方式的 多样性等方面都远远超过英语。汉语的重叠、重复、 对偶与排比。
Hypotactic vs. Paratactic
二、汉语的意合法 汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯， 注重时间和事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以意役 形。reader-responsible, high-context language. 语序：汉语少用或不用关联词语，语义与语序密切相 关。汉语中三分之二的因果句不到必要时，不用关联 词。 反复、排比、对偶、对照等，句式整齐、结构匀称， 互文见义，往往不用关联词。 紧缩句、四字格。意合法在汉语属常态，在英语属变 态。
A Contrastive Study of the “Subject” in English and Chinese
A Contrastive Study of the “Subject” in English and ChineseAbstract: Because of the differences in language, culture and mode of thinking between East and West there exist dissimilarities in the use of the subject of a sentence between English and Chinese. The essay tries to explore respectively the different characteristics and uses of the subject between the two languages which include some differences both in morphology and syntax.Key words: Subject；translate；mode of thinking；difference1 IntroductionWithout doubt, a sentence is always a unit for people to express something and we usually translate an article sentence by sentence. The subject and the predicate are the main parts of a sentence. When we translate a sentence, the first and also most important thing we should do is to determine the subject of the sentence, then to determine the predicate and other elements of the sentence. However, because of the differences in language, culture and mode of thinking between east and west, there exist dissimilarities too in the use of the subject between the two languages, so it is necessary for us to compare the “Subject” in English and Chinese.2 The Definition of “Subject”According to Longman Lexi con of Contemporary English, the subject “ is a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that comes before a main verb and represents the person or thing that performs the action of the verb or about which something is stated.” (Tom. McArthur: 1991) The Dictionary Co ntemporary Chinese Dictionary compiled by Wang Tong Yi, gives a definition about “subject”: “The subject as an object of a statement, occurs before the predicate in subject-predicate phrases to answer questions like ‘who’or ‘what’.”(Wang TongYi: 2001)3 A contrastive Study of the “Subject” in English and Chinese3.1SimilaritiesOn the whole, the relations between the subject and the predicate of a Chinese sentence and an English one are much the same in semantic types. The subject of a Chinese sentence, and that of the English one can be divided into three types:The Agentive subject :the initiator of some action, capable of acting with volition.e.g. We offered the young man a reward.我们给小伙子一笔奖金。
星巴克英文广告语
星巴克英文广告语篇一：星巴克饮料名英文版第一部分：经典咖啡类1.热饮系列：Hotespresso拿铁：caffelatte香草拿铁：Vanillalatte美式咖啡：caffeamericano卡布奇诺：cappuccino摩卡:caffemocha焦糖玛奇朵:caramelmacchiato浓缩咖啡:Espresso浓缩康保蓝：EspressoconPanna浓缩玛奇朵：Espressomacchiato2、冰饮系列：icedEspresso冰拿铁：icedcaffeLatte冰香草拿铁：icedVanillaLatte冰摩卡：冰焦糖玛奇朵：1caramelEspressomocha:coffee2、无咖啡系列：Blendedcream焦糖星冰乐：caramel抹茶星冰乐：GreenTea香草星冰乐：Vanilla巧克力星冰乐：chocolate3、果茶系列：BlendedJuice芒果西蕃莲果茶星冰乐：mangoPassionFruit第三部分：咖啡和茶coffee&Tea1、新鲜调制咖啡Brewedcoffee本周精选咖啡：coffeeofTheweek密思朵咖啡：caffemisto冰调制咖啡：icedBrewedcoffee2、泰舒茶TazoTea抹茶拿铁：GreenTeaLatte英式咖啡：EnglishBreakfast伯爵红茶：EarlGrey冰摇泰舒茶：icedShakenTea冰摇柠檬茶：icedShakenLemonTea3、其他饮料otherFavorite经典热巧克力（含牛奶）：SignatureHotchocolate(containdairy) 冰经典巧克力（含牛奶）：牛奶：milk豆奶：Soymilk气泡矿泉水：Sparklingmineralwater矿泉水：mineralwater果汁：Juice瓶装星冰乐：BottledFrappuccino妈逼以后天天去星巴克，不喝就进去跟服务员BB你知道吗？星巴克里的英文术语shots和syrup难住了，尤其是shots，百思不得其解，上网搜索了才知道到大家^SHoTS的浓缩烘焙咖啡，然后倒入热水，调治而成。
从礼貌原则上看中西委婉语的差异毕业论文含开题报告
本科生毕业论文（设计）题目：Comparison of English and Chinese EuphemismBased on the Politeness Principle从礼貌原则上看中西委婉语的差异系别：外国语言文学系专业：英语AbstractAlong with the continuous development of globalization, the communications between China and western countries have been increasing gradually in economy, politics and culture. More and more of us are required to understand people coming from countries and cultures different from our own, so the impact of difference between Oriental and Occidental cultures on international trade becomes increasingly exposed. In the cross-culture communication, we can not be ignorant of the differences between English and Chinese euphemism.In addition, p oliteness is the symbol of human culture and society’s universal phenomenon. However, the different cultures has different politeness principle which does not use to weigh the standard as well as the expression way. Learning the different usages of English and Chinese euphemisms based on the politeness principle aims at pointing out that people can put the euphemisms into right usage only if people understand correctly different cultures. Only in this way, we can avoid some mistakes, misunderstanding or even conflicts. Thus, we can promote the cross-cultural communication going effectively and to be in the best condition.This paper aims at discussing the differences between English and Chinese euphemisms that are faced in today's international communication and evolving appropriate measures to deal with those. It consists of four parts, with an introduction and a conclusion preceding and following them. As euphemism is a linguistic phenomenon, chapter two first states the origin and the definition of the euphemism, and the analysis of the obedience of the English and Chinese politeness principle, thus building up a better understanding of euphemism. Chapter three illustrates the differences of English and Chinese euphemism and discusses the factor forthe differences. All of these can help people to avoid pragmatic failures in communication.Key Words: Euphemism，Politeness Principle，Contrastive Analysis毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。