人教版七年级英语下册：Unit4SectionB
goout practicetheguitar dothedishes helpmommakebre
seefriends cleanhisroom akfast
Let’senjoyasong!
Ifyouarehappyandyouknowit, clapyourhands Ifyouarehappyandyouknowit, neverbeafraidtoknowit Ifyouarehappyandyouknowit, clapyourhands.
Becareful!
Noparking!
Imperativesentences
Stop. Listentome. Comehere. Gothere. Standup. Comein. Goout. Stopsmoking. Lookattheblackboard. Doyourhomework.
pletethechartwiththerulesinyourhome andschool.Check(√)therulesyouthinkareunfai r.
ThingsIhavetodo Tidyroom Practicepiano
ThingsIcan’tdo Arrivelateforclass
earetoomanyrulesathome.Everymorni ng,Igetupatsixo’clock.Amftuesrtschool,Ipl
aywithmyfriendsorwatchTVcbaenc’autseI domyhomework.Irelaxonweekendseith
emrbuesctauseIlearnthepiano.Inceavne’rhtavefu
n.WhatIdo?
haveto
ZhaoPei
can
ZhaoPei’sRules
1.getupat6o’clock 2.can’tplaywithherfriendsafterschool 3.doherhomeworkafterschool 4.can’twatchTVonschoolnights 5.can’trelaxonweekend 6.learnthepiano
canIdo,Dr.Know?
MollyBrown,NewYork
DearMolly, Iknowhowyoufeel.People alwaystellus,“Don’tdothis!” or“Youcan’tdothat!”But thinkaboutit,Molly.Thereare alotofthingsyoucanplay basketballonweekends.You canwatchTVafteryoureada book.Parentsandschoolsare sometimesstrict,butremember, theymakerulestohelpus, Wehavetofollowthem. Goodluck! Dr.Know
ReportDave’srules.Seewhoi sthebest?
Hecan’tgooutonschoolnights.Hecan’tseehisf riendsonschooldays.Hehastodohishomewor kafterschool.Hemustpracticetheguitarbefor edinner.Hecan’twatchTVintheevening.He hastohelphismommakebreakfasteverymorn ing.HemustcleanhisroomeverySaturday.
Stayuplate
3c.WritealettertoDr.Know.Tellthe rulesandhowyoufeelaboutthem.
OnePossibleVersion
DearDr.Know, Therearetoomanyrulesinmylife! Athome,Ihavetohelpmymomanddaddothe disheseveryday.AndIhavetocleanmyroomon Saturdays.Ican’tgooutwithmyfriendsonweekends. Atschool,wecan’teatinclass.Wehavetowearaschoolu niform.Andwecan’tbenoisyinthehallways. HowcanIrelaxwithsomanyrules?WhatshouldIdo? KenLi
Doyouknowthesesignsinacity? Whatdotheymean?
Walk. Ridehorses.
Don’twalk. Don’tridehorses.
Run.
Don’trun.
Turnright.
Don’tturnright.
Don’tturnleft.
Nosmoking.
schoolbecauseImustdomyhomework.I
canplayonlyonweekends.Afterdinner,I can’trelaxeither.Imustreadabookbefore
IcanwatchTV.ButIhavetogotobedbefore 10:00.Rules,rules,rules!It’sterrible!What
2c.Readthelettersagainandcomplete thesentenceswithhaveto/must,can orcan’t.
1.Mollypclaanyb’astketballonschooldays,butsheplayitonwee
kends.
2.Mollydmouhsetrhomeworkfirstwhenshegetshome.
kitthebed
relax
noisy
strict
followtherules
learn
remember keepquiet
2a.Whenyouareunhappyaboutsomething, whodoyouliketotalkto?
Takeawalk WatchTV Playgames Listentomusic Chatwithfriends …
3.Mollyrheaadvaebtookafterdinnerbeforeshe
watchTV.
4.Atschool,Mollybecnaonis’yort eatinclass.
5.Parentsandschoolsmakerulestohelpstudents.
Sostudentsfolhloawvtehteorules.
空白演示
在此输入您的封面副标题
Unit4 Don’teatinclass.
SectionB
你知道这些规则的意思吗？
Don’truninside. 不要在室内乱跑。 Don’tpush. 不要推搡。 Don’tlitter. 不乱扔垃圾。
Saveelectricity. 节约用电。
Savewater. 节约用水。
1c.Listenagain.WritewhenDavehastofollo wtherulesinthechartinb1.Choosefromthe phraseinthebox.
ontheschoolnights everySaturday beforedinner
intheevening onschooldays afterdinner
停 听我讲 来这儿 去那儿 起立 进来 出去 不要吸烟 看黑板 做作业
Takemetoyourheart. Loveme,lovemydog. Comeon! Givemeacall. Openthedoor. Excuseme! Haveatry. Helpyourself. Let’sgo. Letmesee. Bequiet.
Hehastodohisho meworkaftersch ool.
Hehastohelphism ommakebreakfas teverymorning.
Hemustcleanhi Hemustpracticetheg sroomeverySat uitarbeforedinner. urday.
everymorning
everySaturday
1d.TalkabouttherulesinDave’shouse.
Hecan’twatchT Vintheevening. Hecan’tgoouto nschoolnights.
Hecan’tseehisfriends onschooldays.
1b.Listenandputan×forthingsDave can’tdoanda√forthingshehastodo.
Rules
Can’ Haveto/M When
t
ust(√)
(×)
ah goout
××
c seefriends
√
e dohishomework
√
b practicetheguitar
√
g dothedishes
×
watchTV
d
helphismommakebre
√
oonnsscchhoooollndiagyhst afterschool beforedinner afterdinner intheevening
everymorning
f akfast
√
everySaturday
Pairwork
Ihavetodomyhomework afterschool.AndIcan’t watchTVonschoolnights. …
pleteZhaoPei’slettertoDr.Know usinghaveto/must,can’torcan.
人教版七年级下册英语unit4单元全套课件
➢ 中考链接
【2019·江苏宿迁】 — __D_o_n_’_t_m__a_k_e_ (not make) a mess on
the balcony, Betty. — Sorry, I won’t.
【2019·四川南充】
— Mum, may I play computer games
Ⅱ.组句。
1. late, don't, for school, arrive Don’t arrive late for school.
2. music, listen to, in the classroom, don't Don’t listen to music in the classroom.
Children like to listen to music. 孩子们喜欢听音乐。 3) sound“听起来”, 它是系动词，后面 接形容词等。例如: That sounds great. 那听起来真不错。 It sounds like fun. 听起来挺有趣。
3. fight 打架，争吵
1) 作动词用： Jack never fights with his brother. 杰克从不和他的弟弟打架。
1) listen 听；用来提醒某人注意，后面不跟事物。 Listen! Who’s singing in the classroom? 听！谁在教室里唱歌？
2) 如果后面跟要听的事物，应跟介词to再跟事物。 Listen to our teacher carefully. 认真听老师讲。
hear, listen和sound都有“听”的意思， 但三者是有区别的。 1) hear “听说” ， 侧重于“听” 的内容。例如：
初中英语人教版七年级下册unit4 sectionb 2b
Fair or unfair
Molly’s rules
8. She can _p_l_a_y_b_a_s_k_e_t_b_a_ll_ only on weekends.
9. She has to _r_e_a_d_a__b_o_o_k_ before she can watch TV.
Listening1b Listen and put an x for things Dave can’t do and a√ for things he
has to do.
Rules
Can’t Have to/must
go out
x
see friends
x
do his homework
√
practice the guitar
Save electricity. 节约用电。
Save water.
节约用水。
Main phrases
go out practice the guitar do the dishes
see friends
clean his room
help mom make breakfast
1a Match the pictures [a-h] with the
do his homework after school
practice the guitar before dinner
do the dishes watch TV
after dinner in the evening
help his mom make every morning
breakfast
人教版七年级英语下册 Unit4 Don't eat in class SectionB 教案
Unit 4 Don’t eat in class.SectionB (1a-2c)知识目标：熟练掌握重点词汇以及重点句型：dirty, kitchen, more, noisy,make one’s bed, be strict with sb. follow the rulesThere are too many rules …I can…; I can’t…;I must…; I have to …; I…技能目标：1.能根据文章特点和活动要求使用寻读策略。
2. 能和朋友谈论校规和家规。
情感目标：能读懂一些英语的规则制度，能用英语表达和制定一些简单的规则，理解没有规矩不成方圆；无论是在学校时还是在家庭中以及以后走上社会都应当遵守规则，按规则办事。
1. 教学重点：1) 学习本课时出现的新词汇及表达方式。
2) 通过进行听力训练，让学生们能听懂本节课时所出现的新的表达方式。
3) 通过进行阅读练习来进一步学习运用本课时的新语言知识。
2. 教学难点1）阅读训练。
2）理解must, have to/ can/can't的用法三、学习过程Ⅰ. Warming- up and revision1. Greet the Ss.2. Check the homework. Let some Ss read their home rules.3.通过图片提问Do you know these signs in a city?What do they mean?4.再通过运用思维导图进行引导How many rules do you know?Ⅱ. Presentation1. Show some pictures on the big screen and let Ss learn the new words and expressions.2. 学生看着1a部分的图片___ go out___ see friends___ do his homework___ practice the guitar___ do the dishes___ watch TV___ help his mom make breakfast___ clean his room进行FREE TALKWhat can you do at home ?What can’t you do ?Can you go out on school nights?Ss: No, we can’t.T: Yes, in China, the students can’t go out on school nights.So please don’t go out on school nights.Ⅲ. Listening1. Tell Ss they'll listen to the recording about Dave's house rules. Listen and put an× for things Dave can't do and a √for things he has to do.2. Play the recording for the Ss to listen and check.3. Play the recording again for the Ss to check the answers.Ⅳ. Listening1. Now let's work on 1c. Now first, let's read the phrases aloud together.help his mom makebreakfastclean his roomWhat are the rules at your home?Can you go out on school nights?Do you have to do your homework first?Lead-inWhen you are unhappy about something, who do you like to talk to ?Task 1.Skimming （速读--默读）1. What’s Molly’s problem?2. Does she have rules in school?3. What does Molly think of the rules?Read 2b quickly and find the main idea. The main idea of the two letters is that___. A: there are many rules for MollyB: Dr. Know wants to help MollyC: Molly asks Dr. Know for some help and Dr. Know gives her some help.Task2. ScanningRead the letters again and complete the timeline (再读信，并且完成时间轴. )Task3.Detailed readingA).Read the first paragraph and fill in the blanks.B)Read the second paragraph and fill the rule made by her dad.C) Dr. Know's advice: We have to _____________.观察与思考求助信的写作格式：1)2)3)2c Read the letters again. Complete the sentences with have to/must, can or can’t.1. Molly _____ play basketball on school days, but she ____ play it on weekends.2. Molly _____ do her homework first when she gets home.3. Molly _____ read a book after dinner before she _____ watch TV.4. At school, Molly ____ be noisy or eat in class.5. Parents and schools make rules to help students. So students ______ follow the rules.Group worke.g.：At school/home/the library, we have to(must) ...We can't...（巩固）Language points1. _________ the guitar 练习吉他practice v.意为“练习”后面可跟名词、代词或动名词。
人教版七年级下unit4sectionB笔记
B1.go out 出去；外出out其反义词是in。
out还可意为“不在家”。
2.see friends 看朋友2.practice the guitar 练习吉他practice动词，名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
practice doing sth.意思是“练习做某事”4.do the dishes/wash the dishes 洗盘子5.help his mom make breakfast 帮助妈妈做早饭help sb (to)do sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”=help sb with sthhelp oneself to…意为“请随便用（吃）……”。
help用作名词，意为“帮助”，是不可数名词。
6.make breakfast“做早饭”，=cook breakfast7.on school nights在上学期间的晚上8.on school days在上学的日子9. clean his room 打扫他的房间10. before dinner 晚饭后before介词，意为“在……以前，反义词是after，意为“在……之后11. too many rules太多规则too many +可数名词太多…too much +不可数名词太多…much too +形容词太…12.make your bed 整理床铺make one’s/the bed意为“整理床铺”13. after breakfast 早饭后14. leave sth in +地点留….在某处15.more“更多的”，是many，much的比较级，修饰可数名词复数形式；也可以修饰不可数名词16. be noisy 太闹/ be quiet安静的副词noisily 吵闹地17.have a relax 放松19.20.. How you feel? 你感觉怎么样。
21.tell sb. to do sth 告诉(叫)某人做某事22.. think about 考虑,思考23.. on weekends 在周末24.. feel well 感觉好25. be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求be strict in sth. 对某事要求严格26.27. make rules to help us 制定规则是为了帮助我们28. follow the rules 遵守规则29. keep my hair short 留短发keep +sth./sb.+adj.”意为“让某物/某人保持某种状态keep sb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事30.learn to do sth.”，意为“学习/学会做某事1）learn from sb.意为“向某人学习”。
新版（人教版）七年级（下）英语Unit4课文详解
Unit 4 Don’t eat in class.Section A 2a—2d ( P20 )* 教师寄语：No rules, no standards. 没有规矩，不成方圆。
【学习目标】【学习重点】：1、学习掌握本节课的生词和短语；2、巩固祈使句的用法；3、学习情态动词can表示许可的肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句及肯定、否定回答。
4、提高学生的听说能力。
【体验学习】：I、预习交流1. 根据音标拼读单词并牢记；2. 自学课文，勾画出重点和疑惑。
II、翻译官1. eat outside ________________2. wear a hat ___________________3. a lot of ___________________4. be late for class_______________5. 不得不__________________6. 穿校服_____________________7. 保持安静________________【课堂导学】：I、新课呈现Step1 RevisionReview the school rules at P19.Step2 PresentationPresent key sentences in this period.This is a great school, but there are a lot of rules.Can we bring music players to school?And we always have to wear the school uniform.And we also have to be quiet in the library.Step3 ListeningListen and finish 2a and 2b. Check the answers.Step4 Pair workTalk about the rules in 2a.Step5 Role-playRole-play the conversation in 2d.II、合作交流Group work: 分析总结情态动词can的用法，并练习造句。
【课时练习卷】人教版英语七年级下册 Unit 4Section B
Unit 4Section B 同步卷2一．选择题（共7小题）1．﹣what's your teacher like？﹣She is always strict us．A．inB．withC．to2．I'm afraid we go out to play．It's raining heavily outside..（）A．don'tB．aren'tC．can'tD．didn't3．We must practice more English．（）A．speakB．to speakC．talkingD．speaking4．Mary likes story books，but her brother likes football games．（）A．reading；watchingB．seeing；looking atC．reading；seeingD．watching；seeing5．You must make after you get up．（）A．bedB．a bedC．the bedD．beds6．Our school don't let students go out school nights．（）A．inB．onC．atD．of7．She often on weekends．（）A．does the dishesB．does the dishC．does dishesD．do the dish二．填空题（共5小题）8．他们学校有太多的规章制度．There are rules in their school．9．Parents and schools make rules（help）students．10．Our teachers are（严厉的）with us．11．根据句意填空．﹣Can I go this evening，Mom？﹣﹣No，you can't．12．Your hands are too（脏的）．Please go and wash them．三．完形填空（共1小题）13．James is a middle school student.He isn't happy today，because it's really a（n）（1）day for him.In the morning，his clock doesn't work，（2）he gets up late.James runs quickly to school，but he is still（仍然）（3）for class.In the hallway，James meets his teacher ler tells him，"Don't run in the hallway and remember to （4）at school on time." After the first class，James is hungry（饥饿的）and （5）his breakfast in the ler sees and says，"Don't eat in the classroom." After the second class，James finds he doesn't bring his notebook to school.He takes out his cell phone（手机）and makes a （6）to his ler sees and says，"Don't （7）your cell phone to school."When James gets home at 5 p.m.，his best friend Peter asks him to play （8）.But his mother tells him，"You have to do your homework（9）playing.""Why are there so many strict （10）？" James thinks.He doesn't want to follow them sometimes.But his parents and teachers think rules are important.They can help him to be good.（1）A.noisy B.dirty C.important D.terrible（2）A.so B.but C.or D.because（3）A.quiet B.true te D.early（4）A.keep B.join C.work D.arrive（5）A.eats B.makes C.loses D.calls（6）A.luck B.book C.call D.dish（7）A.fight B.bring C.relax D.leave（8）A.outside B.sure C.well D.just（9）A.after B.on C.before D.to（10）A.parents B.teachers C.clubs D.rules四．阅读理解（共1小题）14．The Browns and Mary leave the train station for their home．After half an hour they get to the Browns' home．Mary sees her new home，and she is very happy．She puts her purple jacket on the bed．Then Mrs．Brown says，"Mary，don't put your dirty jacket on the bed．" Mary putsit in a big box under the bed and she's not happy．It's time for lunch．Mary is happy because she sees her favorite food，chicken，on the table．She also sees some nice food like hamburgers，tomatoes and fruit salad．She tastes some chicken and says，"Very nice．"Then Mr．Brown says，"Mary，you can't eat before your grandparents eat．And you mustn't talk when eating．"After lunch，Mary goes into Peter's room．Peter is not happy．He says，"Mary，you can't go into my room without asking me．"In the evening，the Browns go to bed but Mary doesn't．She is not happy because she thinks there are too many rules at the Browns' home．With her jacket，Mary goes to the train station．She likes it because there are no rules there．（1）It takes Mary minutes to get to the Browns' home．A．15B．20C．30D．40（2）Mary likes best．A．chickenB．hamburgersC．tomatoesD．salad（3）Mr．Brown asks Mary to ．A．put her jacket on the bedB．talk when she has lunchC．eat after her grandparents eatD．brush her teeth after eating（4）Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage？A．Mary is Peter's sister．B．Mary's new home is very dirty．C．Mary wasn't Mrs．Brown's daughter．D．There are no rules in the Browns' home．五．综合填空（共1小题）15．Do you know the meanings of these signs？Signs are very important in （1）（we）daily lives.You can often see them in different places. The first sign tells you not to drive too （2）（quick）. The （3）（two）sign means that you mustn't turn left，（4）you can turn right. If you see the third sign in （5）shop，you know that it （6）（open）from Monday to Friday.The fourth sign can be seen in a museum. It means "No （7）（photo）"，so you mustn't （8）（take）photos there. You must keep quiet （9）you see the last sign，or people will not be pleased（高兴的）. Be careful（小心的）to remember the signs. It's good （10）you to live better.Unit 4Section B 同步卷2参考答案与试题解析一．选择题（共7小题）1．﹣what's your teacher like？﹣She is always strict us．A．inB．withC．to【分析】﹣你的老师是怎样一个人？﹣她总是对我们要求很严格．【解答】答案：B；be strict with是固定用法，对某人要求严格；根据句中的She is always strict和us，可知该空应填with；故选B．【点评】识记常用固定短语，结合句意作出解答即可．2．I'm afraid we go out to play．It's raining heavily outside..（）A．don'tB．aren'tC．can'tD．didn't【分析】恐怕我们不能出去玩了．外面雨下得很大．【解答】根据句意：恐怕我们不能出去玩了．外面雨下得很大．由主句时态可知从句时态为一般现在时，因为下雨，所以此处表示不能，用情态动词can't．故选：C．【点评】熟悉否定句的基本用法，结合题意，给出答案．3．We must practice more English．（）A．speakB．to speakC．talkingD．speaking【分析】我们必须练习说更多的英语．【解答】练习做某事practice doing sth．故可排除AB．说英语要用speak，不能用talk，故可排除C．故选：D。
人教版英语七年级下册《Unit 4 Section B 1a-1d》教学课件
When
a
go out
×
on school nights
h
see friends
×
on school days
c
do his homework
√
after school
e
practice the guitar
b
do the dishes
g
watch TV
×
d help his mom make breakfast
Exercises
Ⅰ.看图完成对话。
A: Do you have a library at school? B: Yes, we do. And we have _r_u_l_e_s_ for school
library.
A: What are they? B: We have to keep quiet in the l_ib__r_a_r_y_. We have to
put our umbrella _o_u_t_s_i_d_e_ the library. We can’t _t_a_l_k__, _p_u_t_ t_h__e_s_c_h_o_o_l_ b_a__g_s__ or
Section B 1a-1d
➢ Objectives
To learn to talk about rules at home. To learn to use imperatives. To learn to use modal verbs.
➢ Warming Up
Say something about your class rules.
h
see friends
×
c
人教版七年级英语下册Unit4_SectionB_语境法讲解单词
practice /'præktɪs/ v.＆n. 练习
比较记忆 （practice）是名词的练习，把c更换 成s就变成了动词的练习（practise）
例句 You need to practice your manners. 你应该练习一下你的举止。
dish /dɪʃ/ n.碟；盘
比较记忆 这盘（dish）鱼（fish）味道不错。
识字
②On the front page was a large red F with a note that read, “See me
after class.”
写着
③I can’t read your writing.
读懂
熟词生义
词块拓展
read
(1) _r_e_a_d_i_n_g_r_o_o_m________ 阅览室 (2) r_e_a_d_b_o_o_ks_/_do__so_m__e _re_a_d_in_g 读书 (3) _r_e_a_d__a_lo_u_d__________ 大声朗读 (4) _r_e_a_d__q_u_ic_k_l_y________ 快速阅读 (5) _r_e_a_d__n_e_w_s_p_a_p_e_r_s____ 读报纸 (6) __r_e_a_d_o_v_e_r_/_th_r_o_u_g_h____ 仔细阅读
Unit4 SectionB 语境法讲解单词
out /aʊt/ adv. 外出
联想记忆 out倒过来写是tuo（拼音：拖） →把他拖到“外面”去。
例句 I walked out and closed the door behind me. 我走了出来，随手关了门。
词块拓展
out (1) ___h_a_n_g__o_u_t_________ 外出；闲逛 (2) ___c_o_m__e_o_u_t_________ 出版；发行 (3) ___f_in__d_o_u_t__________ 找出；查明 (4) ___g_o__o_u_t___________ 出去 (5) ___g_i_v_e_o_u_t__________ 发出，放出（热、光等） (6) ___h_a_n_d__o_u_t_________ 分发 (7) ___l_o_o_k_o_u__t _________ 小心，当心 (8) ___w__o_r_k_o_u_t_________ 算出，解决 (9) ___o_u_t__o_f _d_a_te_/_f_a_sh_i_o_n_ 过时；过期 (10) __o_u_t__o_f _w_o_r_k_______ 失业 (11) __o_u_t__o_f_m_i_n_d_______ 心不在焉
人教版七年级下册 Unit 4 Section B 讲义(无答案)
Unit4Don't eat in class.(Section B)第一部分课前复习1.准时_______________2.迟到___________________3.“形式主语”的结构_________________4.听音乐___________________5.在课堂上_____________________6.带某物到某地__________7.不得不__________________8.穿衣服________________9.祈使句______________________10.校服______________ 11.在走廊里_______________12.重要的_________13.安静________________14.制定规则__________________ 15.外出16.和…打架__________________ 17.给某人说抱歉18.到家___________________第二部分词汇通关1.练习2.碟，盘___________________3．清洗餐具 4.在…以前，以前___________________ 5.铺床 6.脏的___________________7.厨房8.更多的___________________9.吵闹的10.放松，休息___________________ 11．读，阅读12.非常讨厌的，可怕的_____________ 13.感受，感觉14.严格的，严厉的___________________ 15.对某人要求严格16.记住，记起___________________ 17.遵循，跟随18.遵守规则___________________19.幸运，运气20.保持，保留___________________ 21.头发，毛发22.学习，学会___________________第三部分必背句型1.Can Dave go out on school nights?戴夫在上学日的晚上能外出吗？2.Don’t leave the dirty dishes in the kitchen！不要把脏餐具留在厨房里！3.I can’t relax on weekends either because I have to learn to play the piano.周末我也不能放松因为我不得不学习弹钢琴。
人教版七年级下册英语Unit4Don'teatinclass.(SectionB
新目标7年级（下）-课课通Unit 4 Don't eat in class.Section B & Self Check一、基础知识（一）基本词汇外出______________ 练习______________碟；盘______________ 在……以前______________脏的______________ 厨房______________更多的______________ noisy______________relax______________ read______________可怕的______________ feel______________strict______________ 记住，记起______________遵循；跟随______________ 运气；幸运______________ keep______________ hair______________学习；学会______________（二）基本短语外出______________在上学的晚上______________练习吉他______________帮助他妈妈做早饭______________ 考虑______________be strict with sb ______________ follow the rules______________ too many rules______________ 清洗餐具______________铺床；整理床铺______________ on school days______________ 留短发______________学弹钢琴______________have fun______________（三）基本句式1．在上学的晚上我不能出去。
I _________ _________ _________ _________ school nights.2．现在起床并整理你的床铺！_________ _________ now and ___________ _________ _________！3．当莫莉到家时，她不得不首先做她的家庭作业。