英语国家概况知识点总结
英语国家概况归纳
英语国家概况归纳英语国家概况，是指以英语为官方语言的国家或地区。
由于英语在全球范围内的广泛应用，这些国家或地区在经济、文化等方面都具有重要影响力。
本文将归纳一些英语国家的共同特点和各自的特色。
一、英语国家的共同特点1. 英语为官方语言：在这些国家或地区，英语被广泛用于政府、商务、教育等领域，并且是人们日常交流的主要语言。
2. 政治体制多样：英语国家的政治体制包括君主制、共和制等多种形式，每个国家都有自己的政治体系和法律制度。
3. 经济发达：大部分英语国家在经济方面表现出色，拥有发达的制造业、金融业和科技创新能力。
4. 教育系统完善：英语国家注重教育，拥有世界一流的高等教育机构和先进的教育体制。
二、英语国家的特色1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，拥有悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产。
伦敦作为英国的首都和全球金融中心，吸引着全世界的人才和投资。
2. 美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家，拥有丰富多样的文化和民主制度。
美国的经济实力和科技创新能力以及好莱坞的电影产业都在世界范围内具有巨大影响力。
3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大位于北美洲，是一个多民族多文化的国家。
加拿大的教育质量一直很高，吸引了许多国际留学生。
同时，加拿大在自然资源方面拥有丰富的优势，如石油和天然气等。
4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚位于南半球，是一个发达国家和移民国家。
澳大利亚拥有独特的自然环境，包括大堡礁和艾尔斯岩等著名景点，吸引了大量的游客。
5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于太平洋上的岛国，以其美丽的自然风景和友好的社会环境而闻名。
新西兰的教育质量也很高，在国际教育市场上具有竞争力。
6. 南非（South Africa）南非是非洲大陆唯一的英语国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。
南非拥有得天独厚的自然景观，如克鲁格国家公园和好望角等。
7. 印度（India）印度是世界上使用英语最广泛的国家之一，也是英语国家中人口最多的国家。
英语国家概况 总结
BritainGovernmentThe Legislature●The United Kingdom is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch.● A king or queen is the head of state, and a prime minister is the head of government.●The people vote in elections for Members of Parliament (MPs) to represent them.●Consists of the House of Lords, the House of Commons, and the Crown.●Head of Government: Prime Minister●Parliament (659 in House of Commons, more than 660 in House of Lords)●Highest Court: House of Lords (Lord Chancellor is head of judiciary)●V oting Qualifications: All citizens age 18 and overThe Executive●The chief executive is the prime minister, who is a member of the House of Commons.●The executive branch also includes Her Majesty’s Government, commonly referred tosimply as “the government.”●The government is composed of ministers in the Cabinet, most of whom are members of theHouse of Commons; government departments, each of which is responsible to a minister;local authorities; and public corporations.●The prime minister presides over the Cabinet and selects the other Cabinet members, whojoin him or her to form the government that is part of the functioning executive.●Acting through the Cabinet and in the name of the monarch, the prime minister exercises allof the theoretical powers of the Crown, including making appointments.●Two key doctrines of Cabinet government are collective responsibility and ministerialresponsibility.The Judiciary●Judges are appointed from among practicing lawyers.●Barristers or advocates advise on legal problems and present cases in the lay justices' and jurycourts.●Solicitors represent individual and corporate clients and appear in the lay justices' courts.●Lay justices need no legal qualifications but are trained to give them sufficient knowledge ofthe law.EducationPrimary and Secondary Education●Up to age 5, children may have some pre-primary schooling in nursery schools, daycare orplay groups.●Between the ages of 5 to 11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools. Theseschools are called co-educated or mixed schools because they admit both boys and girls.●From the age of 11 up to around the age of 19, students attend secondary schools. More than80% of pupils in secondary students in England and Wales attend mixed schools ; 60% in Northern Ireland; Scotland, nearly all.Higher education●only one privately funded university: the University of Buckingham●oldest universities:1) England—Oxford (12th C.) and Cambridge (13th C.)2) Scotland: St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen from 14th and 15th centuriesIrelandGovernment●After independence from the Great Britain, Ireland takes a polity mixed with both the Britainand the United States●The Government is headed by President, not the Queen.●The President appoints the Prime Minister, not necessarily the head of the Party in power.●The Cabinet is organized by 16 Ministers of the Government assigned by the Prime Minister ●The legislation is interpreted by a hierarchy of courts●The executive branch of the country, checked by the legislature and the judiciary●the parliament and the legal system●Education●Irish educational system is among the cheapest and best in Europe.●In Ireland, education is compulsory for children aged 6 to 15.●Primary education 6-12●Secondary education 12-18●Higher educationAmericaGovernmentThe United States of America is a constitutional, representative democracy. Power in the US ultimately derives from the citizens of the country. The nation’s leaders are chosen by elections every few years.The Constitution of the United States is the foundational document of America which forms the basis of the laws in the US and lays out the structure of the government.The constitution divides the government into three branches:The Legislative branch: The congress of the United States is laid out in two houses, the upper house or Senate, and the lower house or the House of Representatives.The Executive Branch: The executive branch of the US government is composed of the President of the United States and the Federal Bureaucracy, or all of the people who work for the President.Judicial Branch: The United States federal court system makes up the Judicial Branch of the US government. This includes federal courts, federal appeals courts, and the US Supreme Court.Education●Primary schoolAmerican children start school at the age of five years. The first year at school is called kindergarten.●Secondary schoolSecondary school most commonly consists of a total of seven years, referred to as sixth through twelfth grades●Undergraduate schoolUndergraduate school offers either a two-year degree or a four-year degree in a specific course of major.●Graduate schoolStudents who have obtained a bachelor’s degree can continue their education by pursuing one of two types of degrees.CanadaGovernment●Canada’s system of government was based on the British system of parliamentarydemocracy,which is referred to as “west minster-style”democracy●The official head of state is the Queen,who is also the queen of other former British colonies ●The Queen is represented by an official called a Governor-general●Both the queen and the Governor general occupy roles which are largely ceremonial●MPs—generally all belong to political parties●Prime minister—the party that wins the most seats forms the government and the party leaderbecome Prime Minister, the most important person in Canadian government●The Cabinet—chosen by the prime minister,consists of senior MPs from the governingparty●The Senate—appointed by the governor general,who acts on the recommendation of theprime minister.●--not like the US Senate,but analogou to the House of Lords in UKEducation●the mandatory of school is continued to the age of 16 (some is 18).●children start to go to the kindergarten at the age of 5.●after finished the programs in kindergarten, children will go to Elementary & juniorhigh/middle school.●Before going to college, people sometimes will have a program called 'victory lap' to getready to the college studying●In college, students will get Bachelor's degree then they will decide whether they will have afarther study for a Master's or a Doctorate degree.AustraliaGovernment●Government system: reflects both the British and North American models of liberaldemocracy but with unique Australian characteristics.●Three branches: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.●The House of Representatives (Lower House)✧150 members✧Functions: It determines the government, debates and passes laws, watches over governmentadministration and expenditure, and provides a forum for public debate on issues of national importance.✧The House's other roles: debate proposed laws, watch over government expenditure,including through its committee system, and to provide a forum for public debate on issues of national importance.●The Senate✧ A check on the government of the day. It consists of 76 senators ( 12 from each state and 2from each territory)✧An equal number of senators regardless of its population✧The Senate conducts much of its work including the budget estimates accountability process.●Parties✧Major political parties:✧The Australian Labour Party(ALP) & the Coalition (the Liberals & the Nationals)✧Governor General –representative of the QueenEducation●Australia has a well-developed educational system with a very high rate of participation andsecondary completion.●Education in Australia is primarily the responsibility of the individual states.●Each state government manages the school system within their state. This means that theyprovide funds and regulation for their schools.●The education system in Australia is divided into five areas:PreschoolPrimary schoolSecondary/high schoolCareer and vocational institutionsUniversity and other tertiary institutionsNew ZealandGovernment●Independent State●Constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy●No written constitution, but the Constitution Act of 1986 defines the structure of thegovernment.●Three branches of government●Legislative (parliament)●Executive (departments and agencies)●Judicial (courts)●Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by a Governor-General●The Legislaturedeveloped from the British parliamentary system known as the Westminster system of government,and is the law-making body of the New Zealand government.Consists of Sovereign and House of Representatives●The executive-The branch of the New Zealand government is made of the Cabinet ,the Prime Minister and the public sector .-The Governor General is appointed by the Sovereign on the Prime Minister's recommendation for a term of five years.●The judiciaryThe Judiciary applies the law by hearing and deciding cases. It is made up of judges and judicial officersThe judiciary (court system) is independent of the governmentEducation●Education is freely available to everyone. Nearly all schools are run by the stae. All these public school are secular and free●New Zealand offers a wide range of early childhood agencies,namely kindergratens,playcenters,preschools,etc.●Schooling in New Zealand is compulsory for all children aged 6 to 16.Most children start atage 5.●New Zealand secondary education covers Years 9 to 13. Most secondary schools aregovernment-established.●Tertiary education institutions in New Zealand include universities of technology andpolytechnics ,colleges ,Maori tertiary educational institutions and various training establishments。
英语国家概况总结
英语国家概况总结The following is a summary of the demographics, history, culture, and economy of English-speaking countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. United States:The United States is a federal republic located in North America. It is the third-largest country by population and the largest by land area. The United States is characterized by its diverse population, with people from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds. English is the de facto national language, but Spanish is also widely spoken. The country is known for its strong economy, technological advancements, and cultural influence worldwide. It has a rich history, including the founding fathers, the Revolutionary War, and the Civil Rights Movement.United Kingdom:The United Kingdom, often referred to as the UK, is a constitutional monarchy consisting of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. English is the official language throughout the UK. The country has a strong historical background, with events like the Industrial Revolution, the British Empire, and its involvement in the two world wars. The UK is known for its contributions to literature, music, and sports, as well as its renowned educational institutions. The economy is diverse, with sectors such as finance, manufacturing, and services playing a significant role.Canada:Canada is the second-largest country by land area and is located inNorth America. It is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with English and French as its official languages. Canada is known for its multiculturalism and diversity, with immigrants from all over the world settling in the country. The economy is highly developed, with industries such as natural resources, manufacturing, and technology contributing significantly. Canada has a rich indigenous history and unique cultural heritage, including the Inuit, First Nations, and Métis peoples.Australia:Australia is both a country and a continent located in the Southern Hemisphere. It is the world's sixth-largest country by land area. English is the official language, and Australia has a diverse multicultural society, influenced by its history of immigration from different parts of the world. The country has a strong economy, with sectors such as mining, agriculture, tourism, and education contributing significantly. Australia is known for its beautiful landscapes, unique wildlife, and vibrant cities like Sydney and Melbourne.New Zealand:New Zealand is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is made up of two main islands, the North Island and the South Island, as well as several smaller islands. English and Māori are official languages in New Zealand. The country has a rich in digenous Māori culture, and its stunning landscapes, including mountains, lakes, and fjords, attract tourists from around the world. New Zealand has a stable economy, with sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and international education contributingsignificantly. It is known for adventure sports, such as bungee jumping and hiking.In conclusion, English-speaking countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, are diverse and culturally rich nations with strong economies and a significant global influence. Each country has its unique history, culture, and natural beauty, making them attractive destinations for people from all over the world.。
英语国家概况考试复习要点
英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain (GB/G.B.) British IslesBritish Empire The Commonwealth The United Kingdom(The UK)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Geographically, the British Isles includes Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, and all the offshore islandsPolitically, the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山)the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians（格兰扁山脉）4.the longest river：The Severn River (塞文河)The most important river in Britain and the second longest river:Thames（泰晤士河）5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖）( Northern Ireland)6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉）The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。
英美国家概况考点总结
Ø United kingdom Ø United Kingdom Political System Ø All political power comes from Parliament, though Parliament can give powers to to others others others sovereignty sovereignty sovereignty lays lays lays solely solely solely with with with Parliament. Parliament. Parliament. No No No Parliament Parliament Parliament can can can bind bind bind its its successors. Ø The The system system system of of of forming forming forming governments governments governments is is is known known known as as as the the the ““Westminster Westminster model model ”. This This is is is the the the same same same model model model used used used in in in countries countries countries such such such as as as Canada, Canada, Canada, Australia, Australia, Australia, New New Zealand, Singapore, India, Israel, Iraq and others. Ø A general election is held every five years. Ø The Westminster Model Ø Nominal head of state Ø Government emerges from the majority in Parliament. Ø One One member member member of of of Parliament Parliament Parliament becomes becomes becomes Prime Prime Prime Minister, Minister, Minister, others others others become become become ministers ministers with senior ministers forming “the cabinet ”. Ø Opposition within Parliament, mutli-party system. Ø The government must maintain the “confidence of Parliament ”, if it loses it new elections must be held. Ø The unwritten constitution Ø Britain Britain is is is one one one of of of the the the few few few countries countries countries in in in the the the world world world without without without a a a single single single codified codified constitution, this is usually called an “unwritten constitution ”. Ø The The basic basic basic form form form of of of government government government comes comes comes from from from the the Magna Magna Carta,Carta, an an agreement agreement signed in 1215 h owever much as evolved since then. however much as evolved since then. Ø The most important laws affecting how the UK is governed include the Parliament Act, The Representation of the People Act, The European Communities Act, Northern Ireland/Scotland/Wales Act and the Human Rights Act. This is not exhaustive. Ø Any of these laws can be changed by Parliament with a simple majority. Ø Standing for election Ø Almost anyone can stand for election. Ø If you are in prison, mentally unfit, bankrupt or have previously committed in prison, mentally unfit, bankrupt or have previously committed election fraud y ou cannot. you cannot. Ø ery V ery few few few independent independent independent members members members are are are ever ever ever elected, elected, elected, non non non were were were elected elected elected at at at the the the last last election. The best chance to get elected is to persuade a party to select you as their candidate . . Political Political Political parties parties parties have have have no no no connection connection connection to to to the the the state state state and and and all all all have have very different selection methods. Ø General Election campaigns Ø Once Parliament has been dissolved campaigning becomes intense. Ø Parties will campaign to persuade voters to vote for their party and not to vote for the others. Ø Competition Competition is is is most most most intense intense intense between between between Labour Labour Labour and and and Conservative Conservative who who have have won every election since 1918. Ø Parties Parties will will will organise organise organise volunteers volunteers volunteers to to to contact contact contact voters, voters, voters, pay pay pay for for for advertisements advertisements advertisements and and place special broadcasts on TV . Unlike the US or Australia political advertising on TV is not allowed. Ø Money Money donated donated donated to to to parties parties parties has has has to to to be be be declared declared declared to to to the the the public public public and and and there there there are are are strict strict spending limits. Ø At the 2010 election the leaders of the three main parties took part in three live televised televised debates debates debates which which which followed followed followed the the the US US US model model model of of of Presidential Presidential Presidential debates. debates. debates. This This was a first for British politics. Ø During During an an an election election election period, period, period, usually usually usually the the the month month month before before before the the the polling polling polling day day day the the the news news cycle is dominated by election stories. Even the death of the Pope in 2005 barely managed to interrupt this. Ø During the campaign all parties usually publish a “manifesto ” a document containing the specific promises they will deliver if elected. This document document is is supposed to form the basis of the government if they are successful. Ø Opinion polls are are pieces pieces pieces of of of scientific scientific scientific research research research undertaken undertaken undertaken by by by market market market research research companies companies to to to give give give clues clues clues as as as to to to how how how people people people will will will vote. vote. vote. They They They usually usually usually give give give an an accurate picture of how the election will end, movement in the daily figures is closely watched by the media and politicians alike. In 1992 however the polls were very wrong and the result came as a great shock to many. Ø Since the 1980s much of the attention has focused on the personality of the party leaders and who would become the best Prime Minister. Ø The Parties – ConservativeØ The Conservative Party is Britain ’s oldest political party. Ø In the time before universal suffrage they represented Britain ’s upper class and aristocratic elites.Ø After all adults were given the vote they were forced to reinvent themselves as a part of cautious moderation, opposing radical politics and ideas. Generally being the “least political ” and least ideological of all the parties. They were a party of Christian values and moderate politics. Ø They They were were were transformed transformed transformed again again again under under Margaret Thatcher who who injected injected injected the the American free market philosophy into into the the the party. party. party. This This This thinking thinking thinking has has has come come come to to dominate the modern Conservative Party. Ø They are also called the “Tories ” or “Tory Party ” (托利)a word coming from from the the the Irish Irish Irish language language language meaning meaning meaning robber robber robber or or or bandit. bandit. bandit. Meant Meant Meant as as as an an an insult insult insult it it it is is commonly used today by many Conservatives themselves. Ø Conservatives believe in a “laissez faire ” (放任主义) society. Ø Mrs Thatcher famous said Conservatives believed in “rolling back the boundaries of the state ”. Ø Conservatives support a free market economy with little state ownership, greater competition, lower taxes and fewer rules. Ø Conservatives Conservatives often often often believe believe believe that that that giving giving giving people people people responsibility responsibility responsibility and and and not not not being being dependent on the state will give them more freedom to better themselves. Ø Socially conservative ideas have recently been dropped in favour of more liberal ideas such as same sex marriage however the party remains divided over this. Ø Though Though previously previously previously strongly strongly strongly pro pro pro European European European the the the party party party has has has moved moved moved to to to be be be more more Euro-sceptic and now is offering a vote on continued membership of the EU. Ø LabourØ The Labour Party was formed by Trade Unions in 1901.When working class people people were were were given given given the the the right right right to to to vote vote vote they they they overwhelmingly overwhelmingly overwhelmingly did did did for for for the the the Labour Labour party and continue to do so today. Ø The Labour Party ’s beliefs are summed up in Clause 4 of the party Rulebook. Ø “””The Labour Party is a democratic democratic socialistparty. socialist party. It It believes that by the strength of our common endeavour we achieve more than we achieve alone, so as to create for each of us the means to realise our true potential and for all of us a community in which power, wealth and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few, where the rights we enjoy reflect the duties we owe, andwhere we live together, freely, in a spirit of solidarity, tolerance and respect.”””Ø Labour has also been at the forefront of liberation struggles such as women ’sequality, racial equality, gay equality and the rights of disabled people.Ø Labour champions its achievements in govermnet of expanding public services, introducing the minimum wage, helping the lowest paid, strengthening rights at work and expanding education opportunities especially at the bottom of society. Labour ’s state goal is to created a “fairer societyØ Liberal DemocratsØ The third party, also known as the “Lib Dems ”. Ø Their party e ntered entered government in 2010 for the first time since 1916, they are the junior coalition partner. Ø They have favoured radical constitutional change, free higher education andlower taxes on the poor.Ø Accused of abandoning their beliefs to form a government with the Conservatives Conservatives they they they have have have lost lost lost much much much of of of their their their former former former support, support, support, especially especially especially among among younger people. Ø They had become a “protest party ” getting support from many people who dislike British politics. Ø They have strong support for civil liberties, human rights and theenvironment . Ø Class in the UKØ Class in Britain has traditionally been described as being split between upperclass, middle class and working class.Ø Today the gap between working class and middle class can be blurred. Ø Distinct cultural groups, accents and characteristics can can be be be identified identified identified from from class. Ø It continues to be a significant part of life in the UK but in a smaller way than in previous generations. Ø The Conservatives generally have the support of the upper classes, Labour of the working class and all three parties battle for middle class support. Ø Class Class is is is complex complex complex and and and difficult difficult difficult to to to define. define. define. The The The divide divide divide between between between blue blue blue collar collar collar and and white collar is not always the way to decide. Ø A skilled manual worker such as a plumber may earn significantly more than a white collar worker such as a teacher however the latter is more likely to call themselves “middle class ”. Ø Differences in the use of language, tastes, interests and politics are often usedto describe.Ø Some people refuse to be labelled as either working class or middle class. Ø Traditionally Traditionally working working working class class class people people people did did did not not not go go go to to to University University University however however however this this this has has greatly changed in the last 10 years breaking down many barriers. Ø Former Former Prime Prime Prime Minister Minister Minister Tony Tony Tony Blair Blair Blair stated stated stated he he he wished wished wished for for for everybody everybody everybody to to to become become Middle Class. Ø After the economic restructuring of the 1980s some people in inner cities do not work and live from state handouts . Labour calls these the “socially excluded ”, some others refer to them unflattering as an “underclass ”. There has been great tension within working class communities with being unemployed often seen as a great badge of shame. Ø The The British British British upper upper upper class class class or or “elite ” are a small group of people either connected to the ancient aristocracy or who attends a small number of eliteand expensive schools. The most famous of these is Eton. They then usually go . The most famous of these is Eton. They then usually go on to study at either Oxford or Cambridge University. Ø Current Current Prime Prime Prime Minister Minister Minister David David David Cameron Cameron Cameron went went went to to to this this this school school school as as as have have have several several previous previous Prime Prime Prime Ministers Ministers Ministers and and and many many many other other other powerful powerful powerful politicians politicians politicians and and and business business leaders. They have come to be called the “power elite ”. Ø Though Though Labour Labour ’s s support support support comes comes comes mainly mainly mainly from from from the the the working working working class class class most most most of of of its its leaders leaders and and and politicians politicians politicians have have have come come come from from from the the the middle middle middle class class class but but but rarely rarely rarely the the the power power elite. Some e xceptions exceptions exist such as Tony Blair. In the Labour party sending your children to a private school usually will end your political career.Ø Race in the UKØ Throughout history the UK has been an almost exclusively …white‟ country made up of different northern European groups. Ø Immigration Immigration from from from the the the British British British Empire Empire Empire started started started in in in the the the 19th 19th 19th Century Century Century however however greatly accelerated after the second world war. Ø The The main main main sources sources sources of of of immigration immigration immigration were were were from from from places places places such such such as as India, Pakistan,British African colonies . Hong Kong became a route for Chinese immigration . Hong Kong became a route for Chinese immigration to the UK. Ø Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union settled mainly in London London and and and Manchester Manchester Manchester though though though many many many more more more simply simply simply passed passed passed through through through Britain Britain Britain on on route to Israel or the US. Ø Today the biggest source of migration is from Eastern Europe. Ø Immigration in the 1950s and 60s greatly transformed many aspects of the UK and introduced “racial politics ” for the first time in British history.Britain has had no historical record of institutional racism such as segregation or mixed marriage laws.Ø Racism: a backlashØ Immigrants largely took low skilled jobs to deal with Britain ’s post war labour shortage. Immigrants became part of the “working class”, during the boom years of of the the the 50s 50s 50s and and and early early early 60s 60s 60s this this this worked worked worked well. well. well. When When When the the the economy economy economy was was was less less successful and jobs were more scarce tensions between “native ” and “immigrant” “immigrant” groups groups groups became became became worse. worse. worse. Some Some Some politicians politicians politicians attempted attempted attempted to to to exploit exploit exploit this this however the main parties resisted. Ø One One Conservative Conservative Conservative minister minister minister was was was fired fired fired for for for making making making a a a famous famous famous “rivers “rivers “rivers of of of blood” blood” speech, another Conservative politician was disciplined for using the slogan “if you want a nigger neighbour vote Labour ”. Ø The National Front, a party linked to the ideas of Adolph Hitler was the only organised force against immigration in the 70s and 80s. Ø Today the British National Party are a small fringe party calling for an end to are a small fringe party calling for an end to immigration and wanting an “all white Britain ”. A similar far right group called the “English Defence League ” stages stages protests protests protests in in in cities cities cities against against against immigrant immigrant groups. Both are seen as racists by most British people and have little support. Ø Black and Asians (Indian subcontinent) are now more likely to University and enter the middle class than in the past. Ø All All political political political parties parties parties now now now have have have senior senior senior Black Black Black and and and Minority Minority Minority Ethnic Ethnic Ethnic (BAME) (BAME) members. Ø The treatment of minorities by the police has been a source of tension. Ø IrelandØ Early HistoryØ Ireland was populated by Celtic tribes. Ø Christianity was brought to to Ireland from England by Ireland from England by St Patrick and others in the 5th Century. Ø Ireland quickly became a deeply Christian nation. Ø Following the N orman Norman Conquest o f Britain the Normans arrived in Ireland and of Britain the Normans arrived in Ireland and eventually established their own rule there. Ø In 1171 the Norman King of England Henry II established himself as the‘overlord ’ of Ireland.Ø This started 800y ears of English involvement in Ireland. years of English involvement in Ireland. Ø The The ruling ruling ruling Norman Norman Norman families families families eventually eventually eventually become become become more more more Irish Irish Irish through through through cultural cultural assimilation. By 15th Century only the area around Dublin was controlled by the EnglishCrown Ø Henry VIIIØ In 1541 Henry declared himself King of Ireland.Ø Henry launched campaigns to extend his rule in Ireland. Ø Henry VIII changed England ’s s official religion from official religion from C atholic (Catholic (天主教的) to Protestant (新教徒). Ø Henry Henry sent sent sent settlers settlers settlers to to to Ireland. Ireland. Ireland. Eventually Eventually Eventually other other other English English English monarchs monarchs monarchs sent sent sent more more including more protestants. Ø Oliver CromwellØ Cromwell led the Parliamentary Army during the English civil war. Ø Cromwell was a deeply religious protestant “puritan ” and saw the defeated King Charles as someone influenced by Catholics. Ø The Irish had supported the King during the English civil war. Ø Following the war Cromwell sent his forces to re-conquer Ireland. Ø Their Their methods methods methods were were were brutal, brutal, brutal, combined combined combined with with with causing causing causing a a a famine famine famine and and and a a a subsquent subsquent outbreak of plague it led to the population of Ireland to drop by up to 20%. Ø Cromwell is still a hated historical figure in Ireland today. Ø Religious Religious divides divides divides between between between Catholics Catholics Catholics and and and Protestants Protestants Protestants in in in Britain Britain Britain led led led the the the British British establishment establishment to to to worry worry worry about about about the the the role role role of of of Irelands Irelands Irelands Catholics Catholics Catholics in in in any any any plot plot plot by by Catholics to take the throne. Ø Harsh penal laws were introduced which targeted Catholics such as preventing land ownership. Ø Influence from the American revolution led to Ireland being granted a form of independence with a a shared king but separate ParliamentØ Act of UnionØ Ideas Ideas contained contained contained in in in the the the French French French Revolution Revolution Revolution specifically specifically specifically the the the slogan slogan “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity ” began to affect the Irish political thinking. Ø In order to counter this London decided Ireland should not be a colony but a full part of the United Kingdom. Ø After After defeating defeating defeating a a a rebellion rebellion rebellion they they they enacted enacted the Act of Union which created theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.Ø The Potato FamineØ During During the the the Napoleonic Napoleonic Napoleonic wars wars wars the the the economy economy economy of of of Ireland Ireland Ireland had had had changed changed changed hugely hugely hugely and and moved away from agriculture. Ø The The rapidly rapidly rapidly expanding expanding expanding population population population however however however was was was still still still largely largely dependent dependent on on potatoes as a staple of their diet. Ø Food shortages during the 19th Century led to a belief that Britain simply didnot care about the Irish people dying of hunger.Ø This led to very strong calls within Ireland for “Home Rule ” and and a a government which could be more responsive to Irish needs. Ø Home RuleØ The Irish Parliamentary Party called for Home Rule. Ø Sinn Fein believed in an independent Ireland.Ø Sinn Sinn Fein Fein Fein believed believed believed MPs MPs MPs elected elected elected should should should not not not attend attend attend Parliament Parliament Parliament and and and their their their policy policy was to “ignore ” British rule in Ireland. Ø Sinn Fein had close links with the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Ø Eventually Eventually despite despite despite opposition opposition opposition from from from Conservatives Conservatives Conservatives and and and the the the House House House of of of Lords Lords Lords a a Home Rule bill was passed and became law. Ø In 1914 the First World War started and Home Rule was put onhold . Ø In 1916 a a further further further rebellion rebellion rebellion in in in Dublin Dublin Dublin was was was defeated defeated defeated by by by the the the British British British however however however a a decision to execute the captured leaders led to a massive public backlash within Ireland the start of the end of British rule. Ø After the warØ Home Rule was implemented however Sinn Fein had now gained huge support following the Easter Uprising in 1916. Ø Sinn Fein members established their own Parliament the “D áil Éireann ”, their own government and refused to recognise the “forces of occupation ” within Ireland. Ø An aggressive campaign by the IRA led to Britain to negotiate with Sinn Fein and the IRA. Ø Sinn Fein President Eamon de Valera sent an IRA commander called MichaelCollins to London to negotiate.Ø Anglo Irish TreatyØ As expected the British were not prepared to offer the creation of Irish Republic however did go far enough to win agreement from many in Ireland. Ø In 1920 t hey agreed to create an they agreed to create an “Irish Free State ” which would make Ireland a a Dominion Dominion Dominion similar similar similar to to to Canada. Canada. Canada. The The The King King King would would would remain remain remain head head head of of of state state state and and and the the Northern Six Counties would be able to remain in the UK. Ø The decision on whether to accept the treaty deeply split Sinn Fein and Ireland Sinn Fein and Ireland as a whole Ø Irish Civil WarØ Michael Collins signed the treaty, the Dail voted narrowly in favour however President de Valera refused to recognise it and his supporters withdrew from the Dail. Ø Irish people voted overwhelmingly in favour of the treaty however the threat of “unimaginable ” war from Britain influenced this. Ø In In January January January 1922 1922 1922 the the the British British British formally formally formally handed handed handed over over over Dublin Dublin Dublin Castle Castle Castle to to to Michael Michael Collins who became the leader of the Irish Free State. Ø The The IRA IRA IRA and and and Sinn Sinn Sinn Fein Fein Fein split split split between between between those those those in in in favour favour favour of of of the the the treaty treaty treaty and and and those those against it. They fought a brief but bloody war against each other. Ø Irish Free State to the RepublicØ Following peace between the two sides Sinn Fein broke into two parties. Fiana Fail and Fine Gael(爱尔兰统一党), they continue to be the main two parties in Ireland today. Ø De Valera became Prime Minister of Ireland and gradually made changes to the constitution in agreement with London. Ø In In 1949 1949 1949 Ireland Ireland Ireland formally formally formally broke broke broke all all all links links links with with with Britain Britain Britain and and and declared declared declared the the the Irish Irish Republic. They made a territorial claim over Northern Ireland. ØØØØØØØØØØ United kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland Ø England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland Ø “Great Britain” refers to England, Wales & Scotland. Ø “British Isles” Refers to the UK and Republic of Ireland. Ø Main Main language, language, language, English English English (British). (British). (British). Other Other Other official official official languages languages languages include include include Welsh, Welsh, Welsh, Scots, Scots, Scots, Ulster Ulster Scots and Gaelic. Ø Currency is the Pound (£) also referred to as Sterling. 100 pence make up £1. ØPopulation is around 60 million, 80% in England. ØMulti racial and multi cultural society ØImportant people ØDavid Cameron, Prime Minister. ØSince May 2010. ØLeader of the Conservative Party ØNick Clegg, Deputy Prime Minister ØSince May 2010 ØLeader of the Liberal Democrat Party ØQueen Elizabeth II ØSince June 1953 ØHead of State (no real power Ø A General Election must take place at least every five years.Ø Every year elections elections to to to l l ocal government take take place, place, place, these these these are are are seen seen seen a a a test test test of of of the the Government ’s popularity. Ø Every British citizen over 18 is entitled to vote, the ballot is very strictly is entitled to vote, the ballot is very strictly secret . Ø Irish, Commonwealth and EU citizensliving in Britain may vote too. Ø Freedom of speech, assembly and the right to create political parties are guaranteed by the “Hum an Rights Act ” and enforced by independent courts as well as a European Court. Ø Coalition governmentØ Election took place on 6th May 2010. Ø Of the three main parties, Labour, Conservative and Liberal Democrat nobody won morethan 50% of seatsin Parliament. Ø Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agreed to form a “coalition ” as together they had more than half. Ø This is unusual in the UK but very common in Europe. Ø Diversity in the UK: White 92% Black 2% Indian 1.8% Pakistani 1.3% Ø Mixed race 1.2% Bangladeshi 0.5% Other South Asian 0.4% Ø Chinese 0.4% Others 0.4% Ø The The Scottish Scottish Scottish and and and Welsh Welsh Welsh nations nations nations as as as well well well as as as the the the province province province of of of Northern Northern Northern Ireland Ireland have someautonomy from London. Scotland the most. Ø Northern Ireland is a divided province with most people being pro British. Ø Wales is the only area with its own distinct langage and culture though most people support the union. Ø Scotland Scotland is is is the the the only only only part part part of of of the the the UK UK UK where where where there there there is is is a a a serious serious serious chance chance chance of of of them them them leaving leaving leaving the the United Kingdom. ØWeather: Cold Winters Short Summer Generally mild ØEnd of the second world war ØFollowing Following victory victory victory over over over Germany Germany Germany and and Japan Japan in in in 1945 1945 1945 British British British Foreign Foreign Foreign Policy Policy Policy made made made a a a move move away from colonial thinking. ØIndia became Independent in 1947, , both both both parties parties parties supported supported supported this this this at at at the the the 1945 1945 1945 election. election. 。
英语国家概况重点整理
英语国家概况重点整理第一周Questions and answers1.一、What are those 6 English-speaking countries and it’s capitals?1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(London伦敦)2: The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国(Dublin都柏林)3: The United States of America 美利坚合众国(Washington DC 华盛顿DC) 4: Canada 加拿大(Ottawa渥太华)5:The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦(Canberra堪培拉)6:New Zealand (新西兰) (Wellington惠灵顿)第二周chapter1-2Questions and answers2.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland3.What are the other names?Simplified names: UK, United Kingdom。
Geographical name; Britain, Great BritainHistorical name: the British Empire; the British Commonwealth;4.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?Great Britain and Ireland5.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland6.What are their respective capitals（首府）?London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast7.What’s its nickname?John Bull; sometimes, lion8.What’s the national anthem（国歌）?God save the Queen/King9.What’s its national flower?Rose10.What’s its national flag?Union Jack11.How many members are there in British Commonwealth in 2007?53课后重点练习P8 一、1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 三、1 2 3 4 5 6 四、1 2 3 4 8 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 五、2第三周chapter3-5Questions and answers1. How do you know the three stages in the development of the English language?1. Old English.2. Middle English.3. Modern English. (450-1150-1450-present) English is descended from the Germanic (日耳曼语) language of the Anglo-Saxons.(450-1150-1450-present)A: Early Modern English B: Authoritarian English C: Mature Modern English D: Late Modern English2. Who are the ancestors of the English people?It’s Anglo-Saxons. The majority of the English people are descendents(后裔)of the Anglo-Saxons( after Romans left in 410 AD)3. Who are the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish people?It’s Celts. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celts 4. Name the most important cities in UK. And then do exercises on p19 match all. London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester……课后重点练习三、4 5 6 7 8 9 10 四、1 2 3 6 7 8 11 12 13 14.（in Chinese）第四五周chapter6-9大事件时间表1.Earliest Settlers 最早的居民（3000 BC）p.482.Roman Britain 罗马时期的不列颠（43-410）p.48-493.Anglo-Saxons Britain 央格鲁-撒克逊时期的不列颠（449）-P.494.Feudal Society after the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服后的封建社会（1066）p.515.King John and the Great Charter 约翰王和大宪章（1215）p.526.Birth of Parliament议会的诞生（1265）p537.Hundred Years’ War 英法百年战争(1337—1453)p.578.Black Death 黑死病(1348)9.Watt Tyler’s Uprising瓦特-泰勒起义(1381) p5810.The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争(1455—1485) p5911.Religious Reformation 资产阶级革命(1534) p6012.The Civil War 内战(1642—1649) p6313.The Commonwealth (1649—1660) 共和国时期p6414.Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 复辟与光荣革命p64Questions and answers1.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians.2. the most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isles is Stonehenge.3. From 700 B.C, Celts came from Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.. Christianity was first brought to Britain by Romans.5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are Welsh Christianity the Roman roads and cities，especially London.6、The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are Angles Saxons and Jutes. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name ―England‖ and ―English‖.7. In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Danes and Alfred, the king of the Great Wessex.8. Norman Conquest has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England9. King William made a record of each man’s property, whi ch was called Doomsday Book.10. The Great Charter signed in 1215 was made in the interest of the lords.11. The first parliament was called in 1265.12. The Tudor 都铎王朝Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.13. In 1533, Henry VIII repudiated/refused papal/pope supremacy over English Church and declared himself Supreme head 至高无上的权利of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy至尊法案.14. During the Renaissance period, the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More, with his classical work Utopia15. The greatest dramatist William Shakespeare lived in theage of Elisabeth I.16. The ―Glorious Revolution‖ was so called because it was bloodless.17. The industrial revolution began in textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.18.James Hardgrave,a carpenter made the first invention called ―spinning Jenny‖.19. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583.20. The British Empire used to be an empire on which the sun never sets.课后重点练习CHAPTER 6一：1至16四：Norman Conquest 诺曼征服Anglo-Saxons Conquest 央格鲁-撒克逊征服Birth of Parliament议会的诞生Roman Conquest 罗马征服Danish invasion 丹麦入侵Anglo-Saxons settlement 央格鲁-撒克逊定居Anglo-Saxons Heptarchy -------Edward the confessor 爱德华信教徒Battle at Hastings 哈斯丁斯战役Doomsday Book 末日审判书The Great Charter 大宪章All Estates Parliament 各级会议Model Parliament 模范会议CHAPTER 7三：the outbreak of the Wars of the roses. 玫瑰战争的爆发the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War 百年战争爆发Wat Tyler’s Uprising 农民起义The Black Death 黑死病The glorious revolution 光荣革命the call of the Long Parliament -------The restoration of Charles 2 查理二世复辟the execution of Charles 1 查理一世死刑The call of the Short Parliament ------ CHAPTER 8一：1 2 3四：spinning machine run by water power 蒸汽纺织机the power loom------- The steam engine 蒸汽机the ―Spinning Jenny‖珍妮纺织机CHAPTER 9一：136****1516第六七周Chapter 10Questions and answers1、Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary?The United States is situated in the southern part of North Americ a with its two youngest states.It borders Canada on the north，and reaches south to Mexico and Gulf of Mexico.2、How large is it?The Continental United States stretches 4,500km from The Atlantic ocean on the east to the Pacific ocean on the west.3、What’s its rank all over the world concerning its area?It’s fourth largest in world in terms of area.4、How many states are there in the mainland of the United States?48 states5、Which two states are geographically separated from the other?Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii is in the central Pacific6、What is the capital of the US? Can you say some of its tourist attractions (4or more)?1：Washington D.C. 2：the United States Capitol（美国国会大厦），the White House（白宫），the Pentagon Building（五角大楼），Potomac River（波托马克河），The Lincoln Memorial Hall and Washington Monument etc.7、The two most important mountains of the US are the Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉) and the Rocky mountains (落基山脉).8、“Father of Waters”re fers to The Mississippi River.9、The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.10、The 5 Great Lakes are_______, ______, _________, ________ and _______.HOMES：H-Huron，O-Ontario，M-Michigan，E-Erie and S-Superior. 11、How many geographical regions is it divided into?The Eastern Highland，The Central Plain，the Western Mountains12、What are the major cities in USA? What’s the characteristics(特点) of each city?I will List 3 for you.1:Washington D.Cthe capital of the US, is situated on the Potomac River and covers an area of over 174 square kilometers.2:New York CityThe largest city and chief port of the United Stated lying at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York State, has a metropolitan population of 19.306 million(2007), of which the city proper is a little over 8 million and about 10 million in the suburbs.3:Los angelesA seaport in southwest California, is the second largest city of the US, with a population of about 3.82 million in the urban area, and 12.163 million in the metropolitan area.课后重点练习一：1 2 3 5 9 10 11 18 19 20三：2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10第八周Chapter 11Questions and answers1、How do you know about the different names of USA?Its full name: the United States of America;Its short terms：U.S.；USA；America 美洲;美国2、What’s its national flag? How do you know the meaning of its national flag?The Stars and Stripes；Old Glory；The Starry Banner;It c onsists of 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red alternating with 6 white, and in the upper corner near the staff，a rectangular blue field，containing 50 five-pointed white stars. The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence；Red，Hardiness强壮and Valor勇猛；and Blue，Vigilance 警觉，Perseverance and Justice.3、What are the nicknames of America and its people?It’s Uncle Sam.It’s Brother Jonathan and Yankee.4、What’s its national anthem, national flower and tree?The Star - spangled Banner5、There are many things that symbolize American culture. Could you say someof them with no less than 10 items?Bald eagle Great seal National flower National tree Statue of Liberty White House President Hill Lincoln Memorial Hall Empire State Building Times Square Broadway Theater District Las Vegas Hoover Dam Disneyland The Gate Way of St. Louise GoldenGate Bridge Yellow Stone National Park The Niagara Falls Barbie Doll6、Why is USA called a salad bowl or a melting pot?The United Sta tes is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ―melting pot‖, meaning people with different cultural and ethnical backgrounds immigrate to the United States, live together, get assimilated and build up this culture that is called American culture today.Since 1960s, a lot of scholars oppose against the term ―melting pot‖. They think America is similar to a Salad Bowl that every culture can find its position in American society. Multiculturalism is the symbol of America.7、Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, WhiteAnglo-Saxon Protestants. (祖先为英国新教徒的白人).8、Why is USA called as a nation on wheels?Cars are an important part of life in the United States. Henry Ford(1863 –1947)was the man who first started making cars in large numbers. He probably didn’t know how mu ch the car was going to affect American culture. The car made the United States a nation on wheels. 1 in 5 Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new jobs and opportunities. That’s why it has got the name of ―a nation on the wheel‖.9、What’s the character of American people?representative form of government 建立代表制政府rule of law 法治respect of individual rights 对个人权利的尊重religious tolerance宗教上的宽容a strong spirit of individual enterprise强烈的个人进取心10、Name W ho’s Who (名人录) in America (presidents、writers、scientists、actorsor actresses and so on.).1st President/3rd President Humorist and Novelist Novelist of lost generation Greatest Inventor Automobile Microsoft Comic Actor Actress Rock and Roll Martial Arts Basketball Champion American Superman George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway Thomas Edison Henry Ford Bill GatesCharlie Chaplin Marilyn Monroe Elvis Presley Bruce Lee (Li Xiao long) Michael Jordan Christopher Reeve课后重点练习一：1 2 3 4 7三四：1 2 5第九十周Chapter 15—18Questions and answers1、The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called Native Americans /American Indians.2、Christopher Columbus is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America.3、The first successful English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607.4、In 1620, a group of puritans arrived at America on a ship called Mayflower.5、The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired at Lexington，Massachusetts，in 1775.6、On July，7，1776；in the Second Continental congress，The Declaration ofIndependence was declared, which was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson.7、The Louisiana Purchase，in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the importantMississippi River waterway, almost doubled the territory of the U.S.8、After the election of Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union,establishing a rebel government, which is called _ Confederate States of Americ a on February 9, 1861.9、Har riet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin had a profoundeffect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States. 10、In 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation，which liberated somefour million Negro slaves in the South.11、The battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the Civil War.12、The stock market crash was the beginning of the long economic depression inthe late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) New Dea l measures were to save American democracy and the capital system.13、The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on PearlHarbor on December 7，1941.14、The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki inAugust 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.15、After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant superpowers, andthe Cold W ar began.课后重点练习Chapter 15一：1 2 3 4 11 12四：1 2 4 5 6 7 in ChineseChapter 16一：1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14三：1 2 7 8 9 10四：2 4 5 6 7 9 10 12Chapter 17一：1 4 6 9 10四：1 2 7 8Chapter 18一：1 5 6 9 10三：1 8 9 10第十一周chapter13-14Questions and answers1.How many branches are there in the federal government? What are they? Three. They are Judicial，Executive and Legislative branches.2.On what kind of system are the three branches based?A system of checks and balances..3.Where is the seat of government for congress?The Capitol.4.The congress is composed of two chambers. What are they?The House of Representatives and the Senate5.Where is the official residence of the president?The White House.6.Who has the executive power in the U.S.?The president.7.In American history, only two presidents were raised for impeachment bill. Who were there ?Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton8.What are the two major parties in the U.S.? Tell the symbol of each party. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton9.Who is the first African president in the American history?Barack Obama10.Which book written by him became No. 1 on both New York Times and /doc/495986337.html, bestseller lists ?Barack Obama课后重点联系Chapter13一1 2 3 4 15 16 三第十二周Chapter 3-4Questions and answers1.What is the basis of the British government?constitutional monarchy2.Who is the head of the country?a queen or a king3.Who is the present sovereign of the UK?Elizabeth II4.How many parts make the British Parliament?Three. They are the sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.5.What is the president of the House of Lords called?Lord Chancellor上议院议长、大法官6.What are the two major parties?the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.7.Who presides the cabinet?the Prime Minister8.Who has the real power in the country?the Prime Minister9.Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK? David Cameron10.Where does the Prime Minister live and work? No.10, Downing Street课后重点练习。
英美概况大题知识点总结
英美概况大题知识点总结1. 位置与面积:- 英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成，是一个岛国，又称不列颠群岛。
- 美国位于北美洲的中北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，与加拿大和墨西哥为邻。
是全球第三大、北美洲第二大的国家。
2. 地形:- 英国地貌复杂，地势起伏。
苏格兰地区有高山，如本提高地、格兰特群山、高地等，英格兰和威尔士地势较低，北爱尔兰地区以丘陵地形为主。
- 美国地大物博，地貌多样。
东部大西洋沿岸是低洼平原，中部是多河流盆地、大草原和沙漠，西部有洛矶山脉、科罗拉多高原和内华达高原，阿拉斯加地区是冰川遍布的高山地区，夏威夷是火山构成的群岛，加利福尼亚州和华盛顿州有大片的森林。
3. 气候:- 英国气候温和，受海洋性气候和大西洋洋流的影响。
冬季不太寒冷，夏季不太炎热，年降水量较多。
- 美国气候多样，北部地区属于温带大陆性气候，南部地区属于亚热带气候。
阿拉斯加地区气候寒冷，夏威夷地区气候属于热带海洋性气候。
整体上，美国西部偏干燥，东部偏湿润。
4. 主要城市:- 英国主要城市包括伦敦、曼彻斯特、伯明翰、利物浦等。
伦敦是英国首都，也是英国最大的城市，世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
- 美国主要城市包括纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥、旧金山、华盛顿等。
纽约是美国最大的城市，也是世界金融中心之一，华盛顿是美国首都。
5. 自然资源:- 英国主要矿产资源包括煤炭、天然气、铁矿石和石油。
海洋渔业资源也非常丰富。
- 美国拥有丰富的煤炭、石油、天然气、铁矿石等矿产资源，以及广大的农业土地和丰富的水资源。
6. 语言和宗教:- 英国官方语言是英语，宗教主要是基督教，其中以英国国教会和天主教最为流行。
- 美国官方语言也是英语，宗教信仰多元，基督教、犹太教、伊斯兰教等都有一定的信徒。
英美历史概况:1. 古代历史:- 英国在古代分别由凯尔特人、罗马人、盎格鲁-撒克逊人和维京人等民族统治，1066年诺曼征服后建立了专制统治的王朝。
英美概况知识点总结 美国
英美概况知识点总结美国美国概况知识点总结1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲的中央，与加拿大和墨西哥接壤，东临大西洋，西临太平洋。
2. 面积：美国是世界上第四大的国家，总面积约为9.83万平方公里。
3. 人口：美国是世界上第三大的人口国家，人口约为3.27亿。
4. 政治体制：美国是一个联邦制共和国，政治体制为总统制，国家元首为总统。
5. 首都：美国的首都是华盛顿哥伦比亚特区。
6. 经济实力：美国是世界上最大的经济体，国内生产总值（GDP）居世界首位。
7. 联邦制度：美国是一个由50个州组成的联邦制国家，每个州都享有一定的自治权利。
8. 文化多样性：美国是一个移民国家，拥有来自世界各地的不同种族和文化，因此其文化也非常多样化。
9. 科技实力：美国在航空航天、信息技术、医药和生物技术等领域处于世界领先地位。
10. 社会体系：美国拥有完善的社会保障体系和医疗保健制度，以及广泛的教育资源。
英国概况知识点总结1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，横跨大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛东北部。
2. 面积：英国总面积约为24.12万平方公里。
3. 人口：英国是世界上人口密度最高的国家之一，人口约为6600万。
4. 政治体制：英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首为君主，国家首相为政府首脑。
5. 首都：英国的首都是伦敦，也是英国最大的城市和金融中心。
6. 经济实力：英国是世界上经济实力较强的国家之一，拥有发达的金融、服务和制造业。
7. 文化传统：英国有着悠久的文化传统，包括文学、音乐、戏剧和艺术等领域。
8. 政治影响：英国是联合国安全理事会常任理事国之一，对国际事务有重要影响。
9. 教育体系：英国拥有世界一流的教育资源和大学，吸引了大量国际学生前来留学。
10. 社会福利：英国的社会福利制度完善，提供医疗保障、养老金和失业救济等项目。
美国和英国在政治、经济和文化等方面都有着自己独特的特点，对于全球事务具有重要的影响力。
这些国家的概况知识点总结可以帮助我们更好地了解它们的国情和影响力。
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U.K.&Ireland
1.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及
北爱尔兰联合王国
its short term :UK: the United Kingdom (大不列颠)联合王国
2.What are the other names?
Great Britain (大不列颠,英国)its short term: G.B. GB
Britain(不列颠, 英国)
England英格兰(the main part of Britain)英国
the British Empire大英帝国(a historical term)
the British Commonwealth英联邦
3.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?
The British Isles(不列颠群岛):are made up of two large islands---
Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.
Great Britain and Ireland
4.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?
Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England,
Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland
5.What’s its respective capital(首府)?
England: London
Scotland: Edinburgh
Wales:Cardiff
Northern Ireland:. Belfast
6.What’s the national anthem?
God Save the Queen/King
7. What’s its national flower?
Rose
What’s its national flag?
the Union Jack
9. What’s its nickname?
John Bull. A personification of the British nation or a typical
British man
10.What kind of country is Britain in terms of its geographical
feature? An island country
11.Which river is important in Britain?
The Thames River
12.Can you tell me something about the location of Britain?
It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.
It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the
south and the North Sea in the east.
13.What’s the climate like in Britain? Why do British people talk
about weather very often?
Britain has a maritime climate------winters are not too cold and
summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout
the whole year. The temperature varies within a smallrange. That’s why
British people talk about weather a lot.
14.What are the symbols of England?
The royal policeman, Royal Coat of Arms(皇家徽章), Black Taxi, Foot
Guard,
Life Guard, Double Decker Bus ,Union Flag , Big Ben
15.Can you list some landmarks of London?
Tower of London, London Eye, the Buckingham Palace, St Paul's
Cathedral, Tower Bridge
16.What are the symbols of Scotland?
Edinburgh, Edinburgh International Arts Festival, Tartan, Whiskey,
Bagpipe, golf
17.
The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians
18.Christianity was first brought to England by The Romans
The United States
1. How do you know about the different names of USA?
the United States of America; US; U.S. USA; U.S.A
2. What’s its national flag?
The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, The Starry Banner
3.How do you know the meaning of its national flag?
The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted
the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the
Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence; Red, Hardiness and Valor;
and Blue, Vigilance, Perseverance and Justice.
4. What’s the nickname of American people?
Uncle Sam
5. What’s its national anthem(国歌)?
The Star-Spangled Banner 《星条旗永不落》
6. There are many things that symbolize American culture, could you
say some of them? No less than 10 items
Many things that symbolize American culture. The list runs as
follows:
1) Statue of Liberty
2)White House
3) President Hill
4)Lincoln Memorial Hall
5)Empire State Building
6)Times Square
7)Broadway Theater District
Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary ?
How large is it?
What’s its rank respectively all over the world concerning to its
area and population? How many states are there in the mainland of the
United States?
And which two states are geographically separated from the other?