英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)
英语国家概况总结资料全
Unit1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack〔英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗〕2.The basic information of each country:Count ry Capital AreaMemoEngla nd London最大1.最不会把自己的“英格兰文化区别于其他文化〞3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:●British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derivesfrom this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur〔被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑〕, drove the Saxons back.关于亚瑟王的一些名词：Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔剑Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰尔) in Cornwall: Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地方。
英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料
Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰） 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral （圣保（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语国家概况重点整理
英语国家概况重点整理第一周Questions and answers1.一、What are those 6 English-speaking countries and it’s capitals?1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(London伦敦)2: The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国(Dublin都柏林)3: The United States of America 美利坚合众国(Washington DC 华盛顿DC) 4: Canada 加拿大(Ottawa渥太华)5:The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦(Canberra堪培拉)6:New Zealand (新西兰) (Wellington惠灵顿)第二周chapter1-2Questions and answers2.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland3.What are the other names?Simplified names: UK, United Kingdom。
Geographical name; Britain, Great BritainHistorical name: the British Empire; the British Commonwealth;4.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?Great Britain and Ireland5.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland6.What are their respective capitals（首府）?London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast7.What’s its nickname?John Bull; sometimes, lion8.What’s the national anthem（国歌）?God save the Queen/King9.What’s its national flower?Rose10.What’s its national flag?Union Jack11.How many members are there in British Commonwealth in 2007?53课后重点练习P8 一、1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 三、1 2 3 4 5 6 四、1 2 3 4 8 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 五、2第三周chapter3-5Questions and answers1. How do you know the three stages in the development of the English language?1. Old English.2. Middle English.3. Modern English. (450-1150-1450-present) English is descended from the Germanic (日耳曼语) language of the Anglo-Saxons.(450-1150-1450-present)A: Early Modern English B: Authoritarian English C: Mature Modern English D: Late Modern English2. Who are the ancestors of the English people?It’s Anglo-Saxons. The majority of the English people are descendents(后裔)of the Anglo-Saxons( after Romans left in 410 AD)3. Who are the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish people?It’s Celts. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celts 4. Name the most important cities in UK. And then do exercises on p19 match all. London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester……课后重点练习三、4 5 6 7 8 9 10 四、1 2 3 6 7 8 11 12 13 14.（in Chinese）第四五周chapter6-9大事件时间表1.Earliest Settlers 最早的居民（3000 BC）p.482.Roman Britain 罗马时期的不列颠（43-410）p.48-493.Anglo-Saxons Britain 央格鲁-撒克逊时期的不列颠（449）-P.494.Feudal Society after the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服后的封建社会（1066）p.515.King John and the Great Charter 约翰王和大宪章（1215）p.526.Birth of Parliament议会的诞生（1265）p537.Hundred Years’ War 英法百年战争(1337—1453)p.578.Black Death 黑死病(1348)9.Watt Tyler’s Uprising瓦特-泰勒起义(1381) p5810.The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争(1455—1485) p5911.Religious Reformation 资产阶级革命(1534) p6012.The Civil War 内战(1642—1649) p6313.The Commonwealth (1649—1660) 共和国时期p6414.Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 复辟与光荣革命p64Questions and answers1.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians.2. the most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isles is Stonehenge.3. From 700 B.C, Celts came from Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.. Christianity was first brought to Britain by Romans.5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are Welsh Christianity the Roman roads and cities，especially London.6、The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are Angles Saxons and Jutes. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name ―England‖ and ―English‖.7. In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Danes and Alfred, the king of the Great Wessex.8. Norman Conquest has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England9. King William made a record of each man’s property, whi ch was called Doomsday Book.10. The Great Charter signed in 1215 was made in the interest of the lords.11. The first parliament was called in 1265.12. The Tudor 都铎王朝Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.13. In 1533, Henry VIII repudiated/refused papal/pope supremacy over English Church and declared himself Supreme head 至高无上的权利of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy至尊法案.14. During the Renaissance period, the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More, with his classical work Utopia15. The greatest dramatist William Shakespeare lived in theage of Elisabeth I.16. The ―Glorious Revolution‖ was so called because it was bloodless.17. The industrial revolution began in textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.18.James Hardgrave,a carpenter made the first invention called ―spinning Jenny‖.19. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583.20. The British Empire used to be an empire on which the sun never sets.课后重点练习CHAPTER 6一：1至16四：Norman Conquest 诺曼征服Anglo-Saxons Conquest 央格鲁-撒克逊征服Birth of Parliament议会的诞生Roman Conquest 罗马征服Danish invasion 丹麦入侵Anglo-Saxons settlement 央格鲁-撒克逊定居Anglo-Saxons Heptarchy -------Edward the confessor 爱德华信教徒Battle at Hastings 哈斯丁斯战役Doomsday Book 末日审判书The Great Charter 大宪章All Estates Parliament 各级会议Model Parliament 模范会议CHAPTER 7三：the outbreak of the Wars of the roses. 玫瑰战争的爆发the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War 百年战争爆发Wat Tyler’s Uprising 农民起义The Black Death 黑死病The glorious revolution 光荣革命the call of the Long Parliament -------The restoration of Charles 2 查理二世复辟the execution of Charles 1 查理一世死刑The call of the Short Parliament ------ CHAPTER 8一：1 2 3四：spinning machine run by water power 蒸汽纺织机the power loom------- The steam engine 蒸汽机the ―Spinning Jenny‖珍妮纺织机CHAPTER 9一：136****1516第六七周Chapter 10Questions and answers1、Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary?The United States is situated in the southern part of North Americ a with its two youngest states.It borders Canada on the north，and reaches south to Mexico and Gulf of Mexico.2、How large is it?The Continental United States stretches 4,500km from The Atlantic ocean on the east to the Pacific ocean on the west.3、What’s its rank all over the world concerning its area?It’s fourth largest in world in terms of area.4、How many states are there in the mainland of the United States?48 states5、Which two states are geographically separated from the other?Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii is in the central Pacific6、What is the capital of the US? Can you say some of its tourist attractions (4or more)?1：Washington D.C. 2：the United States Capitol（美国国会大厦），the White House（白宫），the Pentagon Building（五角大楼），Potomac River（波托马克河），The Lincoln Memorial Hall and Washington Monument etc.7、The two most important mountains of the US are the Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉) and the Rocky mountains (落基山脉).8、“Father of Waters”re fers to The Mississippi River.9、The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.10、The 5 Great Lakes are_______, ______, _________, ________ and _______.HOMES：H-Huron，O-Ontario，M-Michigan，E-Erie and S-Superior. 11、How many geographical regions is it divided into?The Eastern Highland，The Central Plain，the Western Mountains12、What are the major cities in USA? What’s the characteristics(特点) of each city?I will List 3 for you.1:Washington D.Cthe capital of the US, is situated on the Potomac River and covers an area of over 174 square kilometers.2:New York CityThe largest city and chief port of the United Stated lying at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York State, has a metropolitan population of 19.306 million(2007), of which the city proper is a little over 8 million and about 10 million in the suburbs.3:Los angelesA seaport in southwest California, is the second largest city of the US, with a population of about 3.82 million in the urban area, and 12.163 million in the metropolitan area.课后重点练习一：1 2 3 5 9 10 11 18 19 20三：2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10第八周Chapter 11Questions and answers1、How do you know about the different names of USA?Its full name: the United States of America;Its short terms：U.S.；USA；America 美洲;美国2、What’s its national flag? How do you know the meaning of its national flag?The Stars and Stripes；Old Glory；The Starry Banner;It c onsists of 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red alternating with 6 white, and in the upper corner near the staff，a rectangular blue field，containing 50 five-pointed white stars. The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence；Red，Hardiness强壮and Valor勇猛；and Blue，Vigilance 警觉，Perseverance and Justice.3、What are the nicknames of America and its people?It’s Uncle Sam.It’s Brother Jonathan and Yankee.4、What’s its national anthem, national flower and tree?The Star - spangled Banner5、There are many things that symbolize American culture. Could you say someof them with no less than 10 items?Bald eagle Great seal National flower National tree Statue of Liberty White House President Hill Lincoln Memorial Hall Empire State Building Times Square Broadway Theater District Las Vegas Hoover Dam Disneyland The Gate Way of St. Louise GoldenGate Bridge Yellow Stone National Park The Niagara Falls Barbie Doll6、Why is USA called a salad bowl or a melting pot?The United Sta tes is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ―melting pot‖, meaning people with different cultural and ethnical backgrounds immigrate to the United States, live together, get assimilated and build up this culture that is called American culture today.Since 1960s, a lot of scholars oppose against the term ―melting pot‖. They think America is similar to a Salad Bowl that every culture can find its position in American society. Multiculturalism is the symbol of America.7、Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, WhiteAnglo-Saxon Protestants. (祖先为英国新教徒的白人).8、Why is USA called as a nation on wheels?Cars are an important part of life in the United States. Henry Ford(1863 –1947)was the man who first started making cars in large numbers. He probably didn’t know how mu ch the car was going to affect American culture. The car made the United States a nation on wheels. 1 in 5 Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new jobs and opportunities. That’s why it has got the name of ―a nation on the wheel‖.9、What’s the character of American people?representative form of government 建立代表制政府rule of law 法治respect of individual rights 对个人权利的尊重religious tolerance宗教上的宽容a strong spirit of individual enterprise强烈的个人进取心10、Name W ho’s Who (名人录) in America (presidents、writers、scientists、actorsor actresses and so on.).1st President/3rd President Humorist and Novelist Novelist of lost generation Greatest Inventor Automobile Microsoft Comic Actor Actress Rock and Roll Martial Arts Basketball Champion American Superman George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway Thomas Edison Henry Ford Bill GatesCharlie Chaplin Marilyn Monroe Elvis Presley Bruce Lee (Li Xiao long) Michael Jordan Christopher Reeve课后重点练习一：1 2 3 4 7三四：1 2 5第九十周Chapter 15—18Questions and answers1、The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called Native Americans /American Indians.2、Christopher Columbus is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America.3、The first successful English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607.4、In 1620, a group of puritans arrived at America on a ship called Mayflower.5、The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired at Lexington，Massachusetts，in 1775.6、On July，7，1776；in the Second Continental congress，The Declaration ofIndependence was declared, which was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson.7、The Louisiana Purchase，in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the importantMississippi River waterway, almost doubled the territory of the U.S.8、After the election of Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union,establishing a rebel government, which is called _ Confederate States of Americ a on February 9, 1861.9、Har riet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin had a profoundeffect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States. 10、In 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation，which liberated somefour million Negro slaves in the South.11、The battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the Civil War.12、The stock market crash was the beginning of the long economic depression inthe late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) New Dea l measures were to save American democracy and the capital system.13、The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on PearlHarbor on December 7，1941.14、The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki inAugust 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.15、After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant superpowers, andthe Cold W ar began.课后重点练习Chapter 15一：1 2 3 4 11 12四：1 2 4 5 6 7 in ChineseChapter 16一：1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14三：1 2 7 8 9 10四：2 4 5 6 7 9 10 12Chapter 17一：1 4 6 9 10四：1 2 7 8Chapter 18一：1 5 6 9 10三：1 8 9 10第十一周chapter13-14Questions and answers1.How many branches are there in the federal government? What are they? Three. They are Judicial，Executive and Legislative branches.2.On what kind of system are the three branches based?A system of checks and balances..3.Where is the seat of government for congress?The Capitol.4.The congress is composed of two chambers. What are they?The House of Representatives and the Senate5.Where is the official residence of the president?The White House.6.Who has the executive power in the U.S.?The president.7.In American history, only two presidents were raised for impeachment bill. Who were there ?Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton8.What are the two major parties in the U.S.? Tell the symbol of each party. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton9.Who is the first African president in the American history?Barack Obama10.Which book written by him became No. 1 on both New York Times and /doc/495986337.html, bestseller lists ?Barack Obama课后重点联系Chapter13一1 2 3 4 15 16 三第十二周Chapter 3-4Questions and answers1.What is the basis of the British government?constitutional monarchy2.Who is the head of the country?a queen or a king3.Who is the present sovereign of the UK?Elizabeth II4.How many parts make the British Parliament?Three. They are the sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.5.What is the president of the House of Lords called?Lord Chancellor上议院议长、大法官6.What are the two major parties?the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.7.Who presides the cabinet?the Prime Minister8.Who has the real power in the country?the Prime Minister9.Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK? David Cameron10.Where does the Prime Minister live and work? No.10, Downing Street课后重点练习。
英语国家概况笔记(全)
Part one the United Kingdom of Britain and North Ire landp3 1 What’s the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the UK and the British Commonwealth?2 tell3 geographical names of the UK3 tell the 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britainp4 1 the British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of the Commonwealth of Nations in 19312 the Commonwealth3 Describe the geographical position(features) of Britain4 it is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south andthe North Sea in the east5 the English Channelp5 1 Chunnel2 the north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.3 England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to itswest and Scotland to its north.4 Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowlandp6 1 the Pennines2 tell the3 natural zones in Scotland3 Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain is located Scotland.p7 1 in Britain, the longest river is the Seven River2 Thames Riverp8 the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Irelandp9 1 What factors influence the climate in Britain 2 tell the characteristics of Britain’s climatep11 1 Describe the distribution of Britain’s population2 Britain has a population of 57,411,0003 Britain is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per squarekilometre and it is very unevenly distributed.p12 1 What is the difference between ancestors of the English and Scot, Welsh and Irish 2 During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxonsinvaded and conquered Britain.13 It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that theEnglish people and the English language were born.p13 1 What are the differences in character and speech between southern England andnorthern England2 in Britain, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English3 Cockney4 the ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britonsp14 1 Eisteddfodau2 How do the Welsh keep their language and culture?3 What’s the main problem in North Ireland?p15 1 the immigrants came from the West Indies, India and Pakistan(排除型选择)2 Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?p16 1 the first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians2 Why do we say that English nation is a mixture on nationality of different origin?p17 1 Earliest invasion of England is by Celts2 the Celts began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of theRomans.p18 1 the Celts’s religion was Druidism2 British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion3 Julius Caesar4 for nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupationp19 1 Hadrian’s Wall2 Antonine Wall3 York had been created as a northern strongholdp20 1 the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 3062 tell why the Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited3 Who were the Anglo-Saxons, how did Heptarchy come into being?p21 1 Angles2 seven principal kingdoms3 Heptarchy4 when the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829,Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English5 the Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britainp22 1 a monk called Columba established a monastery.22 St. Augustine3 What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to English state?p23 1 Witan2 Anglo-Saxons also established the manorial system3 Anglo-Saxons created the Witan4 Alfred5 the Danelaw6 Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”7 Alfred the Greatp24 King Edward, the “Confessor”, seemed more concerned with the building ofWestminster Abbey than with affairs of state.p25 1 tell the reason of the battle on Hastings 2 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishopof Yorkp26 1 the Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.2 William the Conqueror3 the Norman Conquest4 the modern names of England English derive from the Angles5 Who were the Vikings?6 What do you know about St Augustine?p27 1 under William’s system, at the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeinsor serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.2 William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the GrandCouncil of his new tenants in chiefp28 1 Domesday Book2 Domesday Book completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey of Englandmade in 1085p29 1 William, known as William Rufus because of his red complexion2 Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.3 How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy?p30 1 How did Henry II reform the courts & law?2 In Henry II’s reign a common law, was gradually established in place of thecustoms of the manor.p31 1 What was the qurrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket?2 exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into3collision with Thomas Becket3 the Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164p32 Geoffrey Chaucerp33 1 What was the contents and significance of Great Charter?2 the Baron’s charter3 Magna Carta4 with the utmost reluctance, the king was forced to put his seal to the GreatCharter on June 19, 12155 Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses6 a committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carryout the Great Charterp34 1 Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?2 in 1242 HenryIII undertook an expensive war with France which ended with the lossof the whole of Poitou.3 Simon de Montfort4 Provisions of Oxford5 Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster.p36 1 handreds years war between England and France lasted from 1337—14532 What were the causes of Handreds Years War?3 Battle of Argencourt4 Joan de Arc5 By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of theEnglish.6 Why the expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries?p37 1 Black Death2 as a result of the black death, much land was left untended and there was aterrible shortage of labour.3 during the black death period, in 1351, the government issued a Statute ofLabourersp38 1 What do you know about Wat Tyler’s Uprising?2 the Peasant Uprising3 the Lollardsp39 during the peasant uprising, many hundreds of rebels were put to death byKing Richard.p40 1 Wars of the Roses42 the instablility was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,theHouse of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.p41 1 on Aug 22, 1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicstershire the last battle of Warsof the Roses was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor, Henry Tudor won.2 although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinarypeople were little affected.p42 1 What was the effect of Wars of Roses?2 the English Reformation began with Henry VIII3 Henry VIIIp43 Why and how did Reformation happen in England? and What was the effect?p44 Bloody Maryp45 1 Elizabeth I2 Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compremise of view. She broke Mary’s tieswith Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England3 How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country?p46 tell Elizabeth’s foreign policyp47 1 Renassance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times,covering the years c1350-c16502 in England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accessionof the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.3 tell the characteristics of the English Renaissance.p49 1 Christopher Marlowe2 Ben Jonson3 William Shakespearep50 1 Edmund Spenser2 Francis Baconp51 1 Gunpowder Plot2 on Nov.5 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and hisministers up in the Houses of Parliament.p52 1 in 1620 a small group of the Puritans, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed fromPlymouth in the Mayflower.2 Charles I was the son of James I3 Charles I’s relations with the Parliament were from the start disastrous.5p53 Petition of Rightp55 1 Cavaliers2 Roundheadsp56 1 What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?2 the English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution3 Puritan Revolutionp57 1 after King Charles’s execution in 1649, there was public outrage in England2 the “Rump”p58 1 when Oliver Cromwell died in 1685, and was succeeded by his son, Richard.2 Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code against thePuritans, now known as Nonconformistsp59 1 tell the 2 of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century2 John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress3 John Milton’s Paradise Lost4 How did the “glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it? p60 Bill of Rights (1689)p61 1 What was the absolute rule of James I of England?2 Give a brief account of Henry VIIp62 1 the Whigs2 the Tories3 the Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.p63 the Tories were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s ideals known as“Utilitarianism”p65 1 Enclosure Acts2 in England, the 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep andhorses by Robert Bakewell3 What’s your comment on land enclosures in England?p66 1 What was the industrial revolution?2 tell why Britains is the 1st country to start the industrial revolution?p68 1 How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?2 John Kay’s flying shuttle63 James Hargreaves’spinning jenny4 James Wattp69 1 as a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshopof the world”2 “workshop of the world”3 Luddites4 What do you know about parliamentary reforms?5 the Whigs under Lord Grey were returned to power after more than half a centuryp70 Why should Parliament be reformed in England?p71 1 a People’s Charter in 18382 What do you know about the chartist Movement and People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?p74 Trade Union Act of 1871p75 1 tell the Colonial Expansion of the English2 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 15833 Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.4 1763 Treaty of Parisp79 1 by the Treaty of Nanking 1842, China cede Hong Kong to Britain2 by 1900 Britain had built up a big empire which included 25% of the world’spopulation and areap81 1 During WWI Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of25.2 Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nationsp82 in 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated.p83 Winston Churchillp84 1 one of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastenedthe end of Britain’s empire2 the Labour Party won the election after WWII, but Conservatives came back topower in 1951.p85 in Jan, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European EconomicCommunity.p86 1 the election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party72 Thatcherismp87 What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?p88 1 soon after the Second World War, Britain not noly gave up its ecnomic hegemonybut also sugffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership2 Between 1950 and 1973, Britain’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3.0%3 British diseasep89 1 What are the 3 periods as far as the evolution of British economy is concerned?2 in 1950, Britain’s GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capitaincome third in the world3 John M. Keynesp90 1 in the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growthrate and the highest inflation.2 in 1979, the new government adopted an economic programme known as Medium-termFinancial Strategy3 Privatiztion, deregulation and market liberalization replace prices and incomescontrol and state interventionism.(排除型选择)p91 an outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, by1988, the recovery had lasted seven years.p92 1 just as the 1940s decade is remembered in Britain as the era of nationalization,the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of privatization.2 During the pas decade almost 40% of the British state enterprises were privatized.p94 rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.p98 1 in the early 20th century the motor vehicle in dustry in Britain was developedin the West Midlands and South-East of England2 tell the areas in England where we can see some high-tech industrial growthp99 1 in Britain only 3% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of theland area.2 agribusinessp100 1 in some areas factory faming methods are used, particularly for rearing poultryof pigs.2 Wheat and Potatoes are staple food of the British.p103 1 Britain is the 5th largest trading nation in the world.82 nation of shopkeepers3 tell the trade pattern that Britain’trade has4 What has Britain traditionally been in terms of foreign trade?p104 1 the City of London2 Lloyd’sp105 1 Where are oil and natural gas found in Britain?2 Where are the main textile producing regions in Britain?3 What are new industries in England?4 How has Britain’s trade pattern changed in recent years?p106 1 constitutional monarchy2 the head of the UK is a king or a queen3 the British constitution is made up statute law, common law and conventions(排除型选择)4 the monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least the9th century.p107 the present Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, was born on April 21, 1926, shecame to the throne on Feb.6, 1952, and she was crowned on Jun 2, 1953.p108 the Queen of Britain is the symbol of the whole nationp110 1 What do you know the Parliament in Britain?2 a Parliament has a maximum duration of 5 years.p111 in Britain, the House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellorp112 1 the House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of651 Members of Parliament2 it is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.3 a General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequentintervals4 Black Rodp114 shadow cabinetp115 the great majority of these are Government measures introduced by a Ministerp116 in Britain, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and always sits inthe House of Commons, receives £ 78,292.p117 1 Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime9Minister2 the Privy Council3 the Privy Council is presided over by the Lord Presidentp118 the government departments are staffed by members of the Civil Servicep121 Local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue through the council tax.p122 1 When did a constitutional monarchy begin in Britain?2 What does the Cabinet consist of?3 Who are the members of the House of Lords?4 What is the function of the House of Lords?5 What are the two major parties in Britain today?6 How many constituencies are there in Britain today?7 How many members are there in the House of Commons?8 How often does a general election take place?9 Give a brief account of British Parliament.p123 1 criminal law2 civil lawp124 the Crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case and independentlyreviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecutep125 1 Magistrates’Courts try summary offences2 either way3 in 1994 there were 79 stipendiary magistrates in England and Wales.p126 1 the Crown Court tries the most serious offences2 England and Wales are divided in six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminalcases.3 tell the three criminal courts in Scotland4 tell the two types of criminal procedure in Scotlandp127 appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may be heard by the CrownCourt, the High Court, the Court of Appeal(排除型选择)p128 1 the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales are CountyCourts of which there are 2702 all judges of the Supreme Court and all circuit judges and recorders have thepower to sit in the county courtp129 in the UK, Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the HomeSecretary and the Attorney General(排除型选择)10p130 1 in Northern Ireland, court administration is the responsibility of the LordChancellor2 London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the HomeSecretary.p131 1 in England and Wales a Magistrates’court cannot impose a term of more thansix month’s imprisonment for an individual offence tried summarily2 Capital punishment remains the penalty for treason and piracyp132 1 there are about 130 prisons establishments in England and Wales and some 20in Scotland, and 4 prisons and 1 young offenders’ centre in Northern Ireland2 in England and Wales young people aged 18-20 serve custodial sentences in a youngoffender institution3 What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain?4 How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases?5 What is the jury’s job?6 How many divisions is the High Court divided into?What are they?7 How many police forces are there in the UK?8 How different is the Metropolitan Police Force(London) from other police force in Great Britain?9 Discuss the treatment of offernders in the UK.p134 1 welfare state2 NHS3 NHS was established in the UK in 1948, and it was based at first on Acts ofParliament.p135 1 over 82% of the cost of the health service in Great Britain is funded outof general taxation.2 prescription charges do not apply to the ……(排除型选择)p136 in Great Britain, every year there are about 200 million consultations withfamily doctors and about 6 million people visit a pharmacy every day.p138 NHS service(排除型选择)p139 1 NHS services for elderly people(排除型选择)2 Britain has about 6 million adults with one or more disabilities, of whom around7% live in communal establishments.p141 1 Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social securityprogramme2 the non-contributory benefits include……(排除型选择)113 in UK, women at the age of 60 and men at the age of 65 are entitled to a stateretirement pension.p143 most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly fromtheir employer for a maximum of 18 weeksp144 war pensionsp145 only that the Lord Chancellor may not be a Roman Catholic.p146 Church of Englandp147 the government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterianp148 1 the Methodist Church2 the Baptists3 the United Reformed Church4 the formal structure of the Roman Catholic church in England and Wales was restoredin 18505 there are now 7 Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain.p151 1 about Easter(排除型选择)2 Hogmanayp153 1 in the UK, the only really important patriotic festivalis Remembrance Sunday----Armistice Day2 Boxing Dayp154 1 What is the most important established church in Britain?2 What festival is the greatest in Britain?3 What is the Scottish tradition concerning New Year’s Day?4 Describe briefly the contribury social security benefits in the UK.p156 1 in the UK, compulsory education begins at five in Great Britain and fourin Northern Ireland, when children go to infant schools2 eleven-plusp157 1 about 90% of the state seconday school population in Great Britain attendcomprehensive schools2 comprehensive schools(in the UK)3 sixth-form college4 Teriary college5 publish school(in the UK)12p158 there are some 90 universities in the UKp159 What do you know about the university-industry links to the UK?p160 1 in the UK, with about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published nationwide.2 on an average day 60% of people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper.p161 1 How the national newspapers are divided in the UK?2 quality dailies(排除型选择)3 quality papersp162 1 the Economist2 periodicals in the UK(排除型选择)p164 1 tell the four national channels of the TV in the UK 2 apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providingregular television broadcasts since 1936.p165 Reutersp166 1 it is estimated that 29 million people over the age of 16 regularly takepart in sport or exercise2 football is the most popular sport in England3 Cricket is the most typical English of sportsp171 in the UK, about 80 million people a year attend more than 2,000 museumsand art galleries open to the public.p172 the Beatlesp173 1 Andrew Lloyd Webber2 Andrew Lloyd Webber’s the Phantom of the operap176 1 among all the arts festivals in the UK, the most famous is the EdinburghInternational Festival of Music and Drama2 BFIp177 1 copyright libraries(排除型选择)2 For whom is compulsory education in the UK?3 What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?4 How is the BBC financed?5 list some most important journals in the UK.6 Where would you find many of London’s theatres?137 Describe briefly the higher education in the UK Part two the Republic of Irelandp181 1 Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside2 the Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland.3 the capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the LiffeyRiver at its confluence with the Dodder River.4 Ireland has been compared to a basinp182 Shannon Riverp183 1 what remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape?2 How to describe the weather of Ireland?P184 For the whole country the chance of an unusully wet or an unusually dry yearIs estimated at 25%P186 1 In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic2 Ireland is unique among European countries for its century-long population declinep187 There are two official languages in Ireland . They are Irish (Gaelic) and Englishp188 1Catholicism2 Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Irelandp189 1 What was perhaps the most important event in Irish history?2 Henry viii was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.3 The Tudors forced the Protestand Reformation and English law on the Irish.4 Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 16105 How did the conflict begin between the English and the Irish?P190 1 IRA2 Easter Uprising3 Anglo-Irish Treaty4 Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World WarII to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.P191 foreign policy of IrelandP192 1 both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiatea peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland142 Ireland established diplomatic relations woth China on June 22, 19793 Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries4 What is the largest river in Ireland?5 Why is Shannon River important to Ireland?6 What has been a traditional source of conflict between the English and the Irish?7 When did Ireland declare itself a republic?P193 1 president of Ireland2 taoiseachP194 all the legislative powers are vested in the national parliamentP195 Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislationand the 1937 Constitutionp196 1 two major parties , Fianna Fail and Fine Gael2Sinn Fein3 Sinn Fein was the guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the Britishin 19214Anglo-Irish Treatyp197 Fine Gaelp198 1 the Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.2 Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sectorp201 Ireland is now the lasgest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europep202 What is the chronic problem in Ireland?P204 1 Today the Irish Times is the nation’smost infuential daily in Ireland.2 the Irish Independent is a best-selling daily3 some 250 magazines are published in Ireland, almost 1/5 of them deal with religion.P205 1 Irish broadcasting began in 1926 in a small studio called Dublin BroadcastingStation2 the most well-known Irish writher of the modern period is James Joyce.3 James Joycep206 1 Ulysses is Joyce’s masterpiece.2Ulysses3 Who is the head of government in Ireland?4 What does the Irish Parliament consist of?155 Discuss the characteristics of Ireland’s economy6 List Ireland’s main industries7 Explain the reasons why Ireland has chronic negative balance of trade8 Identify the periods in the histroy of Irish Part three the United States of Americap209 1 the continental United States lies in central North America with canada toits north.2 Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south3 the Atlantic Ocean to its east.4 the United States has an ideal location for trade5 Why the United States has an ideal location for trade?6 the United States is the 4th largest country in the worldp210 1 How many states are there in US? Which is the largest, and the smallest?2 in US, on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.p211 1 The Rockies, the backbone of North american continent, is also known as theContinental Divide.2 in US, lying betwenn the Appalachian Mountans and the Rocky Moutains is one ofthe world’sgreat countinental rivers—Mississippi3Mississippi4 the Missouri rises in southwest Montana among the Rocky Mountians5Missouri6 the Missouri runs 3725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi at St. Louis7 the River Ohio flows from the rainy east at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and joinsthe Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois8 father of waters9 old man riverp212 1 American Ruhr2 in US, on the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south,and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.(colorado西班牙语多彩的)3 The Rio Grande River rises in the outhern Rocky mountains and flow to the Gulfof Mexico.(rio grande西班牙语大河)4 Great Lakes5 Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the worldp213 1 What are the benefits of Lakes, rivers and seacoast of US?2 the Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of Midwest in US.3 What factors influence the climate of US?4 In US, a humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the16country(New England)p214 1 meditrranean climate can be found in south part of the Pacific coast2 the southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climatewith warm, dry summers and moist winters.3 besides latitude, list some most important forces the influence the climate of the US.4 New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current.p215 New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.p216 the Middle Atlantic States has about 1/5 of the total population of the US.Washington and New York are located herep217 1 Chicago2 Midwest America’s most important agricultural area in US.3 Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world4 the American South stretches 2/3 of the way across the continent5 list some major economic activities of South America. p218 the American south now contains 90% of the American textile industry.p219 1 the Great Plains lies between the Rocky mountain and the Appalachians2 the Great Plains3 Denver located at the foothills of the Rockies.4 Yellowstone National Park5 Why is the tourist trade so important in American West?p220 1 the Grand Canyon2 the Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is on of nature’s most impressivesight.p221 1 Albuquerque is a centre for touring the lands of Native American People andis the site of New Mexico’s state university.2 Hawaii is lacated in the Pacific Ocean3 list the differences between Alaska and Hawaii p222 the penisula of alaska is bordered on its east side by Canada.p224 1 the US is the 3rd most populous country in the worldp225 1 the US had a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independenceuntil the 1960s.2 Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s.17。
英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。
一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。
它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。
此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。
二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。
它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。
美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。
美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。
此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。
三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。
加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。
加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。
此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。
四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。
此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。
新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。
新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。
英语国家概况考试复习要点
英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain (GB/G.B.) British IslesBritish Empire The Commonwealth The United Kingdom(The UK)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Geographically, the British Isles includes Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, andall the offshore islandsPolitically, the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山)the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians（格兰扁山脉）4.the longest river：The Severn River (塞文河)The most important river in Britain and the second longest river:Thames（泰晤士河）5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖）( Northern Ireland)6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉）The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。
英语国家概况知识点总结
英语国家概况知识点总结Full name: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandOthers names: The United Kingdom /The UK/Britain/The Great Britain/The British Lion/England/The British IslesBritish Isles: 范围最大，包含了大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛及其附近的许多小岛U K : Includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern IrelandGreat Britain: Includes only England, Scotland and WalesArea : 242,514 square kilometers (93,635square miles) Population: about 60,587,300National capital: LondonNational Flag: The Union JackNational Anthem: God Save the Queen/KingComponents:England:1.The largest and the most populated country of UK. It occupies more thanhalf the island of Great Britain.2.Area: 130,281 square kilometers (53.7 percent)3. Population: 50,762,900(83.8 percent) 401 people per square kilo4. Capital: London (the seat of government, center of business, the heart of artsand culture, dominates England just like England dominates TheUK)Scotland:1.The second largest of the four nations both in area and population .no longerhas a separate legislature and executive, and its economy is integrated intothat of the rest of Britain. But it does have a separate administration,different legal and educational systems as well as its Presbyterian nationalchurch. Above all it has retained much of its distinct cultural identity.2.area: 77,925 square kilometers(32.1 percent)3.population: 5,116,900 (8.4persent) 65 people per square kilo4.capital: Edinburgh (on the east cost represent the capital of theregion)5.the l argest city is Glasgow (In the west)Wales:1. A peninsular jutting from England into the Irish Sea, and is the smallestamong the three nations on the island of Britain. And has been dominated byEngland for longer period than the other three nations since its officiallyunion with England in 1536(actually England has ruled Wales in 1343 butnot officially recognized)2.area: 20732 square kilometers (8.5percent)3.population: 2,965,900(4.9persent) 142 people per square kilo4.capital: Cardiff (southern Wales) serving as an important seaport andindustrial center5.Wales retained a unique cultural social and economic development,notably its national language, Welsh, and a devolved Welsh Assembly Northern Ireland:1.Often referred to as the province of Ulster, is part of the island Ireland locatedin its northeast corner. And is the smallest both in area and population among the four nations of the UK.2.area: 13,576square kilometers (5.7 percent of the UK and one six of the islandof Ireland )3.population：1,741,600（2.9 percent）4.capital:Belfast (a seaport on the east cost , is a center of shipbuilding andlinen textiles and it created the Titanic)5.。
英语国家概况复习整理
英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。
以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。
英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。
2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。
美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。
3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。
渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。
加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。
4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。
堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。
澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。
5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。
惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。
新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。
二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。
英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。
美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。
加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。
2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。
英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。
加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。
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英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
12. Besides, the Tweed, the Tyne, the Tees and the Thames Rivers on the east coast all face the North Sea ports on the European continent.除此以外，东海岸的邓恩河，泰河，迪斯河和泰晤士河都面临欧洲大陆上的北海各港口。
13. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River. The most important river is Thames River. River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.英国最长的河流是赛文河，最重要的河流是泰晤士河。
克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
14. Though the weather in Britain is so changeable and unpredictable, the climate is in fact a favorable one. Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.虽然英国的天气总是如此变化无常，无法预测，但实际上英国的天气相当宜人。
英国全年有稳定的降雨量。
15. Britain has a population of 57411000. it is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per square kilometer, and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban, and only 10% is rural.英国人口为57411000。
它是一个人口稠密，分布不均的国家，每平方公里平均237人，90％的人生活在城镇，只有10％的人居住在农村。
16. the English are Anglo-Saxons, but the welsh, Scots and Irish are Celts.英格兰人是安各鲁－撒克逊人。
而威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰人是凯尔特人。
17. The Celts of Wales defended their freedom for 1000 years and were not conquered by the English until 1536. today about a quarter of the welsh population still speak welsh as their first language and about one percent speak only welsh.威尔士的凯尔特人为自由战斗了1000年，直到1536年才被英格兰人征服。
今天有大约四分之一的威尔士人把威尔士语当作第一语言，大约1％的人只讲威尔士语。
18. though the Gaelic language is still heard in the Highlands and western isles, the English language is spoken all over the Scotland.尽管在高地和西部岛屿还能听到盖尔语，但英语却遍及全苏格兰。
19. Since then, there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics who are seeking more social and economic opportunities.从那时起，新教徒和罗马天主教徒间展开了艰苦的斗争，新教徒是统治者，而罗马教徒要求更多社会和经济机会。
20. About three million have came to live and find work since world war second. They are mainly fromthe West Indies, India and Pakistan.自二战以来，约有三百万人来到英国居住，他们主要来自西印度群岛，印度和巴基斯坦。
第二节英国的起源（历史部分）21. The first known setters of Britain were the Iberians. More dramatic monuments were the henges, the most important of which was Stonehenge in Wiltshire.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比例亚人。
更为引人注目的是那些圆形石结构，其中最重要的是在维尔特郡发现的巨石阵。
22. The Celts may originally have come from eastern and central Europe, they came to Britain in three main waves: the first wave was the Gaels, the second was Britons and the third was Belgae.凯尔特人最初来自于东欧及中欧，他们入侵英国分三次高潮：第一次是盖尔人；第二次是布立吞人；第三次是比利其人。
23. Julius Caesar, the great roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under roman occupation.伟大的罗马将军朱略思，恺撒，于公元前55年第一次入侵英国。
将近400年，英国人处于罗马的占领下。
24. The roman built two great walls to keep the Picts. There were the Hadrian’s wall running from Carlisle to Newcastle, and the Antonine wall linking the estuaries of the Forth and the Clyde.罗马人修建了2座长城以抵御皮特人。
一条是哈德良长城，从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔，另一条是链接福斯河口和克莱德河口的安东尼长城。
25. The Romans made use o f Britain’s natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery.罗马人很好地利用了英国的自然资源，开采铅矿、铁矿和锡矿以及生产陶瓷。