第一课 Buonvenuto 意大利语教学课件
新大学法语 第一课 ppt课件
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视频
ABCDEFG HIJKLMNOP QRS TUV W X Y et Z Je connais les A, B, C A, B, C, D, E, F, G Refrain:J'aime chanter les A, B, C A, B, C, D, E, F, G
• 法语字母的名称音和它们在词中的读 音不完全一致，其中只有 a, e, i, o, u 这五个元音字母的读音与它们的名 称音相同。
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III. A a
[a]
N
B
b
[be]
O
C
c
[se]
P
D
d
[de]
Q
E
e
[∂]
R
F
f
[εf]
S
G
g
[Зe]
T
H
h
[a ∫] U
I
i
[i]
V
J
j
[зi]
W
K
k
[ka]
• 法国在18世纪至20世纪早期是仅次于大英帝国的 世界第二强国。当今的法国是联合国安理会五大 常任理事国之一，也是欧洲联盟和北约创始会员 国、八国集团和《申根公约》成员国，更是欧洲 大陆主要的经济与政治实体之一。
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II. Vous aimez le français?
Pourquoi vous apprenez le français ? 大家为何会选择学习法语？
Bonjour à vous tous et à vous
toutes
意大利语课+打印
第一讲意大利语的形成、使用范围、语音特点和字母表。
（三学时）（一）教学内容；意大利语的形成，使用国家的范围，语音特点，字母表。
1，意大利语的形成；意大利语属于印欧语系的罗曼语族。
法语、罗马尼亚语、西班牙语都属这一语族。
世界上除了意大利本国(包括在意大利境内的圣玛力诺和梵蒂冈)使用意大利语外，还有瑞士部分地区(Canton Ticino)以及个别非洲独立同家，如索马里(原意属索马里)，由于过去受意大利统治，也使用意大利语为官方正式语言或通用语。
意大利语由拉丁语演变而来，意大利国内各地区方言虽各有不同，但都是来源于通俗拉丁语(latino volgare)，即古代罗马帝国的语言。
最初有文字记载的书而通俗拉丁语是公元960年在蒙特卡西诺(Montecassino)发现的。
意大利语是在公元1200年前后正式形成的。
意大利语的词汇，除了一部分是从希腊语、日耳曼语和阿拉伯语演变而来之外，主要是来自拉丁语．其语法特点也与拉丁语相仿。
由于拉丁语在意大利一直被认为是唯一有严格规则的书面语言，所以从拉丁语到意大利语的形成过程是相当缓慢的。
罗马帝国崩溃以后，通俗拉丁语在意大利结合各地区方言的特点有r较快的发展，最早产生的就是西西里(Sicilia)方言，后来托斯卡纳(Toscana)地区的方言也逐渐形成，并取得了较优越的地位，成为意大利标准语的主要的基础。
2，语音特点；⑴意大利语中几乎所有的词都是以元音结尾的，外来词除外⑵意大利语发音时，发音器官肌肉紧张度教英语大。
⑶意大利语元音发音时唇形变化很明显。
⑷意大利语辅音有清浊之分。
⑸意大利语有舌颤音r。
⑹意大利语每个音发出来都很平正，流畅，清晰。
⑺意大利语重音很重要。
3，字母表意大利语共有21个字母，其中元音字母5个，辅音字母16个，另外还有5个外来字母。
意大利语字母表ALFABET0 ITALIANO外来字母表LETTERE STRANIERE印刷体手写体名称大写小写大写小写J j i luncaK k cappaW w Doppio vuX x icsY y ipsilon igrecoBuongiorno! 您好！（早上好！）Buonasera晚上好!Buongiorno! Come sta ？您好！您怎么样？Bene, grazie! E Lei ? 很好谢谢！您呢？Non c'e male, grazie. 还可以谢谢！Ciao ! come stai ？你好！你怎么样？Bene, grazie! E tu? 很好谢谢！你呢?Benissima ! 好极了！Cosi Cosi! 马马虎虎！Abbastanza Bene! 还好Male Malissima 不好！坏极了！（麻烦大了！）Come ti chiami ? 你叫什么？Come si chiama? 您叫什么？Mi chiamo ……… .我叫Lettera per lettera 字母如何拼写Il Suo cognome （nome）scusi? 对不起！您的名字?姓il tuo nome （cognome）scusa? 对不起！你的名字?姓Arrivederci !再见Buona notte! 晚安!A domani 明天见!Grazie ! 谢谢! Prego! 不客气！Come va ! 您（你）怎么样? 好吗？Sei tu Giacomo Mori? 你是贾克莫莫里？Si Sono io 是！我是。
对外汉语教学第一课 ppt课件
duìhuà liàn xí 对 话 练 习 (conversation practice )
• nǐ hǎo ！ 你好 ！
• xiè xie ！ 谢谢！
• duì bù qǐ ！ 对 不起！
bú yònɡ xiè ！/Bú kè qi！ 不 用 谢 ！ 不 客 气！
méi ɡuān xi ！ 没 关 系！
nǚ ér
儿子 女儿
wù zhǔ dài cí 物主代词
（Possessive Pronoun）
wǒ de 我 的 （my, mine）
nǐ de 你的 （your, yours）
tā de 他的 （his）
tā de 她的 （her, hers）
tā de 它的 （its）
wǒ mén de 我们 的
你 的 名 字 叫 什 么？
(What is your name?) Liujie: Zǎo shàng hǎo , wǒ jiào Liujie. Qǐng wèn nǐ de míng zìjiào shén me? 刘洁: 早 上 好，我 叫 刘洁。 请 问 你 的 名 字 叫 什 么？
Luyi: Nǐ hǎo, wǒ shìLuyi. Nǐ shì xī bān yá rén ma? 陆易: 你 好， 我 是 路易。你 是 西 班 牙 人 吗？
• 西班牙 xī bān yá Spain
认识 rèn shi to know
很 hěn
very
高兴 gāo xìng glad
也 yě too, as well, also
他 是 谁？
(Who is he?)
Liujie: Zǎo shang hǎo, Luyi. 刘洁: 早 上 好，路易。 Luyi: Zǎo shang hǎo, Liujie. 陆易: 早 上 好，刘洁。 Liujie: Tā shì shuí 刘洁: 他 是 谁？ Luyi: Tā shì wǒ de yé ye 陆易: 他 是 我 的 爷 爷。
基础意大利语ppt (1)
基础
意大利语语法篇课程简介
什么课？
基础意大利语---语法篇意大利
意大利共和国，简称意大利，位于欧洲南部，主要由亚平宁半岛加西西里岛和撒丁岛组成。
国土面积约为30万平方公里，人口约6000万。
谁来学？
大学意大利语专业读书的赴意留学语言培训的
画画的，唱歌的，修文物的爱足球的
爱喝咖啡爱吃披萨的
……
怎么学？
1. 视频课+ 练习+ 互动辅导
2. 参考教材
学什么？
名词、形容词和冠词
代词
基础意大利语语法
动词
•单复数
名词
•阴阳性
•单复数
形容词
•阴阳性
•与名词的配合
•定冠词
冠词
•不定冠词有缘学习更多＋谓ｙｇｄ３０７６考证资料
•直接宾语代词•间接宾语代词
•关系代词
代词
语式
时
动词
态
直陈式命令式条件式虚拟式语式动词副动词
分词式不定式
直陈式
现在时
近过去时
未完成过去时将来时
先将来时
近愈过去时远过去时
时
态命令式
现在时
时态
条件式
虚拟式现在时
过去时现在时过去时
未完成过去时愈过去时
动词
无人称形式被动式
有缘学习更多＋谓ｙｇｄ３０７６考证资料Buono studio e
buona visione!。
西班牙语入门——第一课-图文
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名词的数（Número del sustantivo）
名词有数的范畴。复数形式根据下列规则构成：
★ 以非重读元音结尾的名词,变复数时加 s。
Ej: amigo （朋友）--- amigos mesa（桌子） --- mesas pupitre（课桌） --- pupitres
★ 少数以重读元音结尾的名词，变复数时也可直接加s.
西班牙语的名词有阳性和阴性之别可以根据词尾来加以辨认： ★ 以元音 o 结尾的名词大多为阳性: 如：plato (盘子), oso (公熊), pato (雄鸭) 例外情况：但有少数以o结尾的名词为阴性。 如：foto(照片), moto (摩托车), mano (手)
★ 以元音 a 结尾的名词大多为阴性。 如：mesa (桌子), pluma (钢笔), camisa (衬衣) 但有少数以 a 结尾的名词为阳性。 如：mapa (地图)，sofá （沙发）, problema （问题），
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Sol, nasal, timonel,Alpes, alto, salta, palma, pulso, Patas, mesas, pones, lotos, asta, estos, pasta, peste, Asna, misma, muslo,muslime, limosna
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GRAMÁTICA
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¿Quién es él? 2
¿Es él Paco? Sí, él es Paco.
¿Es él Pepe? Sí, él es Pepe.
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¿Quién es él? 2
¿Es ella Ema? No, ella no es Ema, es Ana. ¿Quién es él? Él es Pepe. ¿Es Pepe chino ? Pepe no es chino. Pepe es chileno.
对外汉语教学 第一课课件
ai ei ui
ao ou iu ie üe er
an en in un ün
ang eng ing ong
PPTn dú yīn jié 整 体认读音 节
（Integral Syllables）
zhi
chi
shi
ri
zi
ci
si
yi
wu
yu
ye
yue
yuan
yun
bú yònɡ xiè ！/Bú kè qi！ 不 用 谢 ！ 不 客 气！
• duì bù qǐ ！ 对 不起！
méi ɡuān xi ！ 没 关 系！
• zài jiàn ！ 再见 ！
PPT学习交流
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cí yǔ xué xí 词 语 学 习 (new words learning)
• 1. 你好 •你 •好 • 2. 谢谢 • 3. 不客气 •不 • 客气 • 4. 对不起 • 5. 没关系 • 6. 再见
• 呢 ne
an interrogative
• 中国 zhōng guó China
• 西班牙 xī bān yá Spain
PPT学习交流
认识 rèn shi to know
很 hěn
very
高兴 gāo xìng glad
也 yě too, as well, also
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Tā shì shuí
• 请问 qǐng wèn ask politely
请 qǐng
please
• 名字 míng zì name
• 什么 shén me what
• 是 shì
to be, am, is, are
• 人 rén
意大利语(课堂PPT)
Cominciamo a studiare l’italiano
Cos’è L’Italia per voi?
2
L’italiano 意大利语
意大利语属于印欧语系的罗曼语族（拉丁语族） 意大利语由拉丁语（Latino）演变而来 意大利语在公元1200年前后正式形成 托斯卡纳（Toscana）地区的方言是现代标准意大
陈述句一般用降调
vorrei
Non c’è male. 疑问句一律用升调
Come stai?
Stai bene?
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Grazie Ci vediamo alla prossima volta !
音（p、t、c）的发音不同于英语（不送气）。 学会大舌颤音（r）的发音。 重音一般落在每个单词的倒数第二个音节，但也有特殊，因此
重音的掌握较困难，刚学习时就要正确找对重音位置。
4
Alfabeto Italiano
/ VU
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Le lettere straniere
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La fonetica italiana
gl-a,e,o,u /gl/ gloria 14
r
/r/
Roma
舌尖上卷，抵住上齿龈，振动声带，气流不断冲击舌尖使它颤动
f
/f/
fame
v
/v/
vita
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s /s/ -ss-
rosso
词首元音前
sedia
清辅音p, t, f, c前 studio 词尾（外来词） tennis
/z/ 两个元音中间
利语的基础 意大利语比其它罗曼语更接近于原来的拉丁语
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发音规则
意大利语发音十分规则，这一点和英语不同。 多数意大利语单词为元音结尾，且单词中的每个元音都要发音
《对外汉语第一课》课件
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02
详细描述
介绍中国的著名旅游景点，如长城、故宫、 颐和园等，以及相关的旅游文化，如中国的 传统节日和习俗。
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详细描述
介绍如何在中国使用在线预订平台预 订酒店和机票，以及如何进行支付和 取票等操作。
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详细描述
介绍中国的公共交通系统，如地铁、公交、出 租车等，以及如何购买和使用这些交通工具的 票证。
力。
制定学习计划
根据个人时间安排和目标，制 定详细的学习计划，包括每日 、每周、每月的学习任务。
定期评估进度
每隔一段时间评估自己的学习 进度，调整学习计划以确保按
计划进行。
保持学习动力
通过奖励、激励等方式保持学 习的动力和兴趣。
感谢观看
THANKS
常用虚词和介词
虚词
包括助词、连词、语气词等，例如“的 ”、“和”、“了”、“吗”。
VS
介词
表示动作的方向、时间、方式等，例如“ 在”、“从”、“到”、“在……之前” 。
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实际应用场景模拟
在中国旅游
总结词
介绍中国的旅游景点和旅游文化
01
总结词
学习如何在中国预订酒店和机票
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总结词
学习如何在中国使用公共交通工具
并列句
由两个或两个以上的简单 句并列而成，例如“我喜 欢学习汉语，但是不喜欢 写汉字”。
主谓句
以主语开头的句子，例如 “这本书很有趣”。
时态和语态
现在进行时
表示正在进行的动作，例 如“我正在吃饭”。
过去时
表示过去的动作或状态， 例如“我昨天去了北京” 。
被动语态
表示动作的接受者，例如 “这本书被小明借走了” 。
意大利语学习(英语)
意大利语学习第一课Lesson 1This Week's New Words:ciao - hello, goodbye (familiar)salve - helloaddio - goodbyebene - wellegli - he (literary)lui - he (common speech), himella - she (literary)lei - she (common speech), heresso - it (masculine)essa - it (feminine)essi - they (persons or things)loro - them (persons or things), they (common speech, persons)grazie - thank youspiacente - I'm sorrynoi - us, we (plural)signore - sir, mister, mr.signora - madame, mrs.signorina - misstu - you (informal)voi - you (plural, formal and informal)io - INumbers 1-100 zero1 uno2 due3 tre4 quattro5 cinque6 sei7 sette8 otto9 nove10 dieciPronunciationThe Italian alphabet is fairly similar to our own (English, or depending on where you're from, American). The letters K,J,W,X,Y occur only in foreign origin words. Each lesson will explain a few more letters. This week, I'll explain the interesting letters (or combinations thereof) from this week's words (above).gliThe gli (followed or not by another vowel) in Italian is pronounced more or less as ll in SpanishHowever there are words like glicine (flower name), negligente, anglicano in which, for etymological reasons, g and l are pronounced as two separate sounds as in English.Thus, the Italian word coniglio (rabbit) is pronounced like conihlyo. and the word conigli (rabbits) is pronounced like conihli.gnThe gn is the same sound as Spanish ? i.e. is the same sound as the ny pair in the word canyon.Thus, signore is pronounced like sin-yore.hThe Italian h is always silent and as such an Italian speaker won't pronounce it when it occurs in foreign origin words (e.g. hotel). Moreover the letter h in Italian occurs only in the groups ch and gh (see below) and in the present tense of the verb to have. Thus, ho ( [I] have ) is pronounced o and hanno ( [they] have) is pronounced anno, the same as the word anno (year).a, e, i, o, uThe Italian vowels have only one sound, regardless of what letters they precede or follow, or accent marks on the vowel, with the (minor) exception of e and o.aThe a is always pronounced as in the English word car.eThe e has the sound of the e in bed. Actually there are two sounds of e :an OPEN one, indicated with the grave accent : è a CLOSED one, indicated with the acute accent : é Note however that such accents are NOT normally written (unless they are required for tonic reasons), and appear only in dictionaries. Moreover, dictionaries report an ideal Tuscan pronunciation which is subject to ample regional variations. For instance the words perché (why) and stélla (star) are usually pronounced in the North as perchè and stèlla. In general a mispronunciation at this level won't be noticed, or if it is noticed (for instance méla (apple) is pronounced everywhere like that, and if you pronounce mèla it will sound funny) you will be understood. There are words in which a difference in accent causes a different meaning, as inpèsca (peach) and pésca (fishing), but in the North we pronounce both words as the first one and are understood everywhere.A note on accents : dictionaries indicate the tonic accent, i.e. put an accent on the vowel in the stressed syllable in the word (this is in the vast majority of cases the last but one, so called plain or flat words). This accent is not used and not required in normal writing. In normal writing the accent is required ONLY if the word ENDS with an accented vowel (i.e. the last syllable is accented, so called truncated words), e.g. perché. In handwriting do not bother to use the acute or the grave accent, just put any little sign over the vowel. On typewriters with Italian keyboards there are accented keys. On computer keyboards we usually prefer to use ASCII keyboards without accented keys, and just use an apostrophe instead of the accent, e.g. perche' : it is simpler and more portable.iThe Italian i is the same as the English long e or ee as in see.oThe o is always pronounced as the o in the word cold or dog. Here too actually there are two sounds of o :an OPEN one, indicated with the grave accent : ò (similar to dog) a CLOSED one, indicated with the acute accent : ó (similar to cold) The same comments made above for the letter e hold.uThe Italian u has the sound of the English oo as in too or the English ue as in blue.rAs opposed to the English r, which is formed in the back of the mouth with the back of the tongue, the Italian r is formed using the tip of the tongue on the upper palate, behind the front teeth, more like the English d.________________________________________Being the first lesson, this week you're just learning some of the basics. The main emphasis is on pronouns (io, lei) and numbers (zero through dieci). Also, you're being introduced to some of the most common greeting and short phrases, such as salve (hello) and spiacente (I'm sorry).Without knowing any verbs, there aren't many sentences to be made with the words we have, but here are some (short) examples with what we know:Salve, signorina. - Hello, miss.Spiacente, signore. - I'm sorry, sir.And yes, that's about all we can do right now, but these are still good examples of Italian grammatical structure. Notice how similar the above sentences are to English - salve comes first, and then the subject, signorina. You can form the same kinds of sentences using addio and grazie, and signora, in addition to the example sentences above. However, you can't make a sentence like this:Salve, lei.What the above sentence literally says is hello, you, and while it may be possible to think of times in English when you might say that, in Italian the sentence is meaningless, and people will look at you funny if you say Salve voi! in the middle of a group of Italian-speaking people. You could however say Salve a voi! (literally hello to you), although it sounds slightly unusual.Numbers. Numbers, as you should all know, are important. That's why I've included some in the first lesson. For the moment, you only know the numbers between 0 (zero) and 10 (dieci), but that will change. What can you do with the numbers zero through dieci? Count your toes! Uno, due, tre, quattro, cinque, sei, sette, otto, nove, dieci…… Recite your phone number! c inque, cinque cinque, otto, sei, zero, due (555-8602); note that however in Italian it is usual to pronounce phone numbers by group (i.e. as it were five-hundred-and-fifty-five eighty-six zero-two) but you'll wait for another lesson for that. Tell someone how many sisters you have (due). What you can't do with the numbers zero through dieci is make numbers bigger than dieci by stringing them together. Due zero is not the same as 20, although if you were in a pinch, you might be able to make someone understand that 20 was what you meant. Don't worry, we'll get to the rest of the numbers (1-1000) in the next few lessons.Pronouns. Pronouns (io, tu, Lei, egli, ella, noi, voi, essi, and loro) aren't anything that you can actually use yet, because I haven't given you any verbs. But as we progress, pronouns will be very important, so I'm introducing them now. The Italian pronouns are used almost always exactly the same way they are in English. In English, you would sayI went to the store.In Italian, you would just substitute io for I in the sentence above (we'll pretend that the rest of the sentence is really in Italian) and end up withIo went to the store.Trust me, how one uses these pronouns will make much more sense when we learn some verbs.意大利语学习第二课Lesson 2 - La Casa (the house)This week's new words:NOUNSla casa - housela cucina - kitchenla stanza - roomil bagno - bathroomla tavola - table, boardil tavolo - table, deskla parete - wallil muro - wallla porta - doorla sedia - chairil telefono - telephonela televisione - televisionla finestra - windowVERBSstare - to stay (seldom, to be)essere - to bePREPOSITIONSdi - of (belonging to, sometimes equiv. to English from)da - fromin - in (something)ADJECTIVESantipatico(-a) - unpleasantcarino(-a) - prettybuono(-a) - good/wellcomodo(-a) - comfortablecontento(-a) - happy/gladmalato(-a) - sick, illbrutto(-a) - uglygrande - bigpulito(-a) - cleancattivo(-a) - badnervoso(-a) - nervoussimpatico(-a) - sympathetic (person, situation)sporco(-a) - dirtytranquillo(-a) - calm, quietvecchio(-a) - oldNumbers 11-9911 undici12 dodici13 tredici14 quattordici15 quindici16 sedici17 diciassette18 diciotto19 diciannove20 venti21 ventuno22 ventidue23 ventitre24 ventiquattro25 venticinque26 ventisei27 ventisette28 ventotto29 ventinove30 trenta40 quaranta50 cinquanta60 sessanta70 settanta80 ottanta90 novantaColorsbianco(-a) - whitegiallo(-a) - yellowarancione - orangerosa - pinkrosso(-a) - redazzurro(-a) - blueverde - greenmarrone - browngrigio(-a) - greynero(-a) - blackPronunciationMost of the Italian alphabet is exactly like the English alphabet. Here are some exceptions from words in this lesson.c, ci, chThe Italian c has 2 possible sounds. It can sound like the ch in chip, or like the k in kite. Unlike English, there are very strict rules about when the Italian c sounds like a ch or a k. If the c precedes (comes before) an e or an i, the c will have a ch sound. For example, undici. If the group ci precedes an a, o or u, it is also pronounced as ch AND the i is mute : ciao sounds as English chao. If the c precedes any other letter (a, o, u, or a consonant, although the latter is very rare), then it will have a k sound, as in comodo. If the group ch precedes an i, or an e, it is pronounced as k : chi sounds as English kee. The word cucina has both types of c in it - the first c makes the k sound, and the second c makes the ch sound.g, gi, ghThe Italian g has 2 possible sounds. It can sound like the g in got, or like the j or dg in judge. The rules are similar to the ones described above for c. Thus getto is pronounced as English jet-toh, and gioia as English joy-ah. While gotto and ghetto are pronounced as English got-toh andget-toh.j yIn Italian j and y are not used, and when they occur (in foreign or arcaic words), they are pronounced as an Italian i.wIn Italian w is not used, and when it occurs (in foreign words), a native Italian would pronounce it as a v.rr and all other double consonants.All times a double consonant is written, it is actually pronounced twice. It takes practice to do it well.vSounds exactly like in English.sThe Italian s may have two pronounciations. One of them is like English z or s : rosa is pronounced similarly to English rose with a terminal ah. The other one is like English s e.g. in set : sette is pronounced like set-teh. There are no definite rules on two pronounciations (although some dictionaries report the correct one), and there are regional variations in the pronounciation of the same word. In general you will be understood, even if your pronounciation may sound strange. As a rule of thumb, s followed by vowel in the second or further syllable of a word, has the z sound (e.g. rosa, casa), while s followed by vowel or consonant (usually t or p) at the beginning of a word is an s sound : sette, stare.zThe Italian z is pronounced much harder than an English, like sound ts, or tz, like in word tzar. There are actually two variant of the z sound in Italian, which are marked in dictionaries, but are subject to regional variations and make little difference for the everyday speaker.Two (not so) confusing verbs - essere and stareIf you have already read the New Words section, you probably noticed that the two verbs introduced this week sometimes may mean both to be. In fact however essere is the proper verb corresponding to to be. Stare means to stay, and is used where an English speaker would expect to use to be only in two cases. Confusing the two verbs is proper of popular speech in Southern Italy but feels somewhat uncouth.Verb ConjugationAs in English, verbs are conjugated, or take various forms, in Italian. In the present tense, there are 6 verb forms (persons), depending on who the subject of the verb is. Here are the conjugations for essere and stare:essere - to beio sono (I am)tu sei (you are)Lei /egli (lui) /ella (lei) /esso(-a) è (you (formal)/he/she/it is)noi siamo (we are)voi siete (you (plural) are)Loro/essi(-e)/loro sono (you (old formal plural)/they (things and persons)/they (persons) are) stare - to stayio sto (I stay)tu stai (you stay)Lei /egli (lui) /ella (lei) /esso(-a) sta (you (formal)/he/she/it stays)noi stiamo (we stay)voi state (you (plural) stay)Loro/essi(-e)/loro stanno (you (old formal plural)/they (things and persons)/they (persons) stay)Note that the conjugations for Lei (you), egli (he), ella/lei (she) and esso(-a) (it) use the same form of the verb. The same goes for their plurals (though the singular and the plural use different forms).* - You will note there are formal and familiar forms for the second person, unlike English where forms like thou are in disuse. It is important to use the proper one otherwise you'll look uneducated. In the singular form you use tu when addressing to a relative, a friend, a colleague or a child.It is felt uneducated and unkind to use tu when addressing a person you do not know. In such cases the form now preferred in modern Italian is Lei (literally, she, and verbs are conjugated like in the third person singular). I'll write this Lei with a capital L to make it clear. This is not necessary, although it is used e.g. in commercial letters. Note that the feminine form is used also when addressing to men : this is because she is your Lordship and the word Lordship in Italian is of feminine gender. In the popular speech in Northern Italy this is felt strange, and sometimes you'll hear Lui (literally, he) as a courtesy form for you when addressing a man. This usage is not recommended.Another courtesy form used to address a person instead of tu is Voi (literally, you, i.e. the plural form, like in English, and using the same conjugation of the plural form). This form is felt somewhat archaic (it might be used in the South or in the countryside, and was favoured by the Fascist regime).In the plural, nowadays use goes for voi both as a familiar and as a formal form. You would sound unusually formal, if you'd use Loro (literally, they) when addressing more than one persons. However sometimes it is used.I will include with all verb conjugations all the 6 main forms.A further note regarding the third person. Egli and ella, for he and she, are literary forms, which in spoken Italian are usually replaced by lui and lei (literally him and her). These are the masculine and feminine forms for persons. Esso and essa are the forms for it, and have amasculine and feminine form according to grammatical gender of the noun of the thing to which they refer. In the plural, essi and esse are respectively the masculine and feminine form for theyfor persons and things. However nowadays spoken Italian prefers loro (literally, them) for persons.Now that you have this pretty little conjugation, what does one do with it? Make sentences,of course. The conjugation of a verb tells you which form of the verb to use depending on who is the subject of the verb. In English we conjugate without thinking about it - I am, you are, he is, etc. You don't (normally) say I are or you is, because it's gramatically incorrect. Likewise in Italian, you don't say io sei, because it's just plain wrong. Here are some examples of using essere and stare:Io sono vecchio. (I am old.)Tu sei carina. (You are pretty.)Noi siamo nervosi. (We are nervous.)Lei sta sulla sedia. (She is on the chair.) Note thatLei e' seduta. (literally She is seated) is the form for She is in the chair.Essi sono sporchi. (They (the males) are dirty.)Now it's time to explain the differences between essere and stare, before we go any further. Essere means to be or to exist, while stare usually means to stay but can be used where English idiomatics use to be. The rules are summarized here:essere is used to indicate more permanent aspects of people or things, such as -1. Identity - Io sono Carla. (I am Carla)2.3. Profession - Egli è un professore. (He is a professor.)4.5. Origin - Noi siamo di Milano. (We are from Milan.)6.7. Religious or political affiliation - Tu sei cattolico? (You are Catholic?)8.9. Time of day or date - Sono le otto. (It is 8o'clock.) 10. 11. Possession - La casa è di Giovanna. (It is Giovanna's house.) 12. 13. Nationality - Sono Italiano. (I am from Italy.) 14. 15. Physical aspects or characteristics of something - Le sedie sono verdi. (The chairs are green.) 16. 17. Essential qualities of something or someone - Sono vecchio. Sei antipatico. (I am old. You are unpleasant.) 18. 19. Location - La sedia è in cucina. (The chair is in the kitchen.) 20. 21. but also, more rarely - La sedia sta in cucina. (The chair is in the kitchen.) 22. 23. Condition or emotion that is subject to change - Sono malato. (I am sick.) 24.25. Personal observations or reactions, how something seems or feels - La cucina è pulita. (The kitchen is (seems) clean.) 26. stare is used to indicate precise locations, in idioms and as auxiliary, such as -1. Idiomatic sentences - Sto bene.(I am well.)2.3. Idiomatic sentences - Sto male.(I feel bad.)4. 5. Location - La sedia sta in cucina. (The chair is in the kitchen.) 6. 7. Continuous tense - Sto correndo.(I am running.) 8. Notes: Notice that the verb form used for things like la sedia is theegli/ella/esso(-a) form. A chair is an it (below, you'll see that it's actually a she), which uses the egli/ella/esso(-a) form of the verb. Also notice that you can make sentences like Sono Italiano, without including the pronoun. To English speakers this may seem like saying Am from Italy, which we would never do, but in Italian, because the subject can be figured out by the form of the verb used (since the sentence used sono, the subject must be io, or I), there is no confusion about who the subject of the sentence is and the pronoun can be left out. If it would be unclear what the subject of the sentence is, then the pronoun has to be included.The above lists of when to use essere and stare have to be memorized - using them incorrectly means you will be less likely to be understood, and people will definitely know you arenot a native speaker. The same goes for the conjugations of essere and stare. Every Italian verb has a conjugation, and memorizing them just goes along with learning the language.Il, lo, la, un, uno and una (definite and indefinite articles)In Italian, as well as all the other Romance languages (French, Spanish, etc), all nouns have a gender associated with them. Chair is feminine, telephone is masculine. The way to tell whether a noun is masculine or feminine is to look at the il/lo or la that precedes the noun in the New Words section of these lessons. Il is the definite article that corresponds to masculine nouns - il professore, il telefono. La is the definite article that corresponds to feminine nouns - la casa, la tavola, la finestra. Whether a noun is considered feminine or masculine is generally based on the last letterof the noun. If the noun ends with an a, as in sedia or cucina, then it is most probably a feminine noun. If it ends with an o, such as muro or orologio (wristwatch), then it is always a masculine noun. Exceptions do exist to this rule - poeta (poet) is masculine - but the majority of Italian nouns behave normally. Nouns ending with an e, can be masculine or feminine, usually according to the meaning (like padre (father) and madre (mother) - but e.g. parete is feminine). The exceptions just have to be memorized as you come across them.When using nouns, you must make sure that you use the correct gender and number when using an identifier. The identifiers are il, lo, la, i, gli, le, un, uno and una. Il, lo and la are singular definite articles, which means you are talking about a specific thing. La sedia means the chair - you are talking about a specific chair. Un, uno and una are singular indefinite articles, which means you are taking about any member of a group of things. Una sedia means a chair - you are talking about any chair in general. The use of these identifiers is identical to the way you would say it in English - if you want to say a table, use una, and if you want to say the table, use la. i and gli are the plural of il and lo, and le is the plural of la. You use these plural definite articles when you are talking about several specific members of a group - i tavoli means the tables. There are no plural forms of uno and una, and to translate some when used in sentences, one must use indeterminate pronouns - dei tavoli means some tables. Note however that for uncountables nouns, where English uses no article (Wine is red), Italian will use an article (Il vino e' rosso).You may wonder why there are two forms for the masculine articles (il and lo, and their plurals i and gli, as well as un and uno). The first form is used when a noun begins with a consonant (il telefono), the second form is used when a noun begins with a vowel (un Italiano), or with s followed by a consonant, or with z, gn, ps or x. As a further complication, if a (masculine or feminine) noun begins with a vowel, the articles lo and la) are not written in full form (Lo Italiano, the Italian man, or Italian language) unless a new line starts across the two words, but in abbreviated form (L'Italiano) separated by an apostrophe. The apostrophe means something has been elided (left out). Even trickier (but this is how one recognizes who knows Italian !), with indefinite articles, the apostrophe is needed only for the feminine form (since for the masculine one REPLACES uno with un which is a valid existing form, thus : un Italiano (an Italian man) but un'Italiana (an Italian woman).Here are some examples using these articles:Le stanze sono grandi. (The rooms are big.)Delle sedie sono in cucina. (Some chairs are in the kitchen.)Il telefono è verde. (The telephone is green.)La parete è brutta. (The wall is ugly.)Di, da and inDi is Italian for of (or from, in the way sometimes used in English). La casa di Teresa means Teresa's house (literally, the house of Teresa). Sono di Milano means I am from Milan. Di is used most often to show posession or origin, as per the preceding examples. When di is followed by an il, as in la casa di il professore, the di and il are combined into del. So the only and correct way to say The (male) professor's house would be la casa del professore.Da is Italian for from, in all cases this indicates a motion. Since we haven't seen any verbs of motion, we can't make examples yet.In is Italian for …… in, as in inside something (not necessarily inside a physical object). It can be used to mean that something is inside something else, as in la sedia sta in cucina (the chair is in the kitchen), or that someone is somewhere, Marco è in Italia (Mark is in Italy).AdjectivesAgreementAdjectives are words that describe things, words like red, fast, and pretty. In English, there isn't much to using adjectives because they never change - the fast car or the cars are fast. In Italian, the adjective has to agree, in both gender and number, with whatever it is describing. If the adjective modifies a feminine noun, then the adjective uses a feminine ending. If the adjective modifies a masculine plural noun, then the adjective uses a masculine plural ending. Here are some adjectives with their various endings:carino - prettysingular masculine - carinosingular feminine - carinaplural masculine - cariniplural feminine - carinecomodo - comfortablesingular masculine - comodosingular feminine - comodaplural masculine - comodiplural feminine - comodebrutto - uglysingular masculine - bruttosingular feminine - bruttaplural masculine - bruttiplural feminine - bruttesporco - dirtysingular masculine - sporcosingular feminine - sporcaplural masculine - sporchiplural feminine - sporchebianco - whitesingular masculine - biancosingular feminine - biancaplural masculine - bianchiplural feminine - bianchenero - blacksingular masculine - nerosingular feminine - neraplural masculine - neriplural feminine - nereThe above rules are good for any adjective that ends in an -o or -a. Adjectives like grande and verde, that end in -e, do not have separate masculine and feminine forms and make plural in -i. So, you would say la stanza e' grande (the room is big), and il muro e' grande (the wall is big), as well as le sedie sono grandi (the chairs are big). There are exceptions to this rule, but that will be addressed in another lesson.Placement of adjectivesIn Italian, adjectives generally (poetry is different !) go after the noun they are describing. For example, il telefono rosso (the red telephone), and le professoresse vecchie (the old (female) professors). If you want to say that something is something, then the sentence structure is the same as in English, using the correct forms of essere: il telefono è rosso (the telephone is red); le professoresse sono vecchie (the (female) professors are old).Numbers 11-99The numbers 11-16, like the numbers 1-10 in Lesson 1, have slightly irregular forms - however they follow some patterns, much like they do in English. 17-19 follow another pattern. Eleven is undici, which is actually a contraction (shortening) of uno e dieci, or 1 and 10. Seventeen is Diciassette, or 10 and 7, and so on. Much like the teens in English - fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, etc.Twenty in Italian is venti. Twenty-one is ventuno (a contraction of venti e uno or twenty and one), 22 is ventidue (twenty and two), and so on. Thirty is trenta, 31 is trentuno, 38 is trentotto (thirty and 8). This pattern holds for all of the numbers 11 through 99 - first learn the base (such as venti (twenty), quaranta (forty), or ottanta (eighty)), then to make numbers in-between the bases, add the word for the second number onto the end (ventidue (twenty-two), quarantacinque(forty-five), ottantanove (eighty-nine)). If two vowels meet, the first one is dropped like invent(i)uno (twenty-one). Isn't that easy?ExamplesHere are some examples of sentences you can now make, using the words and grammar from these 2 lessons:Sono di MilanoTino è in cucina.La signorina è carina.Tu sei antipatico.La sedia è comoda.Milano è in Italia.Il professore vecchio è malato.Il telefono verde è sporco.Il bagno è in casa.La casa di Maria è arancione. (what a funny colour ?)Here are the translations for these sentences.意大利语学习第三课Italian Lesson 3 - a scuola (at school)。
0大学法语I第一课PPT课件
face/fas/ patate/pa-tat/ faite/fɛt/ Pascal/pas-kal/ Anne/an/ net souait/swɛ/
table/tabl/ canal/ka-nal mis/mi/
Fanny/fani/
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课文
This ce/sə/ ce est c’est est ce C’est Pascal. C’est moi, Anne.
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课后练习6
cet/sɛ/
kaki
cale
sac
celle
liste
paquet/pakɛ/
fête/fɛt/
sel
Seine
saine/sɛn/
cape
kyste /kist/
laid /lɛ/ mimique/mimik/ latine/latin/
âne/an/
爆破音：/p/-/b/ /t/-/d/ /k/-/g/ 摩擦音：/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ / /Ʒ/ 舌边音：/l/ 鼻腔音：/m/ /n/ /ŋ/ 半辅半元音：/w/ /ɥ/ /j/ 小舌音：/r/
10
音与拼写
元音 /a/ /ɛ/ /i/
注：区分元音与元音字母，辅音与辅音字母。
本一头脑。
☆勿迟到、手机关机。
考试：满分100，平时成绩占30（出席情况10， 考试或作业20），期末考试成绩占70。
一学期两次考试，三课一考，考课堂内容。
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法语起源
属于印欧语系罗曼语族。
罗曼语族包括中部罗曼语（法语、意大利语、 萨丁岛（Sardinia）方言、加泰罗尼亚 （Catalunya）语等）、西部罗曼语（西班牙语、 葡萄牙语等）与东部罗曼语（罗马尼亚语等）。