Intelligent Unmanned Explorer for Deep Space Exploration
神舟飞船方面的英语作文
神舟飞船方面的英语作文Title: The Shenzhou Spacecraft: A Symbol of China's Space Exploration。
Introduction。
The Shenzhou spacecraft program stands as a testament to China's ambition and prowess in space exploration. Since its inception, it has been instrumental in advancingChina's space capabilities and contributing to humanity's understanding of outer space. This essay delves into the significance of the Shenzhou spacecraft program, its achievements, and its future prospects.Historical Background。
The Shenzhou program was initiated in the 1990s with the aim of developing a crewed spacecraft capable of carrying astronauts into space and eventually establishing a Chinese space station. The program's name, whichtranslates to "Divine Vessel" in English, reflects China's aspirations to explore the cosmos. After several successful unmanned test flights, Shenzhou made its maiden crewedflight in 2003, making China the third country to independently send humans into space.Technological Advancements。
深圳市大疆创新科技有限公司进入美国市场营销策略(全英文)
l Half of the expenditures on UAVs are dedicated for Research and Development activities.
Psychographi c Segmentatio n
l For those who want to find different scenery from life, these groups of people are yearning for different life experience.
Comsumer Positioning
l The popularization of non-professional consumer crowd.
Ⅴ Marketing Analysis
PEST Analysis
Supply Chain
l The assembly parts of phantom 3 are all supplied from China, thanks to the company years of the development of the expanding and good cooperation of partners, each part of the supply chain have been better guaranteed.
l UAS market includes all unmanned vehicles such as UAVs, blimps and zeppelins. Approximately 70% of global growth and market share is in the US
有关嫦娥五号英语作文
TheChange5lunarmission,asignificantmilestoneinChinasspaceexplorationhistory,hascapturedtheworldsattention.Thisambitiousproject,launchedbytheChinaNationalSpaceAdministrationCNSA,aimedtoaccomplishaseriesofcomplextasksincludinglunarlanding,surfacesampling,andreturntoEarth.ThemissionssuccessnotonlydemonstratedChinastechnologicalprowessbutalsocontributedtotheglobalunderstandingoftheMoonscompositionandhistory.
TheChange5missionwasaculminationofyearsofresearchanddevelopment,buildingupontheachievementsofitspredecessors,Change3andChange4.TheseearliermissionshadalreadymadehistorybylandingontheMoonandexploringitsfarside,respectively.However,Change5hadamorechallenginggoal:tocollectlunarsamplesandreturnthemtoEarthforthefirsttimesincetheSovietUnionsLuna24missionin1976.
ThemissionbeganwiththelaunchoftheChange5spacecraftonNovember24,2020,aboardaLongMarch5rocketfromtheWenchangSpacecraftLaunchSite.ThejourneytotheMoonwasmeticulouslyplanned,withthespacecraftenteringlunarorbitandpreparingforlanding.ThetouchdownoccurredintheOceanusProcellarum,alsoknownastheOceanofStorms,aregionrichinpotentialgeologicalsamples.
Mechatronics and Control Systems
Mechatronics and Control Systems Title: The Fascinating World of Mechatronics and Control Systems Introduction: Mechatronics and control systems are fascinating fields that combine mechanical engineering, electronics, computer science, and control theory. These interdisciplinary fields have revolutionized various industries, including manufacturing, automotive, aerospace, healthcare, and robotics. In this response,I will delve into the world of mechatronics and control systems, discussing their importance, applications, challenges, and future prospects. Importance of Mechatronics: Mechatronics plays a crucial role in modern society by integrating mechanical systems with electronic control and computer systems. This integration allows for the development of advanced products and systems that are moreefficient, reliable, and intelligent. Mechatronics enables the automation of complex processes, leading to increased productivity and cost-effectiveness. It also enhances the functionality and performance of products, improving user experience and safety. From self-driving cars to robotic prosthetics, mechatronics has the potential to transform numerous aspects of our lives. Applications of Mechatronics: Mechatronics finds applications in a wide range of industries. In manufacturing, it enables the development of automated assembly lines and robotic systems that can perform intricate tasks with precision and speed. In the automotive industry, mechatronics is used in engine control systems, advanceddriver assistance systems (ADAS), and self-driving vehicles. In healthcare, mechatronics is employed in medical devices such as robotic surgical systems, prosthetics, and exoskeletons. Mechatronics also plays a crucial role in aerospace, defense, and space exploration, enabling the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), satellites, and space rovers. Challenges in Mechatronics: While mechatronics offers immense potential, it also presents several challenges. One of the key challenges is the integration of diverse engineering disciplines. Mechatronics engineers must possess a deep understanding of mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering, as well as control theory. This interdisciplinary nature makes it essential for engineers to collaborate effectively and communicate across different domains. Another challenge is the rapid pace of technological advancements. Mechatronics engineers must continuously update their knowledge andskills to keep up with the latest developments in electronics, software, andcontrol systems. Additionally, the complexity of mechatronic systems poses challenges in terms of design, testing, and troubleshooting. Future Prospects: The future of mechatronics and control systems is promising. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and robotics are expected to revolutionize the field. AI-powered control systems will enable machines to learn from their environment and make intelligent decisions, leading to autonomous and adaptive systems. The integration of mechatronics with the Internet of Things (IoT) will create a network of interconnected devices, allowing for seamless communication and collaboration. This will open up new possibilities for smart homes, smart cities, and industrial automation. Furthermore, mechatronics will continue to play a vital role in addressing global challenges such as climate change, healthcare, and sustainable development. Conclusion: In conclusion, mechatronics and control systems are at the forefront of technological advancements, revolutionizing industries and improving our lives. The integration of mechanical, electronic, and computer systems has led to the development of innovative products and systems that are more efficient, intelligent, and reliable. While mechatronics presents challenges in terms of interdisciplinary collaboration and technological advancements, its future prospects are promising. With the rapid pace of technological advancements and the increasing demand for automation and intelligent systems, mechatronics will continue to play a vital role in shapingthe future. As we embrace this fascinating field, we can look forward to a world where machines seamlessly interact with their environment, making our lives easier and more enjoyable.。
玉兔二号英语作文
玉兔二号英语作文The Chang'e-4 lunar probe, also known as the Yutu-2 rover, is a groundbreaking achievement in the history of space exploration. This remarkable mission has not only expanded our understanding of the Moon but has also captivated the hearts and minds of people around the world.The Chang'e-4 mission began on December 8 2018 when the probe was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in China. After a successful journey through space the probe landed on the far side of the Moon on January 3 2019 making it the first ever spacecraft to achieve this feat. The landing site was the Von Kármán crater located within the South Pole-Aitken basin the largest known impact crater in the solar system.One of the primary objectives of the Chang'e-4 mission was to study the geological and environmental conditions of the lunar far side which has never been explored before. The Yutu-2 rover which was deployed shortly after the landing has been instrumental in this endeavor. Using a variety of scientific instruments the rover has been able to gather valuable data on the composition of the lunar surface the topography of the landing site and the radiation levels presenton the far side of the Moon.The findings from the Chang'e-4 mission have already provided scientists with a wealth of new information about the Moon. For instance the rover's ground-penetrating radar has revealed that the lunar surface in the Von Kármán crater is much more complex than previously thought with multiple layers of material from different geological periods. This has given researchers a better understanding of the Moon's formation and evolution.In addition to its scientific objectives the Chang'e-4 mission has also served as a powerful symbol of China's growing prowess in space exploration. The successful landing and operation of the Yutu-2 rover on the lunar far side has demonstrated China's technological capabilities and its determination to become a major player in the global space industry.The Chang'e-4 mission has also captured the imagination of people around the world. The images and data transmitted by the Yutu-2 rover have been widely shared and discussed on social media platforms sparking a renewed interest in lunar exploration. Many have been captivated by the sheer scale and complexity of the mission as well as the sense of wonder and discovery that it has evoked.Looking ahead the Chang'e-4 mission is expected to continue for at least another year with the Yutu-2 rover continuing its exploration of the Von Kármán c rater. Scientists are hopeful that the data and samples collected by the rover will help to unlock even more secrets about the Moon's past and provide valuable insights into the formation and evolution of the solar system.Beyond the Chang'e-4 mission China has already announced plans for future lunar exploration including the Chang'e-5 mission which is scheduled to launch later this year and aims to collect and return samples from the lunar surface. These ambitious plans underscores China's growing confidence and capabilities in space exploration and its determination to play a leading role in the global space race.In conclusion the Chang'e-4 mission and the Yutu-2 rover have been a remarkable achievement that has not only expanded our scientific understanding of the Moon but has also captured the imagination of people around the world. As China continues to push the boundaries of space exploration it is clear that the Chang'e-4 mission will be remembered as a landmark event in the history of lunar exploration.。
嫦娥五号探月英语作文
嫦娥五号探月英语作文Title: The Lunar Explorer: Chang'e-5。
In the vast expanse of the universe, the Moon has always held a captivating allure for humankind. As the closest celestial neighbor to Earth, it has been a subject of curiosity and scientific exploration for centuries. Among the most recent and remarkable additions to the lunar exploration legacy is the Chinese Chang'e-5 mission, a groundbreaking feat that has significantly contributed to our understanding of the Moon and the possibilities of future human habitation.The Chang'e-5 mission, named after the Chinese goddess of the Moon, was launched on November 24, 2020, from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan province. Its objectives were diverse and ambitious, aiming to not only retrieve lunar samples but also to demonstrate China's technological prowess and commitment to space exploration. The mission marked the first time that China had conductedan unmanned lunar sample return mission, a complex featthat required precision engineering, meticulous planning, and state-of-the-art technology.The Chang'e-5 probe consisted of four main components: the orbiter, the lander, the ascender, and the return capsule. The orbiter was responsible for navigation and communication with Earth, while the lander carried the ascender and the sampling equipment to the lunar surface. Once on the Moon, the lander and ascender worked in tandem to collect a precious payload of lunar rocks and soil from the surface. This sample, weighing approximately 2 kilograms, was then carefully sealed and stored within the ascender for its return to Earth.The ascender lifted off from the lunar surface and docked with the orbiter, a remarkable feat of engineering that required pinpoint accuracy and meticulous timing. Once docked, the sample was transferred to the return capsule, which began its journey back to Earth. This phase of the mission was particularly challenging, as the return capsule had to navigate through the Earth's atmosphere and landsafely on Earth, all while protecting the precious lunar samples from exposure to the elements.The Chang'e-5 mission was a resounding success. On December 17, 2020, the return capsule successfully parachuted down in the Sihong Lake region of China's Jiangsu province, bringing back with it the lunar samples. This was a momentous occasion for China's space program, marking a significant milestone in its space exploration journey.The lunar samples collected by Chang'e-5 hold immense scientific value. They provide insights into the geological history of the Moon, the origin of lunar rocks, and the possibility of water ice in lunar polar regions. These samples also hold the key to understanding the Moon's role in Earth's evolution and the potential for future human habitation on the Moon.Beyond the scientific value, the Chang'e-5 mission represents a symbolic triumph for China's space program. It demonstrates China's technological prowess and itscommitment to space exploration, positioning the country as a major player in the global space race. The mission also serves as a testament to the hard work and dedication of China's space scientists and engineers, who have spent years planning and executing this complex mission with meticulous precision.In conclusion, the Chang'e-5 mission has marked a new chapter in lunar exploration and China's space program. It has not only contributed significantly to our understanding of the Moon but has also showcased China's technological prowess and commitment to space exploration. As we look towards the future of space exploration, the Chang'e-5 mission serves as a beacon of inspiration, reminder of the boundless possibilities that lie beyond Earth's orbit.。
介绍一个你仰慕的人仰慕个人的理由英语作文
介绍一个你仰慕的人仰慕个人的理由英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Biggest Hero: Why I Look Up to Neil ArmstrongHave you ever dreamed of going to the moon? I sure have! Ever since I was a little kid, I've been fascinated by space and the mysteries of the cosmos. I love reading books about planets, stars, and galaxies. I can spend hours staring up at the night sky, imagining what it would be like to float weightlessly among the stars.Out of all the famous astronauts and space explorers, there is one person I admire more than anyone else: Neil Armstrong. He was the first human ever to walk on the moon! On July 20, 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong left the first footprints on the dusty lunar surface. When he took that historic first step, he said the famous words: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." How amazing is that?Neil Armstrong is my biggest hero for so many reasons. Here are some of the key reasons why I look up to him:He Was Brave and DaringCan you imagine how scary it must have been to strap yourself into a tiny spacecraft and get launched into the unknown of outer space? The Apollo missions were very dangerous and many things could have gone wrong. But Neil Armstrong had immense courage and daring. He risked his life to explore somewhere that no human had gone before.When Apollo 11 was making its final descent to the moon's surface, there were lots of problems. The computer was overloaded, alarms were going off, and mission control worried they might have to abort the landing. But Neil Armstrong stayed cool and carried on, guiding the lunar module to a safe landing spot. With just seconds of fuel remaining, he landed on the moon. Talk about bravery under pressure!He Worked Extremely HardNeil Armstrong wasn't just some daredevil astronaut who got lucky. He worked incredibly hard and persevered through many challenges to get to where he did. As a boy, he loved flying model planes and earned a student pilot's license before he could even drive a car!After serving as a fighter pilot in the Korean War and getting an engineering degree, Neil Armstrong joined NASA in 1962 as part of the second group of astronauts hired. Before his historic moonwalk in 1969, he already had two spaceflights under his belt as a pilot for the Gemini 8 and backup pilot for Gemini 5 missions.When NASA selected him as the commander for Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong trained relentlessly for years, studying every technical detail and going over emergency scenarios again and again. He put in the hard work, preparation and dedication that such a momentous achievement required.He Stayed Humble and GroundedDespite being one of the most famous people on the planet after his moonwalk, Neil Armstrong always stayed humble, grounded and private. He never acted like a big celebrity and avoided basking in the spotlight. After leaving NASA in 1971, he became a professor and led a very normal family life in suburban Ohio.In interviews, Armstrong always insisted that he was just an "ordinary man" doing his job. He never took full credit for the Apollo 11 achievement, and stressed that it was the work of hundreds of thousands of regular people who made it possible.He praised the engineers, scientists, technicians and others who got the mission off the ground. That's the kind of humble, down-to-earth attitude that makes him so admirable to me.Armstrong also used his fame for good causes instead of personal gain. He was an advocate for STEM education, aviation research, and exploration. All the money he made from his autobiography went to charity. That shows his character and integrity.His Words of WisdomIn addition to being an inspiration through his actions, Neil Armstrong offered many wise words that I try to live by. Here are some of my favorite Neil Armstrong quotes:"Mystery creates wonder and wonder is the basis of man's desire to understand."This quote speaks to how curiosity and exploration helps expand human knowledge. Armstrong embodied that sense of wonder about the universe."I put my pants on the same as everybody else."This simple quote reflects Armstrong's humble nature and how he never acted superior to others."I am, and ever will be, a white socks, pocket protector, nerdy engineer."I love this quote because it shows how Armstrong embraced his identity as a "nerdy engineer" and didn't feel the need to act macho or cool. He was comfortable just being himself.Those are just some of the reasons why Neil Armstrong is my biggest hero and someone I greatly admire. Through his courage, hard work, humility and wisdom, he inspired generations with his historic achievement. Whenever I look up at the moon, I'm reminded of his "one giant leap" and his example of what can be accomplished through dedication and perseverance. I hope that maybe one day, if I work hard enough, I too could have the chance to follow in Armstrong's footsteps and explore the wonders of space. He'll always be a hero that I look up to shoot for the moon!篇2My Hero: Why I Admire Neil ArmstrongHi there! My name is Jamie, and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you all about my biggest hero - the first person to walk on the moon, Neil Armstrong!Neil Armstrong was an American astronaut who made history on July 20, 1969 when he became the first human being to set foot on the lunar surface. Can you imagine how incredible that must have been? To go where no one had gone before, stepping out onto an entirely different world? Just thinking about it gives me goosebumps!But Neil didn't just suddenly decide to become an astronaut one day. He had been working towards that dream his whole life through his incredible determination, courage, and pioneer spirit. That's why I admire him so much.First off, Neil was always really good at anything involving flying or machinery from a very young age. As a little kid, he loved building model airplanes and wind tunnels. He got his student pilot's license before he could even drive a car! During college, he studied aeronautical engineering, which taught him all about designing and building aircraft. Then after graduating, he became a test pilot for cutting-edge jet planes. Pushing those jets to their limits took a ton of bravery.His skill and courage as a pilot meant Neil was the perfect candidate when NASA started looking for astronauts to join the brand new space program in 1962. Of the thousands who applied, only 9 were chosen, with Neil being one of them. He hadto go through some of the toughest training imaginable - things like violent spinning and tumbling to test if astronauts could handle extreme dizziness and nausea in space. But Neil powered through it all.In 1966, Neil got his very first experience of space when he was the pilot for the Gemini 8 mission. Gemini 8 was supposed to dock with an unmanned spacecraft in orbit. But suddenly, their spacecraft started spinning out of control! Most people probably would have panicked, but not Neil. He stayed cool under that intense pressure and regained control of the tumbling craft. The mission had to be aborted, but Neil still proved he could handle a crisis situation. That gave NASA the confidence to make him the commander for the historic Apollo 11 moon landing just a few years later.Of course, the moon mission itself was incredibly risky and took amazing bravery. The rocket had only a tiny fraction of the computing power we have in our phones today. There were so many things that could have gone wrong, from technical malfunctions, to navigational errors, to running out of fuel and supplies. If an emergency happened while they were actually on the lunar surface, they would have been over 200,000 miles awayfrom help! But Neil didn't let fear hold him back from taking that "one giant leap for mankind."When he finally stepped onto the dusty moon surface, he said one of the most iconic phrases ever: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Don't those words just give you chills? In that moment, Neil became a hero to people all over the world who were glued to their TV screens watching this mind-blowing accomplishment.Neil and Buzz Aldrin spent over 21 hours exploring and conducting experiments on the moon before rendezvousing with the orbiting command module piloted by Michael Collins. The three astronauts returned safely to Earth on July 24th after their amazing 8-day journey into the unknown.But even after becoming a global celebrity, Neil stayed extremely humble and down-to-earth. He left NASA not long after the moon missions to teach aerospace engineering at his university alma mater. Though he received tons of awards and honors, he always shied away from the spotlight and media attention. Neil just seemed like such a simple, soft-spoken guy - the last person you'd expect to be a pioneering space explorer!That's why I love Neil Armstrong so much and consider him my biggest hero. It wasn't just his "one small step" that madehim great. It was a lifetime spent pursuing his dreams with determination, courage, humility and a true explorer's spirit of adventure. He proved that amazing things are possible when you refuse to let fear or obstacles stand in your way.I hope that when I grow up, I can have even a fraction of the perseverance, skill and bravery that Neil Armstrong had. Then maybe I could achieve something extraordinary too - like becoming the first person to set foot on Mars! For now though, I'll settle for getting an A on my next science test. Baby steps, right?Anyways, that's why Neil Armstrong will always be my #1 hero. He showed that with hard work and guts, you can make the impossible possible. Who is your biggest hero and why? I'd love to hear about them! Thanks for reading, friends!篇3My Hero: Neil ArmstrongHave you ever dreamed of walking on the moon? Flying through the stars and exploring other worlds? I sure have! That's why my biggest hero is Neil Armstrong, the first person to ever set foot on the moon. He was an incredible explorer who showed amazing bravery and made history.Neil Armstrong was born in 1930 in a small town in Ohio. As a kid, he loved studying aircraft and flight. He got his pilot's license before he could even drive a car! During World War 2, lots of pilots were needed, so at just 16 years old Neil joined a flying club to start training.After the war, Neil went to college to study aerospace engineering. He wanted to learn everything about designing and building aircraft. While in college, the Korean War started, so Neil joined the Navy and became a fighter pilot. He flew nearly 80 missions over Korea!Once the war ended, Neil decided to become a test pilot. This is one of the most dangerous jobs there is! Test pilots take brand new, experimental planes up for the first time to test them out. Lots of things can go wrong since the planes are so new and unpredictable. But Neil was an amazing pilot and he helped design safer, better aircraft.In 1962, Neil was selected by NASA to be an astronaut. Finally, his dream of traveling to space could come true! After years of intensive training, Neil was chosen to be the commander of the historic Apollo 11 mission – the first manned spacecraft to attempt landing on the moon.On July 16, 1969, Neil and his crew of two other astronauts, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins, blasted off aboard a gigantic Saturn V rocket. The world watched with excitement and nervousness as the three brave explorers began their 250,000 mile journey to the moon.Four days later, Neil and Buzz separated from the main spacecraft in a tiny lunar module. As they descended to the lunar surface, the module's computer kept sounding alarms. There was a serious computer error that could have aborted the landing! But Neil remained calm and took over some of the controls manually. With great skill and quick thinking, he safely landed on the powdery surface in an area called the Sea of Tranquility.Neil could see the entire Earth in the black sky above, blue and peaceful and beautiful. He opened the hatch and made his way down a short ladder. Then, those famous words: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Neil Armstrong had become the first human to ever set foot somewhere other than Earth!For the next two and a half hours, Neil and Buzz explored and conducted experiments on the lunar surface. They collected rock samples, planted an American flag, and even got in a quick game of tossing around a glass ball (the gravity on the moonmade catching tricky!). Neil famously tested the soil by scuffing it with his boot to see if it was strong enough to drive on for future missions.Though the moon landing was an incredible achievement, Neil was very humble about it. The quiet, soft-spoken man simply said "I was certainly satisfied that I could meet the challenges" of the mission. After returning safely to Earth as national heroes, Neil chose to stay out of the spotlight. He resigned from NASA in 1971.Neil Armstrong lived the rest of his life as a regular person, teaching aeronautics at a university. He said exploring the moon himself was "an incredible experience," but that it was much more meaningful that "hundreds of millions of people around the world all became fork-qualified observers." He just wanted to help inspire our curiosity about space.To me, Neil Armstrong is the ultimate hero and role model. His bravery in becoming the first man on the moon showed incredible courage, but it was his humility afterwards that is even more admirable. Neil didn't seek fame or fortune - he just genuinely loved exploring and discovering.I love how he always stayed curious about the world and studied hard his whole life to become an expert in aviation andaeronautics. He had a childhood dream of flying and reaching the stars, and he never stopped working to make that dream happen. That's the kind of dedication and perseverance I want to have!More than anything though, I admire Neil's calm, quick thinking in tough situations. When things went wrong during that first moon landing, he didn't panic - he handled the problems step-by-step. Neil said "I was certainly deficient in many areas, but I think my biggest strength was as a crew leader." His humble leadership and grace under pressure are amazing qualities.Neil Armstrong accomplished the greatest exploration of the 20th century and showed humans really can reach for the stars. But he also proved that with curiosity, hard work, and bravery, you can achieve anything you dream of - even walking on the moon! That's why Neil Armstrong will always be my biggest hero.篇4My Biggest Role ModelEveryone has someone they really look up to and admire. For me, that person is my aunt Jessica. She's my mom's sister andwe're really close. I look up to her more than anyone else in the world! Let me tell you all about her and why I admire her so much.First of all, my aunt Jessica is the coolest, most fun person ever. She always makes me laugh with her funny jokes and goofy impressions. Whenever I'm feeling sad or having a bad day, she can cheer me up in an instant. She doesn't act like a boring grown-up at all – she's just a big kid like me! We have awesome times together playing games, watching silly movies, and pulling harmless pranks on my parents. Life is just way more fun when Aunt Jess is around.But she's not just fun and games all the time. My aunt is also one of the hardest working people I know. She has an important job as a computer programmer where she gets to use her smarts to code and solve problems all day. I don't really understand what she does, but I know it's difficult work that not everyone can do. She has to use lots of math and logic to write instructions for computers to follow. It's like she speaks a secret language!Aunt Jessica is always driving me to work hard in school, especially at subjects like math that she's so good at. She tells me that as long as I study diligently and never give up, I can achieve anything I set my mind to, just like she did. She overcame lots ofobstacles and challenges through perseverance and determination to get to where she is today. My aunt showed me that it's okay to fail sometimes, as long as you pick yourself up, learn from your mistakes, and keep pushing forward. I really admire her drive and resilience.What I admire most of all about Aunt Jessica is her kind, caring heart. For as smart and accomplished as she is, she's one of the most humble people you'll ever meet. She's always putting others before herself and going out of her way to help people in need, like volunteering at shelters and fundraising for charities on her time off. Just last year, she traveled all the way to another country to help build schools and homes for poor families. She's taught me that it's important to use your talents to make the world a little bit better, and that the greatest people are the ones who live not just for themselves, but for the good of others.My aunt has faced many struggles in her life, but she hasn't let any of them stop her or make her bitter. When she was younger, she had to overcome a difficult illness that hospitalized her for a long time. She could have given up and felt sorry for herself, but instead she drew strength from her challenges and became even more determined to live her life to the fullest. No matter what obstacles get in her way, my aunt Jessica lives by themotto of "no excuses" and refuses to let anything hold her back from her goals. Her perseverance and positive attitude in the face of adversity is something I hugely look up to.Aunt Jessica is living proof that you can be a well-rounded person – someone who is intelligent and successful in their career, while also being fun-loving, caring towards others, and an all-around good person. Too many adults seem to get caught up in work and responsibilities and forget how to truly enjoy life and think about more than just themselves. But my aunt strikes the perfect balance between work, play, and service to the community. She's shown me that there's no need to ignore important responsibilities, but that you shouldn't take yourself too seriously either and forget to stop and appreciate the simple joys in life.Whenever I'm with Aunt Jessica, I can't get over what an amazing person she is. She's brilliant and accomplished while still being humble, kind, and super fun all at the same time. I hope that when I grow up and become an adult, I can be just like her – following my passions relentlessly to achieve great things in my career, but never losing my spark for life, willingness to help others, and ability to laugh at myself. My aunt Jessica inspires me daily through the incredible example she sets. Shemakes me proud to be her nephew and I can only dream of one day growing up to be half the person she is. She's hands down the most awesome role model a kid could have!篇5The Person I Admire the MostHave you ever looked up to someone so much that you wanted to be just like them? Well, that's how I feel about my favorite author, J.K. Rowling. She's the person I admire the most in the whole world!J.K. Rowling is the brilliant mind behind the Harry Potter book series, which has captivated millions of readers worldwide, including me. From the moment I picked up the first book, I was hooked! The magical world she created, filled with wizards, witches, and all sorts of fantastical creatures, felt so real to me.But what I admire most about J.K. Rowling isn't just her incredible storytelling ability. It's her resilience and determination in the face of adversity that truly inspires me.You see, before she became a world-famous author, J.K. Rowling went through some really tough times. She was a single mother living on welfare, struggling to make ends meet. Can youimagine how hard that must have been? I know I can't. But even when things were really difficult, she never gave up on her dream of becoming a writer.Instead of letting her circumstances hold her back, J.K. Rowling used her experiences to fuel her writing. She poured her heart and soul into creating the Harry Potter series, drawing inspiration from her own life struggles and her love for her daughter.And her hard work paid off in a big way! The Harry Potter books became a global phenomenon, captivating readers of all ages and inspiring a hugely successful movie franchise.But even after achieving massive success, J.K. Rowling remained humble and down-to-earth. She used her platform to advocate for important causes, such as children's rights and literacy programs. She even started her own charitable trust to help vulnerable children and families.I think that's just so amazing! J.K. Rowling could have easily rested on her laurels and enjoyed her fame and fortune. But instead, she chose to give back and make a positive impact on the world.That's why I admire her so much. She's living proof that with hard work, determination, and a little bit of magic (okay, maybe a lot of magic!), you can overcome any obstacle and make your dreams come true.Whenever I'm feeling discouraged or like giving up, I think about J.K. Rowling's journey, and it inspires me to keep going. If she could turn her life around and achieve such incredible success, then maybe I can too, right?I also admire J.K. Rowling's creativity and imagination. The world she created in the Harry Potter books is so richly detailed and captivating, it's hard to believe it all came from one person's mind. I can't even begin to imagine how she kept track of all the characters, magical creatures, and intricate plots!But what really draws me into the Harry Potter world is the way J.K. Rowling captures the essence of friendship, love, and courage in her writing. The bonds between Harry, Ron, and Hermione, and their willingness to sacrifice everything for each other, is truly inspiring.And let's not forget the valuable life lessons woven throughout the stories. J.K. Rowling teaches readers about the importance of standing up for what's right, accepting people forwho they are, and never underestimating the power of love and friendship.I think those are really important messages for kids like me to learn, and J.K. Rowling presents them in such an engaging and entertaining way.Whenever I read the Harry Potter books, I feel like I'm transported to a magical world where anything is possible. And that's the beauty of J.K. Rowling's writing – she has the ability to spark imagination and wonder in her readers, no matter how old they are.I'll never forget the first time I finished reading the last book in the series. I was so sad to say goodbye to the characters I had grown to love, but at the same time, I felt inspired and empowered. J.K. Rowling had taken me on an incredible journey, and I knew that if I worked hard and believed in myself, I could achieve great things too.That's why J.K. Rowling will always be my hero. She's living proof that with courage, determination, and a little bit of magic, you can overcome any obstacle and make your dreams come true.So, if you ever find yourself feeling discouraged or like giving up, just think about J.K. Rowling's story. Let her be your inspiration to keep pushing forward, no matter what challenges come your way.And who knows? Maybe one day, you'll create something just as magical and inspiring as the Harry Potter series. All you need is a little bit of faith, a whole lot of hard work, and a sprinkle of that special Rowling magic!。
中国空间站英语作文考研
The Chinese Space Station CSS, also known as Tiangong, represents a significant milestone in Chinas space exploration endeavors. It is a modular space station that is being assembled in low Earth orbit, serving as a hub for scientific research, technological development, and international cooperation.BackgroundChinas space program has been rapidly advancing since the launch of its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, in 1970. The country has since sent astronauts to space, landed rovers on the moon, and is now building its own space station. The CSS is a testament to Chinas growing capabilities in space technology and its ambition to become a major player in space exploration.Design and StructureThe CSS is designed to be a threemodule space station, consisting of a core module named Tianhe, which translates to Harmony of the Heavens. This core module is complemented by two laboratory modules, Wentian Quest for the Heavens and Mengtian Dreaming of the Heavens. The station is equipped with living quarters for astronauts, laboratories for scientific research, and docking ports for spacecraft.Scientific ResearchOne of the primary purposes of the CSS is to conduct scientific research in microgravity. It is expected to host a variety of experiments in fields such as biology, physics, astronomy, and materials science. The station will also serve as a platform for Earth observation, providing valuable data for environmental monitoring and disaster management.International CooperationChina has shown a willingness to engage in international cooperation for its space station. The country has invited other nations to participate in the CSS program, offering opportunities for joint research and technology exchange. This approach aligns with the global trend of collaborative space exploration, as seen with the International Space Station ISS.Significance for ChinaThe development of the CSS is a significant step forward for Chinas space program. It not only showcases the countrys technological prowess but also positions China as a leader in space exploration. The station is expected to inspire a new generation of scientists and engineers, further driving innovation in the field of space technology.Future ProspectsAs the CSS nears completion, China is looking forward to a new era of space exploration. The station is set to operate for at least a decade, providing a stable platform for ongoing research and international collaboration. With plans to send astronauts to the moon and explore Mars, Chinas space ambitions are vast, and the CSS is a crucial component of this vision.In conclusion, the Chinese Space Station is a remarkable achievement that reflects Chinas commitment to advancing its space capabilities. As a platform for scientific research and international cooperation, it holds great promise for the future of space exploration and the pursuit of knowledge beyond our planet.。
AUV关键技术与发展趋势
AUV关键技术与发展趋势秦洪德，孙延超(哈尔滨工程大学水下机器人技术重点实验室，黑龙江哈尔滨 150001)摘要: AUV作为海洋探索与开发、海上无人作战的重要装备，是世界各国研究的热点。
以美国、俄罗斯为代表的海洋强国从20世纪50年代开始对AUV的研究，积累了大量的技术基础，目前已研制出多款具有代表性的AUV装备。
本文从技术指标、关键技术和应用领域等角度详细梳理国外主要国家典型AUV装备，并对目前AUV的技术挑战进行分析和归纳，展望了AUV未来的发展方向。
关键词：水下机器人；无人作战平台；技术指标；关键技术中图分类号：TP24 文献标识码：A文章编号： 1672 – 7649(2020)12 – 0025 – 04 doi：10.3404/j.issn.1672 – 7649.2020.12.005Analysis of the status and development of foreign AUVQIN Hong-de, SUN Yan-chao(Science and Technology on Underwater Vehicle Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China)Abstract: As an important underwater unmanned equipment for the exploration and development of marine resources and unmanned combat at sea, AUV is a research hotspot in the world. The maritime powers represented by the United States and Russia began to study AUV in the 1950s and have accumulated a large number of technical bases. At present, many rep-resentative AUVs have been developed abroad. In this paper, the typical AUVs developed by several foreign maritime powers are reviewed in detail from the perspectives of technical indicators, key technologies, application fields, etc., and the current technical challenges of AUV are analyzed and summarized, and the future development direction of AUV is prospec-ted.Key words: autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)；unmanned combat platform；technical indicator；key techno-logy0 引 言21世纪是海洋的世纪。
英文翻译资料：航天词汇
航天词汇载人飞船manned spaceship/ spacecraft载人航天manned space flight载人航天计划manned space program航天飞机space shuttle无人飞船unmanned spaceship / spacecraft试验太空船Experimental Spacecraft神舟号Shenzhou (Divine Vessel)多级火箭multistage rocket太空舱capsule返回式卫星recoverable satellite通信卫星communication satellite遥感卫星remote sensing satellite运载火箭carrier rocket; rocket launcher长征二号F运载火箭Long March II F carrier rocket 有效载荷能力payload capability近地轨道low Earth orbit气象卫星weather satellite; meteorological satellite 太阳同步轨道卫星satellite in Sun-synchronous orbit 同步轨道卫星geosynchronous satellite轨道舱orbital module返回舱re-entry module推进舱propelling module指令舱command module服务舱service module登月舱lunar module发射台launch pad紧急供氧装置emergency oxygen apparatus空间物理探测space physics exploration国际空间站International Space Station太阳能电池板solar panel太空升降舱space elevator哈勃太空望远镜Hubble Space Telescope月球车lunar rover外太空outer space; deep space银河系Milky Way阿波罗号宇宙飞船Apollo美国航空航天管理局NASA(The National Aeronautics and Space Administration)launch a satellite 发射卫星launch pad 发射台multistage rocket 多级火箭second stage 第二级third stage 第三级orbit 轨道artificial satellite 人造卫星Telstar 通信卫星antenna 天线solar cell 太阳电池spacecraft 航天器lunar module 登月舱LM-maneuvering rockets 登月舱机动火箭landing pad 着陆架service module 服务舱directional antenna 定向天线nozzle of the main engine 主发动机喷嘴lunar module 登月舱ascent stage 上升段descent stage 下降段hatch 舱口ladder 扶梯command module 指令舱service module 服务舱astronaut 航天员space suit 航天服emergency oxygen apparatus 应急供氧装置access flap 接口盖life support system 生命维持系统------------------------------------------------------------------A-1法国试验卫星A-1首颗卫星Abid礼拜者伊拉克运载火箭Able Star艾布尔星，美国运载火箭上面级Able艾布尔美国运载火箭上面级ACCOS(Arms Control & Conflict Observation Sat.)军备控制与冲突, 观察卫星联合国军备核查卫星ACE(Advanced Composition Explorer)要素/同位素成分高级探测器美国科学卫星ACTS(Advanced Communication Technology Satellite) 先进通信技术卫星美国通信技术卫星ADEOS(Advanced Earth Observation Satellite)先进地球观测卫星日本观测与地球资源卫星Administration)诺阿(国家海洋与大气局卫星)美国气象卫星Advanced Vela高级维拉(高级船帆座)美国核爆炸探测卫星Aelita精英前苏联红外天文卫星Aeros(Aero Satellite)大气卫星德国科学卫星Aerosat飞机通信卫星西欧航空通信卫星Agena阿金纳美国运载火箭上面级Ajisai八仙花日本试验型测地卫星Akebono黎明日本试验型Ｘ射线观测卫星Alarm警报美国预警卫星Alexis亚历克西斯美国Ｘ射线观测卫星Alouette百灵鸟加拿大科学研究卫星ALS(Advanced Launch System)先进发射系统美国大型运载工具Altair牵牛星美国运载火箭上面级Amos阿莫斯以色列国内通信卫星AMPTE(Active Magnetic Particle Track Explorer)磁层粒子主动示踪探测器AMPTE/CCE(AMPTE/Charge Composition Explorer) AMPTE/电荷成分探测器美国科学卫星AMPTE/IRM(AMPTE/Ion Release Module)AMPTE/离子释放舱德国科学卫星AMPTE/UKS(AMPTE/United Kingdom Spacecraft) AMPTE/英国子卫星英国科学卫星AMS(Advanced Meteorological Satellite)高级气象卫星美国气象卫星AMS(Apogee and Maneuvering Stage)远地点和机动级美国运载火箭上面级Amsat业余无线电卫星德国通信卫星Anik兄弟加拿大国内通信卫星Anna(Army,Navy,NASA,Air Force)安娜美国测地卫星ANS(Astronomical Netherlands Satellite)荷兰天文卫星荷兰天文卫星Anthrorack微重力人体生理学实验室法国科学卫星Apollo阿波罗美国运载火箭上面级Apollo阿波罗美国载人飞船APPLE(Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment) 阿普尔(阿里亚娜搭载试验)印度试验卫星Aquacade水技表演美国同步电子侦察卫星Arabsat(Arab Sat. Com. Organization Satellite) 阿拉伯卫星阿盟区域通信卫星Argus百眼巨人美国电子侦察卫星Ariane阿里亚娜欧洲空间组织运载火箭Ariel羚羊美－英科学研究卫星Aries白羊座美国研究型运载火箭Artemis(Advanced Relay Technology Mission)先进中继技术卫星欧空技术试验卫星Aryabhata阿里亚哈塔印度科学卫星ASAT反卫星美国反卫星导弹试验靶星ASC(American Sat. Company Communication Sat.) 美国卫星公司通信卫星美国国内通信卫星Asiasat(Asia Satellite)亚洲卫星亚洲区域通信卫星ASLV(Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle)加大推力卫星运载火箭印度运载火箭ASMS(Advanced Synchronous Meteorological Sat.) 高级同步气象卫星美国气象卫星Asterix阿斯泰里法国研究卫星Astex(Advanced Satellite Technology Experiment) 先进技术试验卫星美国技术试验卫星ASTP(Apollo-Soyuz Test Project)阿波罗－联盟对接试验计划美苏载人宇宙飞船对接试验Astra阿斯特拉卢森堡电视直播通信卫星Astro-SPAS天文平台德国天文卫星Astro天文观测卫星日本天文卫星Astron天文前苏联紫外天文卫星ATC(Air Traffic Control)空中交通管制卫星前苏联航空通信卫星ATCOS(Atmospheric Composition Satellite)大气成分探测卫星美国气象卫星ATCP(Advanced Technology Coorbiting Platform)高技术共轨平台日本空间平台ATDA(Augmented Target Docking Adapter)加力目标对接接合器美国目标卫星ATDRSS(Advanced Track & Data Relay Sat. System) 先进跟踪与数据中继卫星系统美国数据中继卫星Atlantic大西洋美国国际通信卫星Atlantis阿特兰蒂斯美国载人航天飞机Atlas(Atmospheric Lab for Application & Science) 大气应用与科学实验室美国科学卫星Atlas宇宙神美国运载火箭ATN(Advanced TIROSN)改进型泰罗斯－Ｎ美国气象卫星ATS(Applications T echnology Satellite)技术应用卫星美－加通信技术卫星ATV(Ariane Transfer Vehicle)阿里亚娜转移飞行器法国运载火箭上面级Aura微风法国天体紫外分析卫星Aureole日晕法国科学研究卫星Aurora极光美国技术试验飞船Aurora极光美国军事研究卫星AUSCS(Australia Communication Satellite)澳大利亚通信卫星澳大利亚国内通信卫星Aussat(Australian Satellite)澳大利亚卫星澳大利亚国内通信卫星AXAF(Advanced X-ray Astro-physics Facility)Ｘ射线天文物理先进设施美国Ｘ射线天文卫星Ayame菖莆日本通信试验卫星Azur阿祖尔德国科学研究卫星Badar-A巴达Ａ巴西通信试验卫星Balloon气球美国军事卫星BCTS(Broadcast Communication Technology Sat.) 广播通信技术卫星日本广播通信卫星Beacon灯塔美国测地卫星BHASKARA巴斯卡拉印度地球观测卫星Big Bird大鸟美国照相侦察卫星Biosatellite生物卫星美国医学研究卫星Birdy小鸟前苏联载人航天飞机Black Arrow黑箭英国运载火箭Block布洛克(笨汉)美国气象卫星Blue Bell蓝铃美国试验型电子侦察卫星Blue Scout蓝色侦察兵美国运载火箭Blue Streak蓝光欧空运载火箭Boreas北风西欧科学研究卫星Brazilsat(Brazil National Communications Sat.) 巴西卫星巴西国内通信卫星Bresex布雷塞克斯巴西地球资源卫星British Zircon英国锆石美国电子情报卫星Broad Coverage Photo Reconnoiter普查型照相侦察卫星美国照相侦察卫星BS(Broadcast Satellite)广播卫星日本电视广播通信卫星BSB(British Satellite Broadcast Ltd.)英国卫星广播公司卫星英国直播通信卫星BSE(Broadcasting Satellite Experiment)广播试验卫星日本直播通信卫星BSTS(Boost Surveillance Tracking System)助推段监视跟踪系统美国预警卫星Building Block积木德国运载火箭Buran见SnowstromBurner伯纳美国运载火箭上面级Calsphere卡尔斯菲尔美国拦截卫星CAMEO(Chemically Activated Mater. Ejected inOrb.) 卡梅欧(轨道放射化学激活物质)美国科学卫星Canister茶叶罐美国小型军事空间站Cannonball炮弹美国军事卫星Cassini卡西尼欧空土星探测器Castor北河二星法国技术试验卫星CAT(Capsule Ariane Technoloque)凯特(阿里亚娜技术试验舱)意大利火箭试验卫星CBERS(China & Brazil Earth Resource Satellite) 中国巴西地球资源卫星中－巴地球资源卫星Centaur半人马座美国运载火箭上面级Cerise西雷斯(微型试验卫星)法国军事侦察卫星Chalet小屋美国同步电子侦察卫星Challenger挑战者美国载人航天飞机CIRRIS(Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Ins. for Shu.) 航天飞机低温红外辐射仪美国军事卫星Climsat气候研究卫星美国气象卫星Clip Bow飞弓美国海洋监视卫星Cluster星团欧空科学卫星CO2RS(CO2 Research Satellite)二氧化碳研究卫星美国环境研究卫星COBE(Cosmic Background Explorer) 宇宙背景探测器美国微波天文卫星Columbia哥伦比亚美国载人航天飞机Columbus哥伦布欧空自由号空间站增压舱Composite复合体美国五颗卫星复合体Comsat(Communications Satellite) 通信卫星美国国内通信卫星Comstar(Communication Star)通信星美国通信卫星Conestoga大篷车美国运载火箭Consort伙伴美国商用亚轨道火箭Copernicus哥白尼美国天文卫星CORSA(Cosmic Radiation Satellite)宇宙辐射卫星日本射线观测卫星COS宇宙线测量卫星西欧科学卫星Cosmos宇宙前苏联运载火箭Cosmos宇宙前苏联综合系列卫星COSPAS科斯帕斯前苏联事故搜索卫星Courier信使美国广播通信试验卫星CRAF(Comet Rendezous Asteroid Flyby)慧星会合小行星近距探测器美国星际探测器CRRES(Combined Release & Radiation Effect Sat.) 释放和辐射综合效应卫星美国科学卫星卫星与航天译名A-H 2Crystal晶体前苏联和平号材料工艺舱CS(Communications Satellite)通信卫星日本通信卫星CSE(Communication Satellite Experiment)试验型通信卫星日本广播通信卫星CTM转移舱以色列轨道转移运载器CTS(Communication Technology Satellite) 通信技术卫星加－美直播通信卫星Cyclone旋风前苏联运载火箭Daedalos戴达洛斯欧空欧洲第三代空间平台DATS(Despun Antenna Test Satellite)消旋天线试验卫星美国技术试验通信卫星DBSC(Direct Broadcast Satellite Company) 直播卫星美国电视直播通信卫星Debut(Deployable Boom & Umbrella T est) 吊杆与伞部署实验卫星日本科学技术卫星Delta Star三角星美国SDI试验卫星Delta德尔它美国运载火箭Denpa电波日本科学卫星DFS(Deutsche Fernsehn Satellite)德国电视卫星德国直播通信卫星Diademe王冠法国测地卫星Dial日规法－德技术研究卫星Diamond/Diamant钻石法国运载火箭Diamond钻石前苏联地球观测卫星Diapason和谐法国测地卫星Discoverer发现者美国侦察技术试验卫星Discovery发现美国载人航天飞机DMSP(Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) 国防气象卫星美国军事气象卫星DNSS(Defense Navigation Satellite System)国防导航卫星系统美国导航卫星Dodecahedron十二面体研究卫星美国环境研究卫星DODGE(DoD Gravity Experiment Satellite)国防部重力试验卫星美国技术试验卫星Dongfanghong东方红中国试验卫星DOVE(Digital Orbiting Voice Encoder)轨道声音数字编码器美国业余无线电通信卫星DRS(Data Relay Satellite)数据中继卫星欧空数据中继卫星DSCS(Defense Satellite Communications System)国防通信系统美国军事通信卫星DSP(Defense Support Program)国防支援计划美国预警卫星Dynasor戴纳索美国小型军用航天飞机EARL(European Advanced Rocket Launching System) 欧洲先进火箭发射系统德国航天运载工具Early Bird晨鸟美国国际通信卫星EBS(Europe Broadcast Satellite)欧洲广播卫星欧空广播通信卫星Echo回声美国广播通信试验卫星ECS(European Communication Satellite)欧洲通信卫星欧空区域通信卫星ECS(Experimental Communications Satellite)试验通信卫星日本广播通信试验卫星EGS(Experiment Geodesic Satellite)试验型测地卫星日本激光测地卫星Ekran荧光屏前苏联直播通信卫星Elektron电子前苏联科学卫星EMSS(Experiment Mobile Satellite System)试验型移动卫星系统日本通信卫星Endeavor奋进美国载人航天飞机Energy/Energia能源前苏联运载火箭Enterprise企业美国试验型航天飞机Eole(Eolei)风神法国试验型气象卫星EORSAT(Elint Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite) 电子情报型海洋侦察卫星前苏联海洋监视卫星EOS(Earth Observation System)地球观测系统美国极轨道观测平台EPAC-SI埃帕克－ＳＩ美国私营商用运载火箭EPE(Energy Particle Explorer)高能粒子探测器美国科学卫星ERBS(Earth Radiation Budget Satellite)地球辐射收支卫星美国气象卫星ERS(Earth Resource Satellite)地球资源卫星日本地球资源卫星ERS(Earth Resource Satellite)地球资源卫星中国地球资源卫星ERS(Environmental Research Satellite)环境研究卫星美国科学研究卫星ERS(Europe Remote-Sensing Satellite)欧洲遥感卫星欧空海洋观测卫星ERTS(Earth Resources Technology Satellite)地球资源技术卫星美国地球资源卫星ESA-GEOS(Geostationary Earth Orbiting Satellite) 欧洲对地静止轨道卫星欧空科学卫星ESRO(European Space Research Organization) 欧联(欧洲空间研究组织卫星)西欧研究卫星ESSA(Environmental Survey Satellite)艾萨(环境勘测卫星)美国气象卫星Etalon标准前苏联测地卫星ETDRS(Experimental Track & Data Relay Satellite) 试验型跟踪与数据中继卫星日本数据中继卫星ETS(Engineering T est Satellite)工程试验卫星日本技术试验卫星EUMETSAT(European Meteorological Satellite)欧洲气象卫星欧空气象卫星Eumilsat(Europe Military Satellite)欧洲军事卫星英－法军事通信卫星Eureca尤里卡欧空欧洲第二代空间平台Europa欧罗巴西欧运载火箭Eutelsat欧洲电信卫星欧空区域通信卫星EUVE(Extreme Ultra Violet Explorer)远紫外线探测器美国紫外天文卫星EXOS(Experiment X-ray Observation Satellite)试验型Ｘ射线观测卫星日本科学卫星Exosat(European X-ray Observation Satellite)欧洲Ｘ射线观测卫星欧空科学卫星Explorer探险者美－意科学探测卫星Faith信心美国载人飞船Fengbao风暴中国运载火箭Fengyun风云中国气象卫星Ferret雪貂美国电子侦察卫星Fire Wheel火轮德国小型卫星FIRST(Far Infra Red & Sub Telescope)远红外和亚毫米波望远镜欧空天文卫星Flt Satcom(Fleet Satellite Communication) 舰队通信卫星美国军事通信卫星FOTON光子前苏联材料科学卫星Francais(FR)法兰西法－美科学研究卫星Freedom自由美国弹道式载人飞船Freedom自由美国永久性载人空间站Freedom自由美国运载火箭Freja弗利亚(爱神)瑞典小型科学实验卫星Friendship友谊美国试验性载人飞船Frog-Otolith蛙耳石美国科学试验卫星FSAT(Ford Satellite)福特卫星美国国内通信卫星Fuji富士日本业余无线电通信卫星FUSE(Far U/V Spectrum Explorer)远超/甚高频谱段探测卫星美国科学卫星Galaxy银河美国电视中继卫星Galileo伽利略美国木星探测器Gals航向前苏联国内军政通信卫星Gambit策略美国照相侦察卫星Gamma伽玛前苏联伽玛射线天文卫星Gelikon见HeliconGemini双子座美国运载火箭Gemini双子座美国载人飞船GEMS(Geostationary European Meteorological Sat.) 欧洲对地静止气象卫星欧空气象卫星GEOS(Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite)地球轨道测地卫星西欧科研卫星GEOS(Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite 地球动力海洋实验卫星美国研究卫星GEOS(Geostationary Earth Orbiting Satellite)对地静止轨道卫星欧空科学卫星Geosat测地卫星美国测地卫星Geotail地球磁场观测卫星日本科学卫星GGSE(Gravity Gradient Stabilization Experiment)重力梯度稳定试验卫星美国海军试验卫星GGSP-Polar(Global Geospace Science Program-Polar) 地球空间科学计划－地极卫星美国科学卫星GGSP-Wind(Global Geospace Science Program-Wind) 地球空间科学计划－太阳风卫星美国科学卫星GGTS(Gravity-Gradient Test Satellite)重力梯度试验卫星美国科学试验卫星Ginga银河日本天文卫星GIOTTO乔托欧空哈雷慧星探测器GLOMRS(Global Low Orbiting Message Relay Sat.)全球低轨道信息中继卫星美国军事研究卫星GLONASS(Global Navigation Satellite System)全球导航卫星系统俄罗斯导航卫星GMS(Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)对地静止气象卫星日本气象卫星GOES(Geostationary Operational Env. Satellite)对地静止环境工作卫星美国气象卫星GOMS(Geostationary Operational Meteoro. Sat.)对地静止气象工作卫星前苏联气象卫星Gorizont见HorizonGPS(Global Position System)全球定位系统美国导航卫星Granat石榴石前苏联天文卫星GRASP格拉斯普英国伽玛射线天文卫星GREB(Galactic Radiation Exp. Background Sat.) 格雷勃(银河辐射试验背景卫星)美国科学研究卫星GRO(Gamma Ray Observatory)伽玛射线观测台美国伽玛射线天文卫星GSLV(Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle)对地静止卫星运载火箭印度运载火箭Gstar吉星美国国内通信卫星Hagoromo羽衣日本月球卫星Hakucho天鹅日本星际观测卫星Hawkeye依阿华美国科学卫星HCMM(Heat Capacity Measure Mission)热容量测绘卫星美国气象卫星HEAO(High Energy Astronomy Observatory)赫奥(高能天文观测站)美国天文卫星Helicon赫利孔山前苏联电视直播卫星Helios太阳神法国军事侦察卫星Helios太阳神美－德太阳探测器HELOS(Highly Eccentric Lunar Occultation Sat.) 赫洛斯(大椭圆月球掩食卫星)西欧研究卫星HEOS(Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite)赫奥斯(大椭圆轨道卫星)美国科学研究卫星Hermes使神(赫尔姆斯)法国载人航天飞机Hexagon六角体美国照相侦察卫星High Resolution Film Reconnaissance详查型照相侦察卫星美国照相侦察卫星HILAT(High Latitude Ionospheric Research Sat.)高纬度电离层研究卫星美国科学卫星Himawari葵花日本气象卫星Himes海姆斯日本实验型准航天飞机Hinotori雏鸟日本天文卫星Hipparcos(High Precision Parallax Collection Sat.) 高精度视差收集卫星欧空科学卫星Hispasat(Hispanic Satellite)西班牙卫星西班牙国内通信卫星Hitch Hiker搭乘者美国电子侦察卫星Hope希望前苏联导航卫星Hope希望日本小型空天飞机Horizon地平线前苏联国内通信卫星Horizon地平线以色列试验通信卫星Horizont见Horizon(前苏联)HOTOL(Horizontal Take-off & Landing)霍托尔(水平起降)英国空天飞机HS601休斯６０１型卫星美国新型三轴稳定卫星HST(Hubble Space Telescope)哈勃太空望远镜美国天文卫星Hustler哈斯特勒美国运载火箭上面级IBSS(Infrared Background Signature Survey)红外背景特征测量仪美国军事卫星ICE(International Cosmos Explorer)国际宇宙探测器美国科学卫星IDCSP(Initial Defense Com. Satellite Program)初级国防通信卫星计划美国军事通信卫星IDSCS(Initial Defense Sat. Communication System) 初级国防卫星通信系统美国军事通信卫星IMEWS(Integrated Missile Early Warning Sat.)综合导弹预警卫星美国预警卫星IML(International Microgravity Laboratory)国际微重力实验室美国科学实验卫星Incosmos见IntercosmosIndigo靛兰美国雷达成像卫星Injun英琼美国科研卫星INMARSAT(International Maritime Com. Satellite) 国际海事通信卫星国际海事组织通信卫星INSAT(India Satellite)印度卫星印度国内通信与气象卫星Intasat(Institute Nacional de Tecnica Aernautica) 西班牙宇航技术研究所卫星西班牙科学卫星Intelsat(International Telecom. Sat. Consortium) 国际通信卫星美－国际通信卫星组织卫星Intercosmos国际宇宙前苏联－东欧科学卫星Interkosmos见IntercosmosIRAS(Infrared Ray Astronomical Satellite)红外线天文卫星美－英－荷红外天文卫星Iris彩虹女神意大利运载火箭上面级IRR(Industrial Research Rocket)工业研究火箭美国运载火箭IRS(India Remote-Sensing Satellite)印度遥感卫星印度地球资源卫星IRT(Integrated Rendezvous Target)会合目标美国目标气球卫星ISEE(International Sun-Earth Explorer)伊西(国际太阳－地球探测器)法－德科研卫星ISF(Industry Space Facility)工业空间设施美国空间资源卫星ISIS(International Sat. for Ionospheric Studies) 国际电离层研究卫星加拿大科学研究卫星Iskra火花前苏联业余科学实验卫星ISO(Infrared Space Observatory)红外空间观测台法国红外天文卫星ISPM(International Solar Polar-orbit Mission) 国际太阳极轨道任务美－欧空木星探测器ISS(Ionosphere Sounding Satellite)伊斯(电离层探测卫星)日本科学研究卫星Istra伊斯特拉德国复用型空间运载器Italsat(Italy Satellite)意大利卫星意大利国内通信卫星ITOS(Improved TIROS Operational Satellite) 艾托斯(泰罗斯改进型工作卫星)美国气象卫星ITSS(Integrated Tactical Surveillance System) 综合战术监视卫星美国雷达型海洋监视卫星ITV(Instrumented T arget Vehicle)装有仪器的靶标卫星美国反卫星导弹试验靶星IUE(International Ultraviolet Explorer)国际紫外线探测器美－欧－英紫外天文卫星IUS(Inertial Upper Stage)惯性上面级美国运载火箭上面级JAS(Japan Amateur Satellite)日本业余卫星日本业余无线电通信卫星JCSAT(Japan Communication Satellite)日本通信卫星日本国内通信卫星JEM(Japan Experiment Module)日本试验舱日本自由号空间站增压舱JEOS(Janus Earth Observation Satellite)贾纳斯地球观测卫星法国地球资源卫星JERS(Japan Earth Remote-sensing Satellite) 日本地球遥感卫星日本地球资源卫星Jikiken磁源日本科学卫星Jindai巨大日本科学卫星JISS(Japan Ionosphere Sounding Satellite) 日本电离层探测卫星日本科学研究卫星Jump Seat折椅美国军事中继通信卫星Juno朱诺美国运载火箭Jupiter丘庇特美－欧宇宙探测器Jupiter丘庇特美国运载火箭Kennan凯南美国照相侦察卫星Keyhole锁眼美国照相侦察卫星Kiku菊花日本技术试验卫星Kopernikus哥白尼德国电视直播卫星Korona花冠美国照相侦察卫星Kosmos见CosmosKristall见CrystalKvant量子前苏联和平号天文物理实验舱Kvant量子前苏联运载火箭Kyokko极光日本科学卫星L-SAT大型卫星欧空电视直播通信卫星LACE(Low-power Atmosphere Compensation Experiment) 低能大气补偿实验卫星美国SDI实验卫星Lacrosse长曲棍球美国雷达成像侦察卫星Lageos(Laser Geodynamic Satellite)激光地球动力卫星美国测地卫星Lambda兰达日本小型试验卫星Lambda兰达日本运载火箭Landsat陆地卫星美国地球资源卫星LDEF(Long Duration Exposure Facility) 长期辐照设施美国科学卫星LDR(Large Deployable Reflector)大型可展式反射器美国红外天文卫星Leasat租赁卫星美国海军通信卫星Les(Lincoln Experimental Satellite)林肯试验卫星美国通信试验卫星Light Sat轻型卫星美国军事战术指挥卫星LISE(Laser Integrated Space Experiment) 空间激光综合试验美国SDI空间试验卫星Littleo利特利奥欧空商用低轨运载火箭Lofti洛夫蒂美国通信卫星Long March/Chang Zheng长征中国运载火箭Loutch射线前苏联国内/区域通信卫星LRV(Lunar Roving Vehicle)游月车美国月球探测器Luna月球前苏联月球探测器Luna月球前苏联运载火箭Lunar Module登月舱美国月球探测飞船Lunar Orbiter月球轨道器美国月球卫星Lunokhod月行器前苏联月球探测器Lusat卢萨特阿根廷业余无线电通信卫星Lyman莱曼英国紫外天文卫星MABES(Magnet Bearing Flywheel Exper. System) 磁方位飞轮试验系统日本军事通信技术试验卫星MACSAT(Multiple Access Communication Satellite) 多通道通信卫星美国轻型通信卫星Magellan麦哲伦美国金星探测器MAGION(Magnetospheric & Ionospheric Satellite)磁层－电离层卫星捷克科学卫星Magnum大酒瓶美国同步电子侦察卫星Magsat(Magnetic Satellite)地磁卫星美国科学卫星Mailstar邮政星瑞典通信卫星Mao-1毛**１号中国试验卫星Marcopolo马可波罗英国电视直播通信卫星MARECS(Maritime European Communication Satellite) 欧洲海事通信卫星欧洲移动通信卫星Marian马里安瑞典运载火箭Mariner-Jupiter(Saturn,Uranus)Spacecraft水手号木(土、天王)星飞船美国行星际探测器Mariner水手美国行星际探测器Marisat(Marine Communications Satellite)海事通信卫星美国通信卫星MAROTS(Maritime Orbital Test Satellite) 马罗茨(海上轨道试验卫星)法－德通信卫星Mars Observer火星观察者美国火星探测器Mars Rover火星漫游车美国火星探测器Mars火星前苏联火星探测器MAS(Minor-Autonomous Satellite)马斯(小型自主卫星)法国技术试验卫星Mediasat新闻采集卫星美国新闻界通信卫星Mercury-Atlas水星－宇宙神美国宇宙飞船Mercury-Liberty Bell水星－自由钟美国弹道式载人飞船Mercury-Redstone水星－红石美国弹道式载人飞船Mercury-Scout水星－侦察兵美国宇宙飞船Mercury水星美国运载火箭上面级Mercury水星美国载人飞船MET-ATS气象应用卫星美国气象卫星Meteor流星前苏联气象卫星Meteosat气象卫星欧空气象卫星Microsat微型卫星美国业余无线电通信卫星Midas(Missile Defense Alarm System)米达斯(导弹防御警报系统)美国预警卫星Mika米卡德国研究卫星Milstar(Military Strategic,Tactical & Relay Sat.) 军事星(战略战术与中继卫星)美国军事通信卫星Mir和平前苏联永久性载人空间站Mir和平前苏联运载火箭Miranda米兰达英国技术试验卫星Mission)格雷姆(重力位势研究探测卫星)美国测地卫星MOL(Manned Orbiting Laboratory)莫尔(载人轨道试验室)美国小型军事空间站Molniya闪电前苏联国内通信卫星Molniya闪电前苏联运载火箭Momo桃花日本海洋观测卫星MOP莫普欧空气象卫星Morelos莫雷洛斯墨西哥国内通信卫星MOS(Marine Observation Satellite)莫斯(海洋观测卫星)日本海洋观测卫星MRC(Multi-Role Capsule)多用舱美国自由号空间站舱体MSAT(Mobile Satellite)移动体卫星美国移动通信卫星MST技术试验卫星日本技术试验卫星MSX中段空间实验卫星美国SDI实验卫星MTFP(Man Tended Flying Platform)载人飞行平台欧空载人飞行平台Mu缪日本运载火箭Muses缪斯日本空间技术卫星Music音乐日本科学技术卫星Musketball步枪弹美国军事卫星Nadezhda见Hope(前苏联)NASP(National Aerospace Plane)国家航空航天飞机美国大型航天飞机NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 北约卫星北约军事通信卫星Navstar导航星美国导航卫星Navy Navigation Satellite海军导航卫星美国导航卫星New World新世界前苏联运载火箭Nika/Nike胜利女神前苏联高级材料加工卫星Nimbus雨云美国气象卫星NNSS(Navy Navigation Satellite System)海军导航卫星系统美国军事导航卫星NNTS(Navy Navigation Technology System)海军导航技术系统美国军事导航卫星NOMSS(National Operational Mete. Sat. System) 美国国家气象工作卫星系统美国气象卫星NOSS(Mavy Ocean Surveillance Satellite)诺斯(海军海洋监视卫星)美国海洋监视卫星Nova新星美国军/民导航卫星NROSS(Navy Remote Ocean Sensing System) 海军海洋遥感系统美国军事卫星NSCAT(NASA Scatterometer Satellite)宇航局散射测量卫星美国科学卫星NTS(Navigation Technology Satellite)导航技术卫星美国导航卫星NUSAT(Northern Utah Satellite)北犹他卫星美国雷达校准卫星OAO(Orbiting Astronomical Observatory)欧奥(轨道天文观测站)美国天文研究卫星Ocean Surveillance海洋监视卫星美国雷达型海洋监视卫星Ocean/Okean海洋前苏联海洋研究卫星OEX Target(Observation Experiment T arget) 观测试验目标美国反卫星试验卫星Offeq奥费克(地平线)以色列试验卫星OFO(Orbiting Frog Otolith)奥福(轨道蛙耳石)美国医学研究卫星OGO(Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)奥戈(轨道地球物理观测站)美国地球观测卫星Ohsumi大隅日本研究试验卫星Ohzora天空日本科学卫星Olympus奥林匹斯欧空通信卫星Orbital Insertion System入轨系统美国运载火箭上面级Orbital Workshop轨道工场美国天空实验室舱体Oreol华盖前苏联－法国科学卫星Orizuru纸鹤日本科学技术卫星ORS(Octahedral Research Satellite)八面体研究卫星美国科学研究卫星Oscar(Orbital Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio)奥斯卡(业余无线电轨道卫星)美国业余无线电通信卫星Osiris奥西雷斯(在研)法国雷达侦察卫星OSO(Orbiting Solar Observatory)奥索(轨道太阳观测站)美国太阳观测卫星OSV(Orbital Serving Vehicle)轨道服务飞行器日本空间平台OTS(Operational Technology Satellite)实用技术卫星法－德通信卫星OTS(Orbital Test Satellite)轨道试验卫星法－德通信试验卫星OV(Orbital Vehicle)奥维(轨道飞行器)美国科学研究卫星Pac(Pacific)太平洋美国通信卫星Pacific Star太平洋星美国国内通信卫星Pacific太平洋日本通信卫星Pacsat(Packet Satellite)信息包卫星美国业余无线电通信卫星Pageos(Passive Geodetic Satellite) 帕吉奥斯(被动测地卫星)美国测地卫星Paksat巴基斯坦卫星巴国内通信卫星Palapa统一印尼国内通信卫星PAM(Payload Auxiliary Module)有效载荷助推舱美国运载火箭上面级Pan Amsat泛美卫星美国国内通信卫星。
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Intelligent Unmanned Explorer for Deep Space Exploration T. Kubota and T. Yoshimitsu Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Sahamihara, Japan. e-mail: kubota@isas.jaxa.jp
Abstract In recent years, such small body exploration missions as asteroids or comets have received remarkable attention in the world. In small body explorations, especially, detailed in-situ surface exploration by tiny rover is one of effective and fruitful means and is expected to make strong contributions towards scientific studies. JAXA/ISAS is promoting MUSES-C mission, which is the world’s first sample and return attempt to/from the near earth asteroid. Hayabusa spacecraft in MUSES-C mission took the tiny rover, which was expected to perform the in-situ surface exploration by hopping. This paper describes the system design, mobility and intelligence of the developed unmanned explorer. This paper also presents the ground experimental results and the flight results.
1 Introduction Small planetary bodies such as asteroids, comets and meteorites in deep space have received worldwide attentions in recent years. These studies have been motivated by a desire to shed light on the origin and evolution of the solar system. Hence, exploration missions for small bodies have been carried out continuously since the late 1990s. To date, the missions of NEAR [1], Deep Space 1 [2], Deep Impact [3], and Stardust [4] have been successfully performed, while MUSES-C[5] and Rosetta[6] are currently in operation. These missions have mainly provided remote sensing in the vicinity of the small body, at a distance which cannot be attained from the earth. In-situ observations of small bodies are scientifically very important because their sizes are too small to have experienced high internal pressures and temperatures, which means they should preserve the early chemistry of the solar system. For future missions, in-situ surface observation by robots will make strong contributions towards those studies.
In such deep space missions, ground based operation is very limited due to communication delays and low bit-rate communication. Therefore, autonomy is required for deep space exploration using rovers. On the other hand, because the gravity and surface terrain are not known in advance, robotics and artificial intelligence technology must be used for rovers to explore a minor body.
The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) of Japan launched the MUSES-C spacecraft toward Asteroid 1998SF36 in May 2003. After the launch, the spacecraft was renamed "HAYABUSA" which means falcon. The MUSES-C project is demonstrating key technologies required for future sample return missions from extra-terrestrial bodies as shown in Figure 1. The launch date was May 9th in 2003 and arrival at the asteroid was September 12th in 2005. Leaving the asteroid in April 2007, the spacecraft will return back to the earth in June 2010. HAYABUSA spacecraft has stayed for approximately three months around the asteroid and both mapping and sampling operations were carried out during that short period. For the MUSES-C mission, an asteroid surface exploration rover was developed, called MINERVA for MIcro/Nano Experimental Robot Vehicle for Asteroid. MINERVA is the first asteroid exploration rover to ever be developed and deployed. It is one of the technical challenges for the MUSES-C mission and its major objectives are as follows: establish a mobile system in the micro gravity environment of a small planetary body, demonstrate the autonomous exploration capability the rover is equipped with, and perform the first-ever planned scientific observations on an asteroid surface. On November 12th in 2005, the spacecraft Hayabusa deployed MINERVA at higher velocity than the escape velocity, and MINERVA could not arrive at the asteroid surface. However the spacecraft could communicate with MINERVA and it was confirmed that the health of MINERVA was very good and some autonomous functions were performed very well.
Figure 1: MUSES-C mission
ICIUS 2007Oct 24-25, 2007Bali, IndonesiaICIUS2007-A004-OP
ISBN 978-979-16955-0-318© 2007 ICIUS