comparison of implicit and explicit procedures
英语修辞学课件
Type Three: what
What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理石。 What salt is to food, wit and humor are to conversation and literature
这首诗是诗人借物抒情诗人感慨人间有些人妄自尊大浅薄自傲负心薄义但若直接说出便成了乏味的说教而用拟人的手法将花变成人让花儿自己现身说法十分巧妙地将诗人的心理感受转移到花儿身上
Figures of Speech
Figures Of Speech In English Stylisre of speech in which one thing is liken to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison recognizable by the use of the word like or as. ( A Dictionary of Literary Terms)
Type Four: than
w A home without love is no more than a body without a soul. w He had no more idea of money than a cow
Type Five: and
w Love and cough can not be hid. 爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。 w Truth and roses have thorns about them. w Kings and bears often worry their keepers. w A word and stone let go cannot be recalled. 说出去的话就像抛出去的石子，是收不 回的。
SAT阅读常考词汇(考前必备)
阅读常考词汇，考前必背！act against消灭，消除；淘汰a hint of 少许，微量all but 几乎，差一点I all but stumbled 我差点儿摔跤all but impossible 几乎不可能all the more 更加，愈发anything but 决不=notI will do anything but go there我决不去那里anything more than 不仅仅是as yet 到目前为止As yet we haven’t heard from him yet 到目前为止，我们还没有收到他的来信at a moment’s notice 提前很短时间通知We are ready to go at a moment’s notice我们已准备好，一接到通知马上就出发to be at odds with 和…矛盾，意见不一致at one stroke 一笔，一举at stake 存亡攸关，危若垒卵The life of the sick man is at stake病人危在旦夕be at issue 在争论中，不合的；待裁决的be bound to 必然会，注定be free from没有…摆脱…be oneself (人)处于正常状态（精神身体方面）；显得自然（或真诚）be preferable to 相对于…更可取be subject to 受…支配，常遭受….从属于….They are subject to repeated challenges on the basis of new evidence 他们常遭受建立在新证据基础上的挑战breathing spell 喘息的机会building blocks 基石；基础材料by far 到目前为止by and large 很大程度上call for要求call into question 对…提出质疑capitalize on 利用capitalize on the opponent’s mistake 利用对手的错误cash in on 赚钱，获利cash in on a best-seller靠畅销书赚钱close the books （为结帐等目的）停止入账；了结，中止close the books on a case 结案collective consciousness 集体意识cutting edge 刀锋，最前沿The company is at the television miniaturization 该公司在电视机微型化方面处于领先地位dote on 溺爱dote on one’s only grandchild 溺爱自己的独苗孙子exact from ..向…强求索取exact obedience from sb.强要某人服从expose ..to …使….暴露于expressly 特意地，专程地，tools designed expressly for left-handed workers特意为左撇子而设计的工具fact-finding 实情调查的fall into a rut 陷入陈规，落入俗套fall into a conversational rut 开始了老调重谈的谈话family style 家常便饭式地fool around 闲荡，干蠢事fool’s errand徒劳的工作from the outset 从一开始起give-and-take 公平交易，互相让步，互相迁就Negotiation entails give-and-take 协商需要互相体谅They sat down for a lengthy give-and-take 他们坐下来作了一次长谈give rise to 引起，发生give way to 让位于，让步给，屈服于hard-nosed倔强的；精明而讲究实际的have one’s day走运，正在风光的时候Every dog has its day 每个人都有春风得意的时候have yet to 尚有待于He has yet to make a serious blunder 他还要犯大错的heretofore 到目前为止hit show 风行一时的演出if at all 如果真有的话if at all possible 如果真有可能的话in effect 实际上in full bloom 全盛时期in retrospect 回想起来It was, in retrospect, one of the worst mistakes I ever made 回想起来，这是我一生所犯的罪严重的错误In so far as 在…的范围内，到….的程度I think it is better that we trust each other in so far as we can while our business association lasts. 我以为我们应当在我们的企业协会存续期间尽可能相互信任in that 既然，因为（书面用语）In that he refused to accept the proposal, he showed that he is not very interested 既然他拒绝了这个建议，这表明他对此不是很感兴趣Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes批评与自我批评是必要的，因为它能帮助我们改正错误in themselves 就其本身而言lay off解雇；关闭；停止活动leave sb. open to 致使某人陷入…的境地long-standing 长时间的，为时甚久的look to 指望You can’t look to him to do it for you 你别指望他给你做这事儿matter of duty 义不容辞的事情，义无反顾之事情more often than not经常，时常，往往，多半more than ever尤其not so much…as…与其说是….不如说是…..He is not so much a writer as a reporter 他与其说是个作家，不如说是个记者Nonetheless 虽然如此，但是notwithstanding 尽管other than 而不是The truth is quite other than what you think. 事情真相与你想的完全不同。
英语修辞学(课堂教案)
蔡岚岚Why Do We Learn Rhetoric?•To understand the author’s intention better.•To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves.•To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language.•To learn how to achieve an effective communication.Introduction to Rhetorical Devices1. Phonetic Devices1.1 Alliteration 头韵Eg. a rolling roadtongue twisters: She sells seashells on the seashore.Peter piper picked a peck of pickled pepper.1.2 Euphony 谐音Eg. hate- late; powers- flowers1.3 Assonance 半谐音Eg. Thou still unravished br i de of qu i etness,Thou foster ch i ld of s i lence and slow t i me.（Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn）a coffin shop-- a coffee shop; a flowery dell-- a flowery cell1.4 Onomatopoeia 拟声Eg. dog: bay, snarl, growl, howl, whine…1.5 Homeoteleuton 叠韵: similarity in endingsEg. Instead of rivets there came an inva sion, an inflic tion, a visita tion.To Bertie, Jeeves is as incomprehen sible as he is indispens able.2. Lexical Devices2.1 Lexical Options2.1.1 Short Words and Long Words2.1.2 Common Words and Learned WordsEg. payment- liquidation; refer to- allude to; glasses- spectacles;name/ surname- cognomen2.1.3 Formal, Informal or Colloquial WordsEg. deception- trick- rip-off; residence- house- digs;commence- start/begin- kick off2.1.4 General or Specific WordsEg. (n.) the building- the library; big cities- Shanghai, New York, London;(adj.) a fine day- sunny, warm, cloudless(adv.) speak well- clearly, with perfect diction;(v.) walk- stroll, march, stride; stagger2.1.5 Concrete or Abstract Words2.1.6 Referential or Emotive Words2.1.7 Choice between Synonymous WordsEg. fat- stout; high- tall; wide- broad; thin- lean2.2 Choice of Abbreviations2.2.1 Acronyms2.2.1.1 initialism: UN; WTO2.2.1.2 part of a word: TV; ID2.2.1.3 an expression or sentence: DINK; ASAP(asap); AWOL(awol);MARLBORO2.2.1.4 number or similar sound: F2F; Gr82.2.2 Clippings2.2.2.1 first syllable: advertisement, laboratory, professor, automobile2.2.2.2 middle syllable: flu (influenza), fridge (refrigerator)2.2.2.3 last syllable: omnibus, telephone, internet, airplane2.2.3 Blendsbrunch: br eakfast+ l unch; digicam: dig ital+ cam era; newscast: news+ broad cast2.3 Lexical Repetition3. Syntactic Devices3.1 Long and Short Sentence3.2 The Simple Sentence3.3 The Compound Sentence3.4 The Complex Sentence3.5 Syntactic Scheme of Inversion3.6 Syntactic Scheme of Omission3.7 Syntactic Scheme of Addition or Insertion3.8 Syntactic Scheme of Repetition3.9 Syntactic Scheme of Climax and Anti-climax3.10 Rhetorical Question3.11 Apodioxis3.12 ApostropheGeneral principles and features of English & Chinese rhetoric1.英语关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言，即以形合为主的语言。
Abaqus仿真分析-CONT-LA03-DynamicImp
2nd setting
Default for contact models Default for noncontact models
Intended for quasi-static modeling
Compare how the displacements and velocities at time t + Dt are defined:
Explicit: written entirely in terms of quantities known at or before
time t. The solution “marches along” in time.
E.g.: 100,000 increments for a 0.1 second event
| © Dassault Systèmes
Time Integration Issues (3/4)
Implicit dynamics time integration March forward in time with implicit time integration
A3.4
Time Integration Issues (2/4)
Explicit dynamics time integration March forward in time using the central difference method
| © Dassault Systèmes
Implicit: written in terms of quantities at or before time t + Dt.
Nonlinear algebraic equations must be solved at each time increment.
Implicit Self-esteem and Social Identity AND
ANTHONY GREENWALD, G. AND MAHZARIN R . construct validity
William James (1890)defined self-esteem as a self-feeling that is determined by a comparison between the actual self and the ideal self. Following James's definition of self-esteem, standard self-report measures of self-esteem ask respondents either to rate themselves on a variety of specific traits (Marsh, 1986; Pelham and Swann, 1989; Wells and Marwell, 1976), or to indicate how they feel about themselves globally (Rosenberg, 1979). However, research has not supported James's formulation because self-esteem does not appear to be the product of honest appraisal of one's traits and abilities (Rosenberg, 1979) or one's social identity (Crocker and Major, 1989). Rather, research indicates that the higher one's self-esteem, the greater the self-enhancing bias (see Brown, 1991, for review). Consequently, psychologists have debated extensively whether selfesteem causes self-appraisals or vice versa (Brown, 1993; Pelham and Swann, 1989), whether self-esteem leads to discriminatory behavior or vice versa (Abrams and Hogg, 1988), whether people are motivated towards accuracy or positivity in their self-concepts (Brown, 1991; Shrauger, 1975; Swann, 1990), and why, if having high self-esteem is not based on accurate self-appraisals, anyone would have low self-esteem (Baumeister, 1993). What psychologists have only recently considered is that the correspondence between self-esteem measures and self-enhancing behaviors suggests that selfesteem measures may be capturing the wrong construct (Baumeister, Tice, and Hutton, 1989): the motive to present a positive attitude toward self rather than genuine self-esteem. A positivity bias provides no threat to the construct validity of self-esteem measures (i.e., their ability to measure the self-esteem construct). Whether such biases arise from positive feelings toward the self (Brown, 1993) or cognitive beliefs about the self (Markus and Wurf, 1986), they are a reflection of the level of positive self-regard. Such an automatic positivity bias can be interpreted as a manifestation of implicit self-esteem. Greenwald and Banaji defined implicit selfesteem as "the introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) effect of the self-attitude on evaluation of self-associated and self-dissociated objects" (1995, p. 11). This tendency to overestimate one's traits and abilities is understood as a spillover of positive affect from the self to objects associated with the self. Because most people have positive self-affect (Banaji and Prentice, 1994; Greenwald, 1980; Taylor and Brown, 1988), implicit self-esteem effects usually
动态系统理论与外语教学的相关性
动态系统理论的本质和特点
石化性(fossilization)
随着动态系统的发展，动态系统会进入一个相对稳 定的状态（attractor state）或者叫做石化状态 (fossilization)( de Bot, et al., 2005b) 。这是语言运 用者倾向于处在的一种状态。其相反的状态是排斥 状态（repeller state）。从动态系统理论的观点出 发，语言的石化与其变化均是动态系统的组成部分 (van Geert, 2008)。
动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性
学习者互动 语言学习既是个体学习也是与其他人互动交流的学 习。Vygotsky（1962）的社会文化理论 （Sociocultural Theory）强调学习者与其他人的 互动交流在语言学习过程中的重要性。
动态系统理论与外语教学的关联性
显性教学和隐性教学互动
动态系统理论与外语习得和磨蚀的相关性
动态系统与外语习得 动态系统与外语磨蚀
动态系统与外语习得
最低限度结构发展条件（minimal structural growth condition）
van Geert（1995）对语言的习得提出了一个理论概念，即：实现语言习得 至少要满足最低限度结构发展条件(minimal structural growth condition)， 即掌握和运用最基本的词汇和语法能力，使语言进一步发展成为可能。其次， 必须存在发展的资源，包括内部资源和外部资源。内部资源指个体学习者的 语言学习能力、概念知识以及动机；外部资源指为学习投入的时间、外部环 境中的语言、强化动机的外部环境等 (de Bot, et al., 2007)。虽然第一语言 习得和第二语言习得存在不同过程，但是根据de Bot（2008）的观点，这 个动态模式同样适用于第一语言习得和第二语言习得，因为对于任何语言系 统的发展来说，最低量的资源是必需的。
高级英语修辞手法simile
1、生动形象的Simile （明喻）英语辞格simile （明喻）是一种最简单、最常用的修辞方法，也是运用最为广泛的一种修辞手段。
在文学作品中尤其如此。
《文学词汇词典》（A Dictionary of Literary Terms）对明喻是这样定义的：A f igure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is explicit comparison (as opposed to the metaphor where comparison is implicit) recognizable by the use of words “like” or “as”.这个定义对明喻的界定既有权威性又有普遍性，许多论述英语修辞的书籍或文章在讲到明喻时，其叙述都没有超出这个概念。
根据定义，明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格。
说得通俗点，也就是打比方，即把要描述的事物——本体（A）用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体（B）联系起来。
常用的比喻词有 as（如）， like（像）， seem（似乎）， as if （好像）， as though（好像）， such as（像……一样）等。
其基本格式是“A is like B”或“A is as…as B”。
Simile在英语中应用得很广泛，用以状物、写景、抒情、喻理，可收到生动形象，简单明了，新鲜有趣的修辞效果。
先看引自《大学英语·精读》（笔者按：系指董亚芬总主编的大学英语系列教材(College English)中的《精读（Intensiv e Reading 1-6册）》[修订本]，上海外语教育出版社，1997。
下同）中的几个例子。
The cheque f luttered to the f loor like a bird with a broken wing. （Book 1, Unit 3）支票像只断了翅膀的小鸟似的飘落在地板上。
几种随机微分方程数值算法和数值模拟
武汉理工大学硕士学位论文
摘要
随机微分方程的理论广泛应用于经济、生物、物理、自动化等领域，然而在 很长一段时间里，由于缺乏有效的求解随机系统的数值方法以及足够强大的计算 机计算能力，在实际问题中，以随机微分方程(组)为代表的描述物理现象的许多 复杂的数学模型或者被束之高阁，或者被迫通过忽略随机因素而简化，均不能得 到很好的应用。可喜的是近十年来，在随机微分方程数值解方面已取得了一些成 就，这意味着由某些随机微分方程描述的数学模型可以借助于计算机进行研究。
First, the background of SDE and the importance of its theoretical solution are introduced. Two of the very important forms of SDE, Ito SDE and Stratonovich SDE, are deduced by stochastic integrals and several lemmas about the moments of stochastic integrals are also given in the paper. In addition, I mention the theorem giving necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of a solution to SDE and I give representation formulae of solutions of linear SDEs. And the stochastic Taylor series of solution are deduced.
英语专业研究生试卷
英语专业研究生试卷班级__________ 学生名字__________ 分数______《英语专业研究生英语语言文学基础试卷》一、单项选择题（每题2分，共30分）1. Which of the following is NOT a feature of Old English?A. Rich inflectional systemB. Use of the runic alphabetC. Mostly monosyllabic wordsD. Influence from Latin2. The term “metaphor” refers to ________.A. a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without using “like” or “as”B. a repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring wordsC. a word or phrase that has lost its original meaningD. a story or narrative used to illustrate a moral or religious lesson3. In the sentence “I saw the man with a telescope.”, the prepositional phrase “with a telescope” is ________.A. an adverbial modifierB. an attributive modifierC. a complementD. a part of the predicate4. Which of the following playwrights is associated with the Elizabethan theater?A. Christopher MarloweB. Samuel BeckettC. Henrik IbsenD. Anton Chekhov5. The study of the origin and history of words is called ________.A. semanticsB. morphologyC. etymologyD. syntax6. “To be or not to be, that is the question.” is from which of Shakespeare’s plays?A. HamletB. Romeo and JulietC. MacbethD. Othello7. In English phonetics, the sound /θ/ is produced by ________.A. placing the tip of the tongue between the teethB. vibrating the vocal cords while the tongue is in a certain positionC. raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palateD. rounding the lips and forcing air through a narrow opening8. Which of the following is an example of a compound word?A. beautifulB. blackboardC. runningD. teacher9. The concept of “linguistic relativity” was proposed by ________.A. Noam ChomskyB. Ferdinand de SaussureC. Benjamin Lee WhorfD. Edward Sapir10. A sonnet is a poem that usually consists of ________ lines.A. 12B. 14C. 16D. 1811. Which of the following is a modal verb?A. runB. canC. happyD. book12. In the English language, the stress pattern in the word “photograph” is ________.A. 'photographB. pho'tographC. photo'graphD. pho to'graph13. Which of the following languages has the most influence on the development of Modern English?A. FrenchB. GermanC. GreekD. Latin14. The sentence “She made the boy clean his room.” is an example of ________.A. a simple sentenceB. a compound sentenceC. a complex sentenceD. a catenative construction15. Which of the following literary movements emphasized individualism and the beauty of nature?A. RomanticismB. RealismC. ModernismD. Post - modernism二、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分）Read the following passage and answer the questions:The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland.The Angles came from "Englaland" and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words "England" and "English" are derived. The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots.Old English was a highly inflected language. This means that words changed their endings depending on their function in the sentence. For example, the word for "stone" was "stan" in the nominative case (when it was the subject of the sentence), but "stane" in the dative case (when it was the indirect object).Over time, the English language has changed a great deal. One of the major influences on English was the Norman Conquest in 1066. The Normans were from France and they brought with them the French language. For a long time, French was the language of the ruling class in England, while English was spoken by the common people. This led to the addition of a large number of French words to the English vocabulary.1. Who invaded Britain in the 5th century AD?2. What happened to the Celtic speakers when the Germanic tribes invaded?3. Where did the Angles come from?4. Why is Old English difficult for modern native English speakers to understand?5. What is meant by "Old English was a highly inflected language"?6. What was the major influence on English after the Norman Conquest in 1066?7. Who spoke French and who spoke English after the Norman Conquest?8. What is the origin of the words "England" and "English"?9. How has the English language changed over time?10. Give an example of how words changed in Old English depending on their function in the sentence.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Briefly explain the difference between a simile and a metaphor.2. Describe the main features of the Romantic literary movement.3. Explain how language acquisition in children occurs according to one of the major theories.四、Essay Question (10分)Discuss the importance of English as a global language.答案与解析：一、单项选择题1. C. Old English had a rich inflectional system, used the runic alphabet initially and was influenced by Latin. It had many polysyllabic words as well as monosyllabic ones.2. A. A metaphor is a figure of speech making a comparison without using “like” or “as”. B is allite ration, C is semantic change, D is parable.3. A. “with a telescope” in this sentence modifies the verb “saw” and tells how the seeing was done, so it is an adverbial modifier.4. A. Christopher Marlowe was an Elizabethan playwright. Beckett is a modernist, Ibsen is Norwegian and Chekhov is Russian.5. C. Etymology is the study of word origins. Semantics is about meaning, morphology is about word structure and syntax is about sentence structure.6. A. This famous line is from Hamlet.7. A. The sound /θ/ is produced by placing the tip of the tongue between the teeth.8. B. “blackboard” is made up of two words “black” and “board” and isa compound word.9. C. Benjamin Lee Whorf proposed the concept of “linguistic relativity” along with Edward Sapir.10. B. A sonnet typically has 14 lines.11. B. “can” is a modal verb which is used to express ability, permission etc.12. A. In “photograph” the stress is on the first syllable 'photograph.13. A. French has had the most influence on the development of Modern English, especially after the Norman Conquest.14. D. A catenative construction involves a verb followed by another verb in a non - finite form, here “made” followed by “clean”.15. A. Romanticism emphasized individualism and the beauty of nature.二、阅读理解1. The Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes invaded Britain in the 5th century AD.2. Most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland.3. The Angles came from "Englaland".4. Old English did not sound or look like English today. It was highly inflected and had different word forms for different functions in a sentence.5. It means that words changed their endings depending on their function in the sentence. For example, “stan” for nominative and “stane” for dative case of the word for “stone”.6. The Norman Conquest in 1066 brought the French language which had a major influence on English. French words were added to the English vocabulary.7. After the Norman Conquest, the ruling class spoke French and the common people spoke English.8. The Angles came from "Englaland" and their language was called "Englisc", from which the words "England" and "English" are derived.9. It has changed through invasions like the Germanic tribes in the 5th century and the Norman Conquest in 1066. It has added words from other languages, and has changed in terms of grammar, for example from being highly inflected in Old English.10. As mentioned before, the word for “stone” was “stan” in the nominati ve case (when it was the subject of the sentence), but “stane” in the dative case (when it was the indirect object).三、简答题1. A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two different things using “like” or “as”, for example “My heart is like a singing bird”. A metaphor makes a comparison without using these words, for example “The road is a ribbon of moonlight”. The simile is more explicit in its comparison, while the metaphor is more implicit and often creates a more vivid and imaginative connection.2. The Romantic literary movement had several main features. It emphasized emotion over reason. Writers focused on the individual and the individual's experience of the world. There was a great love for nature, seeing it as a source of inspiration, beauty and spiritual renewal. It also had an interest in the supernatural, the past and the exotic. There was a celebration of the imagination and a rejection of some of the strict rules of neoclassical literature.3. According to the nativist theory proposed by Noam Chomsky, children are born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD). This LAD allows children to have an in - built knowledge of the basic principles of language. They are able to acquire language quickly because they have this pre - wired system. They are exposed to the language in their environment and use the LAD to make sense of the input, formulating rules and gradually developing their language skills. Another theory, the behaviorist theory, proposed by Skinner, believes that language acquisition is a result of conditioning. Children learn language by imitating thelanguage they hear around them and are rewarded when they use language correctly.四、Essay QuestionEnglish has become a global language for several important reasons. Firstly, the history of British colonialism spread the language all over the world. Britain had colonies in many parts of the globe and as a result, English was introduced and became an important language in these areas. For example, in India, English is still widely used in education, business and government.Secondly, the United States, which is a superpower, has English as its main language. American influence in the fields of business, entertainment (Hollywood movies, popular music), technology and academia has made English even more widespread. People all over the world need to learn English to access American products, services and knowledge.In the international business world, English is the lingua franca. Multinational companies use English as their common language for communication. This allows people from different countries with different native languages to communicate effectively. For example, a Japanese and a Brazilian can communicate in English in a business meeting.In the field of science and technology, most research papers are published in English. Scientists need to know English to keep up with thelatest research findings and to share their own work. It is also the language of international conferences and seminars.In the field of education, many universities around the world offer courses in English. Students who want to study abroad or get a more international education often need to have a good command of English.However, the dominance of English also has some drawbacks. It can lead to the marginalization of other languages and cultures. But overall, the importance of English as a global language cannot be underestimated as it has become an essential tool for international communication, trade, knowledge sharing and cultural exchange.建议：嗨，同学！咱先来说说这试卷哈。
grammar presentation
(1) The deductive method
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. good for selected 1. it teaches grammar in and motivated an isolated way; students 2. little attention little 2. save time to explain attention is paid to meaning; complex rule 3. increase students’ 3. the practice is often confidence in mechanical. examination
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
• In the inductive method, the teacher induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation. • It is believed that the rules will become evident if the students are given enough appropriate examples.
Grammar presentation methods
(1) The Deductive Method
（演绎法） 演绎法）
(2) The Inductive Method/
（归纳法 归纳法) 归纳法
(3)The Guided Discovery Method
(引导发现法） 引导发现法） 引导发现法
1. The students are presented with contextualised examples illustrating a specific structure. 2. Students are guided to discover the underlying rule of the structure as well as its meaning in context. 3.The teacher teaches the target structure explicitly.