英语国家概况(汉英对照)
英语国家概况
2-4british cabinet works on the principle of collective responsibility英国内阁的原则的集体责任the main duty of the british privy council is to give advice英国枢密院的主要职责是提供意见in british the parliamentary general election is held every five years在英国的议会大选每五年举行一次scotland has a distinct legal system based on roman law苏格兰有不同的法律制度的基础上罗马法generally speaking the british parliament operates on a two party system一般来说，英国议会上的两个政党制度the policies of the conservative party are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individualism保守党的政策的特点是实用主义和个人主义的信仰the labor party affected the british society greatly in that it set up the national health service劳动党影响了英国社会的大大的，因为它建立了国家卫生服务Chapter5the british government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s 自19世纪初以来，英国政府一直负责教育feducation in britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15在英国的教育是强制性的6至15岁之间的所有儿童fthe national curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system国家课程是强制性的国家制度和独立董事制度fwhen children finish their schooling at 16 ,they are required to take national gcse examination当孩子完成学业，他们必须在16到民族GCSE考试tgraduates from state schools in britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools在英国公立学校的毕业生有一个不太有利的机会进入名牌大学比独立学校tin the 1960s a large number of new universities were founded in britain在20世纪60年代，大量的新的大学成立于英国tmost british people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening大多数英国人开始新的一天早上阅读报纸，并最终在晚上看电视tthe times is the world's oldest national newspaper时间是世界上历史最悠久的全国性报纸fthe bbc world service broadcasts only in english throughout the world英国广播公司世界服务仅在英语世界各地的广播fsome british holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the christian calendar ,and others are related to local customs and traditions英国一些节日的庆祝，以纪念基督教日历中的重要事件，以及其他相关的当地的习俗和传统tin britain the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the 1960s在20世纪60年代在英国文法学校和职业学校之间的分工，通过引入综合学校结束about 6% of british children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system约6％的英国儿童接受小学和中学教育，通过独立的系统partially funded by central government grants ,the british universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources by tuition fees ,donations and corporate contributions部分资金由中央政府拨款，英国的大学接受他们的剩余资金从以下来源的学费，捐款和企业捐款A级成绩，学校参考，面试，是英国大学入学必须的，不需要在全国普通高考测试结果to be admitted to the open university one need no education qualifications开放大学不需要学历three big newspapersthe timesthe guardianthe daily telegraph三大报纸时代守护者据“每日电讯报”life on earth is a kind of documentary program produced by the bbc and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide地球上的生命是一种由BBC制作的纪录片节目，深受全球500万观众sky tv is britain top pay television provider天空电视台是英国最大的收费电视提供a common feature of all the british holidaysfamilies getting togetherfriends exchanging good wishesfriends enjoying each other's company一个共同的特点，所有的英国假期家庭走到一起朋友们交流的良好祝愿朋友享受彼此的陪伴christmas traditionsqueen's christmas messageboxing daychristmas pantomime圣诞节的传统女王的圣诞贺词节礼日圣诞哑剧Chapter6the canterbury tales is a representative work of the old english period坎特伯雷故事集”是古英语时期的代表作frenaissance is characterized by admiration of the greek and latin classic文艺复兴时期的特点是钦佩的希腊和拉丁经典fHamlet depicts the hero's struggle with two opposing forces :moral integrity and the need to avenge his father's murder哈姆雷特”描绘了主人公的斗争，两股力量：道德操守和需要，以报复他的父亲的谋杀talexander pope was a great english poet who also translated homer's iliad教皇亚历山大是一个伟大的英国诗人，翻译荷马的伊利亚特tjonathan swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the english language and robinson crusoe is his masterpiece乔纳森·斯威夫特可能是最重要的散文讽刺作家在英语语言和鲁滨逊漂流记“是他的代表作fwilliam wordsworth and samuel taylor coleridge brought the r omantic movement to its height华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治带来了浪漫的运动，它的高度flord byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of hie short poems such as ode to the west wind拜伦勋爵区别了自己的音乐质量缺血缺氧性脑病的短诗，如颂歌的西风fjane austen was a well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school简·奥斯丁是一个著名的小说家流的意识学校fjoseph conrad is classified as a forerunner of modernism ,which prevailed before world war two 约瑟夫·康拉德被列为现代主义的先驱，战胜前世界战争2 tv s naipaul detailed in his works the dual problems of the third world the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism奈保尔在他的作品中详述的双重问题，第三世界的压迫的殖民主义和后殖民主义的混乱the most significant achievement of the english renaissance is drama英国文艺复兴的最显着的成就是戏剧'preface to lyrical ballads' is viewed as romantic poetry's declaration of indepen dence“前言的抒情民谣”被视为浪漫主义诗歌的独立宣言of dickens' novels, david copperfield is considered autobiographical狄更斯小说中，大卫·科波菲尔的自传thomas hardy is a representative of english critical realism at the turn of the 19th century托马斯•哈代是19世纪之交的英国批判现实主义的代表of the following statementsit prevailed at the end of the 19th centurythe writers were dissatisfied with the social realitytreasure island was a representative workneo-romanticism下面的语句它盛行于19世纪的结束作家与社会现实不满宝岛的代表之作新浪漫主义modernist groupvirginia woolfwilliam butler yeatst s eliot现代派组弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫威廉·巴特勒·叶芝T S艾略特oscar wild 奥斯卡野 Fthomas hardyjude the obscuretess of the d'urbervillesthe return of the native托马斯•哈代作品“无名的裘德”德伯家的苔丝“还乡adam bede亚当·比德 fa nobel prize winnersamuel beckettwilliam goldingv s naipaul诺贝尔奖得主塞缪尔·贝克特威廉·戈尔丁V S奈保尔waiting for godot is written by samuel beckett塞缪尔·贝克特“等待戈多”写的是判断题the republic of ireland occupies the entire area of the island of ireland爱尔兰共和国占据了整个爱尔兰岛的面积fthe earliest inhabitants in ireland were celtic tribes from europe从欧洲最早的居民在爱尔兰的凯尔特部落fin the 1800s ,ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of britain在1800年，爱尔兰获得的繁荣，因为它成为英国的一部分，fin the 1930s ireland was not indeed a republic but belonged to the commonwealth of nations在20世纪30年代，爱尔兰的确不是一个共和国，但属于英联邦国家tto support the government's neutrality in world war two ,there was no irishman participating in the war支持政府的中立地位在第二次世界大战中，在战争中的爱尔兰没有人参与fwith the help of britain, ireland entered the eec in 1973 without difficulties在英国的帮助下，爱尔兰于1973年进入欧洲经济共同体没有困难fin 1949 britain recognized the independence of the irish republic and returned the six northern counties在1949年，英国承认独立的爱尔兰共和国，并返还北六县fin ireland ,both the house of representatives and the senate have the power of m aking laws在爱尔兰，众议院和参议院有制定法律的权力fenglish is the only official language in ireland because the majority of people speak it as their mother tongue英语是唯一的官方语言，因为在爱尔兰的大多数人英语作为他们的母语f catholicism in ireland is more than a mere matter of private faith在爱尔兰天主教不是一个单纯的私人信仰的问题t选择题celtic tribes established a unified irish culture and language in the 6th century bc凯尔特部落在公元前6世纪建立了一个统一的爱尔兰文化和语言the anglo-irish treaty resulted in the irish civil warAnglo爱尔兰条约导致爱尔兰内战by 1980,the following except budget deficit were all serious problems in the irish society inflationunemploymentforeign debt到1980年，以下情况（除外预算赤字严重）的问题，在爱尔兰社会通货膨胀失业外债mary robinson was the first irish minister to visit queen elizabeth 2玛丽·罗宾逊是爱尔兰第一部长访问伊丽莎白女王2世in ireland, the head of state is the president在爱尔兰，国家元首是总统fianna fail i s the largest party in ireland since 1932 and has been in power for most of the time in the party's history共和党的失败是最大的政党在爱尔兰自1932年以来，已在在党的历史上的大部分时间执政emigration in ireland started as early as in the medieval period早在中世纪时期移民开始在爱尔兰ireland now has a knowledge-based economy爱尔兰现在有一个以知识为基础的经济ireland is called the celtic tiger because of its rapid economic growth爱尔兰被称为“凯尔特之虎”，因为其快速的经济增长Chapter8the eastern highlands formed by the appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territory由阿巴拉契亚山脉的东部高地持有该国的大陆领土的三分之一fthe climate in the united states can be classified as temperature with some mild subtropical and tropical zones在美国的气候可以划分为一些温和的亚热带和热带地区的温度talmost through the middle of the united states north to south runs a well known 50-centimeter rainfall line美国北到南几乎通过中间运行一个众所周知的50厘米的降雨线tnew york is the commercial and financial center of the united states and it is composed of five boroughs including manhattan ,brooklyn ,the bronx, staten island and queens纽约是美国的商业和金融中心，它是由五个区组成，包括曼哈顿，布鲁克林，布朗克斯区，斯塔滕岛和皇后区的tsan francisco is the second largest city after new york and the world famous hollywood and disneyland are located here旧金山是第二大城市，仅次于纽约和世界著名的好莱坞和迪斯尼乐园都坐落在这里 fhalf of the usa population lives in the western metropolitan centers一半的美国人口生活在西部的大都市中心 fthe blacks brought from africa to america usually worked on plantations or farms in the north从非洲到美国的黑人，通常在北方的种植园或农场工作 fduring the 1830s and 1840s ,many northern europeans and irish immigr ants came to america在19世纪30年代和19世纪40年代，许多北欧和爱尔兰移民来到美国，talmost half of the immigrants coming to the united states in the 1980s were asians几乎有一半的移民来美国在20世纪80年代是亚洲人tbasic american cultural values are freedom equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living美国社会文化基本价值观是自由，平等和努力，为更高标准的生活的愿望t选择题the united states have 48 states on the continent美国有48个州在大陆the state of alaska is the largest in area of all the states在阿拉斯加州的区域的是国家所有的区域最大的the usa lies in central north america ,with canada to the north, mexico to the south, the atlantic to its east and the pacific to west美国位于北美中部，北与加拿大，墨西哥南部，大西洋到它的东部和太平洋西部the largest river in the usa is the mississippi river在美国最大的河流是密西西比河some of the world famous universities like harvard yale and mit are located in new england一些世界著名的大学，如哈佛大学耶鲁大学和麻省理工学院都坐落在新英格兰niagara falls is located on the us-canadian border between lake erie and lake ontario尼亚加拉大瀑布位于美国和加拿大之间的边界伊利湖和安大略湖the largest minority in the united states is the blacks在美国最大的少数民族是黑人the immigrants act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the united states ,particularly from europe1924年的移民法进一步限制进入美国的移民，特别是来自欧洲the characteristic of dominant american culture is english-speaking ,westerneuropean ,protestant and middle-class美国主流文化的特点是讲英语，西欧，新教和中产阶层Chapter9判断america was named after amerigo vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after columbus美国被命名后，到达新的大陆在哥伦布之后的韦斯普奇tthe second continental congress was held in philadelphia ,and the continental army and navy were founded under the command of thomas jefferson第二届大陆会议在费城召开的成立，和大陆的陆军和海军的指挥下，托马斯·杰斐逊 fthe civil war not only put an end to slavery but also decided that america was a single indivisible nation内战不仅杜绝了奴隶制，但还决定，美国是一个不可分割的国家tmany american people approved of the vietnam war许多越南战争的美国人民批准 fduring clinton's term the economy developed steadily resulting in a lower rate of unemployment在克林顿任期内经济稳步发展，导致在一个较低的失业率tin 1990 american troops and the troops from allied nations launched operation desert storm in order to drive iraqi troops out of kuwait在1990年美国军队和盟国的部队发动“沙漠风暴”行动，以推动伊拉克军队赶出科威特taccording to the american administration, saddam hussein and osama bin laden were responsible for the terrorist event on september 11,2011根据美国政府，萨达姆·侯赛因与乌萨马·本·拉丹的恐怖事件负责，九月11,2011Fthe american government regarded iraq a nation among 'the axis of evil'美国政府把伊拉克的国家之间的“邪恶轴心”ton march 19,2003,american and united nation's troops supported by several other countries began an invasion of iraq月19,2003，美国和其他几个国家支持联合国的部队开始了对伊拉克的入侵 falthough the combat operations in iraq are over, it is still hard for america to decide when to withdraw its army虽然在伊拉克的作战行动已经结束，它仍然是美国很难决定何时撤出t选择题the first successful english colony in north america was founded at jamestown in virginia第一次成功的英国殖民地在北美成立于在弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦pilgrim fathers are a group of puritans, who came to america to avoid persecution in england 朝圣者的父亲是一组清教徒来到美国，在英国，以避免迫害the seven years war occurred between the french and british七年战争，法国和英国之间发生'no taxation without representation 'was the rallying slogan of the people of the 13 colonies“无代表不征税”的13个殖民地的人民的凝聚力口号the first shots of the american war of independence were fired in lexington美国独立战争在列克星敦的第一炮in may 1775,the second continental congress was held in philadelphia and beganto assume the functions of a national government在1775年5月，第二届大陆会议在费城召开，并开始一个国家的政府承担的职能abraham lincoln issued emancipation proclamation to grant freedom to all slaves亚伯拉罕·林肯颁布“解放宣言”给予自由向所有从站the policy of the united states was neutrality at the beginning of the two world wars在两次世界大战的开始，美国的政策是中立president roosevelt applied new deal to deal with the problems of the great depression美国总统罗斯福实行了新的协议，解决大萧条的问题the vietnam war was a long-time suffering for americans ,and it continues throughout the terms of presidents eisenhower, kennedy and johnson越南战争对美国人来说，是一个长期的痛苦，并继续在整个总统艾森豪威尔，肯尼迪和约翰逊。
英语国家概况--谢福之
The United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern IrelandChapter 1 Geography, People and Language 全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰） . 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ‟s Cathedral （圣保（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人Most Most people people in Wales and S cotland Scotland Scotland are are are descendants descendants descendants of of of the the the Celtic Celtic Celtic people, people, people, including including including the the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语国家概况经济篇
英语国家概况经济篇一.自然资源英国:Compare with many other countries,Britain has comsiderable reserves of coal.Today British coal mining is called a "sick" industry.Natural gas and oil was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea.Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel industry.Rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.As with the coal industry,Britain's steel industry is declining.美国:Fertile soil is one of the most important natural resouces in the United States. America's forest resources are among the world's largest.Another natural resource that contributes to the welfare of the country is water.America is the leaders in production of Coal,iron ore,cpper,oil,sulfur,lead and zine.But short for tin,manganese,and nikel.爱尔兰:Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.While Ireland lacks sizeable oil deposits,it has a valuable energy source in the peat,or turt,bogs that cover extensive areas of the country.加拿大:Water is one of the most important natural resources in Canada.Almost half of the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third,in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world.The largest producer of newsprint in the world.Canada is a primary world producer of nickle,zine and asbestoes,and comes second in potash,third in gold and fourth in copper.Canada is a major world supplier of uranium.Experts believe that the cold fields of Canada may be among the largest in the world.A great deposit of petroleum was discovered south of Edmonton in Alberta. About two thurds of Canada's petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from Alberta.澳大利亚:Australia is one of the world's biggest producers of minerals and metals.It has major deposits of bauxite,mineral sands,diamonds,and black and brown coal,and large reserves of ores containing gold,lead,zinc,iron,copper,nikel,manganese and uranium. It is the world largest exporter of coal,and a major exporter of uranium.新西兰:There is an increasingly large share of energy comes from local resources:natural gas,crude oil,hydroelectricity and geothermal steam. Coal is of growing importance.Solar energy,vegetable oils and ethylalcohol from fermentation make small contributions.二.农业英国:The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening.Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain.The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国:Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world.It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291)爱尔兰:Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports.The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大:The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important.The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt.Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products.Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario.Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚:Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice.Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰:Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.三.制造业,工业英国:The textile is one of Britain's oldest.Textiles were on of the country's most vauluable exports.Britain became a world leader in shipbuilding during the middle of the 19th century.The two main centres for shipbuilding were on the River Tyne near Newcastle,England and on the Clyde near Glasgow in Scotland.The Britain motor industry now dominated by four firms(Ford,the RoverGroup,GM-Vauxhall,and Peugeot)There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth. Scotland has Europe's largest collection of foreign-owned chip factories.Over 90% of the companies are from the U.S.A.,Japan,the Netherlands and germany.美国:The untied States ranks first,second,third or fourth in the world in the production of crude steel,passenger cars,commercial vehicles,chemicals,radio sets,television sets,and other manufacturing goods.Manufacturing accounts for about one quarter of theGDP,about one quarter of the national income,and over one fifth of the work force.The industrial regions are the Midwest(the nations's leading centre of heavy industry) round the Great Lakes,the Middle Atlantic states,the South,and the Pacific Coast.爱尔兰:Since the 1961s,manufactuing has become the mainstay of the Irish economy.Of industrial employment,66% are employed in manufacting.加拿大:Manufacturing is the mst important economic activity in Canada.Food processing is the leading industry. The manufacture of transportation equipment ranks second. The production of paper and paper related products ranks third. metal products are also important.澳大利亚:The mining industry in Australia has faced new problems in recent years.Australia's service sector is the fastest-growing sector of industry.It has been growing in importance in recent years.新西兰:There are two steel comanies:New Zealand Steel which uses iron sands from the west coast of North Island,and Pacific Steel which reuses scrap iron.New Zealand is a world leader in the CNA(compressed natural gas) industry.Garments,fabrics and carpets are exported.The fishing industry has expanded greatly and is now the 4th largest export earner.四.对外贸易英国:Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers".Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries.which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports.About half with EC.Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国:Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports.Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from LatinAmerica,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰:Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment.The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports.Ireland is new an industrial exporter.Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.加拿大:A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚:Australia is a middle-level trading nation.The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products.Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰:Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active.Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market.The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods.New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.五.当今面临的问题英国:Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline.The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s.这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92)美国:The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector. So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line.Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰:The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade.Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.加拿大:In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners.While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity.Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions.澳大利亚:Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodityexports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.Country Party system HousesBritain The conservative Party, The House of Commons The Labour Party The House of LorbsThe U.S. The Democrats, The Senate,The Republic The House of RepresentativesIreland Fianna Fail, The Senate,Fine Gael The House of RepresentativesAustralia The Labour Party, The Senate,the Liberal and National Party The House of RepresentativesNew Zealand The National Party，The Labour Party The House of RepresentativesCanada The Liberal Party, The Senate,the Progressive Conservative Party The House of Representatives（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
(完整word版)英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译
第三十章澳大利亚经济 Chapter 30 The EconomyⅠ.工业 Manufacturing Industry澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。
86%的制造业为小企业。
Manufacturing in Australia began with the making of bricks. It is estimated that 86% of all manufacturing firms are small businesses.在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。
它的特点包括下面几点:In a world context Australian manufacturing is unique. Its features include the following:1)效率低Inefficiency澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚工业效率的几个因素。
Australia's limited local market, its geographical isolation and high levels of tariff protection are the factors that affect the efficiency of Australian manufacturing.效率最低并且最受保护的工业是汽车、纺织、服装和制鞋工业。
The industries that are most inefficient and most highly protected are automobile, textiles, clothing and footwear industries.2)高度集中Concentration在过去20年里，大的联合企业在澳大利亚经济中一直起中心作用。
Over the last 20 years large conglomerates have been given a central role in the Australian economy.整个钢铁工业由一个公司控制，这就是布洛肯·希尔专卖有限公司。
英美概况笔记(中英文对照整理版)[1]
![英美概况笔记(中英文对照整理版)[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/497d6ac0102de2bd96058871.png)
英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LAND AND PEOPLE (3)第二章英国的起源THE ORIGINS OF A NATION (9)第三章英国的形成THE SHAPING OF THE NATION (16)第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITION TO THE MODERN AGE (22)第五章大英帝国的兴衰THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (28)第六章英国经济THE ECONOMY (40)第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICE AND THE LAW (49)第九章英国社会SOCIAL AFFAIRS (55)第十章体育运动SPORTS (60)第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY (66)第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS (70)第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICAN HISTORY(I) (73)第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICAN HISTORY(II) (77)第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICAN HISTORY(III) (81)第十八章美国经济THE ECONOMY (84)第十九章政治制度POLITICAL INSTITUTION (88)第二十章美国教育EDUCATION (93)第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC (98)第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS (102)第二十二章节：HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 节日和假期 (102)第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
英语国家概况余志远版复习资料注释翻译版
英语国家概况（按新考纲整理的余志远版本完整版）英国部分1. What is the full name of the United Kingdom?It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?They are Great Britain and Ireland.3. What are the four political divisions部门 of the United Kingdom?They are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.4. Why does the United Kingdom have a mild climate, even though it lies farther north than our Heilongjiang Province省份职权?Because Britain’s climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream墨西哥湾流.5. How many metropolitan areas does England have?England has seven metropolitan areas. 大都市6. What is the backbone of England?It is the Pennines.奔宁山脉7. What is the largest lake in the British Isles?It is Lough Neagh. 內伊湖8. From what languages is English derived由……而来?England is mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French languages.9. What is an eisteddfod?诗人An eisteddfod is a Welsh festival of poetry, music and other arts.10. What have the Scottish people been famous for?The Scottish people have been famous for their close-knit clans, colorful plaid kilts, and skill as fierce warriors. 组织严密的家族、格子服饰、凶猛的战士技能11. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years.12. Why was the Roman impact upon the Britons surprisingly limited有限的?The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited because the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class奴隶阶级 and they never intermarried with the native Britons.13. When did the Anglo-Saxons begin to settle使……定居 in Britain?The Anglo-Saxons began to settle in Britain in the 5th century.14. When did England begin to be Christianized? 基督化England began to be Christianized in 579.15. What was the result of the Synod of Whitby in Yorkshire约克郡 in 664?The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Roman missionaries传教士 gained the upper hand上风 over the Celtic missionaries.16. What was Harold doing when he was informed of the invasion of Northumbria by Tostig and Harold Hardrada?He was in the south preparing to resist the expected attack from Normandy.17. Where did Harold defeat 战败 Tostig and Hardrada?Harold defeated Tostig and Harold Hardrada at Stanford Bridge. 斯坦福球场18. By whom was William crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey?威斯敏斯特教堂William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York. 约克大教主19. What did William do after he suppressed the Saxon risings in the north?He built a string of defense castles to ensure确定 his military军队 control of the whole country.20. Was the Norman Conquest the last successful invasion of England?Yes. The Norman Conquest was the last successful invasion of England because England has never been invaded since.21. Why did William I give his barons large estates房地产 in England?William I gave large estates to his barons because he wanted to get a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce.22. What was the peculiar 特权feature特色 of the feudal system of England?All landowners, big and small, took the oath宣誓 of allegiance效忠 for the land they held, not only to their immediate直接 lord主, but also to the king.23. Why did William I have the Domesday Book compiled? 末日宣判书William I had the Domesday Book compiled because he wanted to have a reliable record of all his land, his tenants承租人 and their possessions拥有；财产 and to discover how much his tenants could be asked to pay by way of taxes.24. What was William I ’s policy towards the church?He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold支持鼓励维持 its power.25. Why did Henry II make Thomas Becket Archbishop大教主 of Canterbury?He thought that Thomas Becket would assist him in carrying out贯彻实施 legal reforms改革.26. What brought Henry II into collision 冲突矛盾with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury?The exceptional异常的 privileges特权 enjoyed by the clergy神职，牧师 brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket.27. What are the two aspects方面 of the Norman legacy遗产 that contributed to great domestic 国内 unrest 动荡in England in the 12th and 13th centuries?One was England’s possession占有 of territory领土 in France. The other was Norman adherence 依附坚持to Roman Catholicism.28. Who was the French national heroine during the Hundred Year’s War who helped the French to drive the English out of France?Joan of Arc.圣女贞德29. When did the government establish rules for the first time to keep down wages?The government established rules for the first time to keep down wages in 1351.30. How many peasant 农民in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II ’s troops骑兵，军队?40,000 peasants in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II’s troops.31. What were the emblems象征 of the Houses of York and Lancaster?The emblem of the House of York was a white rose and the emblem of the House of Lancaster was a red rose.32. What was the impact影响 of the Wars of the Roses on feudalism in England?The Wars of the Roses dealt处理分配 a death blow 打击to feudalism in England.33. How did Elizabeth I try to avoid troubling Parliament too often for pounds?She tried to avoid troubling Parliament by making strict economies at Court.34. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.35. How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain in friendly relationship with France?She managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France through her marriage alliances which were never materialized. 具体化36. When was Mary Queen of Scots executed? 执行Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587.37. What did the destruction毁灭消灭 of the Spanish Armada show?It showed England’s superiority as a naval power.38. What was the long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot? 火药阴谋The long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot has been an annual celebration of November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display显示炫耀 is arranged.39. What was Puritanism清教 noted for因……而著名?It was noted for simple dress, high moral standards标准 and very egalitarian平等 attitudes.40. What is a constitutional宪法 monarchy君主?A constitutional monarchy is one whose power is limited by Parliament.41. What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century?They stood for a reduction减少 in Crown patronage, sympathy towards Nonconformists非国教, and care for the interests of merchants商人 and bankers.42. Why did changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the 18th century? Changes in farming methods affected lives of millions in the 18th century England because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time.43. What did the land owners want to do in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? They wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open-field” system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields.44. Why was King George III nicknamed “Farmer George”?King George III was nicknamed “Farmer George” because he was very enthusiastic热衷 about agricultural 农业的changes at Winsor.45. What were the two events which most alarmed the British ruling classes 统治阶级in the closing decades数十年 of the 18th century?They were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution.46. When did the British begin to transport convicts罪犯 to Australia?The British began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788.47. What was the result of the general strike打击罢工 of 1926?The strike failed. The miners were forced to return to work with longer hours and lower wages even than before. Yet, outside the mining district, the strike seemed to have improved relations between the workers and the middle classes.48. Why did Edward VIII abdicate 退位in 1936 after a reign of 10 months?Edward VIII abdicated because he wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced 离婚American.49. When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic Community? 欧共体Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community in January,1973.50. Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990?It was because of her opposition反对 to European Union and her imposition征收强加 of an extremely unpopular flat-rate 固定税率“poll tax”人头税 in place of property taxes to payor local government service.61. Where does the Sovereign’s coronation加冕 take place?发生举行The Sovereign’s coronation takes place at Westminster Abbey in London.62. When is the Sovereign’s birthday officially celebrated?It is officially celebrated in June every year.63. What does the Duke of Edinburgh do when the Queen pays state visits to foreign governments? He accompanies陪同 her.64. Where does the Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties come from?The Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties comes from the Civil List and government departments.65. What does the term “parliament” originally最初 mean?The term “parliament” originally means a meeting for a parley or discussion.66. What is the main function of the House of Lords?The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.67. What is the Speaker’s task in the House of Commons?His task is to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order. 执行顺序规则68. How many counties are there in England and Wales?There are 53 counties in England and Wales.69. What are the three island areas where single-tier authorities当局官方 were introduced in Scotland?They are the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Western Isles.70. How do local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue?They raise revenue 税收through the council tax.81. Are British people obliged to 不得不use the National Health Service?国民医疗保健制度No. They are not obliged to use the service.82. What are services for elderly people aimed at?Services for elderly people are aimed at helping them live at home whenever possible. 83. What is the aim of the social security system?The aim of the social security is to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.84. At what age do men and women generally retire退休?Men generally retire at the age of 65, and women at the ate of 60.85. What are the two established churches in Britain?They are the Church of England in England and the Church of Scotland in Scotland.86. How many provinces职权省份 does the Church of England have?The Church of England has two provinces: Canterbury and York.87. When were the first women priests ordained in Britain?They were ordained in March 1994.88. Who founded the Salvation Army in the East of London in 1865?William Booth, a great follower of John Wesley, founded the Salvation Army.89. Where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations?They go to Oxford Street, Regent Street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decorations.90. Why is December 26th called “Boxing Day”?December 26th is called Boxing Day because it was formerly the custom to give “Christmasboxes”, or gifts of money, to servants and tradesmen商人 on this day.91. How many kinds of state secondary schools 国立公立are there in Great Britain? Three. They are grammar school, secondary modern school and comprehensive school.92. When was the Open University founded? When did it begin its first courses?It was founded in 1969, and it began its first courses in 1970.93. Why is the Open University so named?It is so named because it is “open” to all to become students.94. How much money is spent on press advertising平面广告every year in Great Britain? About ￡5,100 million.95. How much time do British people spend a day watching television?People spend an average of over three and a half hours a day watching television.96. How are the state-run television channels BBC1 and BBC2 financed?They are financed from the sale of television licences.97. How are independent channels ITV and C4 funded?They are funded entirely by advertising. 广告98. When did the BBC begin to provide regular television broadcasts?The BBC began to provide regular television broadcasts in 1936.99. Which sport is regarded as typically English?Cricket 板球is the most typically English sport.100. What is a “copyright” library?It is a library which is entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom.美国部分1. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in population and area? The United States of America is the third-largest country in the world in population and the fourth-largest country in area.2. What are the two major mountain ranges in the United States?They are the Appalachian Highlands阿巴拉契亚山脉 and the Rocky Mountains. 落基亚山脉3. What is the Continental Divide, or Great Divide?The Continental Divide, or Great Divide, is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic.4. What are the five Great Lakes of the United States?They are Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior. 伊利湖、休伦湖、密歇根、安大略、苏必利尔湖5. How many geographical regions can be found in the United States? What are they? There are seven geographical regions in the United States. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic States, the southern States, the Midwestern States, the Rocky Mountain states, the Southwestern States, and the Pacific Coast States and the New States. 在美国有七个地理区域。
英语国家概况Chapter 6
故事。
Foreign Language第T八e页a，c共h五i十n七g页。and Research Press
1.3 The Middle English Period(1066-1485).
▪ on your home ground, the open-handedness,
▪ the giving of war swords. Every one of you
▪ with freeholds of land, our whole nation,
▪ will be dispossessed, once-princes from beyond
A: Hamlet.
Foreign Languag第e二T十e五a页c，h共i五n十g七页a。nd Research Press
2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
❖To be, or not to be (from Hamlet 3/1)
To be, or not to be: that is the question:
Romeo and Juliet (1595) Hamlet (1601) Othello (1604) King Lear (1605) Macbeth (1606)
Foreign Language第十T九e页a，c共h五in十七g页a。nd Research Press
Foreign Language第二T十e页a，c共h五in十七g页a。nd Research Press
2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
英语国家概况中文版-Chapter 23 Geography and History
第二十三章加拿大地理和历史Ⅰ.地理特点1.面积与所处位置加拿大是世界上仅次于俄国的第二大国家。
它的陆地面积大约为一千万平方公里(精确数字为9，976，186平方公里)。
它覆盖了近2/5的北美大陆。
从北到南，加拿大的辽阔领土几乎从北极绵延至北纬45°，约3200公里。
从东到西，它从大西洋延伸到太平洋，约6400公里。
加拿大位于美国以北。
但有一部分位于美国缅因州以东，还有一部分位于从布法罗到底特律的最近直线上，这部分的加拿大区域比布法罗和底特律还要靠南。
北纬45°线标出了加拿大同美国北部的佛蒙特和纽约的分界线。
然而，加拿大的大部分地区位于北纬49°以北。
加拿大和美国共有一条6738公里的边界线，这条边界线一百多年来从不设防，每天有成千的旅游者从这里通过。
加拿大拥有如此辽阔的领土，它的人口却只有二千九百万(1994)。
加拿大的大部分地区人口稀疏。
近89%的国土没有常住人口。
北部的许多地区杳无人烟，遍布森林或长年冰冻的北极荒地。
大约80%的加拿大人住在临近美国边界的大城市中，其中60%的人口集中在魁北克域和安大略湖的西端之间。
多伦多是加拿大最大的城市，有三百四十多万人。
蒙特利尔是第二大城市，人口为二百九十多万，第三大城市是温哥华，它有一百二十多万人。
大多数加拿大的城市都比这三个城市小得多。
加拿大有四大人口密集区：(1)大西洋沿岸的农业、矿业和渔业城市；(2)坐落在魁北克省和安大略省南部以制造业为主的大城市；(3)平原地区以小麦、养牛和采油业为主的城市；(4)不列颠哥伦比亚省的太平洋沿岸。
北纬55°以北的大部分地区主要居住着捕猎者、捕鱼者和采矿者。
著名的加拿大骑警是这些孤立的地区的法律和秩序的象征。
2.地形加拿大有着多种多样的地形。
在东部，那些多山的沿海省份在圣劳伦斯湾和大西洋有着一条不规则的海岸线。
圣劳伦斯平原和内陆平原是主要的耕作区。
它们被一个森林密布的高原分隔开，这一高原始于苏必利尔湖和休伦湖。
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英语国家概况(汉英对照)英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域 1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, GreatBritain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are theydifferent?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The BritishIsles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—thenorthern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain,the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There isanother country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder ofIreland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英格兰面积最大、人口最多，一般说来也最富裕。
因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。
这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是"英格兰人"，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。
There are three political divisions on theisland of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. England is the largest, most populous and generallyspeaking the richest section. So people tend to use ‘England’a nd ‘English’w hen they mean ‘Britain’a nd ‘British’.This sometimes annoys the Scots or the Welsh who do not regard themselves as English and who have a cultureand even a language of their own.英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。
约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。
它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。
但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931 年由英联邦所取代。
Britain has been one of the most important countries in the world. About a hundred years ago, as aresult of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourthof the world’s land area. It had colonies not only in North America, but also in Asia, Africa and Australia.However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it wasreplaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。
成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。
英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。
目前( 1991 年) ，英联邦有50 个成员国。
The commonwealth (of Nations) is a free association of independent countries that wereonce colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements.The commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the commonwealth is left to eachnation. At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth (1991).Ⅱ.英国的地理特征II. Geographical Features英国是个岛国，四周是海。
它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。
英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33 公里宽。
1985 年，英法两国政府决定在多佛尔海峡底修建一个隧道，把两个国家连接起来。
经过八年的奋斗，这条名为"查诺尔"的海底隧道于1994 年5 月通车。
英国的面积为244，100 平方公里。
南北长1000 公里，东西最宽阔的地方约为500 公里。
因此英国的任何地方离海边都不远，海岸资源丰富。
英国海岸线很长且拥有优良的深水港。
海上通道延伸到内陆，提供了低廉的运输。
Britain is an island country. It is surroundedby the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europeby the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. The English Channel between England andFrance is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover, which is only 33 km across. In 1985the British government and the French government decided to build a channel tunnel under the Straits of Dover sothat England and France could be joined together by road. After eight years of hard work this channel tunnelwhich is called ''Chunnel'' was open to traffic in May 1994. Britain covers an area of 244, 100 square krn. It runs1, 000 km from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometers. So no part of Britain is veryfar from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, provides a valuableresource. The British coast is long and has good, providing cheap transportation.几个世纪以来，英国一直在缓慢地倾斜。