大学近义词辨析归纳

Unit 11. Shudder shakeBoth words refer to agitated movements that are quick, slight, or intense and are often involuntary expressions of strain of discomfort. Shake, both transitive and intransitive, designates something that is done to as well as by a person or object, while shudder suggests horror, revulsion, or extreme pleasure as possible causes for the involuntary movement that is less notice able to an onlooker.a.Seeing the referee drawing out the yellow card, the coach began shaking his fist in rage.b.She shudder ed at the touch of his leathery hand.c.The tree branches were shaking in that sudden gust of wind.d.He shudder ed breathlessly in the doorway until his pursuers had raced past.2. Answer replyBoth words can be used as noun and verb respectively. As a noun, when a question is asked, any words or actions in return, or any satisfactory conclusion, may be called an answer; an answer in the form of a statement appropriate to the question is a reply. As a verb, answer is transitive while reply intransitive.a.He had hoped that divorce would be the answer to his problems.b.We are still waiting for him to reply to our requests for further assistance.c.In reply to his suggestions, they have decided to consult him for more details.d.He answered his critics by claiming that he was responding to the new needs of globalization.3. Common generalGeneral means “current among the majority of the persons, things, or class specified”; common applies to many or a large part.a.The general impression we got was that they were not interested in the new project.b.It was claimed in the newly published report that higher education, in general, is financiallyin trouble.c.It may be said that good health is a general condition, and that occasional sickness isfinancially in trouble.d.AIDS is becoming the most common cause of death among drug addicts.4. Small tinySmall suggests a slight reduction of proportions that is notice able but not necessarily objectionable, while tiny refers to so drastic a reduction of scale as to put the thing described outside established norms, as well as suggesting a miniature or model of something.a. A small house would do perfectly for the two of them.b.“Get back on board!” I shouted as his tiny figure struggled up the riverbank.c.Displayed at the exhibition were some tiny toy soldiers that were beautifully carved.d.The visitor was a small man who would give every appearance of self-importance.Unit21. Funny interestingFunny is a very informal word, focusing mainly on whatever results in laughter because ofoddness, abnormality, or inappropriateness. Interesting refers to something that attracts people’s attention, usually because it is exciting, unusual and deserves their observation and study.a.Funny jokes kept coming in through e-mail messages.b.This tour will give you an interesting insight into the life of the Mongolian people.c.It will be interesting to see how the new government will deal with unemployment.d.William is strange recently. He is always wearing that funny hat.2. Still silentStill suggests an unruffled or tranquil state, and often refers to a moment of calm between periods of noise and movement, and during this moment there is no sign of activity. Silent simply means “becoming speechless or being without noise”; it does not necessarily suggest serenity or motion-lessnessa.There was a silent conversation between the deaf-and-dumb people.b.The vast crowd fell silent at the news that the president was dead.c.After the storm, it became very still in the forest.d.The girl was dancing about excitedly when suddenly she stood still and put on a horrifiedlook.3. Dispute argueDispute is often used as a transitive verb, meaning “say that something is incorrect or untrue; fight passionately for control or ownership of something.”Argue usually refers to a reasoned presentation of views or to a heated exchange of opinion; very often, when used intransitively, it is followed by prepositions like “with,”“for/against,”“about,” etc.a.Mr. Spender does not dispute that he owes the money, but he just wouldn’t like to return it.b.His lawyer was arguing that he was unfit to be sent for trial.c.The two parties are still disputing the fee, so that the concert has to be postponed.d.He was arguing with his boss about his salary increase.4. Regular usualUsual is applied to whatever recurs frequently and steadily, referring to natural happenings as well as to occurrences based on the customs of the community or the habits of an individual, while regular emphasizes a conformity to the established or natural order of things, referring to events that happen often, or events that have equal amounts of time between them, so that they happen at the same time, for example, each day or each week.a.Many mote students than usual take language courses in evening classes.b.It is usual for a sales representative to go from door to door to promote products.c.Regular medical examinations are recommended for workers who frequently work inpolluted worksites.d. A 20% discount will be offered to regular customers to the store.Unit31. Compliment praiseTo praise someone or something is to express approval for their achievement or qualities; Compliment often applies to praise given insincerely as an empty formality or as a self-interestedgesture, as well as to a genuine admiration, and this word often appears in the structure “compliment somebody on something.”a.The president praised leaders of countries for their cooperation in the war against terrorism.b.Susan refused to compliment her boss merely to win his smile.c.People genuinely praise her attitude towards life in time of great difficulty.d.He complimented her on her new dress without even looking at it.2. Appreciate enjoyEnjoy is to find pleasure and satisfaction in doing something, and often appears in the structure of “enjoy oneself,” meaning “take pleasure in a situation one is in.”Appreciate means “be thankful or grateful for something,” as well as “like or value something for its good qualities.”a. A little note was added: “Payment would be appreciated by this Saturday, 6th April.”b.He liked the challenges; he enjoyed taking risks.c.She seemed to be enjoying herself hugely.d.We have very much appreciated your prompt attention to our queries.3. Precious pricelessThe differences between these two words can be very subtle. While precious emphasizes the fact that something is valuable, rare and important, and should not be wasted, lost or used badly. Priceless refers to something that is worth a lot of money, or that cannot be calculated in monetary terms.a.He has receives many presents from admirers, from the priceless to the valueless.b.The castle’s rooms also house many priceless antiques, most of which are the only copiesextant.c.It is true that the precious blessing of boys has been their ability to get through their teensuntroubled by such notions as calories, skincare, etc.d.After all the difficult times, he finally realized that their friendship was very precious.4. Notice seeNotice suggests the taking in, almost by chance, of a small detail that may yet be important to some larger pattern. It can also be used in the imperative as a call to attend to some small detail that might otherwise be overlooked, see is a general word to suggest an accidental or deliberate viewing of an occurrence and it carries few connotations beyond those the context may give it.a.People all over the country are eager to see the outcome of the decisive qualifying match.b.Notice the clear big fingerprint on the handle of this pistol.c.From the top floor, we can easily see all the traffic flow in different directions.d.She was genuinely frightened when she noticed that he kept his fist clenched in his pocket asshe tried to explain the whole situation.Unit41. Carefree carelessCareless is used when people do not pay enough attention to what they are doing, so they make mistakes, or cause harm or damage, while carefree refers to a person or a period of time that does not involve any problems, worries, or responsibilities.a.She no longer has that carefree smile as before, but instead carries the sad look of a motherwho has just lost her son.b.The pop singer was accused of careless and drunk driving, which greatly harmed his career.c.It was reported that some careless police officers lost four guns on their way to the crimescene.d.To her, the baby’s birth marked the end of a carefree life when she never seemed to have anyworries and responsibilities.2. Sick illBoth words can refer to suffering from a disease or a health problem. In this case, sick can often be used as attributive in front of a noun. When ill is used as attributive, it often refers to something harmful or unpleasant. Sick can also mean “going to vomit,” so it can be confusing to say “I am sick.”Sick is sometimes used to talk about a dislike from too much of something.a.Outside, the sick children were lying naked in the sun with nobody attending to them.b.He said he quit the job because he was sick and tired of doing the same thing for over fiveyears.c.It’s a Chinese superstitious belief that a black cat will bring ill luck into a household.d.What if he becomes ill? He’s the breadwinner of the family.3. Disease plagueDisease refers to any kind of bad health or is an illness that affects people, animals or plants. It does not have any implications as to whether the sickness is acute or chronic, mild or harsh, or long or short in duration. Plague specifically refers to a very infectious disease that spreads quickly over a wild area and kills large numbers of people.a.After careful diagnosis and examination, the doctor announced that it was a case ofParkinson’s disease.b.Along with the Industrial Revolution, there came the great plague that killed millions ofpeople in Europe.c.Cancer is a fatal disease whose causes are still unknown.d.War, plague and famine all came at the same time and nearly wiped out whole populations inthat part of the globe.4. Keep maintainKeep, among its many different uses, can mean “cause something or somebody to continue to do something,”or “have without the need of returning.”Maintain means “continue to have something and do not let it stop or grow weaker,”or “keep something in good condition by regularly checking it and repairing it when necessary.”a.It was the public support that kept the anti-smoking effort going.b.——I have not finished reading your book yet.——No problem. You can keep it for as long as you like.c.The general public all wish to maintain a stable government.d.The local people started a tough campaign to force the government to maintain roadsproperly.Unit 51. Morality ethicsMorality means the rightness or pureness of behaviour; ethics refers to (the study of) questions about what is morally right and wrong.a.Morality is taught by example, not in the school timetable.b.His ways of doing business are certainly successful, but we doubt about their morality.c.Dr. Smith has published several articles on industrial ethics.d.The play was about the ethics of war.2. Demand askDemand commonly suggests a speaker in authority who bluntly insists upon being obeyed and does not intend to be contradicted, while ask means “call on somebody for an answer; request information; invite.”a.Studying school subjects demands your full attention.b.The visitor asked timidly if he might see the menu before he ordered his food.c.I’m not asking you to give me all the excuses; get down to work.d.The Labour Party demanded that the government give an explanation.3. Genuine realGenuine emphasizes the fact of not being spurious, adulterated, imitated or counterfeit, while real refers to physically existent things.a.It was a real person, not someone invented in a dream.b.With all the careful examinations, they were convinced that the picture was genuine.c.The play is based on a real event in history.d.The airline’s genuine price-cut has benefited many ordinary travellers.4. Preserve savePreserve emphasizes keeping something that is valuable exactly as it is, without change and even without using it at all. Save suggests rescuing something with a sense of great urgency.a.He proposed to preserve the house as it was when Poe lived in it.b.One of our main goals is to keep this land alive, to preserve the animal population and tokeep it growing.c.The United Notions managed to save millions of people from hunger last year.d.It is generally believed that destroying a so-called evil country can never help save the world.Unit 61. Burden loadBoth words refer to something that is carried or transport. Load is a more general word to be used with any kind of carrier, and it can refer to the quantity carried or conveyed, as measured by the capacity of the vehicle or bearer. Burden means that which is carried or borne physically but it can specifically refer to something borne with difficulty in a mental or emotional sense.a.The extra costs caused by rising tuition fees are becoming an increasing burden to studentfamilies.b.We have built up a mountain of debt that is placing an intolerable burden on the backs of ourchildren.c.The icy road this winter made it difficult for the lorries with heavy loads of cement blocks torun efficiently.d.There seemed to be nothing heavier in the world than the last load of soiled clothes to betaken to the laundry at the end of the day.2. Elect chooseChoose means “take one or more from a number of things available—usually a matter of preference”;It emphasizes the act of will exercise in making the decision and finality of the decision. Elect connotes choosing from a limited number of alternatives, especially choosing a person for office by a majority or plurality of votes.a.The assignment was to choose three movies they thought young viewers in China would liketo see most.b.The Americans elected a Democratic government that was expected to lead them through thefinancial hard times.c.As the financial crisis begins, many women will choose to live alone, enjoying a fulfilling lifeand realizing their ambitions both professionally and personally.d.The golf club elected him treasurer for his good economics background.3. Issue problemAn issue is an important subject that people are arguing about or discussing, while a problem is an unsatisfactory or difficult situation that people have to think about, analyze and find a solution to. A problem specifically refers to a puzzle that requires logical thought.a.The issue of climate change needs discussing, as social instability arising from this has begunto threaten many countries.b.To solve a mathematics problem, one must use the given facts to find the missing ones.c.The problem of over-generalization affects our explanation of why cultural differences maylead to war.d.Sex education in primary and secondary schools is still a big issue in China today.4. Trend fashionFashion is mainly concerned with clothing, furniture, behaviour patterns in themselves and it can also refer to the high social standing of people who are influential in establishing customs or making a style of dress popular. The word can also be used to replace “manner.”Trend literally means the general course, direction or line of movement followed by a coastline, river, etc. but now it is more often used to refer to any general course, inclination, or tendency.a.There is now a trend towards bright colours and wild patterns in today’s men’s wear.b.Modern education is characterized by the trend that skill training is taking the place oftheoretical studies.puters, cellular phones, fashion magazines and credit cards have become popularpossessions of university students.d.Nawaz Sharif, although elected by an overwhelming majority, governed in a highly autocraticfashion.1. Somehow somewhatSomehow is used when we don’t know or cannot say how something has been done or will be done. Somewhat indicates that something is the case to a limited extent or degree.a.He must have got into your room somehow at night.b.The footballer was seen somewhat as a public figure, who sometimes appeared in the papers.c.—I believe you know something about him.—Somewhat.d.Somehow I had the feeling that Ellen was in danger.2. Panic fearBoth words refer to producing an upsetting emotional response to something unpleasant or dangerous. Fear means “be afraid or worried that something unpleasant or dangerous might happen or might have happened,”while panic stresses the confused, hysterical or ineffective action that results from an unpleasant or dangerous event.a.She feared that the rain would damage her new shoes.b.When the terrorist attack struck, they were the only people who did not panic or lose theirhead.c.Three students, who were visiting the World Trade Center on September 11th, 2001, were stillmissing and feared dead.d.Most panicked residents tried to seek protection in the local hospitals.3. Anticipate hopeBoth words pertain to the attitude of looking forward to something that is to occur in the future. Hope suggests looking forward exclusively to some positive or favorable outcome. Structurally, it should be followed by either a nominal clause or an infinitive, or used intransitively. Anticipate is restricted to thoughts of the future of either a pleasant outcome or an unpleasant one. Normally, it is followed by a nominal phrase, and occasionally by a nominal clause.a.Let’s hope we don’t have to wait another 20 years to have the heating installed.b.What possible advantages can the small country hope to gain from entering into agreementwith a politically poor neighbor?c.Eliza was happily anticipating the fast approach of Christmas and the presents she would atleast be able to open.d.I do not anticipate us failing to agree on such a simple matter.4. Survive liveBoth words indicate continued existence. Survive emphasizes the successful overcoming of an ordeal or threat to existence. It can be used both transitively and intransitively. Live means “have life or function as an animate organism.” It is basically an intransitive verb, and if used transitively, it must be followed only by a cognate object, as in the exercise.a.This house is one of the rare surviving western style buildings in the modern city.b.The HIV viruses can hardly survive big temperature changes in body fluids.c.They live a meaningless hand-to-mouth life in this little-known corner of the world.d.The memory of that horrible experience will live with me for many years to come.1. Shape (v.) Form (v.)Form basically carries the suggestion of giving outline to something previously less well-defined and of putting the finishing touch on a product. Shape suggests the bringing about of a far-reaching change, or an impersonal cause-and-effect relationship.a.All the children formed a circle and started singing “Auld Lang Syne.”b. A person’s educational background plays an important role in shaping his/her values of life.c.At the beginning, industrial workers formed a majority of the party, which was later joined byother manual labourers.d.Since family shaped children’s character, Luther encouraged parents to teach children readingand religion.2. Contest competitionContest is a game in which people try to win, or it refers to a struggle to win power or control. Competition is an activity involving firms, in which each firm tries to get people to buy its own goods in preference to the other firms’goods, suggesting an effort to get something that not everyone can have.a.As Lee is reaching his final term as President, a new contest will start next spring in whichfour party leaders will compete for presidency.b.In agriculture, global competition has intensified, leading to lower prices for manyagricultural products.c.Faced with competition from other car-makers, V olkswagen decided to develop new modelsfor the market.d.The boxing contest between the two fighters was marked by cruelty and brutality.3. Recollection memoryMemory basically refers to one’s ability to remember things, but it is also used as something one remembers from the past, or to refer to ceremonies by which someone who has died is remembered. Recollection emphasizes the act of casting one’s mind back over past events in a ruminative manner, whether silently to oneself or verbally to others, suggesting the active process of piecing together half-forgotten details.a.The local people with long memories thought the last war was not at all fair or just.b.She remained devoted to the memory of her late father.c.The witness gave a lengthy recollection of what he saw at the scene of the crime.d.He said that he had no recollection of the 1978 interview and that he had never seen it inprint.4. Cheap inexpensiveBoth words can refer to things that cost little, but inexpensive suggests that the product is of acceptable or even good quality, and is not being misrepresented to the purchaser, while cheap is used to describe something that is very low-priced because it is plentiful, easy to produce, and useful.a. Many Japanese companies build factories in developing countries to take advantage of the cheap labour there.b.Some dishonest dealers intend to have their cheap furniture sold as quality goods.c.The emergence of inexpensive computer technology and mass storage media has giveninstructional technologists better tools with which to work.d.By 1789 roughly a third of the French nation was literate enough to sign their names, anddemand grew for inexpensive editions of classics and new words.。