Socrates’ Argument in the Apology Lecture Day 2 for Students1
【含答案解析】人教版高二英语哲学思想练习题40题
【含答案解析】人教版高二英语哲学思想练习题40题1. "The unexamined life is not worth living." This famous saying by Socrates emphasizes the importance of _____.A. self - examinationB. self - confidenceC. self - controlD. self - defense答案：A。
解析：题干中苏格拉底的名言强调未经审视的生活是不值得过的，这里突出的是自我审视的重要性。
A选项self - examination表示自我审视，符合题意。
B选项self - confidence是自信，C选项self - control是自控，D选项self -defense是自卫，均与名言所表达的意思不符。
2. In the story of Archimedes' discovery of buoyancy, he was so absorbed in his thoughts that he shouted "Eureka!" which means _____.A. I found itB. I lost itC. I created itD. I doubted it答案：A。
解析：在阿基米德发现浮力的故事中，他大喊“Eureka”，这个词的意思是我发现了，A选项I found it与之相符。
B选项I lost it表示我失去了它，C选项I created it表示我创造了它，D选项I doubted it表示我怀疑它，都不符合“Eureka”的含义。
3. Plato believed that ideas were more real than the physical world, which is related to the concept of _____.A. idealismB. realismC. materialismD. naturalism答案：A。
色诺芬The Apology
matter, is not only the easiest in itself, but one which will cause
the least trouble to one's friends,[15] while engendering the deepest
longing for the departed. For of necessity he will only be thought of
[3] Or, "have succeeded in hitting off"; "done full justice to."
ripeness of age, and by the gentlest of deaths. For if at this time
sentence of death be passed upon me, it is plain I shall be allowed to
meet an end which, in the opinion of those who have studied the
seeing Socrates discoursing on every topic rather than that of his
impending trial, he roundly put it to him whether he ought not to be
debating the line of his defence, to which Socrates in the first
reproach, what prospect have I of any further joy in living? It may
《申辩》读后感
《申辩》读后感《申辩》读后感苏格拉底在《申辩》中的自我辩护，充分展示了他作为哲学家的骄傲(自负)。
平心而论，他确实擅长辩论，针对两大指控，反驳得头头是道。
但即使他在自我辩护，也没有忘记暴露对手的无知(浅薄)。
但是，如果我是当时陪审团中的一员，想必也很难放下身段判他无罪。
事实上，他在申辩中表现出来的不惧死亡的哲学家的风骨，也许更能引起人们的共鸣。
他甘愿用死亡祭奠哲学家的信念，只因为他认为哲学的思考高于生命存在本身——也许这才是后世推崇他的最重要原因之一。
It appears that Plato’s Apology remains the authentic material revealing the details of Socrates’ self-defense, showing that Socrates mainly was accused of two offenses. For one thing, he was charged of corrupting young people’s mind with his philosophical preaching. For another, he was accused of being a plete atheist.Socrates’ self-defense, in those two aspects, might seem a little bit like sophism诡辩. For the first accusation, Socrates stressed that if he was the only corruptor of youth whereas therewere so many improvers like the judges in the court, he would by no means have plished the task of poisoning young minds. He also mentioned as people shared the mon sense to be benefited rather than harmed, it’s unlikely that he could fool people successfully. (The second argument sounds tricky, as most people are just following suits in their lives, so probably it would be hard for one to realize if he was fooled or not.)For the second one, he refuted by stating that as a man could not believe in spiritual and divine agencies without faith in spirits and demigods, and as the accuser had sworn in the indictment诉讼that Socrates taught and believe in the above-mentioned agencies, Socrates himself could not be termed as an atheist.From my standpoint of view, his refutation appeared very clever but I was doubtful whether his fellow Athenians could either understand or accept it. It is noted that Socrates attempted to analyze the origin of the accusers’ enmity before defending himself against the two charges. His reasoning nevertheless demonstrated his pride as a remarkably intelligent philosopher as he deemed that politicians, poets and artisans were no wiser, with the observation that those people possessed only pretensions of wisdom and little knowledge of their own limitations.However, to be frank, who could willingly acknowledge his own ignorance and accept this exposure of defect by a proud philosopher like Socrates? Besides, Socrates considered himself as empowered by god to rigorously and critically examine people around him. In other words, his philosophical questioning carried divine purpose, according to his own remarks. I reckon these statements could gain popularity only among ablest people with equally sublimate mind, who, sadly, were never the majority. And I would hereby venture to say that’s probably the reason why Socrates lost his case by a small margin.Actually, I think Socrates’ philosophical reflection of life’s meaning stood out in the defense, as he emphatically claimed that “the unexamined life is not worth living.” For instance, he quoted Achilles’ choice between a short and glorious life and a long and mediocre one as an argum ent for “the fear of death is the pretense of wisdom”. He would submit his own life later to prove this point. In addition, he predicted that should Athens claim his life, the citizens would hurt themselves more than they would hurt him, as they would not easily find his substitute. He further explained that he had no interest in public and state affairs, for he’s not the man to survive and thrive in those matters. Andfinally, he would not plead for his life as he thought such deed would debase himself. He even painted poetically the afterlife of possible converse with Orpheus and Musaeus and Hesiod and Homer, exemplifying his emphasis on the immortality of the soul.。
欧洲文化1 greek culture
Olympic Games
• • • • 776 B.C.—394 A.C. 15th century—1896 1896 till now, It’s a symbol of peace and friendship.
1.3 Homer
Living around 700 B.C., Homer is considered to be the author of the great epics of Ancient Greece—Iliad and Odyssey. ★Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.
宋朝 北宋 960-1127 赵匡胤 开封 南宋 1127-1279 高宗 临安 辽朝 916-1125 耶律阿宝机 上京 西夏 1038-1227 李元昊 兴庆 金朝 1115-1234 阿骨打 中都
元朝 1271-1368 忽必烈 大都
明朝 1368-1644 朱元璋 南京→北京
亚历山大大帝
• （Alexander, Alexander III of Macedon，Alexander the Great，曾师从古希腊著 名学者亚里士多德，十八岁随 父出征，二十岁继承王位。欧 洲历史上最伟大的四大军事统 帅之一（亚历山大大帝，凯撒 大帝，汉尼拔，拿破仑），马 其顿帝国最富盛名的征服者。 他雄才伟略，勇于善战，领军 驰聘欧亚非大陆，使得古希腊 文明广泛传播，是世界古代史 上最著名的军事家和政治家。
西方文化导论第一次测验Test_1
Test 11．Two of the elements in European culture are considered to be more enduring and they are the __Greco-Roman__element and the _Judeo-Christian____ element.2．In a more remote period of Greek history，probably around__1200 B. C.____, a war was fought between Greece and Troy．3．Greek culture reached a high point of development in the__5th___ century B．C．4．The 5th century B．C．closed with civil war between__Athens___ and ___Sparta___ in Greece．5．In the second half of the _4th____ century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of__Alexander___, King of Macedon.6．In___146___B．C．the Romans conquered Greece.7. Athens was a democracy，where only the adult ___male___ citizens had the rights.8. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of___slave____ labour.9. The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years，they had a big festival on _OlympusMount_____ whichincluded contests of sports10. Revised in___1896___, the Games have become the world’S foremost ameteur sportscompetition.11. Ancient Greeks considered__Homer___ to be the author of their epics：the Iliad.12. Homer probably lived around__700 B. C.___.13.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of__Troy___.14. The heroes are Hector on the__Troy___side and and Achilles and Odysseus on the__Greek_____.15. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the ___Greeks___.16. The Odyssey deals with the __return___of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island Ithaca.17. The Odyssey describes many adventures Odysseus ran into on his long voyage and how he was reunited with his faithful __wife____Penelope.18.Countless writers have quoted, adapted, borrowed from and otherwise used __Homer’s____epics.19. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets (Byron, Shelley and Keats) expressed their _admiration____ of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics.20 In the 20th century, there are _Homeric____parallels in the Irishman James Joyce's modernist masterpiece Ulysses.21. Early in their remote past，the Greeks started to perform plays at__religious___ Festivals.22. Out of these origins a powerful drama developed in the _____ century B.C.23. P erformances were given in__open-air___ theaters，with the audience sitting on _stone____ benches and looking down at the stage from __three__ sides.___Euripides____.25. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid__character__ portrayal and majestic __poetry____.Aeschylus wrote such plays as__Prometheus Bound____, ___ Persians___ and __Agamemnon______.Sophocles was the author of plays like __Oedipus the King_____, ___Electra_____ and ____Antigone____.28. Oedipus the King is the story of a man who unknowingly committed aterrible sin by killing his __father___ and marrying his___mother_____.29. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmun d Freud’s term “__The Oedipus Complex_______” derived from Sophocles’s play.30. Euripides wrote mainly about___women____ in such plays as __Andromache____, ___Medea____ and ___Trojan women_____.31. Aristophanes wrote such plays as __Frogs_____, ___Clouds_______, ____ Wasps_______ and _____Birds________.32. Pythagoras was the founder of ____scientific mathematics________.33. Euclid is even now well—known for his Elements，a textbook of ___geometry_____, perhaps the most successful textbook ever written，because it was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.34. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in his famous ___Dialogues_____.35. The method of argument Socrates used in exposing fallacies has come to be known as the ___dialectical____method.36.Plato’s Dialogues are important not only as____philosophical___ writing but also ___imaginative_____ as literature.38. Of the Dialogues Plato wrote，27 have survived，including ___the Apology____, ___Symposium____ and ____the Republic____.39. Plato’s comprehensive system of philosophy dealt with, among other things，the problem of how，in the complex，ever-changing world，men were to attain ___knowledge____.40. Of Aristotle’s numerous works，the following are perhaps still important to scholars and general readers alike：Ethics, Politics Poetics and Rhetoric41.A ristotle’s Rhetoric dealt with the art of __persuading____an audience.42. To students of literature，Aristotle’s most influential writing is__Poetics_____.43. The most important of the temples the ancient Greeks left us is ___Parthenon______, which has always been a great tourist attraction for people all over the world.44. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles：the __Doric____ style, ___Ionic______style and ___Corinthian____style.45. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the __Renaissance_____ in Italy and other European countries.46. Karl Marx，once wrote about the Greeks：“Why should’t the childhood of human society．．．exercise an eternal charm，as _____an age will never return___________?”47. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and philosophy；they first wrote history as opposed to mere annals；they speculated freely about the _nature_____of the world and the ends of life，without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy．48. The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of ___human endeavor______.49. The Greeks set an example by the bold effort they made to understand the world by the use of______human reason_____.50. The burning of Corinth in __146 B.C._____ marked the Roman conquest of Greece，which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire．。
论苏格拉底申辩中的困难
论苏格拉底申辩中的困难黄启祥【摘要】苏格拉底之死被许多人看成西方哲学史上的最大冤案。
有学者认为，对苏格拉底的审判是哲学与政治冲突的体现；也有学者认为，苏格拉底之死凸显了哲学与大众的对立。
这些观点在学界虽然广为人知，但至少从柏拉图的《申辩》来看，苏格拉底被判死刑的原因仍有可探讨之处。
苏格拉底之所以在法庭上败诉，其辩护中难以克服的困难不能不说是一个非常重要的原因。
这些困难与其说缘于苏格拉底哲学与雅典政治的冲突，或者其哲学与大众思想的对立，不如说缘于他对自己从事哲学的方式的看法与大多数雅典人的看法之间的矛盾，一方面苏格拉底难以让雅典人相信其哲学活动没有对青年造成坏的影响，另一方面他对自己的智慧与他人的无知的解释难以让雅典人信服，这使得多数陪审员站在了苏格拉底的对立面。
【关键词】苏格拉底；申辩；虔敬；智慧中图分类号：Ｂ５０２ ２３１ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１０００－７６６０（２０２２）０２－００８７－０９作者简介：黄启祥，山东枣庄人，哲学博士，（海口５７０２２８）海南大学马克思主义学院教授。
苏格拉底审判与苏格拉底之死是西方哲学史上具有重要意义的事件。
探讨苏格拉底审判的文献可谓汗牛充栋，帕克（ＲｏｂｅｒｔＰａｒｋｅｒ）认为：“除了耶稣的死刑，可能没有哪个人的死刑像苏格拉底的那样受到如此多的讨论。
”①斯东（Ｉ．Ｆ．Ｓｔｏｎｅ）认为：“除了对耶稣的审判以外，没有任何其他审判，像对苏格拉底的审判一样，在西方人的想象力上留下这么生动的印象了。
”②两千多年来，苏格拉底之死被许多学者看成西方哲学史上的最大冤案，被伏尔泰称为“苏格拉底之死是希腊历史上最大的污点”③。
雅典的法庭为什么要执意判处苏格拉底———一个为了雅典的利益而献身哲学的人———有罪，并对他处以死刑？一种比较流行的观点是，对苏格拉底的审判反映了政治与哲学的冲突。
例如，豪兰德（ＪａｃｏｂＨｏｗｌａｎｄ）认为对苏格拉底的审判缘于其哲学与雅典政治的直接冲突，“《申辩》中的苏格拉底未能证明他的哲学生活方式与政治共同体的福利是和谐一致的。
the death of socrates 英语课文
the death of socrates 英语课文以下是《The Death of Socrates》的英文课文：The day before Socrates died, he was in his usual mood of cheerful philosophizing. He entered his prison cell and told his disciple, Crito, that he had been dreaming of a blacksmith who had fashioned a pair of shoes for him. Socrates said that the shoes were so beautiful that he had to put them on and wear them, even though they were still hot. He then added that the dream reminded him of a promise he had made to Apollo a few years ago: to offer a prize for the best definition of "goodness."The next day, Socrates was given a lethal dose of hemlock. As the poison took effect, he was asked if he had any final words or requests. He turned to his disciples and said, "Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius. Make sure it is sacrificed." Then he lay down and soon stopped breathing.His death was sudden and unexpected, but it was also a relief to his friends and family who hadwitnessed his decline in health over the past few years. Socrates had always been a strong and healthy man, but his imprisonment and trial had taken a toll on his physical and mental well-being.Socrates's death marked the end of an era in Greek philosophy. His influence on Western thought andculture is immeasurable, and his legacy will forever be remembered in the works of Plato and other great thinkers who followed in his footsteps.以上是关于苏格拉底之死的英文课文，供您参考。
苏格拉底之死1
12级英语师范班12011240104曾潇Death or LiveIn the article of "The Apology of Socrates" indicated that Socrates see the death as the ordinary and the most honorable thing.He thought death as a long sleeping without being undisturbed.If you died and you could meet the ancient heros in the another world,you would converse with them finding the true knowledge of life and then you deserved to die.What is better between death and life only is known by the God.He also put up with this idea that the judges should urge his son to search for virtue and he will not regret.In this article,I can learn the poise and the indifferent attitude when someone confront with the death.If a person is dispressed in the social enviornment,he will lose all of his hope and there is no difference between death and live.Let it alone,the governors controlled the arguements between the scholars and even pronounced the knowledgable people to death.If you come up with some new things violating imperator's benefit,you will become the crazy men and you will be seen as the people who scorn the Lord of God,finally you will accept the unjust trail untill you died.HoweverIn,Socrates liked to spread his knowledge through discussing with others to explore the truth,virture,wisdom,religiousness,justice and so on in this world.Because of this teaching method,Socrates was put on trail on a charge of "injuring the city" by not acknowledging its gods and corrupting the young.Wheras Socrates did not pay more attention on this environment,he still persist in sought for the viture.So he was even sentenced to death,he never gave up the thing he persued.He also gives us the great thoughts that you can persist on your dream and never throw it out of your life even if you will encounter many obstacles. There is so much difficult in you life,you have to solve them by yourself.If you withdraw when facing them,you will get nothing except your body.The colourful life never fall down you,you will have dark future.There is another thing that I can learn from it.Although everyone has various classed aims,only if you continue doing something by yourself,you can attain some when you failed to achieve.This article is not only about the attitude towords the death,but also is about some valuble life idoms.You can learn a lot from Socrates.He is a scholar as well as he is a wise teacher teaching you how to live.。
《西方哲学史》读书心得培训资料
Aristotle's metaphysics explored the essence, causes, and principles underlying the natural world.
3 Virtue Ethics
Aristotle emphasized the pursuit of virtue as the key to living a fulfilling and flourishing l
Categorical Imperative
Kant's universal moral principle: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."
Pre-Socratics and the Beginning of Philosophy
Thales
The first philosopher in history, known for his belief that everything is composed of water.
Heraclitus
《西方哲学史》读书心得 培训资料
An engaging and comprehensive training material on the history of Western philosophy. Explore the rich tapestry of philosophical ideas that have shaped our world.
三段论英语作文
三段论英语作文英文回答：In the realm of critical thinking, the syllogism stands as an essential tool for evaluating arguments and reaching sound conclusions. A syllogism is a logical construct comprised of three propositions: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. The major premise articulates a general rule or principle, while the minor premise pertains to a specific instance falling under this rule. The conclusion deduces a logical consequence based on the interplay of these two premises.For instance, consider the following syllogism:All humans are mortal. (Major premise)。
Socrates is a human. (Minor premise)。
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (Conclusion)。
The major premise establishes the general principlethat all members of the category "humans" possess the attribute of mortality. The minor premise specifies that Socrates belongs to this category. By combining these two statements, the conclusion logically follows that Socrates must also possess the attribute of mortality.However, it is crucial to note that the validity of a syllogism does not guarantee the truthfulness of its premises or its conclusion. While a valid syllogism ensures that the conclusion follows logically from the premises, it does not verify the accuracy of those premises. Consequently, it is possible to have a valid syllogism with false premises, leading to a false conclusion.Another important aspect to consider is the distinction between inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on observations or experiences, while deductive reasoning entails drawing specific conclusions from general premises. Syllogisms typically employ deductive reasoning, deducingspecific conclusions from established principles.中文回答：三段论是批判性思维中的基本工具，用于评估论证和得出合理结论。
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Socrates’ Argument in the Apology Lecture Day 21)Practice Arguments2)Trade your assessments with a partner. Go over one another’s assessments VERYcarefully. Look for any value judgments (aesthetic, practical, moral), biased language,misused words, or errors in thinking, or errors in thinking caused by bad grammar.Correct your partners argument with a pen. Make notes below it your partner can use to make a better assessment.LECTURE NOTES:The point of one kind of scientific experiment is to provide information which will ruleout other scientific hypotheses that also work given a certain set of data. That is, theexperiment is trying to provide additional information that will make the other scientific hypothesisnonsensicalgiven that certain set of data.a.What are “hypotheses” ? (propositions, set forth asan explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena)i.OR: Statements that can be either true or false used to explain whysomething in the world happens that you can watch or experience withyour senses.3)When information in the premises of an argument is not sufficient enough toguarantee that the conclusion follows from those premises, there are alternativehypotheses (LOOPHOLES) compatible with that set of premises. To rule out thesealternative hypotheses, you must ADD additional information (i.e., premises) to yourpremise set.Determining which information (premises) need to be added to an argument is like doing a scientific experiment.When first looking at an argument and trying to find loopholes, remember, you can ONLY use what information is in the premises.Also, you are NOT imagining that the premises are false, but that the information they express is in fact the case, yet the conclusion is false or does not follow from that information.This means looking for what information is missing in the premises for the argument to hold up against other hypotheses, or other possible outcomes based on the premises’ information.***Again, be careful not to try and prove the premises wrong or untrue when looking for a loophole. Loopholes involve looking at the full argument.***You need to be treating the premises as if their information is in fact the case, yet that information does not lead to the conclusion.P Jack jumped out of an airplane at 30,000 feet (~9 kilometers) without a parachute._______________________________________________C Jack died upon hitting the ground (our earth).Is this argument valid?Can you think of a loophole to it?A mistake would be to say that Jack was the name of a bird and so he safely flew to the ground. That would be creating information that is not in the premises.Legitimate loopholes could be:1)Jack landed on a hovercraft 10 feet below the plane.2)Jack jumped into another plane.3)The plane was parked on the top of a mountain (whose altitude is 30,000 feet) and Jacksimply jumps out of the airplane’s door into the snow.We’ve done a lot of“this is true, this is false/This is the case, this isn’t the case” kind of thinking and practice in here lately. I want to say something before moving forward:Epistemological development—a fancy term for intellectual development. Almost all high-school students inhabit the first stage, which is characterized by polarized thinking, yes-no thinking. They’ve been taught that a thing either is, or it is not.Unfortunately, most college students remain at that stage. They digest facts, and think of the world only in terms of the categories of true/false, black/white, yes/no.You cannot be a good critical thinker if you are stuck in yes/no thinking. A learning lifestyle where all you do is fact regurgitation, or remembering and repeating whatever ‘facts’ you are told, condemns you to yes/no thinking.This completely opposes the free thought required to be better, innovative thinkers aware and capable of how to defend and attack arguments with rationale, rigor, and imagination no matter how popular or unpopular the arguments are.As you know, popularity has absolutely nothing to do with Truth.P You are reckless--------------------------------------C You cannot have a new carYes/no thinkers will say this premise is false, or it is true. Discussion will degenerate into: yes—it is true; no, it is false. Yes!/no!, yes!/no!, yes!/no!…Good, critical thinkers will weigh the evidence for the conclusion using their imagination. They will put aside their yes/no biased opinion, and do their very best to find loopholes. Consider this argument:Jack went to the liquor store with the intention of buying a bottle of expensive baijiu. Arriving at the store, he discovered he had forgotten his walletthat had his RMB in it and his phone with WeChat pay. His guests at his dinner party tonight will be unhappy.Find the premises. Find the conclusion. Put this into Standard Method. Is the argument Valid? If it is not, then it is Invalid. If it is Invalid find a loophole. You have 5 minutes.Do the same for this argument:Jack likes to chew sand when he has supper.Chewing sand usually cleans one’s teeth.Jack does not have to brush his teeth.Whenever you find a loophole to an argument, you have found a deficiency, or lack of enough support, in the information expressed in the premises. To make a better argument, you would have to find out if the missing information (which would rule out the loophole) is some fact about the world.If the missing information is a fact, then you can add it to the argument, making an argument that has stronger reasons for its claim or conclusion. HOMEWORK: 1) To the best of your ability, add good premises to Socrates' argument which make his conclusion follow from his premises, and which attempt to bring the argument closer to being Sound. 2) Begin reading, annotating, and mapping out the argument/s in Swift's "A Modest Proposal."。