科技英语阅读(李健版)
Unit 1 EnvironmentEarth’s Health in Sharp Decline, Massive Study Finds大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下The report card has arrived from the largest ever scientific Earth analysis, and many of the planet’s ecosystems are simply not making the grade.有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。
The UN-backed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report found that nearly two-thirds of Earth’s life-supporting ecosystems, including clean water, pure air, and stable climate, are being degraded by unsustainable use.由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统（包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候）正遭受破坏。
Human has caused much of this damage during the past half century. Soaring demand for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel have led to dramatic environmental changes, from deforestation to chemical pollution, the report says. The already grim situation may worsen dramatically during the first half of the 21st century, the report’s authors warn.以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。
据报告分析，随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增，环境发生了极大的变化，引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。
因此，该报告的作者警告说，照此下去，本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶进一步恶化。
Over 1,300 governmental and private-sector contributors from 95 countries collaborated to create the landmark study. For four years they examined the plant’s many habitats and species and the systems that bind them together. The United Nations Environment Programme compiled the report and released the results yesterday in Beijing, China.这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。
四年来，他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。
联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。
“Only by understanding the environment and how it works, can we make the necessary decisions to protect it,”UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said in a press statement accompanying the report’s release.“Only by valuing all our precious natural and human resources, can we hope to build a sustainable future.”在公布该报告的新闻发布会上，联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出：“只有了解环境及其运作过程，我们才能制定出必要的措施加以保护它。
”他还说，“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源，我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。
”Socioeconomic Impact对社会经济的影响The report paints a rather bleak picture for biodiversity throughout much of the natural world. Perhaps 10 to 30 percent of earth’s mammal bird and amphibian species are facing extinction.该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度，地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物，鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。
The massive ecological survey was begun in response to Annan’s Millennium Development Goals, a UN initiative that aims to dramatically reduce socioeconomic problems, such as hunger and extreme poverty, by 2015.这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的，该发展目标是由联合国发起的，旨在2015年之前大幅减少饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。
“The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment give us, in some ways for the first time, an insight into the economic importance of ecosystem services and some new and additional arguments for respecting and conserving the Earth’s life-supporting systems.”said Klaus Toepfer, executive director of the Nairobi-based UN Environment Programme.总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说：“从某些方面来说，《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值，并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。
”Current human usage patterns of Earth’s environment have increased the global food supply, albeit too slowly to accomplish the UN goal of halving word hunger by 2015.目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用，食物供应不断增加，然而增长的速度仍然太慢，难以完成联合国制定的在2015年之前消除全球一半饥饿人口的目标。
The negative effects of ecosystem strain also include collapsing fisheries, coastal“dead zones” near sediment-heavy river mouths, shifting water quality, and unpredictable regional climate, the report says.报告还说，过度使用生态系统的负面影响还包括渔业的衰退，含有大量沉积物的河口周围近海“死亡区”的出现，水质的变化以及不可预测的区域性气候等。
Deforestation and other radical ecosystem alterations also promote disease, such as malaria and cholera, as well as new strains of existing contagions.此外，森林的滥伐和其他生态系统的巨大改变也加剧了诸如疟疾、霍乱等疾病的传播，并使已有传染病分化出新的类别。
Changes to water systems may increase the frequency and severity of destructive floods. Over a hundred thousand people were killed in the 1990s by floods, which also caused destruction to the tune of 243 billion dollars (U.S.), according to the report.根据该报告，水资源体系的变化会增加毁灭性洪灾的爆发频率和程度。
在20世纪90年代，洪灾造成的死亡人数超过10万，损失约2,430亿美元。
The regions facing the greatest environmental degradation are also among the world’s poorest: sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, and parts of Latin America, and South and Southeast Asia.目前，世界上环境破坏最严重的地区恰是全球最贫穷的地区：撒哈拉沙漠以南之中部非洲地区，亚洲中部，拉丁美洲的部分地区，以及亚洲的南部及东南部。
Call for Radical Change呼吁彻底改变现状The report urges drastic policy changes to the ways in which natural resources are used.《千年生态系统评估综合报告》呼吁在自然资源利用方面对目前的政策进行大幅度的改变。
From an economic perspective, the study suggests that many intact ecosystems should be regarded as more valuable than those altered for comical use.该研究认为，从经济角度看，与那些被用于商业开发的生态系统相比，很多完整生态系统的价值更高。
英语科普阅读材料双语——科技4篇
英语科普阅读材料双语——科技4篇英语科普阅读材料双语——科技4篇（一）我们如何在28小时内到达火星？ (1)（二）饮水鸟蕴含的工程学原理 (9)（三）人们是否应该接受人造肉 (29)（四）为什么当代手机电池还是这么不经用 (40)（一）我们如何在28小时内到达火星？How Could We Get To Mars In Only 28 Hours?Everyone always wants to get to Mars.每个人都总是渴望去火星Unfortunately, the journey would be a long one,不幸的是依靠我们目前的技术taking hundreds of days of travel with our current technology.这趟旅途将会十分漫长长达几百天Well, what if we could shorten that time to only a matter of days试想如果我们不使用宇宙飞船by throwing away our spaceships而是用一些在太空中急速穿梭的东西and using something that’s already zooming acr oss space?这趟旅程可以缩短到几天？I’m talking about comets.我说的是彗星Comets are big ol’ cosmic snowballs,彗星是一个由冻结气体岩石和尘埃made from frozen gases, rock, and dust组成的巨大雪球that end up orbiting the Sun after the other planets当其他行星试图把彗星扔向地球tried throwing them at Earth and missed.但没成功时它们便围绕地球飞行Well, that last part probably isn’t true.当然最后那部分可能是假的Everyone knows that the planets only have water gun battles.我们都知道行星上只有水枪之战Not to mention, comets can actually be pretty big.更不必说彗星实际上可能非常大Frozen, you could probably liken them to about the size of a small town.这些雪球你可以把它们比做一个小镇那么大However, when these things get close to the Sun in their orbit, 然而它们在自己的轨道环形并接近太阳时they can begin to heat up.会逐渐变热Then they start spewing dust and gases,接着喷涌出尘埃和气体forming a giant glowing head.形成一个巨大的发光脑袋Huh. I thought only I had that problem.哈我认为只有我有这个顾虑Luckily enough, if we want to use one of these things for stellar travel,幸运的是如果我们想用其中一个彗星进行星际旅行we have quite a few to choose from!我们的选择有很多！According to NASA,根据美国航天局there are around 3,600 comets that we currently know of.我们目前已知的彗星约有3600颗Beyond that, it’s believed that there are billions of other comets out there此外据说在遥远的柯伊伯带还有数十亿颗彗星orbiting our Sun in the Kuiper Belt and even more distant Oort Cloud. 甚至是更远的奥尔特云围绕着太阳运行的What makes comets great for getting around in space彗星能够穿梭星际is that they can go SUPER fast.是因为其速度极快Yeah, this baby can fly!是的这小东西会飞！How fast they’re t ravelling depends on a bunch of different factors,它们的速度取决于多种不同因素but they can travel anywhere from a few thousand kilometers per hour,但在一定条件下它们的速度可以从时速几千公里to over 160,000 kilometers per hour under certain conditions.达到每小时超16万公里在任何地方飞行In fact, in 2016, scientists at NASA recorded2016年美国航天局的科学家们记录了a comet traveling at nearly 600 kilometers per second as it dove toward the Sun.一颗秒速六百公里驶向太阳的彗星That’s over 2 /million/ kilometers per hour!那超过了两百万公里每小时！To put that in perspective,就此展望if we could travel at 2 million kilometers per hour,如果我们能以每小时两百万公里的速度飞行then wecould get to Mars from Earth in around 28 hours,我们可以在一天多的时间里just little more than a single day,约28小时就可以完成火星之旅assuming the two planets were close together in their orbits. 假设轨道上有两颗行星距离很近Lining up the planets is the least of our worries though.我们可以在可控范围内排列行星While comets can go super fast,彗星的速度超快getting to them would be a big problem.登上彗星仍会是一大问题That’s because, not even considering how hard it would be to actually commandeer one,因为我们甚至没有考虑控制一个彗星有多难comets just don’t typically get that close to Earth.彗星一般离地球很远Hale-Bopp, a comet that made the news about two decades ago, 大概二十年前新闻上报道了海尔-波普彗星came closer to Earth than most comets do,它比大多彗星更靠近地球and it was still about 200 million kilometers away.但还是有约两百万公里的距离We might as well just go straight to Mars at that point!照那样我们还不如直接去火星吧！Even if a comet did come by Earth,即使彗星确实经过地球we assume that its trajectory is towards Mars,我们也断定它的轨道是朝着火星的and we ignore that it would likely be in its more gassy, less-solid state,并且我们忽略了它可能更多的是气体而非固态物质you’d still have to keep yourself alive on the comet.你还要在彗星上生存下去I guess if it’s only a day or so then food and water would be less of an issue我猜如果只是一天左右那食物和水就不是问题了since the aliens would definitely feed you once we got there, 因为一旦我们到了那里外星人肯定会伺候我们的but you’d still have to worry about oxygen and protecting your self from space.但你仍要担心氧气并且保护自己远离太空You would need about 0.84 kilograms of oxygen a day,你每天约需0.84公斤的氧气so you better grab a spacesuit and take a big breath before jumping on the comet.所以跳上彗星前你最好穿上宇航服深吸一口气So yeah, using comets as a means of space travel is probably not that viable in the end.所以利用彗星进行太空旅行或许并不可行Sometimes I like doing these thought experiments, you know, 有时我喜欢做这些思维实验and t hen realizing that they can’t work.然后意识到不可能实现But it’s still interesting!仍然它仍很有趣！That’s how we learn people!这也是咱认识人类的方法！So do you have any questions about space that you want me to answer.你有关于太空的疑问想要我解答？Any planets that we should cover next?接下来我们要讲哪些行星？Let me know right now in the comment section below!请立刻在下方评论区告诉我吧！Curious to know what would happen if you were trapped on the international space station?我很好奇如果你被困在国际空间站会发生什么？We teamed up with our friend William Osman to answer that question.我们会与我们的朋友William Osman一起为你解答ISS actually gets its power from solar arrays made up of thousands of solar cells.国际空间站的能量来自上万个太阳能电池组成的阵列These arrays can efficiently covert solar energy into electrical power. 这些阵列可以有效地将太阳能转换成电能Typically producing more power than the station needs at one time. 通常在同一时间产生超出所需的电力（二）饮水鸟蕴含的工程学原理The Engineering of the Drinking BirdThis toy has fascinated me since childhood.我从小就对这个玩具着迷To me its motion is almost hypnotic.对我来说它的运动就像是催眠Here’s how it operates.它是这样运转的Wet the bird beak thoroughly with room temperature water.将鸟喙完全浸透在室温的水中The opaque container makes it looked chilled,不透明容器使它看起来冷淬了but it isn’t…其实并没有Then stand it upright…然后让它直立It will take a few seconds for it to start drinking…它要等几秒钟后才开始喝水Notice that all of the action right now takes place in the stem here 注意现在所有的运动都发生在躯干这里As l speed up the action当我快进这个过程you see liquid rising and the bird rocking back and forth.可以看见液面上升饮水鸟开始前后摇摆If I return to normal speed,如果调回常速播放you can see the bird slowly …可以看到饮水鸟慢慢地very, very slowly ….非常非常慢地Rock forward…向前摆动Until it takes a drink,直到它喝到了水which it will do again and again.然后一遍又一遍地重复此过程In this video I’ll detail the bird’s clever engineering design,在本视频中我将详述这只鸟精妙的工程设计explain how it uses thermodynamics,阐明它是如何运用热力学知识and link its action to some of the greatest将其运动与一些工程师创造的and most impactful devices created by engineers.伟大且影响深远的装置联系起来的This toy has long history,这个玩历史悠久but its current incarnation is due to Miles V. Sullivan—它的当前形态是由贝尔实验室一名科学家a scientist at Bell Labs.Miles V. Sullivan创造的He specialized in methods of manufacturing semiconductors, 他专精于研究制造半导体的方法but as a sideline invented toys.发明玩具是他的副业Its reported that this bird delighted U.S. President Herbert Hoover,据说这只饮水鸟深得美国总统赫伯特·胡佛喜爱an engineer who failed to figure out how it worked,作为一名工程师他没搞懂它的工作原理and it also defeated the great scientist Albert Einstein,而且它还难倒了伟大的科学家艾尔伯特·爱因斯坦who spent three and half months studying it.爱因斯坦花了三个半月来研究它It’s reported that he refused to take t he bird apart.据报道他拒绝把这只鸟拆开With the benefit of hindsight,有了后见之明let’s start by exploring how it works让我们从探索它的工作原理and examining the key engineering design aspects.以及检查关键的工程设计方面开始First, let’s ask is the water ornamental or essential?首先要问的是水是装饰品还是必需品？At first the bird acts just as if the water were still there.最初饮水鸟的行为好像水还在那里一样Now let’s speed up the bird’s motion我们快进饮水鸟的动作you see at 15 minutes it is still drinking.可以看见过了15分钟它仍在喝水At 30 still drinking.30分钟还在喝水45 minutes still drinking.45分钟依然还在喝水60 minutes still drinking.60分钟还在喝水75 minutes still drinking.75分钟仍然还在喝水And five or ten minutes later,又过了5到10分钟后at eighty or eight-five minutes it takes its last drink.约在80到85分钟它喝了最后一次水The liquid still rises a bit,虽然液面上升了一点but it never rises enough to make the bird tip over,但它从没上升到足够使鸟翻倒的高度which shows that the motion is not perpetual说明这个运动不是永恒的—as long as there is water, the bird keeps drinking.只要有水鸟就一直喝水Let’s look inside the bird来看看饮水鸟的内部to get an idea of how it works.了解它的工作原理Underneath the bird’s hat, beak and fabric covering lies aglass bulb 在鸟帽鸟嘴和织物覆盖物下面有一个玻璃泡smaller than the bulb at the base, and also rounder.它比底部的玻璃泡小也更圆Now, watch as I put a few drops of isopropyl alcohol on the bulb to cool it.现在我滴几滴异丙醇在玻璃泡上使它降温The liquid rapidly rises to the head,里面的液体快速上升到头部this changes the bird’s center of gravity这改变了饮水鸟的重心so that it will tilt forward.使它向前倾斜The head now fills with liquid and then …现在头部充满了液体接下来……there…你看…it …drinks.它喝水了It becomes upright and the liquid drains from the head.它直立后液体从头部排出Liquid rises again to the head and…液体再一次上升到头部……the bird drinks again.饮水鸟再一次喝水This cycle repeats until all of the isopropyl alcohol on the bird ’s head evaporates.这个过程循环往复直到鸟头上的异丙醇都蒸发掉Why does the liquid rise?为什么液面会上升呢？The place to begin is with the bird’s manufacture.我们从饮水鸟的制造说起The bird is filled through this “tap ”—a small pipe built into the head —通过装在头部里的小管子即龙头with methylene chloride dyed red, which is then frozen,向鸟内装入冷冻的染成红色的二氯甲烷a vacuum applied to evacuate the air,抽走空气形成真空the tap sealed ( and of course, later hidden by the bird’s hat )…把龙头密封(当然后来被鸟帽盖住了)And then the methylene chloride melts:之后二氯甲烷融化It turns to liquid and then some of it evaporates（turns into vapor）.转变为液态其中部分二氯甲烷蒸发(变成蒸汽)The ke y to the bird’s operation is饮水鸟运转的关键就在于that the vapor in the head and in the base are separated by the liquid in the base.头部和底部的气体被底部的液体所隔离It’s hard to see,这很难看清楚but the tube extends into the base, nearly reaching the bottom.不过管子延伸到底部几乎接触到底面This separates the vapor in base and the vapor in the tube 使得底部和管中的气体隔离……and …of course, the head.当然还有头部的气体So, at rest the pressure in these two spaces are equal,在静止状态这两个空间的压强相等but when the bird’s beak is wet,但当鸟喙湿润时the temperature falls鸟喙温度下降and as I’ll explain in a moment the pressure in the head drops头部的压强下降这个我稍后会解释below that in the base and the liquid rises.降到低于底部的压强然后液面上升Of course this liquid in the head causes the bird to…tilt forward, to drink …自然头部的液体导致饮水鸟向前倾斜喝水and when it drinks,当它喝水时the vapor in the head and the base are connected,头部和底部的蒸汽连通the pressures is nearly equalize两端压强几乎相等—a slug of vapor rises to the top and some liquid drains from the head一股蒸汽上升到头部迫使部分液体流出and then the cycle repeats.然后循环重复To see the pressure equalize为了看到压强平衡过程l will slow down the bird as I tilt it forward.我会慢一点倾斜饮水鸟Right now the head is half full.现在头部已经半满了When I tilt it you see a slug of vapor go from bottom to top.当它倾斜时可以看见一股蒸汽从底部升到顶部I’ve tilted it far enough forward我把它倾斜得够多that the liquid in the head is below the top of the tube以至于头部的液面低于管子的顶端and the liquid in the base is below the section of the tube that almost reaches the bottom of the bird.同时底部液面也低于几乎触底的管子底端This allows the pressure to equalize,这样头部和底部的压强相等and as the bird becomes upright而当饮水鸟站起来时the liquid returns to the base before the cycle starts again.液体会在下一次循环开始之前返回到底部In operation it doesn’t tilt quite this far forward实际运转时它不会向前倾斜这么多and so the pressures don’t fully equalize.因此压强不会完全平衡Why, though, does the pressure in the head drop as the temperature falls?那么头部压强为何会随着温度下降而下降呢？You can see the answer if I shoot cool, compressed gas across the bird’s head.你看我向头部射低温压缩气体就知道答案了As the cool gas strikes,遇到低温气体时you see liquid condensing inside the head;头部内壁出现了冷凝的液体and, as you see on the left,正如你在左图看到的this causes the liquid in the base to rise.这导致底部的液面上升The cool gas withdraws energy as heat from the head,低温气体带走头部的热量causing some of the methylene chloride vapor inside to condense –to turn into a liquid.导致头部部分二氯甲烷气体冷凝成液体This decreases dramatically the amount of vapor in the head.这大大减少了头部的气体体积Liquid is 1,000 times more dense than vapor.液体的密度是气体的1000倍This in turn lowers the pressure in the head and causes the liquid to rise.结果降低了头部的压强使液面上升I used compressed gas to cool the head我用压缩气体给头部降温because I can control the amount of cooling;因为我可以控制降温的程度the bird, though, cools its head by “drinking.”然而饮水鸟通过喝水来降温The head is wrapped in fabric that absorbs water.其头部包裹在吸水的织物中。
科技英语阅读Unit
• Analysis of Reading Materials for Science and Technology English
• Practice and Improvement of Science and Technology English Reading
• Case Analysis of Science and Technology English Reading
It often uses Latin and Greek roots to form new words
02
Reading Skills for Science and
Technology English
Quick reading skills
Skimming
Read quickly to get the main idea of the text, emphasizing details This skill is useful when you need to quickly understand the structure of the article or identify key information
03
Technical English Vocabulary and
Expression
The Characteristics and Classification of Scientific English Vocabulary
Characteristics
Scientific English vocabulary is precise, concise, and descriptive
Organized Note Taking
科技英语课的教学特点与方法
随 着高科技 和信 息 时代 的到 来 ， 技 英 语 在全 科
球科 技 合作与 交流 中发挥 着越 来越重 要的作 用 。为
了适应 新时期科 技 人 才 培养 的需求 ， 国许 多 高 校 我 以及职 业技术 学校 都 开 设 了科 技英 语 课 程 ， 类课 此
观美 化与 家居 、 计算 机 、 生物 技 术 与农 业 、 传 工 程 遗
与 医学 、 宙 、 宇 健康 、 米 技术 、 字 技 术等 １ 纳 数 ５个 科 技专 题 （ ０篇 课 文 ） 尽 量 体 现 科 学 技 术 的最 新 发 ３ ， 展， 贴近 实 际生 活 ， 映 科 学 研 究 的探 索 与创 新 精 反 神 。例如 在“ 景观美 化 与 家 居” 章 中 ， 一 我们 选 用 了 《 加哥 的 屋 顶 绿 化 》 一 举 两 得 ： 观 美 化 与 节 芝 和《 景 能 》 在“ ； 寻找 生命” 一章 中 ， 用 了《 选 天体 生 物学 》 和 《 极冰层 下 是否存 在生命 》在 “ 字技术 ” 南 ； 数 一章 中 ， 选用 了《 数字 摄影技 术 的 未来 》 数 字 技 术 与情 感 和《 智力 的提高 》 。为 了方 便教学 ， 篇课文 均配 有简 等 每
、
《 技 英 语 阅 读 》 主 要 特 点 科 的
科 技英 语 是 现代 英 语 的一 种 功能 变 体 ， 用 于 应 科 技专 业 领 域 ， 因此 相 对 于 通 用 英 语 （ ｎ ｌ ｈ ｆｒ Ｅ ｇｉ ｏ ｓ Ｇ ｎ ｒｌ ｕ ｐ ｓｓ 和一 般 社 交英 语 来 说 ， 技 英 语 ｅ ｅａ Ｐ ｒ ｏｅ ） 科 在 词汇 、 常用 句型 、 表达方 法 和语言 风格等 方面都 具 有许多 不 同的特 点 ， 掌握 这 些 特 点可 以有 效地 提 高 学生 的科技 阅读 、 翻译 和 写作 能力 。而 通 用英 语 学 习 的主要 目的是 使学生 掌握 一般情 景 中使 用语 言 的
科技英语阅读翻译
科技英语阅读翻译Unit 2 Physics1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-3): Brief introduction to dark energy Para. 1: Dark energy is an unexplained force which tugs galaxies away from each other.Para. 2: Dark energy is somewhat like anti-gravity.Para. 3: Dark energy is scientists’ hypothetic form of energy to explain the universe’s expansion.Part 2 (Paras. 4-9): The discovery of dark energy: confounding expectationsPara. 4: The discovery of dark energy is a case of science confounding expectations.Para. 5: Experts expected that gravity had slowed down the universe’s rate of expansion.Para. 6: The universe’s rate of expansion was speed ing up.Para. 7: The result was beyond experts’ expectations which caused much nervous laughter.Para. 8: The measurements of supernovae provided the evidence that the universe’s rate of ballooning was speeding up.Para. 9: The scientists observed many supernovae at different distances to determine how fast they are speeding away from us.Part 3 (Paras. 10-13): The rate of the expansion of the universe: shocking resultsPara. 10: The rate of the universe’s expansion is accelerating.Para. 11: More researches done by other experts also show the same results.Para. 12: Einstein’s cosmologica l constant has been revivedto explain the puzzling findings.Para. 13: The cosmological constant is one of the leading theories to explain the expansion of theuniverse.Part 4 (Paras. 14-17): The difference between dark energy and dark matterPara. 14: The confusion of dark energy and dark matter.Para. 15: Dark matter is an invisible hypothesized form of matter.Para. 16: Dark matter and dark energy seem to make up most of the mass of the universe.Para. 17: The discovery of dark energy stirred up a lot of other issues, such as making some peoplebelieve that there are several universes.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words givenin the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1)Skin injury, infection, stress, and certain drugs maytrigger psoriasis. Skin cells move at an accelerated ratefrom the dermis into the epidermis, where they sloughoff, causing inflammation.牛皮癣可能由皮肤外伤、感染、压力和某些药物引起。
《英语科技文阅读》课件
Analyze sentence structure
Breaking down complex sentences into smaller parts can make them easier to understand.
Practice reading
Regular practice of reading different types of texts can improve reading speed and comprehension.
Scientific and technological articles
This course selects high-quality English-language scientific and technological articles, including articles from well-known journals, newspapers, and magazines.
被动语态
为了简化句子结构，科学和技术文献中经常使用名词化结构，如"the use of AI in healthcare"。
名词化结构
引言
介绍研究背景、目的和意义。
方法
描述研究方法、实验设计和技术手段。
结果
呈现实验结果和数据分析。
结论
总结研究结果和意义，提出建议和展望。
Examples of reading scientific and technological articles
Reading Q&A
CATALOGUE
05
A
B
C
D
Improve vocabulary
Learning new words and their meanings can help reduce language barriers.
科技英语阅读理解35篇
科技英语阅读理解目录（Contents）1. Mae Jemison (2)2. Can a Computer Think? (4)3. Black Holes (6)4. Education May Protect against Effects of Shrinking Brain (9)5. Radioactivity (11)6. Uses of Ultrasound (14)7. Challenges for a Webbed Society (16)8. The World of Robots (19)9. The Scientific Exploration of Space (21)10. Improving Industrial Efficiency through Robotics (24)11. Heat Loss from the Human Body (26)12. Energy and Public Safety (28)13. Earth Resources Technology Satellites (32)14. Can Stress Make You Sick? (35)15. Can It Really Happen? (37)16. An Ultrasonic Torch (40)17. Miracle of the Brain (42)18. All Over in a Flash (45)19. Control Earthquakes (48)20. Smoking and Cancer (51)21. How Well Do You See? (54)22. A Killer Is Born (56)23. It May Be Easy To Live Longer--Just Stop Eating (59)24. Study: T. Rex No Speedster (62)25. Modern Examination (64)26. Ecology (68)27. Appearances Can Be Important (70)28. Animal Senses (74)29. Telecommunications Satellite Spins Out of Control (76)30. Building Better Ultralight Computers (78)31. NASA Oks Second Space Tourist (81)32. Drink to - and for - Your Health (84)33. Three Things That Will Change Your Life (86)34. Bye-bye Credit Cards & Hello Digital Money (88)35. Gender Detector (90)1. Mae JemisonImagine you are lying on your back, strapped into a chair, with your knees bent in front of you. You feel your heart beating with excitement as you hear a voice on the earphone inside your helmet counting down slowly,” Three, two, one,” Then, beneath you, a deep rumble start as rocket fuel ignites in the huge engines. You feel a lurch① as the docking mechanisms let go, and your rocket begins to rise. This is the moment Mae Jemison has been waiting and working for since 1987. The first African-American female astronaut-in-training at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)②, Jemison is scheduled to “fly” in September 1992. She is to serve as a specialist on Spacelab—J, a joint Japanese—American research project.Mae Jemison was thirty-three when she was selected for NASA’s astronaut training program. Astronaut candidates must have science degree. They must be fit and healthy with normal blood pressure and good eyesight. They must stand between five feet and six feet four inches tall. They must complete a one-year training program that includes water-survival lessons and weightless walks in a huge antigravity tank. On the 1991 mission, astronaut Jemison says that her “responsibility are to be familiar with the shuttle and how it operates, to do the experiments once you get into orbit, to help launch the payloads③or satellites, and also to do extra-vehicular activities, or space walks.”How did Mae Jemison grow up to become such a special person? Science —especially astronomy—fascinated her from childhood.She also had a strong desire to help other people. Born in Alabama, but raised in Chicago, she studied chemical engineering and African—American culture and history at Stanford University. To help others, she decided to become a doctor. While still a medical student, she went to Cuba and Kenya on study trips, then worked in a refugee④ camp in Thailand. She spent three years in West Africa as a doctor with the Peace Corps. When Dr. Jemison finally returned to the United States, she settled in California to practice medicine. And it was then that she decided to reach for the stars.Mae Jemison’s first application to NASA was not successful. Then, in 1986, the Challenger space shuttle exploded, killing all aboard⑤. NASA did not take in any new astronauts for about a year. When it finally reopened its application process, Mae Jemison was ready, and so was NASA. After being selected as a minority astronaut, Mae Jemison received a good deal of attention from newspaper and television. She explained to reporters that the space program and other fields in high technology offer promising careers for African-Americans and other minorities who study hard and make the most of their opportunities⑥.1. The first paragraph is about ______.A.how excited Mae Jemison was when she became an astronautB.how Mae Jemison became an astronautC.how the people usually feel when the rocket they take begins to riseD.what Mae Jemison did after she was able to fly a rocket2. Which of the following statements is true?A.Mae Jemison had a strong desire to become famous.B.Mae Jemison was brought up in Alabama.C.Mae Jemison studied astronomy at Stanford University.D.Mae Jemison studied medicine.3. When did the Challenger space shuttle explode?A.Before Mae Jemison became a doctor.B.Shortly after Mae Jemison graduated from Stanford University.C.About a year before Mae Jemison was selected as an astronaut.D.About a year after Mae Jemison became famous all over the world.4. Mae Jemison believed that _______.A.men and women were not equalB.women were better paid than men wereC.American blacks were unable to find satisfactory jobs no matter how hardthey studiedD.American blacks were able to find satisfactory jobs if they studied hardand made good use of their chance5. What is the attitude of the writer towards Mae Jemison’s achievements?A.JealousB.UpsetC.NegativeD.PositiveNotes:① lurch v. : To roll or pitch suddenly or erratically. 突然倾斜,突然地或者无规则地倾斜或坠落。
科技英语阅读PPT课件
01
Overview of Science and Technology
English Reading
The Definition and Characteristics of Scientific English
The Development History of Science and Technology English
Origin
Science and Technology English originated in the scientific revolution of the 16th century, when European scientists began using languages other than classical languages such as Latin and Greek for scientific research and communication.
Abbreviations and arguments
These are shortened forms of words or phrases that are commonly used in technical documents and conversations, such as "DNA" for "deoxyribonucleic acid" or "NASA" for "National Aeronautics and Space Administration"
Professional Terminology in Scientific English
四级阅读全攻略(李健)
三、阅读的方法
1.常见的错误读法 （1）唇/朗 读 唇/朗 读是指读者在阅读过程中，将阅读材料以有声语言的形式 表现出来；看一个单词，读一个单词；易形成依赖性，严重制约着读 者的阅读速度，及理解能力的提高。
（2） 默 读
默 读是指读者在阅读过程中，将阅读材料按照朗读或唇读的方式， 以潜意识的有声语言来表现出来。这类读者虽在阅读过程中没有发出 “声音”，但本质上仍然是以单个单词为基本单位的，同样存在着朗 读和唇读的缺陷。
• 二、能力要求
理解作者的思想和观点。 看出文章的叙事或推论过程。 看出并思考所读文章的细节，获取详细信息。 把已获得的信息保存在大脑中以便随时使用。 看出作者的主要意图和文章的基调。 从有关资料中汲取有用的东西。 对非重要情节或信息一带而过。 根据阅读目的和材料的难易程度调整阅读速度和方法。 根据作者的描述得出自己的结论。 能准确理解单个单词在具体语境中的具体含义
属事实细节题。专生只要看懂了文章内容三个方面，很容易排除掉B、C、D三项
二、举例子、打比方的地方常考 为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者经常用具体的例子打比方，句中 常由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为举例句，这些例句 或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心 紧密相关的，常以细节事实性题型和推断性题型出现，但偏倾于推断性题型。 三、引用人物论断处常考 作者为了正确表达出自己观点或使论述更有依据，常常引用某名人的论断或重要 发现等。命题者常在此作文章。多以推理性题为主，有时也出细节事实性题型。
三、提高熟练程度 很多同学在掌握了较大的词汇量和具备了较强的分析长难句的能力之后，阅读速 度仍然很难提高，一个重要原因是对于词汇和结构的熟练程度不够，他们往往会在 阅读句子的过程中停顿下来，去思考某个单词的汉语意思或者去划分某个长句子的 结构，这样，阅读过程就会不时地被打断，因而很难理解段落和文章的整体含义， 由于他们接受的信息是支离破碎的，很容易落入命题人员设置的各种陷阱里。提高 熟练程度的方法很简单，就是反复得阅读读已经把单词和句子结构弄得很明白的文 章，甚至能够背诵一些文章。这样做的目的是增强语感，有了语感，阅读理解能力 就会在不知不觉中慢慢地提高
科技英语阅读
科技英语阅读 术语解释5个 1. Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates space and exerts a negative pressure, which would have gravitational effects to account for the differences between the theoretical and observational results of gravitational effects on visible matter. 2. Quantum physics is the study of the behavior of matter and energy at the molecular, atomic, nuclear, and even smaller microscopic levels. 3. Physics: 4. Network security is generally taken as providing protection at the boundaries of an organization by keeping out intruders (hackers). 5. Material: 6. Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. 7. Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the human manipulation of an organism’s genetic material in a way that does not occur under natural conditions. It involves the use of recombinant DNA techniques, but does not include traditional animal and plant breeding or mutagenesis. 8. mechanics 9. automobile 10. invention 11. urbanisation: 12. E=mc2: 术语翻译50个 13. 绝对补集 absolute complement / 代数 algebra /代数式 14. 15. 16. delegation / 加密 encryption 17. 阿童木 Astro Boy / 变形金刚 Transformers /人工智能 Artificial Intelligence /信息论information theory / 控制论 Cybernetics /自动化 automation /仿生学 bionics / 数理逻辑 mathematical logic /语言学 linguistics / 装置 installation; unit device 腿式移动机器人 legged mobile robot / 轮式移动机器人 wheeled mobile robot / 机器人的传感器 robot sensor / 机器人的定位 robot localization /运动学 kinematics / 运动控制 motion (move) control /规划与导航 planning and navigation /机器人仿真 robot simulation 18. 磁性材料 magnetic material /半导体semiconductor / 结晶体 crystal / 非晶质的 amorphous / 微观结构 microstructure / 宏观的 macroscopic / 材料性质 material property / 跨学科的 interdisciplinary / 石器时代Stone Age / 青铜时代 Bronze Age / 铁器时代 Steel Age / 冶金学 metallurgy / 薄膜沉淀 thin-film deposition / x光衍射 X-ray diffraction磁性材料 magnetic material /半导体semiconductor / 结晶体 crystal / 非晶质的 amorphous / 微观结构 microstructure / 宏观的 macroscopic / 材料性质 material property / 跨学科的 interdisciplinary / 石器时代Stone Age / 青铜时代 Bronze Age / 铁器时代 Steel Age / 冶金学 metallurgy / 薄膜沉淀 thin-film deposition / x光衍射 X-ray diffraction 19. 机械工程 机电一体化 生物工程 纳米技术 信息技术 计算机辅助设计 太阳能电池 汽车工程 机械学 后勤学 计算流体动力学 无线电通讯 20. mechanical engineering, mechatronics /mechanical-electrical integration, bioengineering/ biological engineering, NT (Nanotechnology) , information technology, computer aided design, solar battery/solar powered battery , automotive engineering, mechanics / mechanology, logistics , CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics ), radiocommunication 21. 基因gene / 脱氧核糖核酸DNA / 基因序列 DNA sequence/ 遗传genetic / 遗传学genetics / 遗传密码genetic code / 遗传学者geneticist / 遗传工程genetic engineering /遗传信息genetic information / 遗传操作genetic manipulation / 遗传特性 inheritance / 人类基因图 human genetic map / 基因组genome / 转基因有机体genetically modified organism / 重组器官recombinant // 分子农业molecular agriculture / 分子遗传学 molecular genetics / 生物体 organism / 克隆 clone / 基因克隆法 gene cloning / 分子克隆法 molecular cloning / 酶 enzyme / 连接酶ligase / 限制性内切酶restriction enzyme / 染色体外遗传因子extrachromosomal element / 复制子 replicon 22. 载人飞船 manned spaceship/ spacecraft航天飞机 space shuttle太空舱 capsule通信卫星 communication satellite运载火箭 carrier rocket; rocket launcher国际空间站 International Space Station太空服 space outfits (space suits）着陆区 landing area人造卫星 artificial satellite 同步轨道卫星 geosynchronous satellite发射台 launch pad登月舱 lunar module中国空间技术研究院 CAST (the Chinese Academy ofSpace Technology)中国航天局 CNSA（China National Space Administration）美国航空航天管理局 NASA (The National Aeronautics and Mercury(水星)Venus(金星)Gaia(球)Mars(火星)Jupiter(木星)Saturn(土星)Uranus(天 王星)Neptune(海王星) 23. 城市化 /逆城市化 /再城市化/城乡一体化 /集中型城市化/分散型城市化/ 旧地型城市化/城市群 24. urbanization/ deurbanization /reurbanization/city and countryside integration/centralized urbanization/distributed urbanization/pitch type urbanization/urban agglomeration城市地理学 urban geography/城市化研究Urbanistik/城市分类研究City classification/城市体系研究City system research/城市形态研究Urban morphology research/城市规划city planning城市生态 urban ecology /城市生态学urban ecology/城市绿化urban landscaping/景观绿化landscape planting /生态绿化Ecological Green 25. International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构nuclear disasters 核灾难 nuclear energy 核能 nuclear energy policy 核能政策uclear engineering 核工程nuclear explosion 核爆炸nuclear fallout 核微粒飘降物nuclear fission 核裂变nuclear fuel 核燃料nuclear fusion 核聚变nuclear meltdown 核泄漏nuclear physics 核物理nuclear reaction 核反应nuclear reactor 核反应堆 nuclear weapon核武器cold fusion 冷聚变 containment building 安全壳 段落翻译5个 6 Russell’s own answer to the puzzle came in the form
科技英语阅读课文翻译及部分课文摘要Unit1-10
科技英语阅读1-10单元译文：Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。
假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。
但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。
（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发）1901年，伯特兰·罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。
在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。
他确立了形式表达式（如：x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。
按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。
1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。
就现在而言，这种类型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。
例如，我们可以用x 代表整数，通过n来表示并且n大于3小于7，来表示4，5,6这样一个集合。
这种集合的书写形势就是：x={n：n是整数，3<n<7}。
集合中的对象并不一定是数字。
我们也可让y={x：x是美国的一个男性居民}。
表面上看，似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要求的空间。
但是，罗素（和策梅洛一起）发现x={a：a不再a中}导致一个矛盾，就像对一群理发师的描述一样。
x它本身是在x的集合中吗？否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。
当罗素发现了悖论，弗雷格立即就发现悖论对他的理论有致命的打击。
尽管这样，他还不能解决这个问题,并且上世纪有很多的尝试，去解决这个问题（但没有成功）。
罗素自己对这个悖论的回答促进了类型理论的形成。
他解释说，悖论的问题在于我们混淆了数集和数集的集合。
所以，罗素介绍了对象的分级系统：数、数集、数集的集合等等。
这个系统为形式化数学的形成奠定了基础，至今它还应用于哲学研究和计算机科学分支。
策梅洛对于罗素悖论的解决方法用新的公理：对于任意公式A（x）和任意集合b，都会有一个集合满足y={x：x既在b中又满足A（x）}取代了以前的公理：对于任意公式A（x），都会有一个集合满足y={x：x满足A（x）}。