网站毕业设计外文翻译

Website

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network.

A web page is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML).

A web page may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.

Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the web page content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.

All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.the pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator called the homepage. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site.

Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, web-based e-mail, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data.

1.History

The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 by CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee.On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone.

Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as file

transfer protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats.

2.Overview

Organized by function, a website may be

（1）a personal website

（2）a commercial website

（3）a government website

（4）a non-profit organization website

It could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.

Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.

A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.

3. Static website

A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may include

information about a company and its products and services via text, photos, animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.

This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software.

In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.

They are edited using four broad categories of software:

(1) Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML markup are manipulated directly within the editor program

(2) Wysiwyg offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is generated automatically by the editor software

(3) Wysiwyg online editors which create media rich online presentation like web pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents.

(4) Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed HTML knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct manipulation of HTML code.

4. Dynamic website

A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria.

Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.

(1) Dynamic code

The first type is a web page with dynamic code. The code is constructed dynamically on the fly using active programming language instead of plain,

static HTML.

A website with dynamic code refers to its construction or how it is built, and more specifically refers to the code used to create a single web page. A dynamic web page is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-defined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by reading cookies recognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouse overs, etc.). A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.

(2) Dynamic content

The second type is a website with dynamic content displayed in plain view. Variable content is displayed dynamically on the fly based on certain criteria, usually by retrieving content stored in a database.

A website with dynamic content refers to how its messages, text, images and other information are displayed on the web page and more specifically how its content changes at any given moment. The web page content varies based on certain criteria, either pre-defined rules or variable user input. For example, a website with a database of news articles can use a pre-defined rule which tells it to display all news articles for today's date. This type of dynamic website will automatically show the most current news articles on any given date. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request for the keyword Beatles. In response, the content of the web page will spontaneously change the way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CD's, DVD's and books.

5. Software systems

There is a wide range of software systems, such as Java Server Pages (JSP), the PHP and Perl programming languages, Active Server Pages (ASP), Yuma and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrieved

from one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS.

Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.

Plugins are available to expand the features and abilities of web browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Microsoft Silverlight, Adobe Flash, Adobe Shockwave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and real time element updating within web pages (ie pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded to effect any changes), mainly using the Document Object Model (DOM) and JavaScript, support which is built-in to most modern web browsers.

Turning a website into an income source is a common practice for web developers and website owners. There are several methods for creating a website business which fall into two broad categories, as defined below.

(1) Content-based site

Some websites derive revenue by selling advertising space on the site (see Contextual advertising).

(2) Product- or service-based sites

Some websites derive revenue by offering products or services for sale. In the case of e-commerce websites, the products or services may be purchased at the website itself, by entering credit card or other payment information into a payment form on the site. While most business websites serve as a shop window for existing brick and mortar businesses, it is increasingly the case that some websites are businesses in their own right; that is, the products they offer are only available for purchase on the web.

Websites occasionally derive income from a combination of these two practices. For example, a website such as an online auctions website may charge the users of its auction service to list an auction, but also display third-party advertisements on the site, from which it derives further income.

网站

文章来自维基百科，自由的百科全书

网站是一组相关的网页，图片，视频或其他数字资产的集合，是针对相对的一个共同的统一资源定位符（URL），这个定位器往往由域名，或组成的IP地址在以网络为基础的互联网协议上的根路径构成。一个网站至少托管在一个Web服务器，可以通过互联网或私人局域网等网络进入网站。

一个网页是一个通常用超文本标记语言（HTML和XHTML）指令散布而成的纯文本形式的文件。一个网页还可能包含其他网站的内容，但这个网站必须有合适的标记锚。

网页通过超文本传输协议（HTTP）被访问或传送，这个超文本传输协议可以选择性的使用加密（HTTP安全，HTTPS）来为用户的网页内容提供安全性和隐私性。用户的应用程序，往往是一个网络浏览器，把它和自己的HTML标记指令相一致的网页内容显示到一个显示终端。

所有的可以公开访问的网站构成了万维网。通过一个被称为网页的简单的统一资源定位器可以进入一个网站的页面。网页的URL组织它们进入一个层次中，它们之间的超链接传达着读者感知到的网站结构和引导读者的网站导航。

有些网站需要订阅访问部分或全部内容。订阅网站的例子包括许多商业网站，新闻网站的一部分内容，学术杂志的网站，游戏网站，留言板，基于web的电子邮件服务，社交网站和提供实时股市数据的网站。

1．网站的历史

万维网（WWW）是在1989年由欧洲核子研究中心的物理学家蒂姆伯纳斯李创立的。在1993年4月30日，欧洲核子研究中心宣布任何人可以自由使用万维网。

在引进HTML和HTTP之前，其他的协议比如文件传输协议和gopher协议通常被用来从服务器检索单个文件。这些协议提供了一个简单的目录结构，用户可以通过目录结构浏览并选择文件下载。文件往往表现为没有格式的纯文本形式或被转变为编码的文字处理格式。

2．概况

按照功能，一个网站可能分类为：

（1）个人网站

（2）商业网站

（3）政府网站

（4）一个非营利性组织的网站

它可以是个人，企业或其他组织的工作，通常是专注于某些特定的主题或用途。任何网站可以包含到任何其他网站的一个超链接，因此个别网站之间的区别，正如据用户感觉到的，有时会变得模糊。

网站是被写入，或者动态地转变为HTML（超文本标记语言），并且通过运用一个被分类为用户代理的软件界面访问网站。通过一系列的计算机（其中包括台式电脑，笔记本电脑，掌上电脑和手机）和不同型号设备的因特网，可以查看或以其他形式访问网页。

网站托管在以Web服务器，也称为HTTP服务器出名的计算机系统之上，并且这些条件还可以参考在这些系统上运行的软件，这些软件可以根据网站用户的要求收回和传送网页。Apache是最常用的Web服务器软件（根据Netcraft的统计），微软的互联网信息服务器（IIS）也是常用的软件。

3．静态网站

静态网站是一个把网页存储在服务器，并被发送到客户网络浏览器的格式。它主要是在超文本标记语言（HTML）里编码。

简单形式或网站营销的例子，如经典的网站，一个长达5页的网站或小册子的网站，因为他们呈现给用户的是预先定义的，静态的信息。这可能包括通过文字，图片，动画，音频/视频和交互式菜单和导航信息传达的关于一个公司及其产品和服务的有关信息。

这种类型的网站通常显示给所有的访问者的都是显示相同的信息。类似于派发给消费者的印刷小册子，一个静态网站一般会提供一个长时期的一致的，标准的信息。虽然网站所有者可能会定期地更新内容，但它是一个用手操作来编辑文字，照片和其他内容的过程，并可以要求有基本的网页设计技术和软件技术。

总之，游客无法控制通过一个静态网站可以接收到哪些内容，只能满足于网站的所有者当时已经决定提供的内容。

他们使用4大类型的软件进行编辑：

（1）文本编辑器，如记事本或文字编辑，内容和HTML标记被直接运用在两者里的编辑程序内。

（2）所见即所得的离线编辑器：如Microsoft ，FrontPage和Adobe Dreamweaver （原Macromedia Dreamweaver），运用这一编辑器，网站可以使用GUI界面和最终的HTML标记，HTML标记是由编辑软件自动生成的。

（3）所见即所得在线编辑器，它可以创造媒体的丰富的在线演示，例如网页，部件，介绍，博客和其他的文件。

（4）基于编辑器的模版，如Rapid weaver和I Web，它们允许用户无需掌握深

入的HTML知识就可以快速创建并上传网页到Web服务器，因为它们从一个调色板选择了一个合适的模版，并加入桌面出版的图片和文字它时尚的不需直接操作HTML代码就可以添加图片到桌面上已存在的形式当中。

4．动态网站

一个动态网站是一个根据某些标准频繁地，自动地变化或制定内容的网站。动态网站有两种类型的动态活动：代码和内容。动态代码是不可见的，或者是幕后，而动态内容是可见的，或者是完全显示的。

（1）动态代码

第一类类型是具有动态代码的网页。这种代码是活跃的编程语言取代普通的，静态的HTML来构成的。

具有动态的代码的网站是指它的是兴建或如何建立的，更具体地说，是指用于创建一个单一的网页的代码。一个动态生成的网页通过拼凑一些代码，程序或例行程序生成的。动态生成的网页会从数据库中调用的各种信息，并把它们放到一个预定好格式的页面上展示给读者。它和用户之间通过各种方式包括阅读互动饼干确认用户以前的历史，会话变量，服务器端变量等，又或者使用直接的互动（表单元素等）。一个站点可以显示用户之间对话的现状，监测变化情况，或者是以一种体现个人用户要求的方式提供内容。

（2）动态内容

第二类是一种在普通视图中显示动态内容的网站。可变内容在一些原则的基础上动态地显示在频幕上，这些内容常常是通过回收内容，储存在数据库中。

带有动态内容的网站指的是它的信息，文本，图像和其他信息是如何展现在网页上的，更具体地说，它的内容是如何在任何给定时候更改的。该网页的内容根据某些标准发生变化，而这些原则不知道是预先定义得原则还是可变用户输入的原则。例如，一个新闻数据库的网站可以使用一个预先定义的规则，这个原则要求它显示今天的日期的所有新闻文章，这一类型的网站会自动显示任何给定日期的最新的新闻文章。动态内容的另一个例子是，当一个媒介产品的数据库的零售网站允许用户输入一个关键字“披头士”的搜索请求。作为回应，网页的内容将会本能地改变它的页面，显示一个甲壳虫乐队的单子，比如CD，DVD和书籍。

5．软件系统

有一系列的软件系统，如Java服务器页面（JSP），PHP和Perl编程语言的Active Server Pages（ASP）时，Yuma和ColdFusion（CFML）可用于生成动态网页系统和动态网站。网站还可能包括来自一个或多个数据库的内容，或通过使用基于RSS等技术的XML的内容。

静态内容还可以定期或动态生成的，或者如果发生某些情况下再生（缓存），以避免开始的在每个发动机的动力性能损失，用户或每个连接。

插件可以用于扩展网络浏览器的特征和功能，用它来显示活动内容，如微软Silverlight，Adobe Flash，Adobe Shockwave或Java编写的小程序。动态HTML还为用户提供交互性和在网页内部更新的元素（即网页没必要去加载或重载以做出改变），主要是使用文档对象模型（DOM）和JavaScript，支持那些内置最现代设备的Web浏览器。

把网站转变成一个收入来源是一个Web开发人员和网站所有者的通行做法。创建商业网站几种方法可以分为两个大类，如以下定义的几种方法

（1）基于网站的内容

一些网站通过出售广告空间获得网站收入（见相关广告）。

（2）基于网站的产品或服务

一些网站通过出售产品或服务获得收入。在电子商务的例子中，在网站输入信用卡或其他付款信息，就可以在网站上购得商品和服务。尽管大多数商业网站作为以砖和水泥形式存在的橱窗服务，但越来越多的是这些网站的商业知识在自己的范围内，也就是说，它们提供的产品只适用于在网上购买。

网站有时从两项实践结合中获得收入。例如，一个网站，如在线拍卖网站，可能收取用户列出拍卖服务的收入，而且还可以在网站上刊登第三类的广告，从广告中获得更大的收益。