地质类科普文选翻译
专业英语地质翻译
Catastrophic versus uniform views of change and the age of the earth// 地球的灾变论和均变论之争以及地球的年龄1.Ancient people quite understandably were impressed only by rapid and violent geologic processes. This led to a catastrophic view of the earth (commonly called catastrophism), which dominated European thought until 1850, Changes were thought to occur suddenly, rapidly, and devastatingly by a series of catastrophes. The most famous example of such a supposed catastrophe was, of course, the great Deluge of the old Testament, Others included volcanic eruptions at Pompeii and Thera as well as the Lisbon earthquake.// 古人往往对于快速的和猛烈的地质演化现象印象深刻，这导致了地球灾变性观点（通常称之为灾变论）在欧洲地质学界一直占主导地位，直到十九世纪五十年代，地质学家普遍认为地球演化是在一些列突发性、快速并具有灾难性的地质事件之后产生。
支持灾变论最著名的例子如旧约全书所记载的大洪水时代，其他的地质事件如意大利庞贝古城火山的爆发，锡拉岛火山爆发，里斯本大地震等也是其有效的证据。
2.A parallel idea consistent with catastrophism was a universally accepted belief that the earth was but a few thousand years old, This conception is revealed in Shakespeare’s As You Like It, written around 1600, where reference is made to the age of the earth being about 6000years, In 1654 one of several more definite pronouncement came from Anglican Archbishop Ussher, who announced that, based upon his analysis of genealogies in the Scriptures and of astronomical cycles, the word had been created in the year4004B.C. on the 23d of October! Some years later, another authority fixed an equally precise date for the great Deluge, November 18,2349 B.C. At that time, Practically all leading European intellectuals believed implicitly in a literal interpretation of the Bible, and so it is not surprising to find that a 6000-year age for the erath was gospel for fully 200 years.//与灾变论相一致的观点，且被广泛接受相信的是地球的年龄只有几千年。
地质中英译文(DOC)
The South China Sea is a classic example of the marginal basins that typify the margin of Southeast Asia, and one with a relatively complicated tectonic history that has been linked both to the development of the active margins of the Western Pacific and to the tectonics of continental Asia following the India–Asia collision starting around 50 Ma.南海边缘盆地是一个典型的例子,代表的东南亚边缘,它有一个相对复杂的构造史，与西太平洋活动大陆边的发展以及从5000万年前开始的印度-亚洲大陆碰撞所形成的地质构造都密切相关。
The tectonics of continental break-up and seafloor spreading have been studied in this area for a significant period of time, yet our understanding of why the basin formed in the first places still remains controversial.大陆解体的构造和海底传播研究在这一区域已有相当一段时间,但是我们对于该盆地最初的形成的理解仍然是有争议的。
Two competing schools have suggested two opposing visions for what caused the basin to open.两个相互对立的学派对于该盆地的形成提出了两种对立的观点。
毕业论文(设计)文献翻译(地质工程方面)-中英文对照
Formation Mechanism and Distribution of Paleogene-Neogene Stratigraphic Reservoirs in Jiyang DepressionAbstractDuring Paleogene-Neogene period, multiple scale unconformities had been formed in Jiyang depression, which provided favorable conditions for stratigraphic reservoirs. In recent years, various Paleogene-Neogene stratigraphic reservoirs in Jiyang depression have been found, and proved reserves were rising significantly, which fully showed a great exploration potential for this kind of reservoirs. But the practice of exploration in recent years indicated that the unconformities carrier system and its ability of sealing, petroleum migration and its accumulation model, distribution of stratigraphic reservoirs are uncertain, which deeply restrict the exploration degree of stratigraphic reservoirs in Jiyang depression．Based on the analysis of a large number of exploration wells and seismic data for Typical reservoirs, the paper analyses unconformities construct and its effect to generation in the Paleogene—Neogene, and summarize the distribution pattern of stratigraphic reservoirs based on petroleum mechanism and accumulation model. Finally, a highly quantitative prediction modclof height of pools in stratigraphic reservoirs was established, the research results effectively guided the explorationPra- ctice of stratigraphic reservoir .There are four macro unconformity types of Paleogene—Neogene formation which including truncation-overlap, truncation·paral lel, parallel—overlap and paralel unconformity in Jiyang depression.Besides truncation-overlap unconformity lies in slopes of depression, and parallel unconformity developed inside of depression,another two types lie in local areas. Unconformity can be developed vertically three-layer structure which including unconformity roof rock, weathered clay layer and semi-weathered rock. It also Can be two—layer structure if without weathered clay layer.And part of semi—weather rock Can be form a hard shell accuse of its filling process during the laterstage.Geological characteristic of the structure layer of unconformity is different in lithology,mineralogy, element geochemistry and weather degree index. Based on optimal partition of sequential number and principal component analysis, logging quantification recognition method about unconformity structure layers were established, on which effective identification of unconformitystnlcture layers can bu achieved in the case of no rock core. The formation of various unconformity structure types isrelated to many factors such as, parent rock lithology, interval of deposition hiatus, palaeotopography,and preservation conditions, which aretogether to control spatial distributions of unconformity structure types .Macro styles and its vertical structure of unconformity can be effected as a blocking, reservoir, trap or carrier system.Blocking affection to fluid depends on weathered clay layer,hard shell of semi-weathered rock and mudstone. So petroleum migration and accumulation units is relatively independence above and belowunconformity if structure layers mentioned above existed. Reservoir affection is due to permeable rock, including roof sandstone .Semi-weathered sandstone, semi-weathered carbonate rock, semi—weathered igneous rock and semi-weathered metamorphic. Trap—controlling affection related to macro unconformity type and its juxtapose to permeability and impermeability rock above and below unconformity. It is easy to develop stratigraphy traps where the permeability and impermeability beds juxtapose in a truncation-overlap unconformity, where up permeability and down impermeability in parallel-overlap unconformity, and down permeability and up impermeability beds juxtapose in a truncation-parallel. Transporting affection is owing to lateral continuity of permeable rock of unconformity. In a terrestrial rift basin, petroleum migration in transverse or vertical short distance in local area, and is not conducive to petroleum long distance along unconformity, because interbedding pattern of mudstone and sandstone is dominated, and its physical property of mudstone improved poorly .Because of the long distance from resource to trap, migration and accumulation procese is very complicated.. Accumulation process of Paleogene-Neogene stratigraphic traps can be summarized as following：allochthonous source rock , compound transportation , later period charging, buoyancy and pressure conversion driving for accumulation, and blocking by non-permeable layer of unconformity, Trap types and its distribution are controlled by unconformity structure styles. Petroleum distribution and its scale are controlled by generating ability of Source rock. Petroleum accumulation area is decided by positive tectonic units. If carrier systemexisted , oil column of stratigraphic reservoirs is effected by four mainfactors which including generation expulsion quantity,migrating distance, dip angle and capillary resistance of carrier layer. Based on the analysis of single factor, the prediction model of height of oil columu through multi—factor regressions was established . Based on the model , the paper defruited favorable areas, which reserves in these areas exceed 1.5 x 1 08t .Research results of the paper combined closely with exploration practice, and according to previous research results，31 exploration wells had been drilled, which of them 17 wells were successfully from 2006 to 2009. There is accumulation proved reserves Was up to 2362x104t. and predict reserves was to 3684x104t .Keywords：Paleogene; Neogene; unconformity stratigraphie reservoirs; Fomation mechanism; distribution pattern; Jiyang depression1. Preface1.1 Foundationnd and signifacance of the topic1.1.1 Theme originThe theme is from the Sinopcc project：Forming and distribution of Tertiarystratigraphic reservoir of Jiyang depression .Theme number：P06012，deadline：2006-20081.1.2 Foundation and baekground of the themeThe tectonic events frequently occurred in Jiyang depression in paleogene-Neogene．It was favour of forming stratigraphic reservoir because of existence of several kinds of unconformity . Based on statistical data , beneficial area reservoired oil is about 9500km2, and the remaining resource is about 16x 108t in stratigraphic reservoirs of paleogene-Neogene stratas．Since 1980s，many overlap and unconformity reservoirs have been founded , explored reserves Was apparently increased with deep exploring. By the end of 2006 , explored resource had been up to 3.7×108t which showed a large exploring potential.But , in fact , the research on stratigraphic reservoir is lack or Uttle , especially,Accumulation pattern and forecasting model of oil have not been studied systematically. For example , the successful ratio of exploration well testing which is the lowest in allkinds reservoirs Was only 35.7％about stratigraphie reservoir in paleogene-Neogene in Jiyang depression from2001-2005. The main loss reason for the overlap andunconformity reservoirs exploration is migration and trap of oil that is separently53.5％and 23.9％.Hereby , oil migration problem and trap validity are importantaspects for overlap and unconformity reservoir exploring.In short，it has three aspects as followed：(1)Shallow comprehension about conduction of ability of unconformity Research on unconformity in present indicated that it is not a simple surface three-dimension body which is important for migration of oil and gas．There has some deep knows about the basins in west China and the marine basins in China. The systematic theory is lack about structure characteristic which deeply affect accumulating oil and gas.(2)The remain uncertain migration and accumulation process of oil and gas about stratigraphic reservoir remain uncertain .Stratigraphic reservoir lay in edge of basin . So it is difficult to exactly hold accumulation regular of oil and gas because far distance traps and hydrocarbon resources make a complicated migration process.(3)Forecasting model of stratigraphic reservoir that could be used to guide explore is lack It is necessity to finely evaluate and explore stratigraphic reservoir along with degree of exploration. Mayor controlling factors remain uncertain in construction offorecasting model of stratigraphic reservoirs.1.1.3 Aim, sense and application value of themeThe study resolves the problem of statigraphic reservoir formation and distribution of Paleogene-Neogene in Jiyang depression. By analysis of uniformity structure, their affect on statigraphic reservoir formation will be identify; The accumulation model will be established through study on static geologic characteristic of statigraphic reservoir ; Forecast mode of oil extent will be achieved through research on oil extent and to predict oil quality.Research results Can not only be used to effectively guide statigraphic reservoirExploring, to raise drilling Success ratio, provide technical support for increasing oilproduction of the Sinopec, and also provide reference to statigraphic reservoir exploring of Bohai Bay area . Research will enormously deepen statigraphic reservoir accumulation regular and further enrich and improve subtle reservoir exploring theory .1.2 Research present at home and abroad1.2.1 Present research and development at home and abroadUnconformity reservoir is one of important exploring object since Levorsen proposed the concept of stratigraphic trap and then published paper on‘‘Stratigraphic oil field ” in 1 936．It turns into stratigraphic reservoir and lithology reservoir based on scholars deepenly research the Levorsen stratigraphic eservoir .Stratigraphic trap is formed as a result of the updip reservoir directly contigence with unconformity above. According to trap place, accurrence and barrier, stratigraphic oil pools is divided into overlap pool, unconformity barbered pool and ancient buried-hill pool .Unconformity reservoir research covers three main sections. One is unconformityand its effect on oil accumulating. The second section is developing paaem of stratigraphic trap. The third is mechanism of migrating and accumulating of oil and gas. Present studies mainly focus on the three sections above ．(1)Unconformity and its effect on oil accumulationUnconformity is geology base and key element to form the overlap and unconformity barriered traps and relevant reservoir . In generally,research on overlap and unconformity barrier reservoirs is first unconformity research target.Oil geologists started to understand relationship between inconformity and oil and gas acumination in 1930s. Levorsen published the book of“geology of petroleumin'1954. The book entirely introduced definition and significance of unconformity and the relatiooships with oil accumulation .The research and application of unconformity were promoted by stratigraohy andrecent oil and gas accumulation theory,especially,thesequence stratigraohy pay a important role in predict of geological discontinuity .Pan zhongxiang[2’3]referred to unconformity importance for oil and gas accumulation in 1983. Unconformity is benefit to find petroleum because it is favour of oil and gas migration and accumulation. From 1990s, the research on unconformity and accumulation effect were also be done in Tarim basin, ordos basin, Bohai bay basin and Jungar basin, a important and innovation result were be achieved .Fuguang[4，5]，Wu kongyou[l6，7]and Zhang jianlin[8]had noted that unconformity is not only a simple surface but also a special geology body, a migration and accumulation passageway of oil and gas. It is represent for tectonic movement, sea or lake suface change，and geologic alteration to earlier rocks．The inhomogeneity of alteration and later overlap make the a. rchitecture of unconformity. There ale three layers structure in a ideal unconformity: roof rock above unconformity, weathered clay horizon and semi-weathered rock．Unconformity formation is related to denudation time，climate, elevation, tectonic movement and lithology. Two layers structure layers were formed as the weathered clay horizon was lack. Liuhua[16], Suifenggui[17], etc. divided unconformity into four types sand/mud, sand/sand, mud/mud and mud/sand . According to lithologic deploy of unconformity. They refcred that the migrating and accumulating ability of unconformity are decided by lithologic deploy of unconformity .Panzhongxiang[2'3],Liuxiaohant[11],Zhangkeyin[12],Chenzhonghong[14],Hedengfa,Aihuaguo[19],Wuyajun[20],Chenjianping[22'23], Zhangjiguang[2l], John S[26]etc . had a deepresearch on unconformity and refered that unconformity has an apparent controllingeffect on oil and gas accumulation. In summery, five main aspects is included: charging reservoir, charging trap,charging migrating, charging accumulating anddestroying reservoir. Based on physical modeling of oil migration, Lv xiuzheng Bekele thought the oil migration is followed the rule “migration through thin bed”, namely, migration through prevailing passway, otherwise anywhere in a conformity .(2)Development regularity of stratigraphic trapsOverlapped and unconformity is premise of overlap and unconformity reservoirExiting. so, this kind reservoir developed based on overlapped and unconformity trap formation first.Chensizhong proposed four conditions for developing overlap and unconformity reservoirs in 1982 based on research on the characteristics of overlapped and unconformity reservoirs and its distribution patterns. First is that Multiple overlapped and unconformity reservoir formed as a result of Multiple unconformityies and overlaps.second is that oil avvumulation area is above and below unconformity nearby hydrocarbon source rock. Third is that Torque subsidence of dustpan depression cause wide rang of overlap and unconformity reservoir. Fourth is that favourable overlap and unconformity reservoir lies in anti-cycle litbofacies fold play. Tong xiao guang referred four main controlling factors in 1983. First is time, lithology, attitude and weathering degree of pre-Paleogene-Neogene base rocks. Second is structure of faulted depression and movement strength．Third is overlap distribution of overlap line and feature of overlap lay above unconformity. Fourth is distribution of unconformity surface, permeability of overburden rocks above unconformity. Hujianyi[1lreferred that unconformity is the base of forming overlap and unconformity barrier trap, but not all good trap exits bearby unconformity in 1 984 and 1 986. The basic condition of forming overlap and unconformity barrier trap are six elements：three lines and three surfaces. Three lines are lithologic wedging line, layer overlap line and intended zone contour line. Three surface are unconformity surface, adjacent rock surface of reservoir and fault surface. It exits kinds of trap types when six elementsarraies.People deeply know development regularity of overlap and unconformity trapwith sequence stratigraphy spring up. Zhangshanwen[31] refer that multi. type breakcontrol overlap and unconformity trap, base on researching sequence of Zhungaer basin, Bohaibay basin and Songliao basin in 2003. Lipilong[35-39] refer that tectonic and deposit control overlap and unconformity trap in 2003 and 2004. Tectonic movement cause basin up and down, formed large area exceed peel zone in edge of basin. It is benefit to form trap．Tectonic form nosing structures in basin. It is benefit to form traps, Deposit control reservoir and barrier layer forming. Yishiwei[42] propose that oil accumulation controlled three surface, lake extensive surface, unconformity surface and fault surface, according to Erlian basin, Jizhong depression overlap andinconformity reservoir characteristic. Overlap and unconformity reservoir distributionare controlled by truncation zone and overlap zone. Enriching is controlled by beneficial accumulating phase belt.(3)Oil and gas migration and accumulation mechanism of stratigraphic trapReservoir is resuk of oil and gas migrating and accumulating in long distance, due to stratigraphic trap far from hydracarbon source rock. It is controlled by migrating dynamic, passageway, path, distance and accumulation etc.Lipilong[35-39]refer that the most effective oil path is fault-sandfault-unconformity and fault-sand-unconformity compound transmit system for overlap and unconfortuity trap in 2003 and 2004．Lichunguang[44]refer that heavy crude is secondary gas/oil pool through unconformity path migrating and accumulating in unconformity accompany trap, based on researching feavy crude reservoir of Dongyingdepression in 1999. Zhangjiazhent and Wangyongshi[48]refer thatY'Lhezhuang reservoir mainly lie in 100m above old burial hill old layer reflect shaft in 2005. Capping formation and barrier formation control the accumulation of the area oil and gas. Better Capping formation and barrier formation, better oil accumulation Suifenggui[17]refers that it is key for stratigraphic trap accumulation that‘T-S’transmit system validity and ability consist of oil soures fault，sand and ubconformity in 2005 in Jiyang depression. Layer unconformity style affects the stratigraphy trap forming and oil and gas migration．Lvxiuxiang refer that migration in uncomformity is thin bed migration through oil migrating physical analog in 2000. Oil migrates along advantage path, but not unconformity surface.All in one, there are many researches and outcome about trap develop and oil/gas accumulation of land facies basin stratigraphy reservoir home and abroad. But trap forcast is difficult because stratigraphy lie in basin edge and changeable lithofacies.Accumulation regular known less than other type reservoir, especially how unconformity affect stratigraphic reservoir develop, accumulation process, model and distribution, because of long distance between trap and hydrocarbon ,complex migtation process.1.2.2 Developing tendencyOverlap and unconformity reservoir show more and more important position with development of un-anticlinal trap exploratory development and rising of degree of exploration of petroliferous basin.Survey showed that although large of reseach and probe,research of overlap and unconformity are limited at quality. But, the common understanding include following respects:(1)Evaluation of structure, carrier system and barrier abilityUnconformity is important to develop overlap and unconformitty barrier reservoir. Now research about unconformity focus on one angle. It is tendency that begins with contributing factor of unconformity, analysis structure, make definite forming characteristic, evaluate transmiting and barrier ability,analyze the relationship between unconformity and oil/gas reservoir. (2)Mayor controlling factors and developing regularity of overlap and unconformity reservoir.It is common understanding that key overlap and unconformity barrier trap formation in develop system in home and abroad. Based Oll many research, this type trap is controlled by reservoir, cap rock and crossrange barrier, especially their valid matching．However,there is not deep research on three elements on system and contributing because of exploration phase confinement.(3)Oil and gas migration mechanism and accumulation model of overlapped andstratigraphic reservoir.With long distance migration and accumulation, reservoir development relate toDynamic, fashion, path, distance, process, etc. Element. They limit the understandingabout oil migrating mechanism. It is tendency that based on quantification, combinating type dissect, establishing accumulating model, effectively guide unconformity reservoir exploration .1.3 Research content and technique route1.3.1 Research contentThe subject confh'm following three research contents in view of key problembased on research present and development tendency .(1)Characteristic and distribution ofunconformity architecturesBased on basin the evolution of basin structure and deposition, through structural geology and sedimentology, and combined lab analysis, geophysical interpretation and mathematical statistics, the geology characteristic of unconformity and mayor controlling factors were analysised to definite spatial distribution unconformity architectures .(2)Formation mechanism and accumulation model of stratigraphic reservoirBased on geology comprehensive research and mathematical statistics ofstatic-characteristic of stratigraphy reservoir and by analysis migration and accumulation.Process, the migration path, accumulation stage and accumulation dynamic mechanism were analyzed to evaluate unconformity affect on oil/gas accumulation in geological history .Based on above research, sum up stratigraphy reservoir accumulating mechanism of Paleogene-Neogene, establish accumulating model through positive and negative respects research .(3)Distribution paRem and predict of favorable area of stratigraphy reservoirAccording to accumulation process and model, sum up distribution of stratigraphy reservoir. Based on mathematics statistics and geology analysis, make definite main element and quantification token parameter of oilness altitude, probe quantification forcast model of oilness altitude of stratigraphy reservoir starting from oil/gas migrating and accumulation process ．Based on research findings above, it mainly focus on forecasting of stratigraphicreservoir nearby unconformities between Paleogene—Neogene and pre—Paleogene, and between Neogene and Paleogene .1.3.2 Technique routeUsing for reference from outcome of predecessors, based on type characteristic and distribution of unconformity of Jiyang depression, keep layer unique feature and accumulation process dissecting loss trap analyze as key, make geology comprehensive research and mathematical statistics method, sum up accumulation process and model, sum up main element, establish quantification forcast model of trap oilness, evaluate benefit exploring area .Figl-1: Frame picture showing research technique route ofdistribution patternand formationof samigraphy reservoir in Paleogene and Neogene slratas in Jiyang depression济阳坳陷古近系一新近系地层油藏形成机制与分布规律摘要济阳坳陷古近系．新近系发育过程中，形成了多个规模不等的不整合，为地层油藏的发育提供了有利条件。
地质学滑坡中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Theory of the treatmentAbstract: the landslide is a kind of global natural disasters, huge harmfulness, often to people's life and property security caused great hidden trouble.Meizhou of guangdong province in China is located in the southern margin of the five ridges mountains, rocks are mainly quartz sandstone in the devonian strata in the area, Permian limestone has a wide distribution and the Jurassic and cretaceous red sandstone, geological environment fragile, landslide is prevalent.In this paper, through examples on landslide hazards and control measures were briefly reviewed in this paper, the and the development prospect of prevention and control and control technology is prospected.Key words: landslide loss prevention and controlLandslides refers to the soil or rock mass slopes, by rivers, groundwater activity, earthquake and artificial slope cutting and other factors, under the influence of gravity, along a weak plane or soft belt, the overall or scattered along the slope slide down the natural phenomenon, commonly known as "mountain", "mountain", "slippery", "soil slip", etc. Landslides often to industrial and agricultural production and people's lives and property caused great losses, some even is devastating ndslide is destroying the harm of rural primary farmland, destroy forests, roads, houses, harm human and agricultural machinery equipment and water conservancy and hydropower facilities, etc., sometimes even to the person of hometown devastating disasters.Located in the town of landslides often hit buried houses, human and animal casualties, damage fields, destroying factories, schools, units, etc., and destruction of facilities, shut down, causing blackouts, water supply and sometimes even destroy the whole ndslide occurred in industrial and mining areas, can destroy mine facilities, casualties worker, destruction of plants, is mine to keep factories and workers idle and often causes heavy losses.Meizhou is a prevalent landslide disasters.According to incomplete statistics, in the past 20 years a total collapse, landslides and other geological disasters in 6280, 171 people were killed and 166 injured, and direct economic loss of 600 million yuan.Geological disaster 317 per year on average, nine people were killed and eight people were injured, the economic losses of more than 3000 3000 yuan;Existing 6818 landslides, collapse hazard points, threatened a population of more than 100000 people, the threatened assets of 500 million yuan.In view of the landslide caused great harm, so the landslide prevention and control to carry out the "early detection, prevention, find out the situation, the comprehensive control, makes every effort to effect a radical cure, not for" the principle of combining the factors of the slope unstability and landslide formation of the prevention and control of internal and external conditions.A major factor in the production of landslide landslide control is a geological and geomorphic conditions, the second is internal and external motivation and the influence of human impact.Therefore, the landslide regulation mainly from the following several aspects:One, to eliminate or reduce the harm of water1. Eliminate surface water.The surface water of landslide outside is used more by the interception and guide method discharged;For landslide surface water within the anti-seepage, near together as soon as possible and take measures such as governance.2. Out of groundwater.For groundwater, thin and not blocked.Main engineering measures: blind ditch of cutoff, used to intercept and landslide area near the periphery of groundwater;Support the blind ditch, drainage and supporting role;Oblique Kong Qun, used to horizontal drilling leads to the groundwater.In addition, there are blind holes, permeability tube, vertical drilling, rule out the engineering measure of landslide in groundwater.3. To prevent the river water and reservoir water on the landslide slope toe scour, the main engineering measures are: the upstream landslide is serious erosion area, build up the mainstream towards the other side of the spur dike, in the front of landslide riprap, paving stone cage, reinforced concrete block construction platoon tube in order to make the soil slope from the river erosion.Two. Change the landslide shape, set the anti-sliding structures1. The cutting slope weight monly used in governance in a state of "top-heavy" and in the front and there are no reliable anti-sliding lots of sliding body, reduce sliding body shape improvement, center of gravity, thus improve the stability of the landslide mass.2. Construction retaining engineering.Sliding of the landslide due to loss of support or steep, sliding bed may be faster landslide, adopted the practice of construction retaining engineering, can increase the equilibrium condition, the gravity of the landslide sliding body quickly restore stability.The types of retaining structures against sliding flaky crib, anti-slide pile, such as anti-sliding retaining wall.3. Improve the earth-rock properties of sliding zone.General roasting method, blasting grouting method is used to the chemical and physical methods, such as the landslide.Due to the complexity of landslide causes, influence factors, so we need the above several methods using comprehensive treatment, and at the same time to achieve a goal.Third, strengthen public awarenessGeological hazards, our country is a country, but the weak consciousness of common people disasters.A lot of people when disaster comes, don't know to take necessary measures to cope with the situation, don't even know the gravity of the disaster.Only let people know the seriousness of disaster, people will be positive to learn knowledge about disasters, make the correct response.Our country and the government there is also a lot of dereliction of duty, to the people to the consciousness of its root cause lies in the country's propaganda is not enough.In the hill country of landslides and other disasters incidence, relevant government departments should strengthen the public awareness of disaster.In order to reduce the mountain disasters and the damage to the society, country and the government should increase for mountain hazards such as landslide area of investment, strengthen the screening and monitoring for these areas.Historical experience tells us that in natural disasters at present, in the person's subjective dynamic limited, this time we need, comprehensive management "" prevention first and prevention &treatment combination of prevention and control measures, in the face of natural disaster, we can't control and change our only" avoid disaster reduction ".Disaster before some false rumors and cause people to take some irrational behavior of important information, in the face of this situation we only to strengthen the public understanding of the disaster itself to make the right judgments.When disasters occur, people should learn the necessary treatment measures, in a concerted effort to reduce the hazards to a minimum. Landslide disaster prevention and control technology development prospects: landslide disaster formation mechanism is complex, its prevention and treatment of many factors that affect the technology selection, how to correctly select landslide, landslide characteristics, types and development strength, advanced, economic and effective measures still need we blend step research and deep.The main research direction outlook is as follows:(1) to adopt new technology and new method for prospecting and forecasting the landslide and its stability, such as remote sensing, geophysical prospecting method, GPS technology, big dipper and modern test methods;(2) drainage to further study the mechanism of the landslide stability;(3) establish a landslide disaster prevention and control of engineering database and expert fuzzy decision system;(4) the development and application of new materials and components, such as biological chemistry corrosion resistance stiffened new materials, corrosion resistance to tensile anchor cable, high strength and high durability can provide larger resistance against sliding slope protection components, etc.;(5) the development and application of new technology and new methods, such as construction, easy, and can provide larger resistance sliding force of anchoring method of high strength prestressed concrete structure, with high strength prestressed anti-slide pile and anchor anti-slide pile as big thickness high thrust retaining structure of the sliding body, used for inside the landslide reinforcement of various new grouting method, etc.;(6) research and development in harmony with the environment, combined with the land use, and the social benefits associated governance approach, all kinds of governance engineering design should be able to do to fully consider the reclamation and beautify the environment, the governance after the land resources to rational development and utilization of anti-sliding retaining structures may as bearing structure, etc.conclusionThrough the forming conditions and influencing factors of landslide characteristics analysis and research, I summarized the above many of the super-large geological disaster prevention and control measures, but also how to use more advanced methods and measures for the future improvement made a simple description.Therefore, in the face of such serious situation, each one of us should have awareness of landslide and the responsibility of the landslide control, benefit for our children and grandchildren.References:Mountain flood prevention and cure of debris flow and landslide disaster [1], science press, 1994-3[2] Ye Zhengwei history along the Yangtze river new landslide analysis, trend prediction and enlightenment [journal] disaster - 2000-6[3] YanKunLong Zhang Guirong, ndslide disaster risk analysis [M]. Science press,2010. Beijing[4] Yang Junming, liu, ndslide governance method [J] open-pit mining technology, 2005,(5) : 35 ~ 37论滑坡整治摘要：滑坡是一种全球性的自然灾害,危害性巨大，常给人们的生命财产安全造成极大隐患。
地质专业英语翻译段落 (学习版)
Petroleum occurs widely in the earth as gas,liquid,semisolid,or solid,or in more than one of these states at a single place.Chemically any petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds,with minor amounts of nitrogen ,oxygen,and sulfur as impurities.Liquid petroleum ,which is called crude oil to distinguish it from refined oil,is the most important commercially .It consists chiefly of the liquid hydrocarbons ,with varying amounts of dissolved gases,bitumens,and impurities.石油，以气态、液态、半固态或固态、或在某一个地方以一种以上形态广泛存在于地球中。
从化学上讲，任何石油都是由烃化合物组成的极其复杂的混合物，并含有少量作为杂质的氮、氧及硫。
液态的石油，为区别于炼制油，成为原油，在商业上是重要的。
它主要由液态烃类组成，并含有不同数量的溶解气、沥青和杂质。
The origin and distribution of a reservoir rock are controlled primarily by the processes by which the sand was deposited. Scientists concerned with the origin of sedimentary rocks are fortunate because they can observe the conditions and processes by which sediments accumulate today and use their observations to interpret the origin of ancient sediment. By using the areas of modern environments of deposition as natural laboratories, scientists seek to improve the quality of their work. A massive effort has been underway for the past 30 years by industry, government and university scientists throughout the world to investigate modern environments of deposition and to interpret the results of the processes in Holocene sequences. Concepts have evolved from these studies that have revolutionized scientific thought about the sedimentary rocks.储集岩的成因和分布基本受砂沉积时的一些作用控制。
地质类科普文选翻译
43 地震地震是一种最令人印象深刻的地质现象。
它带来的不同程度的破坏，大面积受灾，来势迅猛，等种种不利使我们对这种没有真正了解的力量产生了深刻的印象。
由地震引发的危害有：岩石滑坡，山体滑坡，灾害性洪水引起的溃坝，海啸（潮汐），陆地高度变化，火灾和骚乱引起的疾病。
地壳运动是地震的显著特点。
用来记录和测量地震运动的装置是地震仪。
它的基本构成部分是悬浮摆，当周围物体运动时利用惯性保持平衡，可以测量出地震的方向，频率和振幅。
有关地震运动的研究告诉我们由干扰引起并传播能量的波有三种。
长波是地面波，传播路径平行于地球表面。
这些波可以给我们关于近地表岩层的信息，而这些信息我们不能直接得到。
另外两种波是在地球内部传播的体波。
通过它们我们可以了解地球内部信息。
地震纵波是压缩波，和声音的传播方式一样。
地震纵波可以由地球一端穿越地心传播到另外一端，它可以穿过固体、液体和气体。
它在地表附近埋藏较深的花岗岩里的传播速度大概每秒钟3.8英里。
为了举例说明横波，我们来观察一根绳子。
如果抓住绳子的末端向一侧快速摇动，这样的摆动会产生一系列沿着绳长的波动。
这就是横波，它在速度上有别于纵波，最大速度只有大概纵波速度的五分之三，且只能在固体材料中传播。
由于纵波和横波的传播速度不同，可以通过记录到达地面的时间来计算距震源的距离。
如果距震源相同距离的地点有三个，震源就在以这个距离为半径的经过这三点的球面的球心处。
地震波源是地表底下产生扰动的地方，称为震源。
震源在地表的投影点为震中。
大部分地震的震源深约5-50千米，也有一些深至720千米。
许多地震是由岩层断裂引起的。
总所周知巨大的力量可能产生这样的变形。
岩层越来越多的被堆叠起来直到承受力超载，然后破裂，又瞬间恢复原样。
伴随这种回弹的振动就是地震。
十九世纪六十年代期间，研究发现地震的频率和振动强度和大量污染水注入离地表数千英尺的岩层有关。
这些水可能已经湿润了断层引起岩体的位移，由此增加的压力可能产生运动。
(完整word版)地质专业英语
1我们研究地区位于距离重庆市大约60公里的一个叫做小张村的地方Our study area is located in xiaozhang village ，which is about 60 kilometers southwest from the chongqing city 。
2 关于海相中生代地层和火山作用的地址调查早在1959年就曾在该地进行过Geological survey on Mesozoic marine strata and volcanism was conducted as in 1959。
3 在这个地区,除了在小张村北面很小的一片地区侏罗系被白垩系玄武岩大量侵入以外，侏罗纪地层露头几乎是连续的.In this region, Jurassic strata is nearly continuous except that in local place of xiaozhang village the strata was intruded by massive cretaceous basalts .4 2005年夏季，在王教授的率领下,我们在这里进行了为期30天的野外地质工作。
In the summer of 2005, led by prof , wang ,we carried out 30 days"field work 。
5昨天下午我们在教室里成功召开了关于如何组织下一次野外考察的会议。
We successfully held the meeting on how to organize the next field survey yesterday afternoon .1 在所有的沉积层序的野外资料收集到之后，就要解释这些资料。
All field data of sedimentary successions have to be interpreted after collected .2 由于这种研究的目的是判断沉积过程和当时的环境，所以就要运用所有的野外资料来确定层序中的沉积相.Since this study aims decide deposition process and environment , all field data have to be applied to determine the sedimentary facies of the succession 。
地质中译英4
成都平原系岷江及沱江形成的冲积扇平原，以都江堰市为顶点自西北向东南倾斜，工程所处区域及周围地区属于冲积扇型平原地质结构，地貌属于成都冲击扇平原沱江水系所在地面上的堆积物由第四季的冲积物组成，厚达数十米。
该场地的地质结构从地表向下依次为第四季的填土层、耕土层、冲积层及基底白垩系的红色岩层组成，属I类建筑场地。
外露的地貌属典型的冲积扇平原所具有的黑色土壤，土质为中硬性土壤，区域内未发现断裂构造。
覆盖土层天然地基的地耐力可承载0.2-0.5兆帕，基岩天然承载力0.5-2.4兆帕。
成都市的地貌主要为中生界侏罗系、白垩系和新生界第四系。
东部山区基岩多裸露地表，以侏罗系地层为主，白垩系次之。
中西部平坝丘区被新生界第四系覆盖，其下为白垩系地层。
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43 地震
地震是一种最令人印象深刻的地质现象。
它带来的不同程度的破坏，大面积受灾，来势迅猛，等种种不利使我们对这种没有真正了解的力量产生了深刻的印象。
由地震引发的危害有：岩石滑坡，山体滑坡，灾害性洪水引起的溃坝，海啸（潮汐），陆地高度变化，火灾和骚乱引起的疾病。
地壳运动是地震的显著特点。
用来记录和测量地震运动的装置是地震仪。
它的基本构成部分是悬浮摆，当周围物体运动时利用惯性保持平衡，可以测量出地震的方向，频率和振幅。
有关地震运动的研究告诉我们由干扰引起并传播能量的波有三种。
长波是地面波，传播路径平行于地球表面。
这些波可以给我们关于近地表岩层的信息，而这些信息我们不能直接得到。
另外两种波是在地球内部传播的体波。
通过它们我们可以了解地球内部信息。
地震纵波是压缩波，和声音的传播方式一样。
地震纵波可以由地球一端穿越地心传播到另外一端，它可以穿过固体、液体和气体。
它在地表附近埋藏较深的花岗岩里的传播速度大概每秒钟3.8英里。
为了举例说明横波，我们来观察一根绳子。
如果抓住绳子的末端向一侧快速摇动，这样的摆动会产生一系列沿着绳长的波动。
这就是横波，它在速度上有别于纵波，最大速度
只有大概纵波速度的五分之三，且只能在固体材料中传播。
由于纵波和横波的传播速度不同，可以通过记录到达地面的时间来计算距震源的距离。
如果距震源相同距离的地点有三个，震源就在以这个距离为半径的经过这三点的球面的球心处。
地震波源是地表底下产生扰动的地方，称为震源。
震源在地表的投影点为震中。
大部分地震的震源深约5-50千米，也有一些深至720千米。
许多地震是由岩层断裂引起的。
总所周知巨大的力量可能产生这样的变形。
岩层越来越多的被堆叠起来直到承受力超载，然后破裂，又瞬间恢复原样。
伴随这种回弹的振动就是地震。
十九世纪六十年代期间，研究发现地震的频率和振动强度和大量污染水注入离地表数千英尺的岩层有关。
这些水可能已经湿润了断层引起岩体的位移，由此增加的压力可能产生运动。
这项发现提出了一种控制地震的方法：也许在容易发生地震区域的岩床中注入水可以缓慢释放地壳和地槽中的能量，只引发一系列小的、无害的地壳运动，以避免形成巨大的破坏性作用。
44 地槽及其主要类型
James Hall 发现阿巴拉契亚山脉隆起的沉积岩比美国中西部堆积起来的同等岩层要厚的多。
Hall记录的古生代的沉积岩的厚度范围为从密西西比河谷的数千英尺（约
1500米）到阿巴拉契亚山脉的40000英尺（约12500米）。
1857年，Hall 提出阿巴拉契亚山脉的沉积物被堆积在狭长地带，但后慢慢下沉。
在十九世纪后期，James Dana 为这种形式的构造命名为地槽。
Hall和Dana都认为地槽和随后形成它的山脉有关系。
Hall 推测当狭长地带堆满沉积物时，岩层就会背着跌倒狭长地带的中心。
Dana则认为岩层遇冷后收缩，地槽折叠是受到收缩产生的水平压力的结果。
随后研究人员修正扩充了Hall 和Dana的理论。
Hans Stille 通过观察认为地槽沉积可以分为以下两种形式：一种是矿床完全由沉积岩组成，另一种是由火山岩间带沉积岩组成。
他认为前者叫冒地槽，后者叫优地槽。
一些学者偏向于将地槽这一术语限制在碎屑沉积物和火山岩在埋藏深度适中的水里沉积而成的细长沉积槽。
然而，这个定义与Hall提出的地槽定义截然不同。
Hall 以阿巴拉契亚山脉的冒地槽来举例说明地槽的特征，这个地槽包括丰富的浅层地下水碳酸盐碎屑矿物而没有火山岩。
地槽这一术语应该指有较厚沉积物覆盖层或者火山岩堆积形成的狭长区域，而与其地下水埋藏深度无关。
在沉积过程中，沉积层的底部经常下翘形成广阔的向斜。
地槽底部的沉降速度大于12米每百万年。
下面讨论一下地槽的三种主要形式。
冒地槽。
冒地槽的沉积物包括石灰岩，页岩，石英砂岩
和砾岩。
沉积物中泥裂、鲕粒岩和藻礁叠层石这些主要结构的存在表明矿床位于浅层地下水层。
火成岩和火山岩沉积物很少出现在冒地槽。
优地槽。
优地槽中的沉积层和火山岩厚度一般都比邻近的冒地槽中的厚。
优地槽中的沉积岩几乎完全是碎屑岩，包括石英，杂砂岩和砾岩。
分选良好的石英沙岩一般并不十分丰富。
优地槽中的火山岩包括流岩和凝灰岩，也有堤坝和基石。
火山岩的组成最通常是安山岩，但在某些地区玄武岩质和流纹岩质也很丰富。
优地槽中排列角度不整合很常见，这表明沉积环境构造不稳定。
海滨地槽。
海滨地槽是指坐落在构造稳定的大陆边缘的地槽。
堆积在这些区域的沉积物一般未变形且位于沿海平原和大陆架水域。
这些沉积物有较大的横向延伸，平均沉降速度为34米每百万年。
海滨地槽中沉积物几乎不含有火山岩。
沉积物源中有丰富的疏松砂岩，泥浆岩和沙砾。
石灰岩和白垩沉积在包含少量碎屑沉积物的碳酸盐岩矿床上。
海滨地槽中的沉积物类似于冒地槽中的沉积物，而和优地槽中的沉积物有所不同。
此外，压缩性的折叠一般不会发生在各种地槽中。
45 造山运动的历史
地质科学界最基本的发现之一：相同地质年代的山脉沉积层总是厚于其他区域的沉积层。
从以上发现可以得出以下
结论：造山运动之前产生有埋藏较深的非常厚的沉积物堆积层。
此外，大部分山脉呈自然狭长状，这意味着流域本身就是狭长的。
像拥有广阔沉积物堆积层的阿巴拉契亚山谷，这样的大峡谷叫做地槽。
一般而言，地槽在火成岩和变质岩形成的大陆性矿床边缘形成。
与地槽的。