国际经济学习题答案7-12
国际经济学课后练习题答案
增加所导致的，对该国贸易品需求的增加会使该国贸 易品价格上涨，导致实际价格总水平上升，实际汇率 升值。另外，贸易品部门劳动生产率的提高会导致实 际汇率升值，而这个实际汇率的升值对出口部门是有 利的。
•4/11/2020
课后练习题第3题
·当非贸易品的价格相对于贸易品价格上升时，非
•4/11/2020
·E. 没有发生市场交易，无需记入经常项目或金融
项目。
· F. 这种离岸交易不会记入美国的国际收支账户。
•4/11/2020
课后练习题第4题
·电话录音机的购买对于纽约州应记入经常项目的
借方（进口了产品），对于新泽西州而言，要记 入经常项目的贷方（出口了产品）。
·那当么新记泽入西纽公约司州将金所融得项的目支的票贷存方入（纽资约本州流的入银）行，时，
另一部分是收益，则是伦敦银行对这笔存款支付的10% 的利息。
因此，在伦敦银行存款的年收益率是-8%+10%=2%
•4/11/2020
第5题
· a. 实际收益率=25%-10%=15% · b. 实际收益率=20%-10%=10% · c. 实际收益率=2%-10%=-8%
•4/11/2020
第6题
际货币需求量的减少，价格水平同比例上升，导 致实际货币供应量减少，从M/P1到M/P2，利率恢 复到实际货币需求量减少到以前的水平。同时， 持续的货币需求减少会使外汇市场有本币贬值的 预期，导致了外国资产的本币收益率提高。汇率 从E1到E2，到E4.
•4/11/2020
•4/11/2020
Chapter 14 第2题
贸易品支出的增加会导致实际汇率升值。
·外国转向对本国出口产品的需求，会导致对本国
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第7单元
国际经济学第九版英⽂课后答案第7单元CHAPTER 7ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INTERNATIONAL TRADEOUTLINE7.1 Introduction7.2 Growth of Factors of Production7.2a Labor Growth and Capital Accumulation Over Time7.2b The Rybczynski Theorem7.3 Technical Progress7.3a Neutral, Labor-Saving, and Capital-Saving Technical Progress7.3b Technical Progress and the Nation's Production FrontierCase Study 7-1: Changes in Relative Resource Endowments of Various Countries and Regions Case Study 7-2: Change in Capital-Labor Rations in Selected Countries7.4 Growth and Trade: The Small Country Case7.4a The Effects of Growth on Trade7.4b Illustration of Factor Growth, Trade, and Welfare7.4c Technical Progress, Trade, and WelfareCase Study 7-3: Growth of Output per Worker from Capital Deepening, TechnologicalChange, and Improvements in Efficiency7.5 Growth and Trade: The Large-Country Case7.5a Growth and the Nation's Terms of Trade and Welfare7.5b Immiserizing Growth7.5c Illustration of Beneficial Growth and TradeCase Study 7-4: Growth, Trade, and the Giants of the Future7.6 Growth, Change in Tastes, and Trade in Both Nations7.6a Growth and Trade in Both Nations7.6b Change in Tastes and Trade in Both NationsCase Study 7-5: Change in the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries or RegionsCase Study 7-6: Growth, Trade, and Welfare in the Leading Industrial NationsAppendix: A7.1 Formal Proof of Rybczynski TheoremA7.2 Growth with Factor ImmobilityA7.3 Graphical Analysis of Hicksian Technical ProgressKey TermsComparative statics Antitrade production and consumptionDynamic analysis Neutral production and consumptionBalanced growth Normal goodsRybczynski theorem Inferior goodsLabor-saving technical progress Terms-of-trade effectCapital-saving technical progress Wealth effectProtrade production and consumption Immiserizing growthLecture Guide1.This is not a core chapter and it is one of the most challenging chapters in international tradetheory. It is included for more advanced students and for completeness.2.If I were to cover this chapter, I would present two sections in each of three lectures.Time permitting, I would, otherwise cover Sections 1 and 2, paying special attention to the Rybczynski theorem. Answer to Problems1. a) See Figure 1.b) See Figure 2c) See Figure 3.2. See Figure 4.3. a) See Figure 5.b) See Figure 6.c) See Figure 7.4. Compare Figure 5 to Figure 1.Compare Figure 6 to Figure 3. Note that the two production frontiers have the same vertical or Y intercept in Figure 6 but a different vertical or Y intercept in Figure 3.Compare Figure 7 to Figure 2. Note that the two production frontiers have the samehorizontal or X intercept in Figure 7 but a different horizontal or X intercept in Figure 2.5. See Figure 8 on page 66.6. See Figure 9.7. See Figure 10.8. See Figure 11.9. See Figure 12.10. See Figure 13 on page 67.11. See Figure 14.12. See Figure 15.13.The United States has become the most competitive economy in the world since the early1990’s while the data in Table 7.3 refers to the 1965-1990 period.14.The data in Table 7.4 seem to indicate that China had a comparative advantage incapital-intensive commodities and a comparative disadvantage in unskilled-labor intensive commodities in 1973. This was very likely due to the many trade restrictions and subsidies, which distorted the comparative advantage of China.Its true comparative advantage became evident by 1993 after China had started to liberalize its economy.App. 1a. See Figure 16.1b. For production and consumption to actually occur at the newequilibrium point after the doubling of K in Nation 2, we mustassume either than commodity X is inferior or that Nation 2 is toosmall to affect the relative commodity prices at which it trades.1c. Px/Py must rise (i.e., Py/Px must fall) as a result of growth only.Px/Py will fall even more with trade.1. If the supply of capital increases in Nation 1 in the production of commodity Yonly, the VMPLy curve shifts up, and w rises in both industries. Some labor shifts to the production of Y, the output of Y rises and the output of X falls, r falls, and Px/Py is likely to rise.2. Capital investments tend to increase real wages because they raise the K/L ratioand the productivity of labor. Technical progress tends to increase K/L and realwages if it is L-saving and to reduce K/L and real wages if it is K-saving. Multiple-Choice Questions1. Dynamic factors in trade theory refer to changes in:a. factor endowmentsb. technologyc. tastes*d. all of the above2. Doubling the amount of L and K under constant returns to scale:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityb. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityc. leaves the shape of the production frontier unchanged*d. all of the above.3. Doubling only the amount of L available under constant returns to scale:a. less than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. more than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityc. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodity。
国际经济学教学课件ppt作者冯德连著习题答案（冯德连主编）《国际..
第一章练习与思考参考答案1．答：生产可能性曲线相同且为直线。
在自给自足经济下，各国将在生产可能性曲线与其社会无差异曲线的切点，E A 和E B 上达到均衡。
需求条件的不同导致了各国在自给自足经济下的生产与消费的不同选择，但这些不同并不会引起两国之间相对价格的差异，两国的国内价格水平是相同的。
因此，不存在着贸易的基础。
2．答：因为，相对价格使得国际贸易成了物物交换的世界，消除了货币幻觉。
3．答：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
小国福利改善程度更明显些。
4．答：（1）在没有国际贸易的情况下，均衡要求国内需求数量与国内供给数量相等。
设两个方程相等，我们可以求出没有贸易情况下的均衡价格。
无贸易情况下的均衡价格为100，均衡数量为300。
（2）当价格为120时，A 国的需求数量为290，它的供给数量为400。
在自由贸易条件下，A 国将出口110个单位的产品。
（3）A 国的消费者剩余将减少。
在无贸易情况下，由需求曲线与数值为100的价格线围成的是一个更大的三角形。
在自由贸易情况下，由需求曲线与数值为120的价格线围成的是一个更小的三角形。
A 国的生产者剩余将增加。
在无贸易情况下，由供给曲线与数值为100的价格线围成的是一个更小的小三角形。
在自由贸易情况下，由供给曲线与数值为120的价格线围成的是一个更大的三角形。
整个国家从贸易中获得的净收益为生产者剩余的增加量与消费者剩余的减少量之差。
这一收益的大小等于一个三角形的面积：它的底边是产品贸易数量（110），它的高是价格的变化量（120-100=20）。
因此，总收益为1100。
5．答：他们的损失为，继续在国内销售480亿立方米木材价值的损失，加上少销售的40亿立方米木材价值总量的损失。
两者相加，共损失25亿美元。
6．答：（1）在自由贸易及每桶18美元价格下，国内生产数量Q S 为18=0.6+6Q S ，或Q S =29亿桶。
国内消费数量18=42-4Q D ，或Q D =60亿桶。
《国际经济学》篇章精选练习题与答案
第1章绪论重点问题:国际经济学的产生、发展、对象及其其他经济学科的关系单选1．国际经济学分析的最基本的出发点是（B）A经济增长 B经济自然增长 C制度创新的经济增长 D经济发展2．经济发展是（D）A经济结构的变革 B社会和政治体制的变革 C经济自然增长 D制度创新的经济增长3．国际经济最基本的出发点是（B ）A社会分工 B国际分工 C产业分工 D产业之间的分工和合作4．国际经济交往的主要方式是（A）A生产要跨国界流动 B国际分工 C商品跨国界流通 D开放经济第2章古典国际贸易理论重点问题：绝对利益说的基本容及其评价比较利益说的基本容及其评价单选1．在斯密的绝对优势贸易理论中，(C)。
A所有产品均具有绝对优势的国家最终将获得全部黄金和B具有绝对优势的国家将获得大量贸易余额C如果两个国家分别出口本国劳动成本相对较低的产品，将同时从贸易中获益D如果一国不用关税壁垒保护本国产业，将丧失绝对优势2．嘉图的比较优势理论指出，(B)。
A贸易导致不完全专业化B即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益C与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多D只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额3．如果一个阿根廷工人能生产3蒲式耳小麦或1辆汽车，而一个巴西工人能生产4蒲式耳小麦或2辆汽车，则(D)。
A巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷没有比较优势B阿根廷在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而巴西没有比较优势C巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在汽车生产上具有比较优势D巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在小麦生产上具有比较优势4．根据比较优势原理的政策经验，一国从国际贸易中获益的条件是(B)。
A制造大量出口顺差 B以较低的机会成本进口商品而不是在国生产C本国比贸易伙伴强大 D本国相对于贸易伙伴具备绝对效率优势5.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( A )A.劳动生产率的差异B.技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D.价格的差异6.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价( C )A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之上B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之下C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之间D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国比价相同简答：1．请从国际贸易实际出发评价绝对利益说 P20斯密的绝对利益学说揭示了在自由市场经济条件下，国际贸易产生的原因在于两国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异，按照绝对利益学说的原则进行国际分工，贸易的参与者与整个世界会因此而获得利益。
国际经济学课后习题答案
第二章 古典国际贸易理论1. 根据重商主义的观点，一国必须保持贸易顺差。
在两国模型中是否可能？为什么？思路：在两国模型中一国的贸易顺差等于另一国的贸易逆差，不可能出现两国都顺差的情况，重商主义贸易顺差的目标必有一国无法实现。
2. 在分析中国加入世界贸易组织（WTO ）的利弊时，有人说“为了能够打开出口市场，我们不得不降低关税，进口一些外国产品。
这是我们不得不付出的代价”；请分析评论这种说法。
思路：这种说法实际是“重商主义”，认为出口有利，进口受损，实际上降低关税多进口本国不具有比较优势的产品，把资源用在更加有效率的产品生产中去再出口，能大大提高一国的福利水平，对一国来说反而是好事。
3. 在古典贸易模型中，假设A 国有120名劳动力，B 国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A 国的人均产量是2吨，B 国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A 国的人均产量是10吨，B 国则是16吨。
画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B 国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A 国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B 国具有生产大米的绝对优势。
从两国生产可能性曲线看出A 国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B 国为0.125，所以B 国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国，B 国生产大米具有比较优势。
4.得到好处，5. 假中国总劳动为各国生产计算机的机会成本。
（2） 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3） 如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4） 在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题标准答案要点
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：23 《国际经济学》（国际金融）习题答案要点第12章 国民收入核算与国际收支1、如问题所述，GNP 仅仅包括最终产品和服务的价值是为了避免重复计算的问题。
在国民收入账户中，如果进口的中间品价值从GNP 中减去，出口的中间品价值加到GNP 中，重复计算的问题将不会发生。
例如：美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。
其中出售给通用公司的钢材，作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的GNP 中。
出售给日本丰田公司的钢材，钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的GNP ，而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。
所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的GNP 中减去，并加入美国的GNP 。
2、（1）等式12-2可以写成()()p CA S I T G =-+-。
美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。
（2）既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响，所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。
不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。
例如，关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资，从而使经常账户恶化。
（当然，使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。
）同时，当对投资中间品实行关税保护时，由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降，从而改善经常项目。
一般地，永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。
这个问题的要点是：政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。
3、（1）、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。
相应地，当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时，因为他对瑞士请求权减少，故记入美国金融项目的贷方。
这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。
（2）、同样，购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。
当德国销售商将美国支票存入德国银行并且银行将这笔资金贷给德国进口商（此时，记入美国经常项目的贷方）或贷给个人或公司购买美国资产（此时，记入美国金融项目的贷方）。
international(国际经济学)课后习题及答案
international（国际经济学）课后习题及答案----------------------- Page 1-----------------------Review Questions and Condensed Answers forInternational Trade TheoriesChapter 1 World Trade and the National EconomyReview Questions::::1( What features distinguish international from domestic transactions?2( What can you say about the growth of world trade in both nominal and real terms? Was itfaster than the growth of output?3( Evaluate the statement,” the United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is ofno consequence to it.”4( Distinguish between export industries, import-competing industries and nontraded goods.Give examples of each.5( Using the figure in table 1-3, what can you say about the trade structure of the USA andJapan.Condensed Answers to Review Questions::::1. The text discusses ways that international transactions differfrom domestic ones.i. International trade requires that transactions be conductedbetween twocurrencies mediated by an exchange rate. Domestic transactions are conductedin a single currency.ii. Commercial policies that operate to restrict international transactions cannot, ingeneral, be imposed on domestic trade. Such policies include tariffs, quotas,voluntary export restraints, export subsidies, and exchange controls.iii. Countries pursue different domestic macroeconomic policieswhich result indivergent rates of economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.iv. More statistical data exist on the nature, volume, and value of internationaltransactions than exist in domestic trade.v. Factors of production are more mobile domestically than internationally.vi. Countries exhibit different demand patterns, sales techniques,and marketingrequirements. Many of these are due to culture and custom. Someresult fromdifferences in government regulations. Included here are health, safety,environmental, and technical rules.2. The real volume of world exports grew at an annual rate of more than 6 percent between1950 and 2000. Global output grew at an annual rate of 4 percent. Export growth inexcess of output growth reflects the increased openness to trade of many countries.3. The United States is a relatively closed economy since the share of trade in GDP issmaller than that of most other industrial nations. In 2000, U.S. exports of goods andservices were 11 percent of GDP. The U.S. economy is less dependent on the foreignsector than other major economies, but to say that foreign trade is of no consequence is anexaggeration. The U.S. economy has become increasingly open and, therefore, moreimpacted by trade developments over time. This trend is likely to continue. Curtailingimports would, for example, have a big effect on consumers' ability to buy some goods----------------------- Page 2-----------------------(e.g. tropical products) and would raise the prices of others. The absence of certain keycommodities and material inputs would greatly disrupt areas of U.S. industry.4. a. Export industries send a substantial share of their output abroad. Ratios ofexports to GDP are much higher than the average ratio for all industries. Netexporting industries are those for which exports exceed imports. U.S. netexporting industries include farm products, chemicals, certain types of machinery,and aerospace products.b. Import-competing industries are domestic industries that sharethe domesticmarket with a substantial import presence. These activities haveratios ofimports to GDP that are much higher than the average ratio for all industries.U.S. import-competing industries include fuels, automobiles,clothing, footwear,and iron and steel.c. Nontraded goods are those which, because of their nature and characteristics, arenot easily exported or imported. Examples are hair-dressing, movie theaters,meals, construction activity, and health-care.5. Table 1.3 contains figures on the trade structure of the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. is a netexporter of food, certain ores, chemicals, and other machinery and transport equipment,and is a net importer of raw materials, mining products, fuels, nonferrous metals, iron andsteel, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotive products,textiles and clothing, and other consumer goods. Japan is a net exporter of iron and steel,chemicals, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotiveproducts, other machinery and transport equipment, and other consumer goods. Importsexceed exports in food, raw materials, and textiles and clothing.----------------------- Page 3-----------------------Chapter 2 Why Nations TradeReview Questions::::1( a. In what sense are the cost data of footnote 4 related to the figures of scheme 1?b. Based on the figures of footnote 4, determine the:Direction of trade once it develops.Limits to mutually beneficial trade.Limits to a sustainable exchange trade.2. Evaluate the following statements:a. In international trade, domestic cost ratios determine the limits of mutually beneficial trade,whereas demand considerations show where, within these limits, the actual exchange ratio will lie.b. Comparative advantage is a theoretical concept. It cannot be used to explain any real-worldphenomena.c. The opening up of trade raises the price of export goods; hence trade is inflationary.d. The concept of absolute advantage offers explainations for East Germany’s high unemploymentrates in the 1990s.3. a. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain why it pays for:The USA to export grains and import oil.Russia to export oil and import grains.b. Why does the popular press believe that grain exports are inflnationary? What is wrongwith this porposition?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. a. Scheme 1 is based on labor productivity comparisons, while Footnote 4presentsper unit cost data. Production cost ratios are inversely related to productivitymeasures.b. i. Textiles will be exported from the U.K. and wheat from the U.S.ii. The U.S. will trade only if one yard of textiles costs less than3 bushels ofwheat. The U.K. will trade only if 1 yard of textiles can be exchangedfor more than 2 bushels of wheat.iii. The value of the ? must be between $1 and $1.502. a. Consider Figure 2.2. The domestic cost ratios define limits of mutually beneficialtrade. Within the region of mutually beneficial trade the actual exchange rate willbe determined by the relative intensity of each country's demand for the othercountry's product. A full analysis requires an understanding of reciprocal demandcurves, but the following general principle might help heuristically. If the Britishare more eager to buy U.S. wheat than the Americans are eager for British textiles,the exchange ratio falls close to the U.K. domestic cost ratio and the U.S. can beviewed as capturing a greater share of the gains from trade.b. Since the real world does not conform to the convenienttwo-country, two-goodassumptions, the simple theoretical model is not immediately applicable.However, we can generalize the model to many goods and many nations. Thefundamental truth remains. Countries export those goods in which their relativeproduction costs are lower and import those goods for which the relative costs arehigher.----------------------- Page 4-----------------------c. While trade tends to raise the prices of exportables in the domestic economy, theeffect of trade is to lower the average price level of all goods. Trade givesconsumers an opportunity to consume at lower world prices. Many goods will becheaper when purchased from foreign supply sources. Trade also conveysprocompetitive effects, stimulates the adoption of new technologies, and allowsfirms to achieve efficient scale production levels. Thus, trade is anti-inflationary.d. The reunification of the Germany economy in 1990 was undertaken on the basisthat a unit of the deutschmark, the West German currency, should be equal in valueto a unit of the ostmark, the East German currency. At this exchange rate, goodsproduced in East Germany were almost universally more expensive to producethan their counterparts in the West. Labor productivity in East Germanmanufacturing was found to be about 35% of the West German level. Underthese conditions the East German manufacturing sector collapsed. Investors werereluctant to purchase East German factories and large scale closures and dismissalsresulted.3. a. The U.S. enjoys a comparative advantage in grains. It also produces oil, but will gain byspecializing in grain production and using proceeds of exported agriculturalproducts to purchase oil from nations that produce oil relatively more efficiently.Russia is relatively more efficient in the production of oil and will gain bypurchasing grain from the U.S. in exchange for oil.b. The popular press asserts that by exporting grain from the U.S. (say to the former U R)we are lowering the domestic supply of grain and raising the domestic U.S. price of grain. Sincegrain is an important ingredient in many food products, grain exports are believed to increase theprice of those products. However, the price of grain is determined in world markets. U.S.exports alone cannot permanently raise the domestic U.S. price. If the domestic U.S. grainpricerose above the world price, the U.S. would be a net importer of grains and the domestic price wouldfall.----------------------- Page 5-----------------------Chapter 3 The Commodity Composition of TradeReview Questions::::1( Does the factor proportions theory provide a good explanation of intraindustry trade? Ifnot, can you outline an alternative explaination for the growing phenomenon?2( Explain the dynamic nature of comparative advantage using Japan’s experience as anexample.3( Once the United States acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft production it canbe sure of a dominant position in the global market forever. Do you agree with thisstatement? Explain.Condensed Answers to Review Questions1. The factor proportions theory is better suited to explain interindustry trade, or the exchangebetween countries of totally different commodities, than intraindustry trade, which is thetwo-way trade of similar commodities. The growth of intraindustry trade is greatest inimperfectly competitive industries characterized by economies of scale. Here, scaleeconomies force firms in each industry to specialize in a narrow range of products withineach industry to achieve efficient scale operations. Intraindustry specialization combinedwith diverse consumer tastes gives rise to two-way trade within the same industryclassification.2. Japan's comparative advantage in the immediate post-war period was in labor intensivegoods. The high level of saving and investment transformed Japan into a relatively capitalabundant country. Its advantage in the labor-intensive industries was lost as wages rose.Moreover, Japan increased its technological capability through high spending on R&D.Now Japan's advantage lies in the production of high-tech, capital intensive goods similar tothe U.S. This in large part explains the increasing trade friction between the twocountries.3. Once the U.S. acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft, it is likely to enjoy a dominantposition in the global marketplace for years, but not forever. Jet aircraft production is characterizedby huge economies of scale due largely to research and development costs. High capitalrequirements and scale economies pose large entry barriers. It is extremely difficult for a countryto enter into aircraft production once the U.S. has the lead. The new firm would initially have asmall market share and would be unable to compete on a cost basis. The new market entrant wouldrequire considerable government support and encouragement. This was the case with the EuropeanAirbus.----------------------- Page 6-----------------------Chapter 4 Protection of Domestic Industries: The TariffReview Questions::::1( A tariff on textiles is equivalent to a tax on consumers and a subsidy to the textileproducers and workers.2( Explain the concept of effective rate of protection.a. What does the effective rate on final goods depend upon and how?b. In what way does the effective rate analysis help to illuminate these policy issues:Deepening of production in LDCsEscalation of tariff rates by degree of processing in industrial countries3. A tariff lowers the real income of the country, while at the same time it distributes income fromconsumers to the governments and to the import-competing industry.Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. The effect of a tariff is comparable to the combined effects of a tax on consumers and a subsidy toproducers. Using Figure 4.3, one can show a tariff results in a transfer of resources from theconsumers (who lose P P fd ) to the producers (who gain P P ec). With a non-prohibitive tariff, the2 3 2 3government will also gain revenue efmn. Whether the two schemes are equivalent depends on theexact nature of the tax and subsidy scheme.2. a. The effective rate of protection measures the percentage increase in domesticvalue added per unit of output made possible by tariffs on the output and onmaterial inputs. Determinants of the effective rate include thetariff on the finalproduct, tariffs on the imported material inputs, and the free trade value added perunit of output which is influenced by intermediate input coefficients. Effectiverates are positively related to the tariff on the final product and negatively related toboth tariffs on imported inputs and the free trade value added. A derivation ofthe formula appears in footnote 10, and footnote 12 interprets that formula.b. "Deepening" of production in LDCs involves import substitution industrializationpolicy. A final assembly plant is given a protective tariff and imported inputs areaccorded duty free treatment. As a second stage, the LDC begins to deepenproduction by manufacturing inputs and according them protection. By imposingtariffs on imported inputs, the LDC is reducing effective protection for the finalgood.Because of relatively high rates of protection on finished goods and low protectionon unfinished goods and raw materials, effective tariff rates in developed countriesmay be as much as double their nominal counterparts. Developing countriesmaintain that such tariff structures fatally harm their efforts to increase exports offinished manufactures.3. Again using Figure4.3, the loss in real income is shown by triangles cen and mfd.Redistribution has been given in 8a.----------------------- Page 7-----------------------Chapter 5 Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) to TradeReview Question::::Suppose the USA steel industry is seeking protection from foreign imports. Compare andcontrast the following measures of restricting steel industries: a tariff, a quota, and voluntaryexport restraints.Condensed Answers to Review Question:There are a variety of ways in which a tariff may be considered to be less harmful than an equivalentquota:i. The revenue effect. Tariffs provide revenue. Quotas do not automatically providerevenue. Under a quota, revenue accrues to holders of import licenses.Depending on the quota scheme, licenses may be held by domestic importers, foreign exporters, foreign governments, or domestic officialswho may use them to encourage bribery. Only through auctioning or selling licenses can the government capture quota rents.ii. Performance under demand and supply changes. Any amount of imports can enterunder a tariff, but with a quota import volumes are fixed. When demandgrows, or there is a shortfall in supply, the quota does not permit a quantityadjustment. The domestic price can depart significantly from the worldprice. Under a tariff, the domestic price cannot rise above the worldprice by more than the tariff rate. Thus, a tariff is less harmful than aquota.iii. Impact on Exporters. When a tariff is levied on an imported good it is usually rebatedwhen the good is exported. The same is not true for a quota. Quotas maytherefore be more harmful to export performance.iv. Curbing monopoly power. Quotas curtail monopoly power less than an equivalent tariff.v. Terms of Trade Effects. Quotas provide no incentive for exporting nations to absorb partof the price increase; tariffs do if the exporting nation wishes to retainmarket share.vi. Quality Upgrading. Quotas give an incentive for the exporting country to engage in qualityupgrading. Ad valorem tariffs do not provide an incentive for this behavior but specific duties do.VERs share all of the undesirable effects of quotas. When the exporter does the restricting, there isno opportunity to sell import licenses. Quota rents accrue toforeign exporters orgovernments under a VER. Therefore, VERs are more costly to society than anequivalent quota with licenses sold or a tariff. Quantitative restrictions like VERsare discriminatory. VERs are also hard to monitor. Since shipments from thirdparty countries are unrestricted, transshipment throughnonrestricted countries is amajor problem. One advantage of VERs is they do not invite retaliation sincethey are profitable to foreign exporters and governments.Tariffs, quotas and VERs may be equivalent in terms of effects on the domestic price and thevolumeof imports. This may be shown using diagram 5-1. However, there are important differencesdiscussed in 1a. above.----------------------- Page 8-----------------------Chapter 6 International and Regional Trade Organizations Among Developed CountriesReview Questions::::1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2.What are the conflicts between the WTO and the environmental movement?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. Trade creation refers to the replacement of high cost production in each member by importsfrom another member. This effect is favorable to world welfare. Tradediversion is the diversion of trade from a nonmember to a higher cost member.This is unfavorable because it reduces worldwide resource allocative efficiency(See Figure 4-8).The basic approach to calculating welfare effects associated with customs union formation is toconstruct hypothetical estimates of what member country trade patterns wouldhave been in the absence of integration, comparing these with actual trade flows,and attributing any difference to integration. Effects ofintegration can be isolatedby using trade flow data pertaining to nonmember "normalizer" countries over thesame period to suggest what trade patterns would have been expected for memberswithout integration. Assume, in the absence of integration, both total (internalplus external) and external member imports would have grown at the same rates asthe corresponding imports in the normalizer. The normalizer's external importsrefer to its imports from third countries (i.e. intra-trade is excluded). Thenormalizer's internal imports are imports of normalizer countries from each other(e.g. intra-trade). The preintegration member country total import level ismultiplied by the corresponding normalizer import growth rate to yield an estimateof hypothetical total imports without integration. When compared with actualtotal imports, an estimate of trade creation is obtained. Trade diversion isestimated by multiplying the member country preintegration external import levelby the normalizer's rate of change of external imports to yield hypothetical membercountry external imports. The excess of hypothetical over actual external importsconstitutes trade diversion. The European Union (EU) is a customs unioncomprised of 15 West European countries.2. WTO rules often conflict with both international environmental agreements and nationalenvironmental laws. For example, a 1991 GATT panel upheld a Mexican challenge to aU.S. law banning importation of tuna caught indolphin-killing purse-seine nets.GATT/WTO provisions are concerned with products and not production methods.----------------------- Page 9-----------------------Chapter 7 International Mobility of Productive FactorsReview Question::::What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that induce companies to invest abroad.Condensed Answers to Review Question:Direct Foreign Investment refers to international capital movement that gives a company controlover a foreign subsidiary. It may be the purchase of an existing company, a substantial part of itsshares, or the establishment of a new enterprise. It should be contrasted with portfolio investmentthat gives, by and large, no control over foreign assets.The motives are diverse and any particular investment may involve one or more of the followingi. investment in extractive industries to secure raw material supplies;ii. investment in manufacturing industry to take advantage of cheaper foreign labor;iii. to locate production close to foreign markets and avoid transportation costs;iv. to take advantage of incentives offered by host countries;v. to circumvent tariff barriers;vi. changes in the exchange values of currencies; andvii. marketing considerations.。
《国际经济学》练习题参考答案
《国际经济学》练习题参考答案一、名词解释一价定律：一价定律是绝对购买力平价理论成立的前提条件，指的是任何一种商品在不同国家以同种货币表示时价格都相等。
购买力平价：指两种货币之间的汇率决定于它们单位货币购买力之间的比例。
国际收支：在一定时期内，一国居民与非本国居民间全部经济交易的的系统记录。
产品生命周期：产品生命周期是指新产品经历发明、应用、推广到市场饱和、产品衰落，进而被其他产品所替代四个阶段。
绝对优势原理：由英国古典经济学家亚当·斯密提出，是指在某种商品的生产上，一个经济在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一个经济。
若各个经济都从事自己占绝对优势的产品的生产，继而进行交换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。
里昂惕夫之谜：里昂惕夫之谜是由美国经济学家里昂惕夫在用其所提出的投入——产出分析方法检验美国进出口是否符合H—O理论所提出的，按照H—O理论，美国应该专业化生产并出口资本密集型的产品，进口劳动密集型的产品，但是，里昂惕夫经过检验计算得出，美国出口的是劳动密集型的产品，进口的是资本密集型的产品，刚好与H—O相反。
因此，人们把这个理论称之为里昂惕夫之谜。
围绕里昂惕夫之谜，经济学家对国际贸易理论进行了更深入的研究。
比较优势原理：即使一国在两种产品的生产上都较另一国没有效率，仍然可以进行双赢的贸易。
第一国应该专业化生产并出口其绝对劣势较小的产品，而进口其绝对劣势较大的产品。
另一个国家则进行相反的贸易。
有效关税率：也叫有效关税率，是指对某个工业每单位产品“增值”部分的从价税率，其税率代表着关税对本国同类产品的真正有效的保护程度。
贸易乘数：指对外贸易对经济增长的巨大作用，通过对外贸易的发展，从而带动国内要素的优化配置，可以对国民经济带来乘数倍的效应。
马歇尔－勒纳条件：是勒纳在马歇尔的国际收支调节乘数论的基础上进一步研究的结果，指的是在供给弹性无穷大的情况下，如果进出口需求弹性的绝对值大于1，货币贬值就能使一国国际收支得到改善，由逆差变为顺差。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第七章练习答案1 .关税的主要目的是保护国内生产，但为什么在保护国内生产的同时还会造成消费者福利的损失？答案提示：因为消费者无法消费到更加便宜的国外产品，消费量减少了；国内相对没有效率 的生产代替了国外有效率的生产。
2 .如果将关税改为直接对国内进口替代部门进行生产补贴，那么消费者福利还会受到影响吗？答案提示：不会。
3 .试比较上述两种作法的净福利效应。
答案提示：征收关税将减少消费者的福利，至于整个国家的福利，如果是小国，则福利下降， 如果是大国，福利是下降还是上升，不一定。
采取补贴的做法，将不会减少消费者的福利， 因为产品价格将不会上升；不过，政府支出补贴是一个很大的成本。
4*.试析关税对国内要素实际收入的影响。
(提示：利用斯托伯-萨缪而森定理) 答案提示：关税的征收有利于进口竞争部门密集使用要素的收入提高。
5.假设某一行业(X 1)需要另两个行业(X 2和X 3)的产品作为中间投入，投入产出系数 分别为a21 = 0.2, a 3]= 0,5，三个行业的进口关税分别用%、%和%表示，试计算在 下列情况下X 1的有效保护率。
(1) tj30%、t 2=20%、t 3=10%；(2) tj30%、了0%、t 3=40%；(3) tj30%、t 2=50%、t 3=10%。
答案提示：征收关税前的附加值是：V 1 = 0.3征收关税后的附加值是：匕'=1+t 1 - G+t 2'0，2-G+tJ 0，5有效保护率是：ERP =二匕• 100%1 V 1 6 .进口配额与关税在保护本国产业方面的有什么异同？如果让国内生产者来选择的话，他们会选择哪种措施?答案提示：进口配额与关税都在保护本国产业方面能够发挥作用，不过，进口配额是比关税更加严厉的限制措施。
关税将导致进口产品价格一定幅度的上升（与关税幅度一致），当消费者对此种产品的需求上升以后，产品价格不会进一步上升；配额也会导致进口产品价格的上升，当消费者对此种产品的需求上升以后，由于配额已经确定，产品价格将会进一步上升。
所以，对消费者有利的是关税而非配额。
7.以大国情形为例，试画图分析配额的福利效应。
答案提示：在图7-4的基础上进行讨论。
由于大国实施配额，此种产品的国际价格将下降。
不过，国内价格不会变化，因为配额已经确定了。
8*以小国为例，在下列两种情况下，试比较关税与配额对国内生产、消费及进口的影响效果的变化。
（1）由于某种外来冲击，进口商品世界市场价格突然下跌；（2）由于收入水平的提高，国内需求增加。
答案提示：（1）关税情况下，进口国进口价格也将下降，这有利于消费者福利提高，不利于国内生产商的福利。
在配额情况下，进口国的价格不会变化，这实际上增加了对国内生产商的保护，不利于消费者的福利。
（2）考虑国内需求曲线的外移。
9.以小国情形为例。
试画图分析出口补贴的福利效应。
答案提示：在图7-5的基础上进行讨论。
小国情况下，出口补贴不会造成产品价格的下降，即补贴后的国外或者国际价格不会下降。
10.欧洲的飞机制造得到好几个国家政府的资助，根据估计，这些资助相当于某些售价的20%。
也就是说，1架卖5,000万美元的飞机，其成本可能为6,000万美元，成本与售价的差额就是由欧洲各国政府来补贴的。
同时，一架欧洲飞机售价的一半是从其他国家购买的零部件成本（假设对零部件进口不征关税），按照这种估计，请问欧洲飞机制造商得到的有效保护率是多少？答案提示：自由贸易下增加值=5000-2500=2500 （万美元）。
贸易保护下增加值二6000-2500=3500 （万美元）。
有效保护率=[（3500-2500）/2500]x100%=40%。
11.试结合实际分析关税与非关税壁垒的应用前景。
答案提示：在GATT的几轮关税减让后，尤其是WTO成立后，关税的作用收到了很大的限制；非关税壁垒越来越多地被各国使用。
第八章练习答案1.最佳关税收入的来源是那些？最佳关税如何确定？答案提示：最佳关税收入的来源是生产出口产品企业的垄断租金。
确定最佳关税的条件是进口国由征收关税所引起的额外损失（或边际损失）与额外收益（边际收益）相等。
2.试评价幼稚产业的三种判断标准。
答案提示：见本章第二节。
3.试析幼稚产业论对发展中国家经济发展的意义。
答案提示:幼稚产业论指出发展中国家的某些产业由于是幼稚产业而应该在国际贸易中受到保护，以促进发展中国家这些产业的发展和成熟。
这对于发展中国家的经济发展有很大意义。
4.如果自由贸易下国内市场完全由外国厂商垄断，那么征收关税除了可抽取一部分外国厂商的垄断利润外，是否还可导致国内的一些潜在厂商（或投资者）进入市场？为什么？答案提示：可能，因为关税将提高此种产品的国内售价，有可能使得国内技术稍差的投资者由本来无利可图变成可以获得利润，这样，国内生产者将进入市场。
5.如何看待凯恩斯主义的贸易保护理论？答案提示：参考本章第三节。
6.战略性贸易政策是怎样改变市场结构的？答案提示：根据战略性贸易政策的内容，在寡头垄断市场结构下，政府对贸易活动进行干预目的是，改变市场结构或环境，以提高本国企业的国际竞争力，使本国企业获得更多的垄断利润或租金。
战略性贸易政策最为强调的政策主张主要有两种：一是出口补贴；二是进口保护以促进出口。
通过这些政策措施改变市场结构，使得本国在原来没有优势的产品中获得优势。
7.在完全竞争和规模收益不变的情况下，进口保护能否使某一行业由进口替代部门转变为出口部门？为什么？答案提示：在完全竞争和规模收益不变的情况下，进口保护无法使国内企业的边际成本随着国内产量的增加而减少，即国内企业无法通过这种形式获得优势以变成出口部门。
8.试根据贸易政策政治经济学，解释出口补贴政策的制定过程。
答案提示：贸易政策政治经济学是基于这样一种思想：任何一项经济政策都可能会影响到一国的收入分配格局，因而不同社会阶层或利益集团对此会有不同的反应，受益的一方自然支持这项政策，而受损的一方则会反对这项政策，各种力量交织在一起最终决定政策的制定或选择。
我们把利益集团分成三种：进口替代部门、出口部门和消费者群体。
对于出口补贴政策，出口部门是支持的，进口替代部门和消费者虽然不支持此项政策，但是从此项政策中受到的直接损失不明显，也不会激烈反对。
另外，需要考虑的还有民族情绪。
9.根据幼稚产业论，新兴产业在成长壮大之后应取消保护，但为什么现实中一些产业在成长之后仍然继续享受保护？答案提示：原因在于，一方面，有的产业在经过保护以后并没有成为有竞争力的产业，所以需要继续保护，另一方面，受到保护的产业虽然已经具备竞争力，但是不愿意失去既得利益，所以要求继续给予保护。
10.假设现有三套政策选择：进口保护、出口鼓励、进口保护与出口鼓励同时使用，你认为哪一套政策出台的可能性比较大？为什么？答案提示：进口保护与出口鼓励同时使用，能够达到更好的贸易保护效果，增加本国利益。
第九章练习答案1.试比较各种经济一体化形式之间的差异。
答案提示：参考本章第一节。
2.结合实际，试析区域一体化组织的建立通常需要具备那些条件？答案提示：经济一体化，政治一体化，其他条件，根据具体情况，具体分析。
3.共同对外关税的高低对关税同盟的福利效应有什么影响？答案提示：共同对外关税越高，贸易转移效应越大。
4.既然区域一体化在消除贸易壁垒方面与贸易自由化是一致的，但为什么它并不一定能增进世界福利？答案提示：由于贸易转移效应等的存在。
5.新成员不断加入关税同盟对关税同盟的贸易转移效应有什么影响？答案提示：新成员不断加入关税同盟将有助于减少关税同盟内原来存在的贸易转移效应。
6.组成关税同盟后，规模经济利益的实现对同盟内企业在同盟外市场上的竞争力有什么影响？答案提示：组成关税同盟后，同盟内企业更容易实现规模经济，这样，在与同盟外企业进行竞争时更容易获得优势。
7.关税同盟对那些垄断程度较高的停滞产业有什么影响？答案提示：有利于促进竞争。
8*.根据图9—1,假设A国不与B国组成关税同盟，而是采取削减关税的作法，将关税降低到使进口商品价格加关税之后正好等于彳试判断这种作法的净福利效应。
与关税同盟相比，哪一种方式更好？为什么？答案提示：降低关税比关税同盟的社会福利更高，但是会损害本国的生产者的利益。
第十章练习答案1.发达国家的贸易政策有什么特点？答案提示:发达国家的贸易政策以促进就业和保持经济稳定与发展等等宏观指标的达成为目标，运用比较灵活，能够在不同的条件下选择不同的贸易政策，并实施。
其自由贸易政策、保护贸易政策等各有特色。
2.发达国家在什么情况下一般会采取贸易保护政策？试举例说明。
答案提示：国内经济低弥，寄希望于通过外部经济情况的改善来改善国内经济，或者起码保护本国市场不被其它国家的企业占领。
3.实践中战略性贸易政策在发达国家取得了哪些成功？这种政策对发展中国家是否适用？答案提示：发达国家实践战略性贸易政策的情况参考本章第一节。
发展中国家从自己的条件出发，也可以借鉴和使用战略性贸易政策。
4.进口替代战略与出口导向战略各有什么优缺点？答案提示：参考本章第二节。
5.为什么发展中国家在贸易自由化的初期往往采取货币贬值的汇率政策？答案提示：贸易自由化必须建立在扩大出口的基础上。
因为随着本国市场的逐步开放，必然有大量的商品流入本国市场，如果在进口不断增加的同时，没有出口的增加，进口国为支付进口所需要的资金差额会不断增加，造成入不付出。
在此情况下，该国政府不得不限制进口，从而断送贸易自由化的连续性。
另一方面，商品的大量进口可能挤垮国内竞争力比较弱的企业或产业，结果失业人数可能增加，当这些失业人口不能被出口行业的扩展所吸收时，退回到保护贸易的呼声或社会压力就会增高。
为了使贸易自由化能够成为一个持久的政策选择，政府应该在实施贸易自由化的过程中尽可能减缓自由化带来的冲击，因此在实行贸易自由化的过程中，要配合一些其他的鼓励出口、限制进口的政策措施。
在这种措施中，最简便的是本国货币对外贬值。
6.如何理解开放的地区主义？你认为其前景如何？答案提示：开放的区域经济一体化是一种新型的区域经济合作形式。
所谓开放性是指，成员间的所有优惠性的措施或安排，也适用于非成员成员经济体。
这一点与传统的区域一体化组织的排他性有本质上的差异。
这种区域经济一体化的典型形式是亚洲与太平洋地区经济合作组织。
在不断提高合作层次与内容的基础上，开放的地区主义有很大前途。
第十一章练习答案1.如何用跨时期选择的方法分析资本移动现象以及对相关国家均衡调整过程的影响？答案提示：参考本章第一节。
2.资本流动如何增进相关国家的国民福利？答案提示：参考本章第一节。
3.为什么资产组合分散化可以降低风险？如何运用这一原理解释资本跨国移动现象? 答案提示：参考本章第一节以及附录关于资产分散化的证明。