管理会计 英文版 红色书 第十七章
管理会计案例教材英文版
Standard
This variance is unfavorable because the actual cost
exceeds the standard cost.
Product Cost
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
A General Model for Variance Analysis
Actual Quantity ×
Actual Price
Actual Quantity ×
Standard Price
Standards vs. Budgets
Are standards the same as budgets?
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
A standard is the expected cost for one
unit. A budget is the expected cost for all
Variance Analysis Cycle
Identify questions
Receive explanations
Take corrective
actions
Analyze variances
Begin
Prepare standard cost performance
report
Conduct next period’s
Inputs
A
Standard Quantity or Hours
《管理会计(双语)》atkinson6e REVISED (7)
© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
11
Inventory-Related Costs
Demands for inventory lead to huge costs in organizations, including:
Measuring and Managing Process Performance
Chapter 7
© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
1
Facility Layout Systems
There are three general types of facility designs:
Placement of equipment or processing units is made to reduce the distance that products must travel
© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
In 1987, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the first ISO 9000 Series of Standards
© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
9
Group Technology
The shape of a cell is often a U shape
The number of employees needed to produce a product can often be reduced due to the new work design
chapter6管理会计英文版
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9-9
Advantages of Self-Imposed Budgets
1. Individuals at all levels of the organization are viewed as members of the team whose judgments are valued by top management. 2. Budget estimates prepared by front-line managers are often more accurate than estimates prepared by top managers. 3. Motivation is generally higher when individuals participate in setting their own goals than when the goals are imposed from above. 4. A manager who is not able to meet a budget imposed from above can claim that it was unrealistic. Selfimposed budgets eliminate this excuse.
管理会计双语第5章
Sales level at which operating income is zero Sales above breakeven result in a profit Sales below breakeven result in a loss Two methods: Income statement approach Contribution margin approach
Units produced Direct materials cost per unit Total direct materials cost
100 200 300
$120 $60 $40
12,000 12,000 12,000
400
500
$30
$24
12,000
12,000
Committed fixed costs represent investments with a
Contribution margin is used first to cover fixed expenses.
Any remaining contribution margin contributes to net operating income.
Sales revenue per unit
Fixed costs Contribution margin ratio
Breakeven point in sales dollars
$20,000 $15,000
Dollars
$10,000 $5,000 $0 0 500
•
Revenues
1,000
1,500
Volume of Units
会计学 管理会计分册 英文版·d27版 pdf
会计学管理会计分册英文版·d27版pdf全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Management accounting involves the process of identifying, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting financial information to help management make informed business decisions. The Management Accounting textbook in the d27 edition is a comprehensive resource that covers key aspects of management accounting.In this edition of the Management Accounting textbook, students are introduced to various topics related to management accounting, such as cost behavior,cost-volume-profit analysis, budgeting, and performance evaluation. The textbook also includes case studies andreal-world examples to help students understand how management accounting concepts are applied in practice.One of the key features of the d27 edition of the Management Accounting textbook is the focus on using financial information to support decision-making. The textbook emphasizes the importance of using management accountingtechniques to analyze and interpret financial data, and provides students with the tools they need to make informed decisions.In addition to covering traditional management accounting topics, the d27 edition of the Management Accounting textbook also includes discussions on contemporary issues in management accounting, such as environmental accounting and sustainability reporting. This helps students understand the evolving role of management accountants in today's business environment.Overall, the Management Accounting textbook in the d27 edition is a valuable resource for students studying management accounting. It provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts and techniques, and includes practical examples to help students apply their knowledge in real-world scenarios. Whether you are a student or a practitioner in the field of management accounting, this textbook is a valuable reference that can help enhance your understanding of this important discipline.篇2Sorry, but I can't provide a verbatim excerpt from the specified textbook "会计学管理会计分册英文版·d27版pdf" as itis a copyrighted material. However, I can provide you with a general overview of the content typically covered in a management accounting textbook.Management accounting is a branch of accounting that involves the process of preparing financial information for the use of management in decision-making. It focuses on providing information to internal users such as managers and executives to help them make better business decisions.Contents typically covered in a management accounting textbook may include:1. Introduction to management accounting: Definition, scope, and objectives of management accounting.2. Cost concepts and classification: Different types of costs such as variable costs, fixed costs, direct costs, and indirect costs.3. Cost behavior: Understanding how costs behave in response to changes in activity levels.4. Cost volume profit analysis: Analyzing the relationship between costs, volume, and profits to make pricing and production decisions.5. Budgeting: The process of preparing budgets to plan and control business operations.6. Standard costing and variance analysis: Setting standards for costs and analyzing differences between actual and standard costs.7. Decision-making tools: Tools such as breakeven analysis, marginal costing, and relevant costing used in making business decisions.8. Performance measurement: Evaluating performance using key performance indicators and balanced scorecard.Overall, a management accounting textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and techniques used in management accounting to help businesses improve their financial performance and decision-making processes.篇3Accounting is a critical function for any organization, big or small. It involves recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial transactions to provide an accurate picture of the company's financial health. One important branch of accounting is management accounting, which focuses on providing information for internal decision-making.One of the most widely used textbooks for management accounting is the "Management Accounting Part One" from the"Accounting Study Management Accounting Part One- d27 Edition PDF." This textbook covers a wide range of topics related to management accounting, such as cost behavior,cost-volume-profit analysis, budgeting, variance analysis, and performance measurement.The d27 edition of this textbook is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the principles and practices of management accounting. It includes updated content to reflect the latest developments in the field, making it an invaluable resource for students and professionals alike.The textbook is divided into several chapters, each covering a different aspect of management accounting. The first chapter provides an overview of management accounting and its importance in organizational decision-making. Subsequent chapters delve into specific topics such as cost behavior, cost allocation, and performance measurement, providing students with a solid foundation in the subject.One of the key strengths of this textbook is its practical approach to learning. Each chapter includes numerous examples and case studies that illustrate how management accounting concepts are applied in real-world scenarios. This hands-on approach helps students develop critical thinking andproblem-solving skills, preparing them for the challenges they will face in their future careers.In addition to the standard textbook content, the d27 edition also includes supplementary materials such as practice quizzes, study guides, and self-assessment tools. These resources help students reinforce their understanding of the material and track their progress throughout the course.Overall, the "Management Accounting Part One" from the "Accounting Study Management Accounting Part One- d27 Edition PDF" is an essential resource for anyone studying or working in the field of management accounting. Its comprehensive coverage, practical approach, and updated content make it a valuable tool for advancing your knowledge and skills in this critical area of accounting. Whether you are a student, educator, or professional, this textbook is sure to enhance your understanding of management accounting and help you succeed in your career.。
管理会计(英文版)课后习题答案(高等教育出版社)chapter 16
管理会计（高等教育出版社）于增彪（清华大学）改编余绪缨（厦门大学）审校CHAPTER 16COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS: A MANAGERIAL PLANNING TOOL QUESTIONS FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION1.CVP analysis allows managers to focus onselling prices, volume, costs, profits, and sales mix. Many diffe rent “what if” questions can be asked to assess the effect on profits of changes in key variables.2.The units-sold approach defines sales vo-lume in terms of units of product and gives answers in these same terms. The sales-revenue approach defines sales volume in terms of revenues and provides answers in these same terms.3.Break-even point is the level of sales activitywhere total revenues equal total costs, or where zero profits are earned.4.At the break-even point, all fixed costs arecovered. Above the break-even point, only variable costs need to be covered. Thus, contribution margin per unit is profit per unit, provided that the unit selling price is greater than the unit variable cost (which it must be for break-even to be achieved).5.Profit = $7.00 ⨯ 5,000 = $35,0006.Variable cost ratio = Variable costs/Sales.Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin/Sales. Contribution margin ratio = 1 –Variable cost ratio.7.Break-even revenues = $20,000/0.40 =$50,0008.No. The increase in contribution is $9,000(0.30 ⨯ $30,000), and the increase in adver-tising is $10,000.9.Sales mix is the relative proportion sold ofeach product. For example, a sales mix of3:2 means that three units of one productare sold for every two of the second product.10.Packages of products, based on the ex-pected sales mix, are defined as a singleproduct. Selling price and cost informationfor this package can then be used to carryout CVP analysis.11.Package contribution margin: (2 ⨯ $10) + (1⨯ $5) = $25. Break-even point = $30,000/$25= 1,200 packages, or 2,400 units of A and1,200 units of B.12.Profit = 0.60($200,000 – $100,000) =$60,00013. A change in sales mix will change the contri-bution margin of the package (defined by thesales mix) and, thus, will change the unitsneeded to break even.14.Margin of safety is the sales activity inexcess of that needed to break even. Thehigher the margin of safety, the lower therisk.15.Operating leverage is the use of fixed coststo extract higher percentage changes inprofits as sales activity changes. It isachieved by increasing fixed costs while lo-wering variable costs. Therefore, increasedleverage implies increased risk, and viceversa.16.Sensitivity analysis is a “what if” techniquethat examines the impact of changes in un-derlying assumptions on an answer. A com-pany can input data on selling prices, varia-ble costs, fixed costs, and sales mix and setup formulas to calculate break-even pointsand expected profits. Then, the data can bevaried as desired to see what impactchanges have on the expected profit.17.By specifically including the costs that varywith nonunit drivers, the impact of changesin the nonunit drivers can be examined. Intraditional CVP, all nonunit costs are lumpedtogether as “fixed costs.” While the costs arefixed with respect to units, they vary with re-spect to other drivers. ABC analysis remindsus of the importance of these nonunit driversand costs.18.JIT simplifies the firm’s cost equation sincemore costs are classified as fixed (e.g., di-rect labor). Additionally, the batch-level vari-able is gone (in JIT, the batch is one unit).Thus, the cost equation for JIT includes fixedcosts, unit variable cost times the number ofunits sold, and unit product-level cost timesthe number of products sold (or related cost driver). JIT means that CVP analysis ap-proaches the standard analysis with fixed and unit-level costs only.EXERCISES 16–11. e2. c3. d4. b5. a16–21. f2. d3. b4. a5. g6. e7. c16–31. Units = Fixed cost/Contribution margin= $10,350/($15 – $12)= 3,4502. Sales (3,450 ⨯ $15) $51,750Variable costs (3,450 ⨯ $12) 41,400Contribution margin $ 10,350Fixed costs 10,350Operating income $ 03. Units = (Target income + Fixed cost)/Contribution margin= ($9,900 + $10,350)/($15 – $12)= $20,250/$3= 6,7501. Contribution margin per unit = $15 – $12 = $3Contribution margin ratio = $3/$15 = 0.20, or 20%2. Variable cost ratio = $60,000/$75,000 = 0.80, or 80%3. Revenue = Fixed cost/Contribution margin ratio= $10,350/0.20= $51,7504. Revenue = (Target income + Fixed cost)/Contribution margin ratio= ($9,900 + $10,350)/0.20= $101,25016–51. 0.15($15)(Units) = $15(Units) – $12(Units) – $10,350$2.25(Units) = $3(Units) – $10,350$10,350 = $0.75(Units)Units = 13,8002. Sales (13,800 ⨯ $15) $ 207,000Variable costs (13,800 ⨯ $12) 165,600Contribution margin $ 41,400Fixed costs 10,350Operating income $ 31,050$31,050 does equal 15% of $207,000, so the answer of 13,800 units is correct.1. Before-tax income = (After-tax income)/(1 – Tax rate)= $6,000/(1 – 0.40)= $10,000Units = (Target income + Fixed cost)/Contribution margin= ($10,000 + $10,350)/($15 – $12)= 6,783**The answer is 6,783.3333, and so it must be rounded to a whole unit. You may prefer that students round up the answer to 6,784, instead, since it is better to be marginally above break-even than marginally below it.2. Before-tax income = (After-tax income)/(1 – Tax rate)= $6,000/(1 – 0.50)= $12,000Units = (Target income + Fixed cost)/Contribution margin= ($12,000 + $10,350)/($15 – $12)= 7,4503. Before-tax income = (After-tax income)/(1 – Tax rate)= $6,000/(1 – 0.30)= $8,571Units = (Target income + Fixed cost)/Contribution margin= ($8,571 + $10,350)/($15 – $12)= 6,30716–71. Break-even units = Fixed costs/(Price – Variable cost)= $150,000/($2.45 – $1.65)= $150,000/$0.80= 187,5002. Units = ($150,000 + $12,600)/($2.45 – $1.65)= $162,600/$0.80= 203,2503. Unit variable cost = $1.65Unit variable manufacturing cost = $1.65 – $0.17 = $1.48The unit variable cost is used in cost-volume-profit analysis, since it includes all of the variable costs of the firm.1. Before-tax income = $25,200/(1 – 0.40) = $42,000Units = ($150,000 + $42,000)/$0.80= $192,000/$0.80= 240,0002. Before-tax income = $25,200/(1 – 0.30) = $36,000Units = ($150,000 + $36,000)/$0.80= $186,000/$0.80= 232,5003. Before-tax income = $25,200/(1 – 0.50) = $50,400Units = ($150,000 + $50,400)/$0.80= $200,400/$0.80= 250,5004. 215,000 – 187,500 = 27,500 pansor$526,750 – $459,375 = $67,375A B C D Sales $ 5,000 $ 15,600* $ 16,250* $9,000 Variable costs 4,000 11,700 9,750 5,400* Contribution margin $ 1,000 $ 3,900 $ 6,500* $3,600* Fixed costs 500* 4,000 6,100* 750 Operating income (loss) $ 500 $ (100)* $ 400 $2,850 Units sold 1,000* 1,300 125 90 Price/unit $5 $12* $130 $100* Variable cost/unit $4* $9 $78* $60* Contribution margin/unit $1* $3 $52* $40* Contribution margin ratio 20%* 25%* 40% 40%* Break-even in units 500* 1,334* 118* 19* *Designates calculated amount.Note: When the calculated break-even in units includes a fractional amount, it has been rounded up to the next whole unit.16–101. Variable cost ratio = Variable costs/Sales= $399,900/$930,000= 0.43, or 43%Contribution margin ratio = (Sales – Variable costs)/Sales= ($930,000 – $399,900)/$930,000= 0.57, or 57%2. Break-even sales revenue = $307,800/0.57 = $540,0003. Margin of safety = Sales – Break-even sales= $930,000 – $540,000 = $390,0004. Contribution margin from increased sales = ($7,500)(0.57) = $4,275Cost of advertising = $5,000No, the advertising campaign is not a good idea, because the company’s o p-erating income will decrease by $725 ($4,275 – $5,000).1. Income = Revenue – Variable cost – Fixed cost0 = 1,500P – $300(1,500) – $120,0000 = 1,500P – $450,000 – $120,000$570,000 = 1,500PP = $3802. $160,000/($3.50 – Unit variable cost) = 128,000 unitsUnit variable cost = $2.2516–121. Contribution margin per unit = $5.60 – $4.20*= $1.40*Variable costs per unit:$0.70 + $0.35 + $1.85 + $0.34 + $0.76 + $0.20 = $4.20Contribution margin ratio = $1.40/$5.60 = 0.25 = 25%2. Break-even in units = ($32,300 + $12,500)/$1.40 = 32,000 boxesBreak-even in sales = 32,000 ⨯ $5.60 = $179,200or= ($32,300 + $12,500)/0.25 = $179,2003. Sales ($5.60 ⨯ 35,000) $ 196,000Variable costs ($4.20 ⨯ 35,000) 147,000Contribution margin $ 49,000Fixed costs 44,800Operating income $ 4,2004. Margin of safety = $196,000 – $179,200 = $16,8005. Break-even in units = 44,800/($6.20 – $4.20) = 22,400 boxesNew operating income = $6.20(31,500) – $4.20(31,500) – $44,800= $195,300 – $132,300 – $44,800 = $18,200 Yes, operating income will increase by $14,000 ($18,200 – $4,200).1. Variable cost ratio = $126,000/$315,000 = 0.40Contribution margin ratio = $189,000/$315,000 = 0.602. $46,000 ⨯ 0.60 = $27,6003. Break-even revenue = $63,000/0.60 = $105,000Margin of safety = $315,000 – $105,000 = $210,0004. Revenue = ($63,000 + $90,000)/0.60= $255,0005. Before-tax income = $56,000/(1 – 0.30) = $80,000Note: Tax rate = $37,800/$126,000 = 0.30Revenue = ($63,000 + $80,000)/0.60 = $238,333Sales ............................................................................... $ 238,333 Less: Variable expenses ($238,333 ⨯ 0.40) ................. 95,333 Contribution margin ...................................................... $ 143,000 Less: Fixed expenses ................................................... 63,000 Income before income taxes ........................................ $ 80,000 Income taxes ($80,000 ⨯ 0.30) ...................................... 24,000 Net income ................................................................ $ 56,0001. Operating income = Revenue(1 – Variable cost ratio) – Fixed cost(0.20)Revenue = Revenue(1 – 0.40) – $24,000(0.20)Revenue = (0.60)Revenue – $24,000(0.40)Revenue = $24,000Revenue = $60,000Sales ............................................................................... $ 60,000Variable expenses ($60,000 ⨯ 0.40) .............................. 24,000Contribution margin ...................................................... $ 36,000Fixed expenses .............................................................. 24,000 Operating income ..................................................... $ 12,000 $12,000 = $60,000 ⨯ 20%2. If revenue of $60,000 produces a profit equal to 20 percent of sales and if theprice per unit is $10, then 6,000 units must be sold. Let X equal number of units, then:Operating income = (Price – Variable cost) – Fixed cost0.20($10)X = ($10 – $4)X – $24,000$2X = $6X – $24,000$4X = $24,000X = 6,000 buckets0.25($10)X = $6X – $24,000$2.50X = $6X – $24,000$3.50X = $24,000X = 6,857 bucketsSales (6,857 ⨯ $10) ......................................................... $68,570Variable expenses (6,857 ⨯ $4) ..................................... 27,428Contribution margin ...................................................... $41,142Fixed expenses .............................................................. 24,000 Operating income ..................................................... $17,142 $17,142* = 0.25 ⨯ $68,570 as claimed*Rounded down.Note: Some may prefer to round up to 6,858 units. If this is done, the operat-ing income will be slightly different due to rounding.16–14 Concluded3. Net income = 0.20Revenue/(1 – 0.40)= 0.3333Revenue0.3333Revenue = Revenue(1 – 0.40) – $24,0000.3333Revenue = 0.60Revenue – $24,0000.2667Revenue = $24,000Revenue = $89,98916–151. Company A: $100,000/$50,000 = 2Company B: $300,000/$50,000 = 62. Company BX = $50,000/(1 – 0.80) X = $250,000/(1 – 0.40)X = $50,000/0.20 X = $250,000/0.60X = $250,000 X = $416,667Company B must sell more than Company A to break even because it must cover $200,000 more in fixed costs (it is more highly leveraged).3. Company A: 2 ⨯ 50% = 100%Company B: 6 ⨯ 50% = 300%The percentage increase in profits for Company B is much higher than Com-pany A’s increase because Company B has a higher degree of oper ating leve-rage (i.e., it has a larger amount of fixed costs in proportion to variable costs as compared to Company A). Once fixed costs are covered, additional reve-nue must cover only variable costs, and 60 percent of Company B’s revenue above break-even is profit, whereas only 20 perce nt of Company A’s revenue above break-even is profit.1. Variable Units in PackageProduct Price* –Cost = CM ⨯Mix = CM Scientific $25 $12 $13 1 $13 Business 20 9 11 5 55 Total $68 *$500,000/20,000 = $25$2,000,000/100,000 = $20X = ($1,080,000 + $145,000)/$68X = $1,225,000/$68X = 18,015 packages18,015 scientific calculators (1 ⨯ 18,015)90,075 business calculators (5 ⨯ 18,015)2. Revenue = $1,225,000/0.544* = $2,251,838*($1,360,000/$2,500,000) = 0.5441. Sales mix is 2:1 (Twice as many videos are sold as equipment sets.)2. Variable SalesP roduct Price –Cost = CM ⨯Mix = Total CM Videos $12 $4 $8 2 $16 Equipment sets 15 6 9 1 9 Total $25 Break-even packages = $70,000/$25 = 2,800Break-even videos = 2 ⨯ 2,800 = 5,600Break-even equipment sets = 1 ⨯ 2,800 = 2,8003. Switzer CompanyIncome StatementFor Last YearSales .......................................................................................... $ 195,000Less: Variable costs ................................................................. 70,000Contribution margin ................................................................. $ 125,000Less: Fixed costs ..................................................................... 70,000 Operating income ................................................................ $ 55,000 Contribution margin ratio = $125,000/$195,000 = 0.641, or 64.1%Break-even sales revenue = $70,000/0.641 = $109,2044. Margin of safety = $195,000 – $109,204 = $85,7961. Sales mix is 2:1:4 (Twice as many videos will be sold as equipment sets, andfour times as many yoga mats will be sold as equipment sets.)2. Variable SalesP roduct Price –Cost = CM ⨯Mix = Total CM Videos $12 $ 4 $8 2 $16 Equipment sets 15 6 9 1 9 Yoga mats 18 13 5 4 20 Total $45 Break-even packages = $118,350/$45 = 2,630Break-even videos = 2 ⨯ 2,630 = 5,260Break-even equipment sets = 1 ⨯ 2,630 = 2,630Break-even yoga mats = 4 ⨯ 2,630 = 10,5203. Switzer CompanyIncome StatementFor the Coming YearSales .......................................................................................... $555,000Less: Variable costs ................................................................. 330,000Contribution margin ................................................................. $225,000Less: Fixed costs ..................................................................... 118,350 Operating income ................................................................ $106,650 Contribution margin ratio = $225,000/$555,000 = 0.4054, or 40.54%Break-even revenue = $118,350/0.4054 = $291,9344. Margin of safety = $555,000 – $291,934 = $263,0661. Contribution margin/unit = $410,000/100,000 = $4.10Contribution margin ratio = $410,000/$650,000 = 0.6308Break-even units = $295,200/$4.10 = 72,000 unitsBreak-even revenue = 72,000 ⨯ $6.50 = $468,000or= $295,200/0.6308 = $467,977**Difference due to rounding error in calculating the contribution margin ratio.2. The break-even point decreases:X = $295,200/(P – V)X = $295,200/($7.15 – $2.40)X = $295,200/$4.75X = 62,147 unitsRevenue = 62,147 ⨯ $7.15 = $444,3513. The break-even point increases:X = $295,200/($6.50 – $2.75)X = $295,200/$3.75X = 78,720 unitsRevenue = 78,720 ⨯ $6.50 = $511,68016–19 Concluded4. Predictions of increases or decreases in the break-even point can be madewithout computation for price changes or for variable cost changes. If both change, then the unit contribution margin must be known before and after to predict the effect on the break-even point. Simply giving the direction of the change for each individual component is not sufficient. For our example, the unit contribution changes from $4.10 to $4.40, so the break-even point in units will decrease.Break-even units = $295,200/($7.15 – $2.75) = 67,091Now, let’s look at the break-even point in revenues. We might expect that it, too, will decrease. However, that is not the case in this particular example.Here, the contribution margin ratio decreased from about 63 percent to just over 61.5 percent. As a result, the break-even point in revenues has gone up.B reak-even revenue = 67,091 $7.15 = $479,7015. The break-even point will increase because more units will need to be sold tocover the additional fixed expenses.Break-even units = $345,200/$4.10 = 84,195 unitsRevenue = $547,26816–201.Break-even point = 2,500 units; + line is total revenue and x line is total costs.2. a. Fixed costs increase by $5,000:Break-even point = 3,750 unitsb. Unit variable cost increases to $7:Break-even point = 3,333 unitsc. Unit selling price increases to $12:Break-even point = 1,667 unitsd. Both fixed costs and unit variable cost increase:Break-even point = 5,000 units3. Original data:-$10,000$0$10,000Break-even point = 2,500 unitsa. Fixed costs increase by $5,000:-$15,000$0$15,000Break-even point = 3,750 unitsb. Unit variable cost increases to $7:-$10,000$0$10,000Break-even point = 3,333 unitsc.-$10,000$0$10,000Break-even point = 1,667 unitsd. Both fixed costs and unit variable cost increase:-$15,000$0$15,000Break-even point = 5,000 units4. The first set of graphs is more informative since these graphs reveal howcosts change as sales volume changes.1. Unit contribution margin = $1,060,000/50,000 = $21.20Break-even units = $816,412/$21.20 = 38,510 unitsOperating income = 30,000 ⨯ $21.20 = $636,0002. CM ratio = $1,060,000/$2,500,000 = 0.424 or 42.4%Break-even point = $816,412/0.424 = $1,925,500Operating income = ($200,000 ⨯ 0.424) + $243,588 = $328,3883. Margin of safety = $2,500,000 – $1,925,500 = $574,5004. $1,060,000/$243,588 = 4.352 (operating leverage)4.352 ⨯ 20% = 0.87040.8704 ⨯ $243,588 = $212,019New operating income level = $212,019 + $243,588 = $455,6075. Let X = Units0.10($50)X = $50.00X – $28.80X – $816,412$5X = $21.20X – $816,412$16.20X = $816,412X = 50,396 units6. Before-tax income = $180,000/(1 – 0.40) = $300,000X = ($816,412 + $300,000)/$21.20 = 52,661 units1. Variable Sales PackageP roduct Price –Cost = CM ⨯Mix = CM Vases $40 $30 $10 2 $20 Figurines 70 42 28 1 28 Total $48 Break-even packages = $30,000/$48 = 625Break-even vases = 2 ⨯ 625 = 1,250Break-even figurines = 6252. The new sales mix is 3 vases to 2 figurines.Variable Sales Package P roduct Price –Cost = CM ⨯Mix = CM Vases $40 $30 $10 3 $30 Figurines 70 42 28 2 56 Total $86 Break-even packages = $35,260/$86 = 410Break-even vases = 3 ⨯ 410 = 1,230Break-even figurines = 2 ⨯ 410 = 82016–231. d2. c3. a4. d5. e6. b7. cPROBLEMS16–241. Unit contribution margin = $825,000/110,000 = $7.50Break-even point = $495,000/$7.50 = 66,000 unitsCM ratio = $7.50/$25 = 0.30Break-even point = $495,000/0.30 = $1,650,000or= $25 ⨯ 66,000 = $1,650,0002. Increased CM ($400,000 ⨯ 0.30) $ 120,000Less: Increased advertising expense 40,000Increased operating income $ 80,0003. $315,000 ⨯ 0.30 = $94,5004. Before-tax income = $360,000/(1 – 0.40) = $600,000Units = ($495,000 + $600,000)/$7.50= 146,0005. Margin of safety = $2,750,000 – $1,650,000 = $1,100,000or= 110,000 units – 66,000 units = 44,000 units6. $825,000/$330,000 = 2.5 (operating leverage)20% ⨯ 2.5 = 50% (profit increase)16–251. Sales mix:Squares: $300,000/$30 = 10,000 unitsCircles: $2,500,000/$50 = 50,000 unitsSales Total Product P –V* = P – V ⨯ Mix = CM Squares $30 $10 $20 1 $ 20 Circles 50 10 40 5 200 Package $220 *$100,000/10,000 = $10$500,000/50,000 = $10Break-even packages = $1,628,000/$220 = 7,400 packagesBreak-even squares = 7,400 ⨯ 1 = 7,400Break-even circles = 7,400 ⨯ 5 = 37,0002. Contribution margin ratio = $2,200,000/$2,800,000 = 0.78570.10Revenue = 0.7857Revenue – $1,628,0000.6857Revenue = $1,628,000Revenue = $2,374,2163. New mix:Sales Total Product P –V = P – V ⨯ Mix = CM Squares $30 $10 $20 3 $ 60 Circles 50 10 40 5 200 Package $260 Break-even packages = $1,628,000/$260 = 6,262 packagesBreak-even squares = 6,262 ⨯ 3 = 18,786Break-even circles = 6,262 ⨯ 5 = 31,310CM ratio = $260/$340* = 0.7647*(3)($30) + (5)($50) = $340 revenue per package0.10Revenue = 0.7647Revenue – $1,628,0000.6647Revenue = $1,628,000Revenue = $2,449,2254. Increase in CM for squares (15,000 ⨯ $20) $ 300,000Decrease in CM for circles (5,000 ⨯ $40) (200,000)Net increase in total contribution margin $ 100,000Less: Additional fixed expenses 45,000Increase in operating income $ 55,000Gosnell would gain $55,000 by increasing advertising for the squares. This isa good strategy.16–261. Currently:Sales (830,000 ⨯ $0.36) $ 298,800Variable expenses 224,100Contribution margin $ 74,700Fixed expenses 54,000Operating income $ 20,700New contribution margin = 1.5 ⨯ $74,700 = $112,050$112,050 – promotional spending – $54,000 = 1.5 ⨯ $20,700Promotional spending = $27,0002. Here are two ways to calculate the answer to this question:a. The per-unit contribution margin needs to be the same:Let P* represent the new price and V* the new variable cost.(P – V) = (P* – V*)$0.36 – $0.27 = P* – $0.30$0.09 = P* – $0.30P* = $0.39b. Old break-even point = $54,000/($0.36 – $0.27) = 600,000New break-even point = $54,000/(P* – $0.30) = 600,000P* = $0.39The selling price should be increased by $0.03.3. Projected contribution margin (700,000 ⨯ $0.13) $91,000Present contribution margin 74,700Increase in operating income $16,300The decision was good because operating income increased by $16,300.(New quantity ⨯ $0.13) – $54,000 = $20,700New quantity = 574,615Selling 574,615 units at the new price will maintain profit at $20,700.16–271. P –V = P – V ⨯Mix = TotalResidential $540.00a$221.64c$318.36 2 $636.72 Commercial 160.00b124.52c35.48 1 35.48 Package $672.20 a$13.50 ⨯ 10 ⨯ 4b$40 ⨯ 4c Cost per acre for four applicationsCommercialChemicals $ 70.00 $ 70.00 [$40 + (3 ⨯ $10)] Labor* 80.00 18.00Operating expenses** 55.12 20.00Supplies** 16.52 16.52Total $ 221.64 $ 124.52*10/3 ⨯ $6.00 ⨯ 4; 3/4 ⨯ $6.00 ⨯ 4**The per-acre amount ⨯ 4 applicationsX = F/(P – V)= $39,708/$672.20 = 59* packagesResidential: 2 ⨯ 59 = 118 acresCommercial: 1 ⨯ 59 = 59 acresAverage number of residential customers = 118/0.10 = 1,180*Rounded2. Hours needed to service break-even volume (in packages):Residential: 10/3 ⨯ 4 ⨯ 2 = 26.67* hoursCommercial: 3/4 ⨯ 4 ⨯ 1 = 3.00 hours29.67 hours per packageTotal hours required = 29.67 ⨯ 59 = 1,751 hoursHours per employee = 8 ⨯ 140 = 1,120Employees needed = 1,751/1,120 = 1.6 laborersOne employee is not sufficient.Volume/Employee = 1,120/29.67 = 38 packages. Thus, if volume exceeds 38 composite units (76 residential and 38 commercial), a second laborer is needed (at least part time).*RoundedNote: Adding another employee could affect the costs used in the initial anal-ysis; for example: (1) another truck might be added (increasing fixed costs and the break-even point; (2) a two-man crew might be used (increasing variable costs); (3) the new employee might work evenings/weekends (no change in either fixed or variable costs). CVP used for planning is often an iterative process—the original solution may raise problems that may call for a recal-culation, altering plans further.3. The mix is redefined to be 1.2:0.8:1.0.P roduct P –V = P – V ⨯Mix = Total CM Res.-1 $135.00 $ 77.91* $ 57.09 1.2 $ 68.51 Res.-4 540.00 221.64 318.36 0.8 254.69 Comm. 160.00 124.52 35.48 1.0 35.48 Package $ 358.68 *Variable cost for one-time residential application:Chemicals $40.00Labor 20.00Operating expenses 13.78Supplies 4.13TotalX = F/(P – V) = $39,708/$358.68 = 111 packagesResidential (one application): 1.2 ⨯ 111 = 133 acresResidential (four applications): 0.8 ⨯ 111 = 89 acresCommercial: 1 ⨯ 111 = 111 acres1. Contribution margin ratio = $487,548/$840,600 = 0.582. Revenue = $250,000/0.58 = $431,0343. Operating income = CMR ⨯ Revenue – Total fixed cost0.08R/(1 – 0.34) = 0.58R – $250,0000.1212R = 0.58R – $250,0000.4588R = $250,000R = $544,9004. $840,600 ⨯ 110% = $924,660$353,052 ⨯ 110% = 388,357$536,303CMR = $536,303/$924,660 = 0.58The contribution margin ratio remains at 0.58.5. Additional variable expense = $840,600 ⨯ 0.03 = $25,218New contribution margin = $487,548 – $25,218 = $462,330New CM ratio = $462,330/$840,600 = 0.55Break-even point = $250,000/0.55 = $454,545The effect is to increase the break-even point.6. Present contribution margin $ 487,548Projected contribution margin ($920,600 ⨯ 0.55) 506,330Increase in contribution margin/profit $ 18,782Fitzgibbons should pay the commission because profit would increase by $18,782.1. Let X be a package of three Grade I cabinets and seven Grade II cabinets.Then:0.3X($3,400) + 0.7X($1,600) = $1,600,000X = 748 packagesGrade I: 0.3 ⨯ 748 = 224 unitsGrade II: 0.7 ⨯ 748 = 524 units2. P roduct P –V = P – V ⨯Mix = Total CMGrade I $3,400 $2,686 $714 3 $2,142 Grade II 1,600 1,328 272 7 1,904 Package $4,046 Direct fixed costs—Grade I $ 95,000Direct fixed costs—Grade II 95,000Common fixed costs 35,000Total fixed costs $ 225,000$225,000/$4,046 = 56 packagesGrade I: 3 ⨯ 56 = 168; Grade II: 7 ⨯ 56 = 3923. P roduct P –V = P – V ⨯Mix = Total CMGrade I $3,400 $2,444 $956 3 $2,868 Grade II 1,600 1,208 392 7 2,744 Package $5,612 P ackage CM = 3($3,400) + 7($1,600)P ackage CM = $21,400$21,400X = $1,600,000 – $600,000X = 47 packages remaining141 Grade I (3 ⨯ 47) and 329 Grade II (7 ⨯ 47)Additional contribution margin:141($956 – $714) + 329($392 – $272) $73,602Increase in fixed costs 44,000Increase in operating income $29,602Break-even: ($225,000 + $44,000)/$5,612 = 48 packages144 Grade I (3 ⨯ 48) and 336 Grade II (7 ⨯ 48)If the new break-even point is interpreted as a revised break-even for 2004, then total fixed costs must be reduced by the contribution margin already earned (through the first five months) to obtain the units that must be sold for the last seven months. These units would then be added to those sold during the first five months:CM earned = $600,000 – (83* ⨯ $2,686) – (195* ⨯ $1,328) = $118,102*224 – 141 = 83; 524 – 329 = 195X = ($225,000 + $44,000 – $118,102)/$5,612 = 27 packagesFrom the first five months, 28 packages were sold (83/3 or 195/7). Thus, the revised break-even point is 55 packages (27 + 28)—in units, 165 of Grade I and 385 of Grade II.。
亨格瑞管理会计15版 7-10章答案
$86,800
$37,200 $49,600 $49,600
Schedule e: Operating Expense Budget
June
Salaries, wages, commissions
$28,000
Other Variable expenses
(d) Ending cash balance (beginning balance + b + c)
June $ 5,800
5,000 $ 800
July $ 5,600
5,000 $ 600
$ 75,200
(86,800) (11,000)
(44,600) $(67,200)
(66,400)
$ 67,000 -
$ 5,862 86,400 37,200
$129,462
32,100 $161,562
Accounts payable Notes payable Total current liabilities
Owners' equity: $102,200 plus net income of $6,162
Collections from customers (schedule b)
Payments for merchandise (schedule d)
Fixtures (purchased in May) Payments for operating
expenses (schedule f) (b) Net cash receipts & disbursements
June
《管理会计》（ManagementAccounting）课程教学大纲
《管理会计》（Management Accounting）课程教学大纲制定人：崔秀梅、殷俊明 审核人：杨 政第一部分 课程概述一、基本信息（一）课程代码：02110090（二）课程属性、学分、学时《管理会计》是会计学、财务管理学、审计学等专业（本科）的一门专业必修课，主要讲授管理会计的基本理论和基本方法，阐述以提高经济效益为最终目的的会计信息利用系统，是为培养学生基本理论知识和应用能力而设置的一门专业课。
它将现代化管理与会计有机融为一体，向企业管理当局提供所需的会计信息，以便其有效地经营管理企业，制定企业政策，计划和控制企业活动，评价、选择决策方案，为企业提高经济效益服务。
学分：3 学时：48（三）适用对象适用于会计学、财务管理、审计学等专业的本科生。
二、课程简介《管理会计》将现代管理与会计融为一体，作为内部报告会计，向企业管理当局提供会计信息支持，以便其有效地经营管理企业，制定企业政策，计划和控制企业活动，评价决策方案，帮助企业实现其价值。
《管理会计》课程的内容主要包括四大知识模块：第一模块为管理会计基础篇部分，主要包括管理会计概述、成本性态的分析与应用、本量关系解析、变动成本法；第二模块为预测和决策部分，主要包括分部报告和分权制、短期经营决策；第三为规划和控制部分，主要包括全面预算管理、标准成本控制、作业成本管理；第四模块为责任与评价部分，主要包括责任会计和业绩评价。
Management accounting, as accounting for internal reporting, integrates modern management and accounting, providing accounting information to managers of enterprises to facilitate their management, decision-making, enterprise activities planning and evaluation scheme, for the purpose of realizing enterprise value.This course is divided into four parts. The first part is the fundamental knowledge of management accounting, including overview of accounting management, analysis and application of cost behavior, cost-volume-profit analysis andvariable costing. The second part deals with forecasting and decision-making, mainly including the segment reporting, system of decentralization, and short-term business decision. The third part is concerned with planning and control, covering comprehensive budgeting management, control of standard cost, and activity-based costing management.The last part is about responsibility and evaluation, including the responsibility accounting and performance evaluation.三、教学目标通过本课程的教学，使学生系统掌握现代管理会计的基本理论和基本方法，掌握预测、决策、全面预算、成本控制、责任考核评价等内容的技术方法和相关知识，并能将所学知识和操作技能，在社会主义市场经济条件下和现代企业制度环境中，应用于企业经营管理活动中，提高分析和解决企业经营管理问题的能力，为走向社会，加强企业管理、提高企业经济效益等方面发挥积极作用。
《管理学(罗宾斯)》第17章 作为领导者的管理者
17- 4
图表17-1 （455页）
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter
©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
17- 12
领导权变理论
• 费德勒模型
– 有效的群体绩效取决于两种因素的恰当匹配： 一种因素是领导者的风格，另一种因素是对情 境的控制和影响程度
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
17- 5
早期的领导理论（续）
• 行为理论
– 爱荷华大学的研究（库尔特·勒温）
• 确定了3种领导风格：
– 独裁型风格：集权，参与程度低 – 民主型风格：考虑下属员工，向员工授权，提供反馈 – 放任型风格：让群体以它自认为最合适的方式制定决策和
17- 7
俄亥俄州立大学的研究结论
• 高-高型领导者通常但并不总是会实现高水 平的群体任务绩效和高水平的群体成员满 意度
• 证据显示，情境因素似乎能够显著影响领 导效力
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter
第1章管理会计
共五十五页
业绩 报告
控制日常经济活动（反馈）
控制与业绩评价会计
管 理
会 计
第二节 管理会计与相关(xiāngguān)系统的关
系
• 财务会计、管理会计、成本会计
• 计划(jìhuà)与控制系统
• 企业价值链系统
• 管理会计信息系统的关键要素
上海财经大学 会计学院
共五十五页
管
理
会
财务会计、管理会计、成本会计(chéngběnkuàijì)的关
三、管理会计(kuài jì)的职能
预测职 能
决策职 能
规划职 能
控制职 能
考核评 价职能
共五十五页
管 理
会 计
管理会计(kuài jì)的实质
预预测测 决策决策规划 控制规划 考核 控制
考核
收收集集数数据据 确确定定行行动动方方案案编制编预制算预算实际与实预际算与的预算比的较比较业绩(y业èjì)绩评评估估
共五十五页
相关网站 :
1、
英国管理会计师协会(xiéhuì)
2、
注册管理会计师
3、
中国注册会计师协会
4、
3、本-量-利分析
4 预测分析
5
短期经营 决策
6
长期经营 决策
7 预算管理
8、存货、成本控制
9、转移定价和业绩评价
5
共五十五页
管理会计(kuài jì)的内容
预测决策会计
变动成本法 本-量-利分析
预测分析 短期经营决策 长期投资决策
主要 内容
规划控制会计
预算管理 成本控制
共五十五页
责任会计
责任会计 业绩评价
整个企业或责任部门、某个责任人
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1 EXERCISES 17–1 The correct order is: D, E, B, F, C, A. 17–2 1. The two alternatives are to make the component in house or to buy it from Couples.
2. Alternatives Differential Make Buy Cost to Make Direct materials $ 5.00 — $ 5.00 Direct labor 2.38 — 2.38 Variable overhead 1.90 — 1.90 Purchase cost — $11.00 (11.00) Total relevant cost $ 9.28 $11.00 $ (1.72)
Pierre should make the component in house because it will save $9,116 ($1.72 5,300) over purchasing it from Couples. 17–3 1. Sales $ 293,000 Costs 264,000 Operating profit $ 29,000
2. Sell Process Further Difference Revenues $40,000 $73,700 $33,700 Further processing cost 0 23,900 23,900 Operating income $40,000 $49,800 $ 9,800
The company should process Delta further, because operating profit would increase by $9,800 if it were processed further. (Note: Joint costs are irrelevant to this decision, because the company will incur them whether or not Delta is processed further.) 17–13 1. ($30 2,000) + ($60 4,000) = $300,000
2. Juno Hera Contribution margin $30 $60 ÷ Pounds of material ÷ 2 ÷ 5 Contribution margin/pound $15 $12
Norton should make as much of Juno as can be sold, then make Hera. 2,000 units of Juno 2 = 4,000 pounds 16,000 pounds – 4,000 pounds = 12,000 pounds for Hera Hera production = 12,000/5 = 2,400 units
Product mix is 2,000 Juno and 2,400 Hera. Total contribution margin = (2,000 $30) + (2,400 $60) = $204,000 2
17–5 1. Let X = Number of Product A produced Let Y = Number of Product B produced
Maximize Z = $30X + $60Y (objective function) 2X + 5Y 6,000 (direct material constraint) 3X + 2Y 6,000 (direct labor constraint) X 1,000 Y 2,000 X 0 Y 0 2. Y
3,000 2,000 1,000 X 0 1,000 2,000 3,000
Solution: The corner points are the origin, the points where X = 0, Y = 0, and where two linear constraints intersect. The point of intersection of the two linear constraints is obtained by solving the two equations simultaneously.
Corner Point X-Value Y-Value Z = $30X + $60Y A 0 0 $ 0 B 1,000 0 30,000 C 1,000 800 78,000* D 0 1,200 72,000
*The values for X and Y are found by solving the simultaneous equations: X = 1,000 2X + 5Y = 6,000 2(1,000) + 5Y = 6,000 Y = 800
Z = $30(1,000) + $60(800) = $78,000 Optimal solution: X = 1,000 units and Y = 800 units 3. At the optimal level, the contribution margin is $78,000.
A B C D 3
17–6 1. COGS + Markup(COGS) = Sales $144,300 + Markup($144,300) = $206,349 Markup($144,300) = $206,349 – $144,300 Markup = $62,049/$144,300 Markup = 0.43, or 43%
2. Direct materials $ 800 Direct labor 1,600 Overhead 3,200 Total cost $ 5,600 Add: Markup 2,408 Initial bid $ 8,008
PROBLEMS 17–7 1. Costs for Two Years Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Rent $11,400 $12,000 — Partitions 2,040 1,500 — Renovation — — $15,000 Total $13,440 $13,500 $15,000
Costs for Three Years Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Rent $17,100 $18,000 — Partitions 3,060 1,500 — Renovation — — $15,000 Total $20,160 $19,500 $15,000
Yes, it matters. If the center exists for two years, then Site 1 is least expensive. If the center exists for three years, Site 3 is least expensive.
2. MEMORANDUM TO: Alice Knapp FROM: Site Consultant RE: New Location for the Center
Three sites are under serious consideration for the center’s location. Quantitatively, the sites are ranked as follows: Two Years Three Years Site 1 = $13,440 Site 3 = $15,000 Site 2 = $13,500 Site 2 = $19,500 Site 3 = $15,000 Site 1 = $20,160 Clearly, it is important for you to determine whether the Center will continue to serve the people of Newkirk for two more years or for three more years. 4
17–7 Concluded Qualitative factors are also important and are discussed for each site in turn.
Site 1: The location of this site is a good one for the center because it is centrally located and will be convenient for clients. Neighbors include an attorney, two insurance agencies, and a bail bond agency. These businesses can be expected to accept the Drug Counseling Center readily. However, the space is somewhat smaller than the other sites, and total privacy for client and counselor cannot be ensured.
Site 2: This site is convenient to caseworkers’ homes. However, it is somewhat less convenient for clients. Additionally, some stores in the mall may resent the location of a drug counseling center and fight to block your moving in. While you would no doubt eventually win any legal battles, the potential legal action would require time and money. The space provided by Site 2 is ideal for the center’s purposes. Client privacy would be ensured. Private office space exists for administrative needs.