国际贸易课后练习答案
《国际贸易实务》(钟昌标 叶劲松)课后习题参考答案第三章

第三章一、思考题1.交易磋商的方式有哪几种?在实际业务中应如何选用?交易磋商的方式可以分为口头的和书面的两类。
口头磋商主要指进出口双方面对面的谈判。
另外,进出口双方通过国际长途电话进行谈判也属于口头磋商形式。
书面磋商是指通过信函、传真、电子邮件或因特网等通讯方式来进行交易磋商。
通常口头磋商方式用于大宗的、交易条件复杂的商品的交易,以及新产品、对新客户的初次成交当中。
这是因为面对面的口头磋商便于双方充分交流和使用谈判技巧,有利于双方建立信任和发展长远的业务关系。
书面磋商方式则用于交易条件清楚明确或有普通习惯做法的商品、技术交易中。
2.处理询盘时应注意哪些问题?(1)询盘不一定要有“询盘”字样,凡含有探询交易条件或价格方面的意思表示的均可作询盘处理。
(2)询盘人在询价时除询问商品价格外,也应注意询问其他交易条件,如商品的款式、型号、数量、包装以及付款方式、交货时间、估价等。
(3)在选定了询盘的国别或地区后,要选择其中几家交易对象向他们发出询盘,而不是同时向所有的潜在交易对象发出询盘,以免暴露我方销售或购买意图。
(4)因买卖双方处于平等地位,所以询盘不必使用过分客气的词句。
同时,买卖是公司间的交易,而不是私人间交易,因此询盘应寄送给公司,而不应寄给个人,这样也可避免信件被耽搁。
(5)询盘必须简洁、清楚,用词要得体。
询盘是交易磋商的第一步,在法律上对询盘人和被询盘人均无约束力。
3.构成发盘的条件有哪些?根据《公约》,构成发盘应具备以下四个条件。
(1)发盘应向一个或一个以上特定的人提出。
(2)发盘内容必须十分确定。
(3)发盘应表明订约的意旨。
(4)发盘应传达到受盘人。
发盘只有被送达到受盘人时才生效。
4.《公约》对发盘的撤销是如何规定的?根据《公约》第16条第(1)款的规定,在合同订立以前,发盘可以撤销,如果撤销的通知于受盘人发出接受通知之前送达受盘人,也就是说,在发盘已经送达受盘人之后,即发盘已经生效之后,在受盘人发出接受通知以前的这段时间内,发盘原则上仍可以撤销,但撤销的通知必须在受盘人发出接受通知之前送达受盘人。
国际贸易实务英语课后练习答案

Unit oneI. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:protectionism domestic marketinterference direct investmentrestriction be first voiced bydominate mercantilismconsume outflow of currencycurrency portfolio investmentII. Fill in the blanks with proper English terms:1) Merchandise exports2) Service exports and imports3) Merchandise imports4) International trade5) Direct investment (FDI)6) Portfolio investmentIII. Choose a suitable word for each of the blanks in the following paragraph:trade; liberalization; facilitate; competition; increasinglyV. (P10) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese:一个国家出现贸易盈余或贸易顺差,是指该国当前进口货物和服务的价值小于出口货物和服务的价值。
在重商主义时期,这一差值通过转移黄金弥补,但是在今天是通过持有贸易赤字国家的货币或以该国货币表示的投资来弥补。
实质上,盈余国家在给予赤字国家信贷。
如果此种信贷最终不能买回足够的货物和服务,所谓的贸易顺差结果实际上可能对盈余国家不利。
I.Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms:1) 绝对优势理论 2)比较优势理论 3)国际劳动分工 4)要素禀赋理论 5)土地密集型产品 6)劳动密集型产品 7)资本密集新产品 8)获得优势 9)天然优势 10)文化要素差异II. (p18-19) Translate the following sentences into Chinese according to the patterns:1.即使所有产品都具有绝对优势的国家,因其必须放弃产出效率低的产品转而生产产出效率高的产品,也会从贸易中获益。
国际贸易实务课后答案

国际贸易实务课后习题参考答案国际贸易术语复习思考:1。
答:国际贸易术语是随着国际贸易的发展和长期的实践所形成的,用简短的概念或字母表示商品价格构成,说明交货地点和确定风险和责任、费用划分等问题的专用术语.2。
答:FOB、CFR、CIF的共同点:(1)三种价格术语交货性质相同,都是凭单交货,凭单付款象征性交货(2)三种价格术语都适用于海运和内河运输,其承运人一般只限于船公司。
(3)三种价格术语交货点均为装运港船舷。
(4)三种价格术语风险点均以在装运港越过船舷即从卖方转移至买方。
(5)三种价格术语办理出,进口清关手续相同:目的港的进口清关,费用等均由买方负责办理;装运港的装船,陆运,出口报关,办理许可证等均由卖方办理。
(6)三种价格术语成交方式相同:签订的都属于装运合同.FOB、CFR和CIF价格术语的不同点:(1)费用构成不一样,报价不一样。
FOB价格是考虑货物从原料购进、生产直到出口报关货物装到买方指定船舱同的一切费用和利润为止,而CFR是在FOB价格的基础上再加上海运费,CIF则是在FOB价格的基础上再加上海运费和保险费。
(2)运输办理不同:FOB租船订舱由买方办理;CFR、CIF租船订舱由卖方办理并支付运费。
保险费支付、办理不同:FOB、CFR保险由买方办理,卖方应于装船前通知买方;CIF保险由卖方办理并支付保险费,卖方按合同条款,保险条款办理保险并将保险单交给买方.(3)价格术语后港口性质不一样,FOB后的港口指卖方所在国的港口,而CFR与CIF后的港口指买方所在国的港口。
3。
答:应考虑以下因素:(1)运输方式与货源情况(2)运费变动因素(3)运输过程中的风险(4)办理进出口货物清关手续有无困难4。
答:DAT术语卖方负责卸;DAP术语卖方不负责卸货。
案例分析:1。
答:(1)不需要,因为采用FCA术语(货交承运人),卖方只要将货物在指定的地点交给买方指定的承运人并办理了出口清关手续,就完成了交货,即只要货交承运人风险就转移给买方,所以不用承担案中的损失。
国际贸易课后答案

第一章导论1.为什么说从地理大发现开始才形成了真正意义的“世界贸易”?思路:真正意义的“世界贸易“不仅发生在洲内,而且要求各州之间更加广泛的贸易往来。
在15世纪之前,由于技术和知识的局限,贸易主要局限于各州内以及亚欧间。
15世纪开始的地理大发现是欧洲人开辟的一系列新土地、新航道,它联系亚欧非大陆,为洲际贸易创造了便利的地理条件,从此引发了真正意义的“世界贸易”,出现了专门从事贸易的商业机构。
2.工业革命对世界贸易的主要影响是什么?工业革命后的世界贸易与以前有什么主要的区别?思路:工业革命对世界贸易的主要影响表现为(1)加大贸易需求。
工业革命提高生产率,促进生产,从而使贸易成为配置剩余产品的必要手段。
(2)为贸易提供物质便利。
工业革命促进交通和通讯的发展,加强了世界的联系。
(3)改变贸易模式。
世界从单一的农业社会转向以工业生产为主的现代经济,从而使贸易建立在各国分工的基础上。
工业革命后的世界贸易与以前有主要的区别表现为(1)贸易量迅猛增长。
(2)贸易依存度加大。
(3)改变贸易的产品结构。
3.第二次世界大战以来世界贸易迅速发展的主要原因有哪些?除了本章中列举的因素以外,你还有哪些补充?思路:二战后世界贸易迅速发展的主要原因有(1)战后和平稳定的政治环境是贸易发展的保障。
(2)第三次科技革命和信息产业革命促进生产和分工,使贸易成为必然。
(3)经济增长带来的收入增长促进了对贸易的需求。
(4)战后较为健全的国际经济秩序减少贸易摩擦,推动贸易发展。
补充:可能政府的出口鼓励、人口迅速发展、经济全球化趋势、全球投资自由化等因素大大推进世界贸易。
4.简述战后国际贸易发展的新趋势。
思路:新趋势包括(1)工业制成品的出口比重加大。
(2)服务贸易越来越普遍。
(3)发达国家间的贸易成为主流。
(4)行业内贸易发展迅速。
(5)区域性自由贸易得到加强。
5.中国的对外贸易早于西欧国家,但为什么中国对外贸易的发展速度和规模都不及西欧?思路:长期以来中国都是一个自给自足的农业经济,加上中国地大物博,资源丰富,对西方所求不多,贸易动机长期都是互通有无。
国际贸易实务课后习题答案-(1)

国际贸易实务课后习题答案-(1)第一章货物的品质和数量一、名词解释(略)二、填空题1.文字说明、样品2.规格、等级、标准、牌号3.良好平均品质、上好可销品质4.溢短装百分比、机动幅度的选择权和溢短部分的计价方法5.重量单位、容积单位、个数单位、长度单位、面积单位、体积单位6.公制、美制、英制、国际单位制7.按实际皮重、按平均皮重、按约定皮重、按习惯皮重三、选择题1.C2.C3.C4.C5.B6.B7.C四、判断题1.×2.√3.×4.×5.√6.×五、问答题1.答:主要有:按货物的主要用途命名、按货物的主要原材料命名、按货物的主要成分命名、按货物的外观造型命名、使用褒义词命名、以人物名字命名、按货物的制作工艺命名。
2.答:品名条款必须明确、具体规定货物的名称;适合货物的特点;采用外文名称时,要做到译名准确,与原名意思一致,避免含糊不清或过于空洞。
3.答:国际货物买卖的交易双方首先必须在合同中明确规定货物的名称,才能进一步确定货物的质量。
而货物的质量不仅关系到价格的高低、销售数量,而且直接关系到买卖双方的利益。
因此,品质条款是国际货物买卖合同中的重要内容。
4.答:表示货物品质的方法有多种,具体包括:文字说明和样品。
其中,文字说明的方法主要有规格、等级、标准、商标或牌号、产地等。
在使用是应该根据货物的特点、市场习惯、实际需要和交易的具体情况选用。
5.答:合同中规定数量机动幅度一般使用溢短装条款,多装或少装数量的价款在合同中作相应的规定。
6.答:国际贸易中重量的规定方法有:毛重、净重、公量、理论重量、法定重量等。
7.答:有区别。
《跟单信用证统一惯例》规定,About表明数量可有上下10%的伸缩,因此,“About 500m/t”的交货数量可在450-550m/t之间,而“500m/t 5% more or less at seller’s option”卖方最多可交525m/t,最少可交475m/t,多交或少交部分一般按合同价格计价。
国际贸易双语教程课后练习参考答案

Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏;恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价,涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出;岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人(商);经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV. Case Study.Batteries called “white elephant” exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, but in United States no one was interested in the goods. Why?[Answer]:Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. Please try to find out some cases about cultural differences in doing international business.(Open)VI. Please determine whether the following statements are TRUE or FALES. Then put T for TRUE or F for FALES in the bracket at the end of each statement.1. ( T )2. ( F )3. ( F )4. ( T )5. ( F )6. ( T )7. ( T )8. ( F )VI. Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growth. However oversimpl ified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the sellergives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代)is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘,在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
国际贸易概论课后习题答案
第一章国际贸易导论1•简述国际贸易的含义。
国际贸易是指各自独立的国家或政府之间进行的商品、服务和技术等交换活动的总和。
2.论述相对于国内贸易,国际贸易的特点。
国际贸易和国内贸易有相似之处,但相对于国内贸易,国际贸易的特点主要包括:第一,国际贸易属于开放经济的范畴.而国内贸易研究的是一国国内市场的发展。
第二,国际贸易受不同国家利益关系的制约,而国内贸易是在一个国家的内部进行,不涉及国家间利益的冲突。
第三,国际贸易受诸多因素的制约和影响,比国内贸易更难以进行。
第四,国际贸易比较复杂,涉及国际结算中的汇率问题、国际货物运输中的运费和保险问题、国际贸易规则解释不一致等多重问题的影响。
第五,国际贸易整个交易时间较长,风险较国内贸易大。
3•论述贸易差额与一国经济发展的关系。
贸易差额是衡量一国对外贸易乃至国民经济状况的重要指标。
由于进出口贸易收支是一国国际收支中最重要的组成部分,所以贸易差额的状况对一国的国际收支有重大影响。
一般来说,一国的贸易差额应该保持平衡,不要出现过大的顺差或过大的逆差。
如果一国顺差过大,或者还需时间较长,那么必然会遭到贸易伙伴国的贸易报复甚至制裁。
顺差的长期存在还会使大量的国内资源通过出口的方式流出,不利于本国资源在国内的优化配置,容易造成资源的浪费或过度使用。
—国长期的逆差对国内经济也会起到阻碍作用。
因为贸易逆差必然会减少一国的国际储备,所以在某种程度上就会降低一个国家在国际市场上的购买力,从而阻碍了某些关键设备和技术的进口,进而延缓了国内经济的发展。
4•简述贸易条件的含义及其表示方法贸易条件是指一国在对外贸易中出口商品与进口商品的交换比率。
贸易条件通常有两种表示方法。
一种是用物物交换表示,即用实物形态来表示的贸易条件,这种方法不涉及货币因素和物价水平的变动。
另一种方法是通过计算贸易商品指数的比值来表示,即出口商品价格指数和进口商品价格指数的比例。
5•简述国际贸易的分类。
第一,按照商品流向可划分为出口贸易、进口贸易、过境贸易、复出口贸易、复进口贸易。
国际贸易国际贸易单证实务与操作课后练习参考答案
国际贸易国际贸易单证实务与操作课后练习参考答案国际贸易单证实务与操作课后练习参考答案项目一认识国际商务单证基础知识训练一、单项选择题1.A2.C3.B4.B5.C二、多项选择题1.ABCD2.BCD3.ABD4.ABC5.ABCD三、判断题1.×2.√3.×4.√5.√四、案例分析题1.不能拒绝退款。
理由:(1)L/C业务是纯单据业务,单证不符不能付款,银行仅处理单据,不问货物真实情况。
(2)尽管开证申请人将货物提走,但开证行并未将单据交给开证人。
所以,议付行应向受益人追索所垫付的货款,退款给开证行。
2.我公司不能顺利结汇。
理由:(1)根据《UCP600》相关规定,只要受益人提供的单据符合信用证规定,开证行必须履行付款义务。
本案中我公司提出信用证装运期的延期要求仅得到A公司的允诺,并未由银行开出修改通知书,所以A公司同意修改是无效的。
(2)信用证上规定装运期“不晚于7月15日”,而我公司所交提单的签发日为8月10日。
与信用证规定不符,即单证不符,银行可以拒付。
五、操作题单据名称正确签发日期出口货物许可证2009年5月20日商业发票2009年5月15日装箱单2009年5月15日商业汇票2009年6月5日原产地证明2009年5月20日出口商检证书2009年5月23日出口货物保险单2009年5月29日海运提单2009年5月30日出口货物报关单2009年5月29日装船通知2009年5月30日项目二信用证操作任务一申请开立信用证第一部分基础知识训练一、单项选择题1.A2.B3.D4.B5.D二、多项选择题1.ABC2.AD3.ABCD4.BCD5.ABD三、判断题1.×2.×3.×4.√5.√四、案例分析题1.甲公司指出的不符点不成立。
因为,首先,关于第一个不符点,UCP600第3条已明确规定,信用证是独立于销售合同的独立文件,不受合同制约,即使信用证中提及其可能依据的销售合同或其他合同,银行也与该合同无关且不受其约束;其次,关于“保函不是由第一流的银行开立”这一“不符点”,UCP600第20条也对“第一流”这一类模糊用语做出规定:不应使用诸如“第一流”、“著名”、“独立”、“正式”、“有资格”、“当地”及类似词语来描述信用证项下提交的人和单据的出单人。
(完整版)国际贸易实务(周瑞琪等)_课后答案详解
国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著Chapter twoIV. Short questions1.Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?答:Seller.2.Who pays for unloading under CIF?答:Buyer.pare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?答:Similarities: a. Sel ler’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.4.What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?答:Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms s eller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.5.What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?答:Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the firstcarrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.6.What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?答:Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyer’s risk. Difference: a.CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.7.If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms withoutany doubt? What should you do?答:No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8.What are the most commonly used trade terms?答:FOB,CFR & CIF.9.Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOBcontract?答:Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.10.If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? 答:Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamb urg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader’s perspective, he is importing.V.Case Studies1. An FOB contract stipulated, "The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If thevessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay." it turned out that under the seller's repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.(1)Was the seller entitled to compensation for the warehouse rent, insurance andinterest due to the delay?(2)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on April 25, should the buyerpay for the delay?(3)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on May 1 with a better price,was he entitled to any compensation?析:a案例中提到“shipment will be effected in March 2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。
最新国际贸易课后习题答案
最新国际贸易课后习题答案第1章习题答案1. 国际贸易和国内贸易都是贸易的一种,它们的共同基础是一种套利行为,这种套利行为寻求产品或者服务之间的差价,低价买进高价卖出。
比如说A地的产品价格低于B地,B地就会向A地购买产品;否则,B地就会把产品销售到A 地;A和B可以是同一国家的企业,也可以是不同国家的企业。
2.国际贸易和国内贸易有很大的区别,导致区别的主要原因是主权国家自己的贸易政策与国际贸易行为的冲突,而世界经济中又缺乏一个统筹考虑的强有力的全球性政府来协调各方利益与矛盾。
国际贸易牵涉到的都是主权国家,每个主权国家都有自己的法律和规章制度。
在同一国家内,不同地区或者不同个体之间的贸易,都是在市场供需的原则下,按照同一国家的同一套法律和规章制度进行,任何交易都不能违背这些法律和规章制度,否则国内的法庭就要进行裁决。
但是,这些各国的贸易政策几乎都是从保护本国某些利益团体出发,实施这些贸易政策的政府几乎都不会去考虑对其他国家的影响,就使得在国际贸易中经常会发生贸易冲突和纠纷,而主权国家之间又缺乏一个共同认可的全球性的最高法院来裁决这些纠纷。
虽然有些国际组织存在,例如世界贸易组织、联合国、世界银行和国际货币组织等,并且可以对国家之间的贸易纠纷进行仲裁,但是一旦发生贸易纠纷,主权国家仍可以不受其制约,这些国际组织也没有强有力的执法机构来使主权国家就范,最后,造成了国内贸易与国际贸易之间的巨大差别。
本章中的欧盟与中国纺织品贸易纠纷的案例中,随着欧盟对中国的纺织品配额限制的降低,欧盟的纺织品企业感受到巨大的压力,对政府大举游说。
之后,欧盟开始启动对中国纺织品出口的应急保护调查,并且宣布对中国出口的部分纺织品设立限制,美国随后也在5月对部分中国纺织产品设置进口限制,中国和欧美之间有关纺织品的贸易争端开始硝烟四起。
但是,一方面是限制中国的纺织品进入,另一方面欧盟内的零售商和进口商又因缺货而怨声载道,纷纷指责欧盟政府。
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国际贸易课后练习答案 一些字母、数字和简单的字符通常印在外包装的明显部分。 4.要约是买卖双方的一方(要约人)向另一方(受要约人)提出购买或销售商品的主要交易条件,并愿意根据这些条件与另一方进行交易和订立合同的肯定表示。 5.净毛是指以毛重作为净重计算的货物总价,一般只适用于一些单位价值低的货物,如粮食、饲料等农副产品,因为包装价值与货物价值相差不大。 第二,填空 1.出票人,出票人,收款人2。汇票、支票、本票。付款交单,承兑交单 4.标记和数字、指示标志、警告标志 5.到岸价班轮条款,到岸价卸货,到岸价吊钩交货。边境禁区、总督察、防止酷刑委员会 7.用实物表达商品的质量,用解释性文字表达商品的质量 1 . B2 . a3 . C4 . C5 . C6 . B7 . b8 . B9 . b 10 . C4,选择题 1.ABD 2。ABC 3。ABC 4。ABCDE诉简短回答 1.答:兑换成本是指一美元出口一种商品需要多少人民币的总成本,即一美元兑换多少人民币。如果外汇成本高于银行公布的汇率,那么出口就是亏损,否则就是盈利。 2.答:(1)损失的构成是不同的。共同海损一般是指货物本身的损失,不包括费用的损失,而共同海损则包括货物的损失和因采取共同海损措施而产生的费用的损失。 (2)平均的原因是不同的。共同海损是由保险风险直接造成的船舶和货物的损失,而共同海损不是由保险风险直接造成的损失,而是人为减轻或减轻船舶、货物和货物的共同危险而造成的损失。 (3)不同的损失责任。单独海损的损失一般应由受害方承担,而共同海损的损失应由受益人的各方按受益的大小比例分担。 六、阅读理解题 这个案子是关于货物质量的。我们应该尽力保护我们的利益。七.操作问题 1.操作提示:所有与合同有关的争议将通过友好协商解决。如果协商失败,提交??仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的,对双方都有约束力。 2.解决方案:保险金额=到岸价格× 110% = 10,000 × 110% = 11,000(美元) 保险费=保险金额×保险费率= 11,000 × 1% = 110(美元) 46 八、案件问题 1.分析表明:不合理。为此,见《跟单信用证统一惯例》第40条。 2.分析表明,银行有权拒绝支付。信用证是一种独立和自给自足的单据。银行只凭单据进行现金操作。讨论话题分析提示:略。 47 附录1 本章后参考答案和练习提示 第一章 ■基本培训□知识问题?简短回答问题 (1)回答:(1)国际贸易比国内贸易更困难。(2)国际贸易比国内贸易更复杂。(3)国际贸易有风险。(4)国际贸易线路漫长而广泛。(5)国际贸易比国内贸易有更多的营销手段和参与者。(6)电子邮件和通信是商业交流的主要形式。 2)回答:它由有效部分、权利义务部分、索赔部分和争议解决部分组成。合同条款具体包括以下四个基本内容:(1)合同标的,主要包括货物的质量、数量和包装;(2)商品价格主要包括计量单位、单价金额、计价货币、标明交货地点的贸易术语、价格确定方法、总价等。;(3)卖方的义务主要包括交货、转让与货物有关的单据和转让货物所有权。(4)买方的义务主要包括货款和收货。 (3)回答:(1)应适用合同双方选择的国家的法律。(2)适用与合同关系最密切的国家的法律。(3)国际贸易惯例的应用。(4)当事方所在国缔结或加入的国际条约应适用。 4)回答:(1)交易前的准备。主要包括:开展国际市场调研;制定商业计划;选择市场和客户,组织和实施来源(买方或卖方);做广告等。 (2)交易谈判和合同签订。它主要是根据企业的方针政策、国际规则和经营意图,按照经营计划,运用国际市场的惯例,通过要约、反要约和承诺等程序,与外国客户进行谈判并达成协议。根据我国法律,对外贸易合同必须采用书面形式,双方履行各自的义务和解决争端必须以书面合同为基础。 (3)履行合同。买卖双方应根据合同的规定履行各自的义务。任何一方违反本合同规定,给对方造成损失的,应当依法承担赔偿对方损失的责任。 ?填空1)国际分工 2)有效部分、权利和义务部分、索赔和争议解决部分 3)国际贸易术语解释通则、跟单信用证统一惯例、托收统一规则-概念应用-案例研究 案例研究表明,中国、德国和埃及都是《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的缔约国,在国际贸易中应受其约束。该公约第42条规定,卖方交付的货物必须是第三方不能根据工业产权或其他知识产权主张任何权利或主张的货物,但如果卖方不知道或不可能知道该权利或卖方遵守了技术图纸、设计、程序或 1 卖方对因生产其他规格而产生的任何权利主张概不负责。因此,我们对此案不负责。 □实践培训问题 教学建议:您可以单独登录列出的网站,然后在列表中记录这些网站的功能和特点。□讨论主题 1)思路指导:国内贸易和国际贸易都是商品贸易活动,但国际贸易发生在国家之间。与国内贸易相比,它具有线路长、范围广、环节多的特点。本章已经解释了国际贸易的这些特点。中国加入世界贸易组织后,外贸管理体制将发生变化,越来越多的国内企业将有机会参与国际贸易。 2)思路指导:为了降低国际贸易成本,提高贸易效率,电子商务技术将越来越多地应用于国际贸易。电子数据交换早在上个世纪就已经应用于国际贸易。电子商务将成为未来国际贸易的必然手段和方法。 第二章 ■基本培训□知识问题?简短回答问题 (1)回答:(1)合同中的质量条款是合同中的重要条款之一,是货物描述的重要组成部分,也是买卖双方交接时评估货物质量的依据。(2)质量条款与货物的价格条件有关。商品的质量影响商品的使用价值和价值。它是决定商品使用效率和影响商品价格的重要因素。货物质量和价格之间有着直接的内在联系,所以这也是讨论合同价格条款的先决条件。 (2)回答:(1)商品的质量是用实物来表示的,包括通过观察商品来买卖和通过样品来买卖。(2)用书面说明标明货物质量,包括:①按规格买卖。如洛阳6号煤:干灰分16% ~ 18%;含水量低于5%;硫含量小于0.5%;干热值为6800 ~ 7500千卡/千克。(2)按等级买卖。例如,皮蛋可以根据其重量和大小分为五个等级:阙、派、特、丁和大。(3)通过标准交易。例如,由国际标准化组织制定的标准。(4)通过品牌或商标交易。(五)原产地名称。例如,“东北大米”。(6)根据说明书和图纸进行买卖。 3)答:在进出口合同的质量条款中,应明确说明货物的名称和具体质量。当通过样品买卖时,除了指定货物的名称外,合同还应指定成交样品的序列号,如有必要,还应指定交货日期和确认日期。用文字解释购销时,还应处理不同交易的具体情况,在购销合同中应明确规定商品的名称、规格、等级、标准、品牌名称和商标或原产地名称。当货物质量在图纸和规范中有所表述时,合同还应规定图纸、规范名称、份数等。同时,还将规定质量操作范围和质量公差条款。 订立合同质量条款应注意的问题是:(1)订立的质量条件应科学合理。(2)正确使用各种方法来表达质量。(3)注意质量方面的质量机动范围和质量公差 2 表面的作用。(4)质量条款应尽可能符合相关国家或相关国际组织的标准,以提高产品的出口竞争力。 4) A:质量调整范围是指特定质量指标在一定范围内可以调整的质量指标,主要适用于初级产品和某些工业成品。指定质量机动范围主要有三种类型:指定范围、限制和上下差。质量公差是指允许交付的货物的具体质量指标在一定范围内是不同的。在工业产品的生产过程中,有时不可避免地会产生某些产品质量指标的误差。 5)答:国际贸易中常用的计量系统包括公制、英制、美制和国际单位制。6)答:目前,国际货物贸易中常用的计量单位主要有重量单位、体积单位、数量单位、长度单位、面积单位和体积单位。 7)甲:进出口合同中的数量条款主要包括数量和计量单位。对于按重量出售的货物,应规定计算重量的方法。 8)答:在洽谈交易和签订合同时,一般规定数量不得增减。然而,由于货物特性、供应变化、舱容、装载技术和包装等因素的影响,很难准确确定一些货物的交易量,如谷物、矿石、化肥、糖和其他散装货物。为了使交货数量在一定范围内灵活,便于合同的履行,买卖双方通常在合同中规定溢缺条款。在规定溢缺条款时,应考虑溢缺数量、溢缺部分的决策权、定价等问题。 9)答:根据包装在流通中的不同功能,包装可分为运输包装和销售包装。运输包装的主要功能是保护商品,方便装卸、储存、运输、计数和配送。销售包装的功能是保护商品质量,方便消费者识别、购买、携带和使用,促进销售,提高商品价值。 10)答:包装标志包括标志和数字、指示标志和警告标志。指示标志和警告标志旨在提示或警告搬运人员和拆包人员的注意,以确保货物和操作人员的安全。 出口合同的包装条款主要包括包装材料、包装方法、包装规格、包装标记和包装费用负担。订立合同包装条款应注意的问题:(1)包装规定应具体明确。(2)包装要素应根据货物的特点和不同的运输方式进行选择。(3)明确与包装材料的提供和费用负担有关的事项。(4)明确包装细节和匹配比例。(5)明确运输标志的名称。(6)固定的、未经许可的和中性的包装。 ?填空1)组装运输 2)标志和数字、指示标志和警告标志 3)按规格、等级、标准、品牌或商标、原产地名称、说明和图纸销售 4)明确的品牌中性包装和无证中性包装