scientific writing-1
AcadWrit学术英语写作
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Table of Contents
Advice for modern academic writing ............................................................................................. 3 General advice for non-native writers………………………………………………………... 3 Basic Methodology I: Process writing ........................................................................................... 4 Basic Methodology II: Passive vs. active voice ........................................................................... 10 Basic Methodology III: The end-focus technique .......................................................................... 12 Article sections: overview, content, order of creation .................................................................... 16 Case reports ...............................................................
学术写作规范及伦理L3-ScientificWriting
between papers. ◼ Avoid changing your code drastically or changing
◼ Repetition is a language trap easy to fall into because English has a richness of synonyms plus almost endless varieties of syntactical structures for expressing identical thoughts.
Repetition & Redundancy
◼ You get to make a point once and only once. ◼ You can make it clearly and powerfully by your
careful choice of concise language, but you only say it once. ◼ No matter how important, how complicated, or how innovative, are not restated within the body of a research article. ◼ The only acceptable repetition occurs in a final summary or abstract.
◼ You need to give your mind a rest and chance to gain perspective
科技写作 Scientific Writng
y The Scope of Scientific Writing:
◦ Scientific papers ◦ Review papers ◦ Grant proposals ◦ Oral presentations ◦ Poster presentations
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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Approaching a Writing Project
y Doing the Writing
◦ Block out times to write Indicate on your calendar or in your personal organizer the times you have reserved for given writing projects
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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Approaching a Writing Project
y Follow the Instructions to Authors
◦ If instructions are lቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱng, underline or highlight the key points to remember
feedback, revise your writing some more
x Expert in your research specialty – technical problems
x Someone in your general field – note items that may unclear to readers
(1)Scientific paper writing
- Note making and summary writing from Literature - Methodology - Results or findings - Discussion - Conclusion - Acknowledgements - Appendix (es) 6. Application of Computer in Research
• Protect intellectual property • Researchers- accountable to the public. • Research misconduct, conflicts of interest • Build public support • Moral and social values
• Research Methods: Scientific method vs Arbitrary Method, Logical Scientific Methods: Deductive, Inductive, Deductive-Inductive, pattern of Deductive Inductive logical process, Different types of inductive logical methods.
• Sampling methods – Data Processing and Analysis strategies, Graphical representation – Descriptive Analysis, Inferential Analysis, Correlation analysis, Least square method, Data Analysis using statistical package, Hypothesis testing , Generalization and Interpretation, Modeling.
科研英语写作
科研英语写作Scientific writing is a crucial aspect of the research process, as it allows researchers to effectively communicate their findings, ideas, and methodologies to the broader scientific community. Effective scientific writing not only conveys the essential information but also engages the reader, making the work accessible and compelling. In this essay, we will explore the key elements of scientific writing in English and discuss strategies for improving one's writing skills.One of the primary objectives of scientific writing is to present research findings in a clear, concise, and organized manner. This requires a structured approach that follows a logical flow, beginning with an introduction that provides the necessary background and context, followed by a detailed description of the methodology, the presentation of results, and a thorough discussion of the implications and significance of the findings. The language used in scientific writing should be precise, objective, and free from ambiguity, ensuring that the message is conveyed accurately and without room for misinterpretation.Clarity is of utmost importance in scientific writing. Complex ideas and technical concepts must be explained in a way that is easily understood by the target audience, which may include researchers from various disciplines, policymakers, or the general public. This often requires the use of clear and concise language, the avoidance of jargon or specialized terminology, and the effective use of visual aids such as graphs, tables, and diagrams to supplement the written text.Another key aspect of scientific writing is the importance of objectivity. Researchers must strive to present their findings and interpretations in an impartial and unbiased manner, avoiding the intrusion of personal opinions or subjective judgments. This requires a careful selection of words and the avoidance of emotive language or value-laden terms. The use of the passive voice is often preferred in scientific writing, as it helps to maintain a sense of objectivity and distance from the research process.Effective scientific writing also requires a strong command of grammar, syntax, and punctuation. Proper sentence structure, the correct use of tenses, and the accurate application of punctuation rules are essential for ensuring that the written text is clear, coherent, and easily understood. Additionally, the consistent use of formatting, citation styles, and reference management tools can greatly improve the overall quality and professional appearance of a scientific paper.One of the challenges faced by many researchers, particularly those whose native language is not English, is the need to write in a language that may not be their primary means of communication. In such cases, it is crucial to seek out resources and support to improve one's English writing skills. This may involve attending writing workshops, working with a professional editor or proofreader, or engaging in regular practice through writing exercises and peer feedback.It is also important to recognize that scientific writing is not a static skill, but rather a continuous process of learning and improvement. Researchers should strive to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and best practices in scientific writing, and be willing to adapt their writing style and approach as the field evolves. This may involve reading and analyzing well-written scientific papers, seeking feedback from colleagues and mentors, and continuously refining one's own writing techniques.In conclusion, effective scientific writing in English is a fundamental skill for researchers across all disciplines. By mastering the art of clear, concise, and objective communication, researchers can effectively share their findings, contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge, and engage with a global audience. Through ongoing practice, self-reflection, and the utilization of available resources,researchers can continually improve their writing skills and become more effective communicators in the scientific community.。
Scientic writing_Introduction
More reasons for foreign writers
• Contemporary pressure to publish in English. • Very different situation from 30 years ago. • Articles in Chinese count less than in English. • Few resources provided for nonnative writers of English. • International colleagues eager to improve their written and spoken English.
More questions from STS
• Is there only one kind of science, or are there sciences for various cultures? • Is there a women’s science that differs from a men’s science? • How is scientific “knowledge” really created?
Contemporary criticism of science and the scientific method
• • • • Antiscience rebellion in academia “Science and Technology Studies” (STS) “Science studies” The role of science in society
英语科技论文写作方法与教程(南开大学)-1
What is scientific writing?
• However... • Most scientists are poorly trained as
writers.
• Scientific publications; • Scientific reports; • Thesis/dissertation; • Grant applications; • Scientific talks and presentations; • Writing in popular media (newspapers,
Course outline
• Lecture 17+18: Course summary. • Review of what we have learned; • How the course applies to your
dissertation and defense;
• Writing your Master’s dissertation; • Preparing your Master’s defense.
specific technical audience
general technical audience
non-technical audience
The message determines the medium
Why is scientific writing important?
•“Publish or Perish” •“Publish and Flourish”
•Scientific community uses publications to
科学研究方法与论文写作技巧
The IMMRD format of a original research paper
I = Introduction M&M = Material and
method R = Results D = Discussion
Function of IMMRD
Introduction: What question was studied ? (the objectives of the study)
Background information & previous work are woven together to justify the study
Introduction ends with the aim or main outcomes of the study
Listed parts of a paper (MS)
In the recent 100 years, scientific writing becomes more structured with a certain format
The IMMRD (or IMRAD) becomes commonly accepted scientific writing
Scientific writing ensures the scientific findings be learned & passed on
2. 科学论文的一般格式
The first world journals were published ca. 300 years ago
The early scientific writing was very descriptive
科技论文写作
Which are topic and stress positions?
Digestion of archetype virus should give a radiolabeled SacI fragment of 129 bp and a radiolabeled SphI fragment of 175 bp.
Charles Darwin
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Outline
• Session 1: Elements of Scientific Writing • Session 2: How to Write a Manuscript • Session 3: Publication Practices & Ethics • Session 4: Common Problem Areas • Session 5: How to Publish (Western Journal) • Sessions 6 & 7: Critiques of your writing • Session 8: Questions & Review
–We analyzed…..
18
Convert passive to active
• Look for buried verbs hidden in words that end in -ion
– A careful inspection of the esophageal mucosa is performed as the endoscope is withdrawn.
The end of the sentence (stress position) will contain the new, important information.
translate
Lecture 1讲座一：HOW AND WHEN TO WRITE怎样写和何时写Scientific writing is part of the research work.科技写作时研究工作的一部分。
Research is not completed until it is published.直到写作完成，研究才算完整。
Scientific writing demands exactly the same qualities of thought that are needed in the rest of science: logic clarity and precision.科技写作需要同样准确的想法，这些想法是剩下的科学中需要的，清晰精确的逻辑。
Apply the scientific principals to the writing应用这写主要的科学的方法来写作。
Planing, Design, Execution计划，设计，实施Logically structured逻辑结构Clearly expressed清晰的表述Precisely worded准确的用词The way you write must follow from the way you work, not vice versa.你所写的必须与你的研究相对应，而不是反之。
In your scientific work you should have在你的科学工作中你应该有An observation观察A question followed by an hypothesis假设并提出问题How are you going to test the hypothesis? (Better adapt the negative approach).你怎样验证你的假设（最好适应相反的方法）You can't PROVE it. What you want to do is find data that will support or object your working hypothesis.你不能证明它。
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Before starting to write
Proceedings paper: Often preliminary
results, usually short, sometimes speculative (not as important as a journal paper)
Conference abstract: Short summary of
Journals (better reviewing, archival results) Patents
Five steps
How to choose the right journal for your work?
Journal ranking (impact factor*)
Journal exposure to the interested community
Select the journal and Submit the manuscript
The review process and the reply (summarised
in editor’s letter) accept as is conditional acceptance- invited to resubmit a revised
Journal Impact factor: How often articles in the journal are cited on average.
impact factor (2006) = (number of cites in 2006 to articles published in 2004 & 2005) (number of articles published in 2004 & 2005)
Course for graduate students
How to write and publish a scientific research paper
Chemistry Spring 2013 Yu Wang
Office: Room 502, Chemistry Building
wangyu1168@
chemistry, chemical physics and biophysical chemistry)
Phys.Chem.Che m. Phys.
4.116
Where do we publish? Journals:
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
Full Journal title Advances in Colloid and Interface Science Abbreviated title Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. If 5.675
Talanta
Tetrahedron Tetrahedron Letters Organometallics
Talanta
Tetrahedron Tetrahedron Lett. Organometallics
3.29
3.219 2.66 4.204
Five steps
Write the manuscript
will help in choosing journal better insight into possible reviewers
make notes; write down sentences or parts of them
Before starting to write
Good writing is largely a matter of effective imitation- before starting to write, obtain copies of highly regarded scientific papers in your
results
PhD thesis: Combination of above. 1st
chapter like review paper, later chapters like journal papers (or parts of journal papers).
Before starting to write
J Chromatogra. A, 4.101, 2.777 B
J Photoch. and Photobio. A: Chemistry 2.899
Where do we publish? Journals:
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
Full Journal title Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical Abbreviated title Sensor Actuat. B: Chem. If 3.083
Abbreviated title
Langmuir
If
3.898
Macromolecules (Covering significant
advances in all fundamental aspects of polymer chemistry)
Macromolecules
4.539
Nano Letters Organic Letters Organometallics
Where do we publish? Journals:
Publisher: ACS-The American Chemical Society
Full Journal title Analytical Chemistry Biochemistry Inorganic Chemistry The journal of organic chemistry The journal of physical chemistry A, B, C Abbreviated title Anal. Chem. Biochemistry Inorg. Chem. J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A If 5.214 3.226 4.657 4.219 2.899 3.471 4.224
Check page proofs, order offprints
Start writing
before all data collected before equipment dismantled before you have moved on
For a World-class Paper Content is essential 内容是基础 Presentation is critical 表达是关键
Chemical Communications New Journal of Chemistry
(encompassing all branches of chemistry and its sub-disciplines)
Chem. Commun. 5.504 New J. Chem. 3.006
Why Publish?
Research is complete only when the results are shared with the scientific community Aim and scope of the course The purpose of this course is to help students to prepare the manuscript and to show all steps from the rough manuscript to published paper.
• Most prestigious journals have high impact factors: e.g. Nature (27), Science (22) • Engineering journals generally do not have high impact factors
(Cryogenics ~ 1)
vesteps
Deal with the reviewers’ comments
Your options:
revise: incorporate editor’s and reviewer’s
suggestions
submit manuscript to another journal appeal the decision
Nano Lett. Org. Lett. Organometallics
9.991 5.42 4.204
Where do we publish? Journals:
Publisher: RSC- Royal Society of Chemistry
Full Journal title The Analyst Abbreviated title Analyst If 3.272
Select which results to show
Often a good idea to choose the figures to be
published
Criteria: Does the figure show something new? Is
it important to understand technique or results? Read references
Journal paper: presents final original results, careful
description of technique etc., refereed
Review paper: summarizes, evaluates and synthesizes
results already published elsewhere.