科技写作 Scientific Writng
对科学的英文作文
对科学的英文作文英文：Science is a fascinating field that encompasses a wide range of disciplines, from biology to physics to chemistry. As a scientist, I am constantly amazed by the discoveries and breakthroughs that are being made every day. However, science is not just about making new discoveries it is also about understanding the world around us and how it works.One of the things I love about science is that it is a universal language. No matter where you are from or what language you speak, the laws of physics and chemistry are the same. For example, the laws of thermodynamics apply equally to a scientist in China as they do to a scientistin the United States.Another thing I appreciate about science is that it is a constantly evolving field. New technologies and techniques are being developed all the time, which meansthat our understanding of the world is constantly improving. For example, the development of the microscope allowed scientists to discover the existence of microorganisms, which was a major breakthrough in the field of biology.However, science is not without its challenges. One of the biggest challenges facing scientists today is the issue of funding. Without adequate funding, it is difficult for scientists to conduct research and make new discoveries. Additionally, there is often a lack of public understanding and support for science, which can make it difficult for scientists to communicate the importance of their work to the general public.Despite these challenges, I believe that science is an incredibly important field that has the potential toimprove the lives of people all over the world. Whether itis through developing new medical treatments or discovering new sources of energy, science has the power to make a real difference in the world.中文：科学是一个迷人的领域，涵盖了从生物学到物理学再到化学等广泛的学科。
英语科技类作文范文
英语科技类作文范文English:In the realm of technology, innovations have vastly improved our daily lives, changing the way we communicate, work, and interact with the world. The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and automation have led to more efficient and convenient ways of completing tasks. For instance, the rise of smart devices like smartphones and virtual assistants has made information accessible at our fingertips, enabling us to stay connected and informed. Moreover, technological breakthroughs in healthcare have revolutionized the medical field, from precision medicine to robotic surgeries, enhancing patient care and outcomes. In addition, the integration of technology in education has transformed traditional teaching methods, providing interactive learning experiences and personalized instruction for students. As we continue to push the boundaries of technology, the future holds endless possibilities for further innovation and progress.Translated content:在科技领域，创新大大改善了我们的日常生活，改变了我们与世界沟通、工作和互动的方式。
科学作文怎么写
科学作文怎么写英文回答：Scientific writing is a specialized form of writingthat is used to communicate scientific findings and research. It is characterized by its objectivity, clarity, and precision. Scientific writing typically follows a structured format, which includes an introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion.The introduction provides an overview of the research topic and states the hypothesis or research question. The methods section describes the experimental design and procedures used to collect the data. The results section presents the data collected in the study, typically in the form of tables and graphs. The discussion sectioninterprets the results and discusses their implications. The conclusion summarizes the main findings of the study and suggests directions for future research.Scientific writing is an important tool for communicating scientific knowledge. It allows researchersto share their findings with other scientists, policymakers, and the general public. Scientific writing can also be used to educate students and to promote public understanding of science.中文回答：科学写作是一种专门的写作形式，用于传达科学发现和研究成果。
科研英语写作
科研英语写作Scientific writing is a crucial aspect of the research process, as it allows researchers to effectively communicate their findings, ideas, and methodologies to the broader scientific community. Effective scientific writing not only conveys the essential information but also engages the reader, making the work accessible and compelling. In this essay, we will explore the key elements of scientific writing in English and discuss strategies for improving one's writing skills.One of the primary objectives of scientific writing is to present research findings in a clear, concise, and organized manner. This requires a structured approach that follows a logical flow, beginning with an introduction that provides the necessary background and context, followed by a detailed description of the methodology, the presentation of results, and a thorough discussion of the implications and significance of the findings. The language used in scientific writing should be precise, objective, and free from ambiguity, ensuring that the message is conveyed accurately and without room for misinterpretation.Clarity is of utmost importance in scientific writing. Complex ideas and technical concepts must be explained in a way that is easily understood by the target audience, which may include researchers from various disciplines, policymakers, or the general public. This often requires the use of clear and concise language, the avoidance of jargon or specialized terminology, and the effective use of visual aids such as graphs, tables, and diagrams to supplement the written text.Another key aspect of scientific writing is the importance of objectivity. Researchers must strive to present their findings and interpretations in an impartial and unbiased manner, avoiding the intrusion of personal opinions or subjective judgments. This requires a careful selection of words and the avoidance of emotive language or value-laden terms. The use of the passive voice is often preferred in scientific writing, as it helps to maintain a sense of objectivity and distance from the research process.Effective scientific writing also requires a strong command of grammar, syntax, and punctuation. Proper sentence structure, the correct use of tenses, and the accurate application of punctuation rules are essential for ensuring that the written text is clear, coherent, and easily understood. Additionally, the consistent use of formatting, citation styles, and reference management tools can greatly improve the overall quality and professional appearance of a scientific paper.One of the challenges faced by many researchers, particularly those whose native language is not English, is the need to write in a language that may not be their primary means of communication. In such cases, it is crucial to seek out resources and support to improve one's English writing skills. This may involve attending writing workshops, working with a professional editor or proofreader, or engaging in regular practice through writing exercises and peer feedback.It is also important to recognize that scientific writing is not a static skill, but rather a continuous process of learning and improvement. Researchers should strive to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and best practices in scientific writing, and be willing to adapt their writing style and approach as the field evolves. This may involve reading and analyzing well-written scientific papers, seeking feedback from colleagues and mentors, and continuously refining one's own writing techniques.In conclusion, effective scientific writing in English is a fundamental skill for researchers across all disciplines. By mastering the art of clear, concise, and objective communication, researchers can effectively share their findings, contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge, and engage with a global audience. Through ongoing practice, self-reflection, and the utilization of available resources,researchers can continually improve their writing skills and become more effective communicators in the scientific community.。
科学研究写作模板英语作文
科学研究写作模板英语作文Scientific Research Writing Template。
Introduction。
Scientific research is a systematic and organized process of inquiry that aims to discover new knowledge, solve problems, and improve understanding of the world around us. It involves a series of steps, including formulating a research question, conducting a literature review, designing and carrying out experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Scientific writing is an essential part of the research process, as it allows researchers to communicate their findings to others in a clear and concise manner. In this essay, we will discuss the key elements of scientific research writing and provide a template for writing a scientific research paper.Key Elements of Scientific Research Writing。
The title of a scientific research paper should be concise and informative, accurately reflecting the content of the paper. It should be specific and descriptive, and should not contain any abbreviations or jargon.2. Abstract。
科学作文节尾
科学作文节尾Science writing is a powerful tool that allows us to explore the wonders of the world around us. 科学写作是一个强大的工具，让我们可以探索身边世界的奇妙。
It helps us understand complex concepts, discover new ideas, and communicate information effectively. 它帮助我们理解复杂的概念，发现新的想法，并有效地传达信息。
Through scientific writing, we can share our knowledge with others, inspire curiosity, and promote critical thinking. 通过科学写作，我们可以与他人分享知识，激发好奇心，促进批判性思维。
In today's fast-paced world, the importance of science writing cannot be overstated.在当今快节奏的世界中，科学写作的重要性是不可忽视的。
When it comes to writing about science, there are a few key principles to keep in mind. 当涉及到写科学文章时，有一些关键原则需要牢记。
First and foremost, accuracy is paramount. 首要的是准确性是至关重要的。
Scientific writing should be based on sound research, reliable sources, and verifiable data. 科学写作应该基于扎实的研究、可靠的来源和可验证的数据。
scientific writing 书
scientific writing 书
《科学写作》 (Scientific Writing) 是一本为科学家和学术界人士编写的指南，旨在帮助他们提高科学写作的技巧和效果。
该书的作者是由 Jean-Luc Lebrun，他是一位科学家和作者。
这本书旨在解决科学写作中的常见难点和挑战，例如如何组织和呈现科学实验的结果、如何撰写清晰和准确的论文摘要、如何有效地使用图表和表格、如何撰写引人注目的科学演讲等。
它提供了许多实际的示例和技巧，以帮助读者清晰地传达科学信息，并与同行和读者建立良好的沟通。
《科学写作》还介绍了一些关于语言和习惯用语使用的指南，这对非母语科学家尤其有帮助。
它还强调了在写作过程中遵循逻辑和准确性的重要性，并提供了一些有关避免常见写作错误的建议。
该书是一本详细和综合的指南，适用于各个科学领域的作者，无论是初学者还是有经验的研究人员。
它提供了一些宝贵的技巧和策略，可以帮助科学家在他们的领域中更好地传达他们的研究成果，增强他们的影响力和可读性。
总而言之，《科学写作》是一本实用的指南，为科学家和学术界人士提供了提高科学写作技能的有用工具和建议。
无论是撰写论文、报告还是演讲，该书都能帮助读者更好地传达科学信息，并与其同行和读者建立更加有效的沟通。
Scientific Writing 科技论文写作 清华大学
Scientific Writing and Presentation in EnglishA. GodfreyTsinghua University, Spring Semester2008General introduction to the course:•course objectives:–to structure your article to follow a clear argument–to understand the scientific publication process–to learn how to proof-read an article–to avoid some of the most common errors in style andgrammar•practice is the only way to improve–each paper you write can be better than the previousoneScientific Writing: Lecture 1#3Course evaluation •exercises in class (a few –as time permits)–not individually evaluated•exercises outside class –not evaluated (discuss next class –review material)•evaluated written assignment–writing a short paper–proof-reading a piece of text•“Common Mistakes” –clearly marked (**)–will be marked more criticallyThis is a course in English..–discussing issues of the use of the English language in English•If you do not understand something please say so (in English…)!Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#5The course will cover several study areas •(1) English grammar –must be correct –can be very useful to help make your paper stronger •(2) Issues specific to Scientific writing –convention –style / formatting / organization of ideas•(3) Discussion of example writing–published articles –draft versions of your papers?•I will try and mix these up in each class –nobody wants to sit through 90 minutes of grammar…•and I don’t want to teach 90 minutes of grammarOutline of course content•organizing the information (before you write…)•choosing the level of detail •choosing and maintaining your main idea •common mistakes•Tsinghua Journal proof-reading•Editor for Materials Science and Technology•previous students!•use of abbreviations•making proper reference to other published research •choosing the correct style–scientific papers require the use of formal languageScientific Writing: Lecture 1#7Outline of course content (continued)•proof-reading–how to do it–when to do it•dealing with the journal Editor and referees –“Don’t Panic!!”•legal and ethical issues–copyright details•other kinds of scientific presentation–poster/conference oral presentation Outline of grammatical issues we will cover •parts of a sentence•verbs –tense (when the action took place)–voice (focus of the action)•use of definite/indefinite article (“the”/”a”)•paragraph construction and flow of text–conjunctions (linking words)•conditional properties (“if/when”)•I will keep things as simple as possible –I am a scientist –not a linguist….Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#9•Dates for the course–Mar 6th –Apr 24th (TUESDAY EVENINGS FOR 2 PERIODS, i.e. NOT on Fridays –though we may swap days for one week)–assignment (writing exercises and paper writing) to be given out Apr 17th ; to be handed in Apr 29th (?? –not yet finalized…)What is scientific writing?•Many kinds –we will consider only that which:•presents an idea/argument–includes “evidence” in support of your argument•results (new or old)•contains “technical information”–audience is limited –to a certain extent…>>archival scientific publications<< (journal articles)•Other kinds include:–manuals, technical documentation, popular scientific writing (e.g. newspaper/magazines), internal reportsScientific Writing: Lecture 1#11Why publish scientific papers?•your supervisor told you to•it is a course requirement•to improve your chances of getting a job/new position–these are all secondary reasons…•you have a good new idea/new insight/new data –the reason you should have in your mind when you prepare the paper Purpose of scientific publication•to spread information/new ideas•to allow other researchers to test (verify) your results–scientific “proof” relies on data fitting a theory•(the word proof originally had the meaning of “to test”)–contradictory data–errors in your assumptions–other unknown errors•e.g. “cold fusion”… -yet to be reproduced•“review” process only looks for obvious errorsScientific Writing: Lecture 1#13Characteristics of good scientific writing (1)“April is the cruellest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warm, covering Earth in forgetful snow, feeding A little life with dried tubers. …”T.S. Eliot “The Waste Land” (1st stanza)Beautiful writing; very concise,but what does it mean?-poetry achieves success by using ambiguity say as much as possible in the smallest number of words.Characteristics of good scientific writing (2)•brief and concise–only includes the information that is relevant to the main argument–easy to reproduce the experimental details•accurate–ambiguity is good for poetry –very bad for scientific papers•at best your argument will not be understood•at worst experimental data cannot reproduced•Three most important things for scientific writing:–Accuracy, Accuracy, Accuracy.There are several different types of archivalscientific publication•letters, rapid communications–short (few pages), rapid review, camera-ready copy •journal article–most common format–varies in length from 4 –30 (printed) pages–often more than one referee•review article–“long” –relative to normal length of articles in journal–by prior arrangement with a journal•“viewpoint set” (e.g. Scripta Materialia)–invited short papers on common themeScientific Writing: Lecture 1#15Examples in field of materials science •letters, rapid communications (RC)–Journal of Materials Letters–Applied Physics Letters–Journal of Microscopy (RC)–Materials and Metallurgical Transactions (RC)•journal articles–Acta materialia–Journal of Materials Processing Technology–Physica [A,B,C,D,E]–(most articles are of this type)•review articles–Progress in Materials Science–Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports–Acta materialiaScientific Writing: Lecture 1#17Differences not only in length •content–letter may focus more on a new result–review article (by definition) contains more background information, less new experimental data•presentation–organization of the information–formatting of the finished paper For any type of article there should be a main idea •what is the single main idea you want to tell other scientists about?•for you should be able to express this idea in a single sentence•this idea will influence the layout, content, and language of your article•start with defining your idea–make sure you know exactly why you are writing this paperScientific Writing: Lecture 1#19Think of your main idea as a “tag-line”•“tell me in less than 20 words why the paper is interesting”•think of movie (film) advertising–plot (abstract –summary of what happens)–“tag-line” –why should I pay 10$ to go and see this film?example film tag-lines•The Day After Tomorrow –“Whoever said "Tomorrow is another day"... didn't check the weather. ”•Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones –“A Jedi Shall Not Know Anger. Nor Hatred. Nor Love.”•Together (和你在一起)–“Some lessons can only be learned by heart. ”•Brazil –“It’s only a state of mind”•Three days of the Condor –“His codename is Condor. In the next 24 hours everybody he trusts will try to kill him”Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#21example scientific paper tag-lines •tensile strength is controlled by second-phase precipitation•tensile strength is a trade-off between solute and second phase strengthening•annealing treatments can be used to obtain an optimum tensile strength–focus on the annealing treatment•the tag line does not provide enough information to explain your argument. It never appears in the article. It provides a hidden backbone to the article You will see this list many times during thiscourse…•define–the problem that you wish to address•choose–the data that you will include to support your idea •organize–the data and arguments to support your idea•write the paper•Three important steps before you start writing!Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#23The basic structure of an archival scientific publication•“A whole is that which has a beginning, middle, and ending”; Aristotle on a written document •this simple pattern is useful for scientific writing •each part has a specific purpose•beginning–why the work was carried out; how you carried out the work •middle–what was the result of your work•end –looks at the overall meaning of the work There is a standard pattern for many journalarticles that follows this format•Introduction •Methods (Experimental)•Results •Discussion •Conclusions –(Acknowledgements/References/Appendices)•Abstract (Summary)–is a completely separate piece of writing that describes the content of the articleBEGINNING MIDDLE ENDformat)Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 4423–4435Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#25 Example of recently published articles (simpleformat)Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 1827–1839Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#27format)Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 4603–4610Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 3037–3051An analysis of the sections for a simple (standard)layout of an article•Introduction •Methods (Experimental Methods)•Results •Discussion •Conclusions•NOTE: always check the required journal style •this layout is not definitive (other layouts are possible)–useful to start writing articles using this layout.Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#29Section: Introduction •One purpose -to prepare readers for the “middle” of the paper (the “Results” of your work)–provides the relevant background to understanding the research•includes results of other closely related research –provides a clear indication as to what problem are you addressing, or what idea you wish to present –provides an idea of what information (sometimes explicitly) will be presented in the article•The Introduction is the most important part of the paper–and the hardest to write well Section: Introduction (cont.)•what the section shouldn’t contain–your results–results are assumed to be other people’s work. If you include them here you risk confusing the reader •**a “weak outline” of the paper–“Section 3 will present the results. In section 4 we will discuss the results then finally we will present some concluding remarks in section 5”–3: Results–4: Discussion–5: Conclusions–redundant information (not concise) –avoid!!Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#31Section: Introduction (cont.)•sometimes an outline can be useful however –“First the methods used for the measurements are explained, and their suitability for use in determining the dislocation density justified. In section 3 a model is developed that relates dislocation density to creep-rate. The experimental results of dislocation density are then used to make predictions of creep-rates in the material. Finally in section 4 some of the limitations of the model are analyzed, and the required accuracy in experimental creep-rate measurements to test the model is discussed •if you use an outline, make sure it is useful!•in general only for longer papers, and those with non-standard layout Section: Experimental (Methods)•also prepares the reader for the middle of the paper•how did you carry out the experiments?•information is put here that would distract the reader in the “Results section”–details of routine processes, standard methods, equipment suppliers•for “technique papers”–standard procedures used –outline of the new techniques you have developed (the details are your results in this case)Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#33Section: Experimental (Methods) (cont.)•The information provided should be detailed –so that another research can repeat the work –times/temperatures/sequence of events–data pre-and post-processing•The information should be specific–what equipment you used–what programs you used•a reader can verify that the techniques/equipment are suitable for the data you are about to presentSection: Results•What you observed–reported in appropriate detail and accuracy to allow somebody to verify your work•Each result is introduced and explained individually–comparison of two results can go in the Discussion section•use of Figures and Tables–Figures show many values, or trends in data –Tables give individual valuesScientific Writing: Lecture 1#35•part of the “end” of your document•how do the results reflect the issues/ideas mentioned in the “Introduction”–the ideas in the two sections must match•what is the significance of the results?•information gained by comparing different results •may also contain any or all of (amongst others) –comparison with previously published research –possible sources of error in your results –implications (usefulness) in other research areas –outstanding questions requiring further researchSection: Discussion (cont.)•looking at all the results taken together•using individual results, or groups of results to develop a general understanding or to support a particular ideaScientific Writing: Lecture 1#37•the “end” of the article –only necessary though when the Discussion is long–check on the journal style…•re-state either the main results, or the main experiments–not strictly a conclusion so make sure this is only a small part of this section•summarize an argument leading to a particular conclusion–the argument should be relevant to the “Introduction”–the data should be presented in the “Results” section The “Abstract” is a separate piece of writing •provides a summary of:–what you did –how you did it –what the main results were –what the main conclusions were•in general does not contain –detailed reasons for carrying out the work•(one sentence at most)•unnecessary experimental information•included in abstracting services –“published” separately to your paperScientific Writing: Lecture 1#39Example layout of a recently submitted paper •(Abstract)•Introduction •Experimental •Results–Macroscopic texture evolution –TEM observations of microstructural evolution •Macroscopic and crystallographic orientation of the dislocation boundaries (GNBs)•Microstructural parameters –FEG-SEM/EBSP observations –Mechanical properties •Discussion –Microstructural evolution during rolling –Comparison between TEM and EBSP investigations –Microstructure-orientation correlation –Microstructure and mechanical properties •ConclusionsThe choice of headings requires some care •Single most important heading is the TITLE –this will be read by many more people than those who read the entire paper –search engines use Keywords/Abstract –humans use the title to decide whether to look at the abstract•should be:–complete, but not overlong –indicate whether your “idea” is a new result, a new technique, a new theory, etc.•identifies what research area is•distinguishes your work from other work in the research areaScientific Writing: Lecture 1#41Some example titles (good and bad)•“Studies on the Electro-deposition of Lead on Copper”–weak title: gives general research topic, but does not distinguish the work from other research in this area•“Effects of Rhodamine-B on the Electrodeposition of Lead on Copper ”–strong title: explains the unique aspect of the research (example titles)•“Effects of Rhodamine-B and Saccharin on the Electric Double Layer During Nickel Electrodeposition on Platinum Studied by AC-Cyclic Voltammetry”–weak title: too much information –what is the main point of the article?•“Use of AC-Cyclic Voltammetry for Study of Organic Agents in the Electrodeposition of Nickel on Platinum”–strong title –now we know the technique is the aspect the author wishes to emphasizeScientific Writing: Lecture 1#43More (real) example titles (good –I hope…)•“EBSP investigation of microstructure and texture evolution during equal channel angular pressing of aluminium”–technique used to study two material properties•“Annealing behavior of aluminium deformed by equal channel angular pressing”–behaviour of a material produced by a particular process•“Subdivision of original grains during cold-rolling of IF-steel.”–“original grains” is the important aspect•“Improved edge preservation near triple junctions during orientation averaging of EBSP data”–“Improved”….•“Microstructural evolution of IF-steel during cold rolling”–multi-technique study; no previous work on this combinationSection headings and sub-headings guide the reader to the information they are interested in.•for you (the author) the section headings provide a back-bone for your idea•for the reader (who may or not believe your idea) they provide quick access to information of interest to them•sections also provide “white space” –to allow you to change subject, or to reflect on the data•section headings should therefore be –informative (what information is contained, what is the main idea of the article)–relevant to the issues mentioned in the “Introduction”–of a consistent style (similar format, logical sequence)Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#45“The Sinking of the Titanic”•Given the same information, the section headings can help to focus the main idea in presenting that information•Movie-tag “The sinking of the ship that was meant to be unsinkable”(1)The R.M.S. Titanic sideswiped an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. on April 14, 1912. Estimated to be able to stay afloat for 2 days under the worst scenario, the ship sank in less than 3 hours [Gannon, 1995]. (BACKGROUND)(2) The iceberg created a 300-foot gash in the Titanic's hull above and below the waterline. (BACKGROUND)(3) Tests on Titanic's steel showed that the steel had high sulfur content, which increases the brittleness of steel by disrupting the grain structure [Hill, 1996]. This increase in brittleness contributed to the severity of the hull's damage. (MATERIAL ERROR)(4) Captain E. J. Smith had not slowed the ship's speed that night, although the ship's wireless operators had received several ice warnings. The ship was moving at more than 22 knots. (HUMAN ERROR)(5) The sea was a "flat calm," a rarity for these waters. Under suchconditions, there was no "tell-tale phosphorescent ripple"against the iceberg [Gardiner and Van der Vat, 1995]. Lookouts in the crow's-nest on the Titanic did not spot the massiveiceberg until only 5 minutes before the collision. That night, the lookouts had misplaced their binoculars. (HUMAN ERROR)(6) Even before the iceberg was spotted, Quartermaster Hitchensat the helm had begun to turn to port. When the alarm sounded, he turned full to port. His turning caused the Titanic tosideswipe the iceberg, rather than hit it head-on. Expertsbelieve that the ship would not have sunk so quickly had it hit the iceberg head-on [Gardiner and Van der Vat, 1995].(HUMAN ERROR)(7) The lower section of the Titanic was divided into sixteen majorwatertight compartments. After the collision, six watertightcompartments began filling with water. Soon, water spilled over the tops. Scientists have concluded that the watertightcompartments contributed to the disaster by keeping the flood waters in the bow of the ship [Gannon, 1995]. If there had been no compartments, the incoming water would have spread out, and the Titanic would have likely remained afloat for another six hours. (DESIGN ERROR)(8) Flares were fired and Titanic's wireless operators sent out anSOS, but the wireless operator of the nearest ship, theCalifornia, had gone to bed at 11:30. Controversy exists onwhether the California had seen the Titanic's signal flares. If so, why had its captain, Stanley Lord, not responded? (HUMAN ERROR)(9)Titanic's steel showed high levels of oxygen, which leads to anincreased ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. For Titanic's steel, that temperature was determined to be 25 to 35 degreesC [Hill, 1996]. The water temperature that night was belowfreezing. (MATERIAL ERROR)(10) The wrought iron rivets that fastened the hull plates to theTitanic's main structure also failed because of brittle fractureduring the collision with the iceberg. Low water temperatures contributed to this failure [Garzke and others, 1994].(MATERIAL ERROR)(11) As it filled with water, the bow submerged, raising the sternout of water. When the stern reached an angle of about 45degrees, the stresses in the ship's midsection (15 tons persquare inch) caused the steel to fail and the bow to rip loose and sink [Gannon, 1995]. Contributing to this failure in themidsection was the design of Titanic's huge spiral staircase.The staircase not only weakened the midsection's structure, but served as a means for water to pass up through the ship.(DESIGN ERROR)(12) The Titanic carried lifeboats for 1,178 people, a number thatexceeded regulations of that time. However, the crew, which had never been drilled on the use of the lifeboats, wasinexperienced at filling and lowering them. The first lifeboats into the water were not even half full. In all, only 705 weresaved by the lifeboats. (HUMAN ERROR)Version 1: General scientific presentation (Tag-line: “A catastrophe caused by a combination oferrors”)(TITLE): “Causes for the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”1. Introduction (historical context)2. Research Methods (data collected from a variety of sources)3. Results3.1Human Errors Contributing to Collision With Iceberg• 3.1.1 Mistakes by Captain• 3.1.2 The ineffective use of the lifeboats• 3.1.3 Shipping Line Mistakes– 3.2 Design Errors in the Watertight Compartments– 3.3 Rapid Filling of Water Through The Spiral Staircase– 3.4 Material Flaws Contributing to Rapid Sinking• 3.4.1 Hull Steel• 3.4.2 Use of Brittle Wrought Iron• 4. Discussion– 4.1 Effects of Combined Material/Design Errors– 4.2 Human Errors Directly Contributing to Loss of Life• 5. Conclusions and RecommendationsScientific Writing: Lecture 1#51some problems with these (previous) headings •the subsection headings are neither in the same style, nor are they consistent in the level of detail. Both these errors lead to a confusion of the “idea” of the paper (“Causes for the rapid sinking…”)•the title is about the rapid sinking, so why is “loss of life” in the discussion section?. Also the ineffective use of lifeboats is not related to the rapid sinking of the vessel (it should not be in this section).•errors contributing to the collision do not affect the rapid sinking of the Titanic –you don’t need to put all your data/results into a single paper Version 1: General scientific presentation(better layout)(TITLE): “Causes for the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”1. Introduction (historical context)2. Research Methods (data collected from a variety of sources)3. Results 3.1Design Errors Contributing to Rapid Sinking3.1.1Design of Watertight Compartments3.1.2Design of Spiral Staircase 3.2Material Flaws Contributing to Rapid Sinking3.2.1Hull Steel3.2.2Hull Rivets4. Discussion 4.1 Effects of Combined Material/Design Errors5. Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix: Human Errors Directly Contributing to Loss of LifeScientific Writing: Lecture 1#53one last error to fix on the previous slide •how can you have only one sub-section?–“like cutting a cake into one piece” (Alley M.,“The Craft of Scientific Writing”, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996)•choices are either–add another subsection–remove the sub-heading Version 1: General scientific presentation(better layout)(TITLE): “Causes for the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”1. Introduction (historical context)2. Research Methods (data collected from a variety of sources)3. Results 3.1Design Errors Contributing to Rapid Sinking3.1.1Design of Watertight Compartments3.1.2Design of Spiral Staircase 3.2Material Flaws Contributing to Rapid Sinking3.2.1Hull Steel3.2.2Hull Rivets4. Discussion 4.1 Effects of Combined Material/Design Errors 4.2. Effects of Combined Design/Human Errors5. Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix: Human Errors Directly Contributing to Loss of LifeScientific Writing: Lecture 1#55We could also write a paper focussing on the metallurgical aspects of the failure•Tag-line “Inappropriate materials selection to major cause for the rapid sinking of the Titanic”•Section headings will now change to reflect the new focus of the paper: one possible metallurgy-focussed outline (TITLE): “Metallurgical Causes for the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”1. Introduction (low temperature mechanical strength; available clean steel technology)2. Methods (literature study; materials testing)3. Results 3.1 Hull Steel3.1.1 Metal Composition3.1.2 Low Temperature Tensile Strength 3.2 Hull Rivets3.2.1 Metal Composition3.2.2 Low Temperature Tensile Strength4. Discussion4.1 Materials Selection Errors 4.2 Other Errors Contributing to the Rapid Sinking 4.2.1 Human Errors 4.2.2 Design Errors5. Conclusions and RecommendationsScientific Writing: Lecture 1#57another possible metallurgy-focussed outline (“Results” are presented differently)(TITLE): “Metallurgical Causes for the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”1. Introduction (low temperature mechanical strength; available clean steel technology)2. Methods (literature study; materials testing) 3. Results 3.1 Metal Composition3.1.1 Hull Steel3.1.2 Hull Rivets 3.2 Low Temperature Tensile Strength3.2.1 Hull Steel3.2.1 Hull Rivets4. Discussion4.1 Materials Selection Errors 4.2 Other Errors Contributing to the Rapid Sinking 4.2.1 Human Errors 4.2.2 Design Errors5. Conclusions and Recommendations Example of recently published articles (simpleformat)Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 4423–4435Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#59Example of recently published articles (simple format)Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 1827–1839Section Headings (summary)•even using a “standard layout”, the sub-section headings still should be chosen carefully•choose the headings to reflect your “main idea” (your “tag-line”•maintain the same style so that readers can follow the structure of the paper•avoid isolated headings (the “one-cut cake”)•choose the headings before you write the text!–to avoid the isolated heading problem sometime requires a large change to the structure of the paperScientific Writing: Lecture 1#61I told you this list would appear many times during this course…•define –the problem that you wish to address•choose –the data that you will include to support your idea•organize–the data and arguments to support your idea •write the paper•Once you have a good set of headings, structure of the paper is taken care of –we will come back to this topic later when we discuss “Steps in writing a paper”.for next class…•(1) write an outline for a version to send to “International Journal of Ship Design and Maritime Engineering”–TITLE:“Ship Design Errors Leading Directly to the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”•(2) look at the organization (headings) of some papers in your research area. Are they well organized??Scientific Writing and Presentation in English Lecture 2a: Verbs for Scientific Writing (I)A. GodfreyTsinghua University, Spring 2008•lights, music, ACTION。
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y The Scope of Scientific Writing:
◦ Scientific papers ◦ Review papers ◦ Grant proposals ◦ Oral presentations ◦ Poster presentations
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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Approaching a Writing Project
y Doing the Writing
◦ Block out times to write Indicate on your calendar or in your personal organizer the times you have reserved for given writing projects
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Approaching a Writing Project
y Follow the Instructions to Authors
◦ If instructions are lቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱng, underline or highlight the key points to remember
feedback, revise your writing some more
x Expert in your research specialty – technical problems
x Someone in your general field – note items that may unclear to readers
x Is designed to summarize, analyze, evaluate, or synthesize information that has already been published.
x Can come new syntheses, new ideas and theories, and even new paradigms.
“The best English is that which gives the sense in the fewest short words”
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Zhengzhou University
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Scientific Writing
y Is all the information accurate?
y Is what you say consistent throughout?
y Is everything logically organized?
y Is everything clearly worded?
y Have you stated your points briefly, simply, and directly? In other words, is everything concise?
◦ Set deadlines ◦ Once you have established momentum,
beware of dissipating it by interrupting your writing to search for small details
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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Approaching a Writing Project
y How are they structured? y How long do the various sections tend to be? y What types of subheadings tend to be included? y How many figures and tables, and what types thereof,
x If possible, a professional scientific editor
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What is a Scientific Paper?
y Organization of a Scientific Paper The most common labeling of the component parts, in the basic sciences: Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussions --- IMRAD
y Effective organization is a key to communicating clearly and efficiently in science.
◦ Follow the standard format ◦ Organize ideas logically within that format
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Approaching a Writing Project
y Preparing to Write Good writing is largely a matter of effective imitation
◦ Obtain copies of highly regarded scientific papers in your research area, including papers in the journal to which you plan to submit your current work. Notice how these papers are written.
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Part I Some Preliminaries
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What is Scientific Writing?
y Clarity : the key characteristic of scientific writing
◦ Scientific writing should be as clear and simple as possible.
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What is Scientific Writing?
y State your facts as simply as possible, even boldly. No one wants flowers of eloquence or literary ornaments in a research article. ---R. B. McKerrow
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What is a Scientific Paper?
y Other Definitions:
◦ Review paper
x May review almost anything, most typically the recent work in a defined subject area or the work of a particular individual or group.
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What is a Scientific Paper?
Scientific paper a written an published report describing original research results
y Are grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word use correct throughout?
y Are all figures and tables well designed?
y Does the manuscript comply with the instructions?
Not only will recording your ideas keep them from escaping your memory; having such ideas readily available to draw on can get your writing off to a running start.
◦ Stack copies of published papers in the order in which you plan to cite them
◦ Make outlines ◦ List points you wish to make in a given
section, and sort and resort them until you are pleased with the order.
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Approaching a Writing Project
y While you are gathering scientific content, ideas for your paper may occur to you.
◦ List, on colored papers so you can easily find them, those points most relevant to the paper you will write