UL testing method
UL关于测试设备校准要求 -告客户通知书

尊敬的女士/先生:从2009年1月1日开始, Underwriters Laboratories®(UL )要求涉及UL认证的测试设备的校准必须由被鉴定为合格的校准实验室完成 , 以确保实验量测结果的可追溯性. 可被接受的校准实验室是被ILAC(International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation, 国际实验室认证联盟), APLAC( Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation , 亚太实验室认证联盟) 或者EAC (European Accreditation Cooperation,欧洲实验室认证联盟) 的成员单位(比如CNAS(中国合格评定国家认可委员会)) 鉴定为合格的实验室.此要求适用于用来测试数据或者工艺流程控制等所有涉及UL认证的测试设备.此要求适用于UL的内部实验室,参与UL DAP ( Data Acceptance Program )计划的客户/第三方实验室及上述涉及工艺流程控制的工厂生产线.可能对您产生的影响UL工程师在进行现场目击测试 (包括结构检查, 选取封装样品) 之前, 会先确认要访问的实验室设备的溯源证明是否满足这一要求, 如果该实验室设备的溯源证明不能满足这一规定, UL工程师会推迟目击测试时间直至该实验室满足这一要求.为了让您便于了解这一新的要求, 我们提供了中英文两种校准证书的范本供参考. 见附件<<关于校准证书的要求和中英文范例>>.您可以通过以下路径了解UL对于测试设备校准的最新要求:/global/eng/pages/offerings/services/programs/dap/tools/每一份校准证书应按照ISO/IEC17025 的要求至少包括如下信息,除非校准实验室有正当的理由.1. A valid accreditation body endorsement for the calibrations performed (refer to example list of accreditation endorsements below).(实验室被授权的有效的证明(如CNAS 的Logo 和实验室编号)2. A title (e.g. “Calibration Certificate”)(标题 (例如校准证书))3. The name and address of the laboratory, and the location where the calibrations were carried out, if different from the address of the laboratory; (校准实验室的名称和地址, 进行校准的地点 (如果与实验室的地址不同).)4. Unique identification of the calibration certificate (such as the serial number). Each page of supporting data requires an identification to ensure that the page is recognized as a part of the calibration certificate package. A clearly identified end of the calibration certificate package must be labeled;(校准证书的唯一性标识 (如序列号) 和每一页上的标识, 以确保能够识别该页是属于校准证书的一部分, 以及表明校准证书结束的清晰标识.)5. The name and address of the customer;(客户的名称和地址, 一般是DAP 实验室的名称和地址.)6. Identification of the method used;(所用方法的识别.)7. A description of the condition of and unambiguous identification of the item(s) tested or calibrated;(校准物品的描述、状态和明确的标识 (一般为设备的制造商, 型号, 序列号等信息).)8. The date of receipt of the calibration item(s) if this is critical to the validity and application of the results and the date(s) of performance of the calibration; (对结果的有效性和应用至关重要的校准物品的接收日期和进行校准的日期.)9. Reference to the sampling plan and procedures used by the laboratory or other bodies if these are relevant to the validity or application of the results;(如与结果的有效性或应用相关时, 实验室或其他机构所用的抽样计划和程序的说明.)10. The calibration results with the units of measurement, where appropriate;(校准的结果, 适用时, 带有测量单位.)11. The name(s), functions(s) and signature(s) or equivalent identification of person(s) authorizing the calibration certificate;(校准证书批准人的姓名、职务、签字或等效的标识.)12. Where relevant, a statement to the effect that the results relate only to the items calibrated;(相关时, 结果仅与被校准物品有关的声明)13. The conditions (e.g. environmental) under which the calibrations were made that have an influence on the measurement results;(校准活动中对测量结果有影响的条件 (例如环境条件).)14. The uncertainty of measurement and/or a statement of compliance with an identified metrological specification or clauses;(测量不确定度和/或符合确定的计量规范或条款的声明.)15. Evidence that the measurements are traceable (to national standards) (测量可溯源的证据.)以下是一些常见的问题的回答如何知道哪些是校准实验室是ILAC(国际实验室认证联盟), APLAC( 亚太实验室认证联盟) 或者EAC (欧洲实验室认证联盟) 的成员单位?在这三个实验室认证联盟的官方网站上, 提供了成员单位名单:ILAC(国际实验室认证联盟) /home.htmlAPLAC( 亚太实验室认证联盟) /members/fullmembers.htmEAC (欧洲实验室认证联盟) /content/mla/scopes.htm 在国内, CNAS(中国合格评定国家认可委员会)是ILAC和APLAC的成员单位.如何才能找到被 CNAS(中国合格评定国家认可委员会)鉴定为合格的校准实验室?可以登陆CNAS的官方网站: /然后按照以下顺序查找首页→获准认可机构→检测和校准实验室或直接访问http://219.238.178.49/Acc_Search2.asp?Class=L是否只要该校准实验室被 CNAS(中国合格评定国家认可委员会)鉴定为合格, 就满足UL的要求?不. 除了确认该校准实验室是被CNAS(中国合格评定国家认可委员会)鉴定为合格的实验室外, 还需要查看该机构的认可范围, 确认您需要校准的设备是在该机构的认可校准范围之内.如何才能查看被 CNAS鉴定为合格的校准实验室的认可范围?登陆CNAS的官方网站: /然后按照以下顺序查找:首页→获准认可机构→检测和校准实验室, 点击校准实验室的名称, 在弹出的窗口中, 有该机构的联系信息和认可范围.我们的测试设备有国家权威机构签发的检定证书,可以用来代替校准证书吗?不可以。
UL 1642 测试方法总结

1.版本信息UL1642:a) Fourth Edition, Dated September 19, 2005;b) Fifth Edition, Dated Mar.13,2012, 最新版本是第5版2. UL1642使用范围:一次或二次锂电池。
包括:a) 金属锂,或者锂合金,或者锂离子;b) 单电芯,或者多电芯串并联,或者二者的结合。
3.电池更换方式:a) Technician-replaceable batteries:Crush, Impact, Projectile可不过,UL会注明。
b) User-replaceable batteries:Crush, Impact, Projectile必须过,特别是申请UL2054的PACK里面用到的电芯,Projectile要求必须通过。
4.Precondition: charge-discharge cyclinga) 针对new model;b) 环境温度:25°C;c) 循环方法:充电 –> 放电 –>充电…… 以此不停循环;d) 循环次数或时间:25%的寿命,最长90天。
Secondary cells are to be conditioned at 25°C (77°F). Cells are continuously cycled as per the manufacturer’s specifications. The specification shall be such that the full rated capacity of the cell is utilized and the number of cycles accumulated shall be at least equal to 25 percent of the advertised cycle life of the cell or cycled continuously for 90 days, whichever is shorter. Cycling is to be done either individually or in groups. Cells are to be recharged prior to testing as indicated in Table 6.2 and Table 6.4.5.专业术语a) Preconditioning is conducted on new model cells belonging to a group whosechemistries/constructions have not already been subjected to preconditioning.6.测试项以及样品:Test Programs for Cell (Base on UL1642 Ed.5)New Models ALT ModelsFresh Cycled V1/V2/V4 V3 V10Test Programs NotesElectrical Tests5 5 Clause 10: Short-Circuit at room temp.5 5 5 Clause 10: Short-Circuit at 55°C (131°F)5 5 5 5 Clause 11: Abnormal ChargeClause 12: Forced-Discharge TestMechanical Tests5/10 5/10 5/10 5/10Clause 13: Crush 5 samples for cylindrical or polymer cell5/10 5/10 5/10 5/10Clause 14: Impact 5 samples for cylindrical or polymer cell5 5 Clause 15: Shock5 5 Clause 16: VibrationFire Exposure Tests5/10 5/10 5/10 5/10 Clause 20: Projectile Another set(5 pcs) can be tested if the first set(5 pcs) failedEnvironmental Tests10 10 10 10 Clause 17: Heating5 5 Clause 18: Temperature Cycling5 5 Clause 19: Low Pressure (Altitude Simulation) Additional Samples70 70 45 10 30 Number of samples7. Clause 10:SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: (AT ROOM TEMPERATURE)---------------5只充满电的样品a) 测试样品:5只充满电的样品;b) 测试方法:z室温20 ± 5ºC;测试前电池温度同室温20 ± 5ºC达到平衡。
UL 817检验的具体项目和标准

UL817 工厂检验现场代表目击测试指引目录导线连接可靠性测试 (1)端子牢固性测试 (3)绝缘皮牢固性测试 (5)防拉力传入测试 (7)散丝与断丝目检 (10)软线连接器触片下陷深度检测 (11)插孔深度测量 (13)绝缘耐压测试 (15)极性与导通测试 (17)绝缘电阻测试 (19)突拉测试 (21)外被保持测试 (24)高温吊端子测试 (26)摇摆测试 (28)附录 (30)导线连接可靠性测试(Conductor Secureness Test)依据标准:UL817 (81.1,81.2)测试对象:插头的端子(blade,pin)或软线连接器的接触片(female contact)与电线连接好后,模塑或装配到插头或连接器之前。
样品数量:Normal:13 条Tightened:20 条Reduced:5 条测试方法:在电线与端子之间施加一个力(电线大于或等于18AWG时为20磅(89牛),电线小于18AWG时为8磅(36牛)),保持1分钟。
注意:该力可以由砝码(dead weights)或拉力测试仪(tensile testing machine)提供,但如果使用拉伸测试仪器,拉伸时速度不可超过1inch/min,拉力测试仪精度为0.1磅(0.4牛),准确度应在读数值的±2%之内。
砝码与拉伸测试仪器均需要校验。
判定:连接处无断裂为合格。
端子牢固性测试(Security of blades or pin)依据标准:UL817(82.1 – 82.3)测试对象:插头/转换插头,装配好后。
样品数量:Normal:13 条Tightened:20 条Reduced:5 条测试方法:对于模塑后的插头/转换插头,在每个端子与插头本体之间可施加20磅(89牛)的力,保持2分钟;对于在现场装配的平行端子的插头/转换插头,除了每个端子单独测试外,两个端子还应同时做上述测试。
判定:移开砝码后,端子位移不超过3/32英寸(2.4mm)为合格。
ul测试标准

ul测试标准首先,ul测试标准需要对用户界面进行全面的测试。
这包括对界面的布局、颜色、字体、图标等进行测试,以确保界面的美观和易用性。
在测试过程中,需要检查界面的各个元素是否符合设计要求,是否能够吸引用户的注意力,以及是否能够提供良好的用户体验。
其次,ul测试标准还需要对用户操作流程进行测试。
这包括对用户在软件中的各种操作进行测试,以确保用户能够顺利完成各项操作,并且能够得到及时的反馈。
在测试过程中,需要模拟用户的各种操作场景,包括正常操作、异常操作、以及边界情况下的操作,以确保软件能够正确地响应用户的操作。
另外,ul测试标准还需要对用户体验进行全面的测试。
这包括对用户在软件中的各种交互过程进行测试,以确保用户能够得到良好的交互体验。
在测试过程中,需要检查软件的响应速度、动画效果、以及各种交互元素的设计是否合理,以确保用户能够得到流畅的交互体验。
在进行ul测试时,需要注意以下几点:1. 确保测试用例的全面性和准确性。
测试用例需要覆盖软件的各个功能模块和用户操作流程,以确保测试的全面性和准确性。
2. 注意测试环境的搭建。
在进行ul测试时,需要搭建符合实际使用环境的测试环境,以确保测试结果的可靠性和准确性。
3. 关注用户反馈。
在进行ul测试时,需要关注用户的反馈意见,以及用户在使用软件时的体验和感受,以便及时调整和优化软件。
4. 注意测试结果的记录和分析。
在进行ul测试时,需要及时记录测试结果,并对测试结果进行分析和总结,以便及时发现和解决问题。
总之,ul测试标准是确保软件质量和用户体验的重要手段,通过对用户界面和用户体验进行全面的测试,可以确保软件具有良好的用户界面和用户体验。
在进行ul测试时,需要注意测试用例的全面性和准确性,测试环境的搭建,用户反馈的关注,以及测试结果的记录和分析,以确保测试的全面性和准确性。
UL安规简介.

UL的檢驗標準及歸類CCN NO.
• NTC + PTC + PPTC THERMISTOR : UL1434
(STANDARD)
CCN NO.XGPU2
• VARISTOR : UL1414 & UL1449 (STANDARD)
CCN NO.FOWX2 & XUHT2
• GAS TUBE : UL497B & UL1449 (STANDARD)
• Northbrook : 為 headquarter 基本上可申請各類 UL
• Santa Clara : 為 UL 的 branch 有些種類無法申請 如 GAS TUBE無法認證
• Taipei ︰為 UL 的 branch有些種類無法申請, 如VARISTOR FOWX2 (UL 1414), 無法認證。但某些急件可配合趕認證, 如VARISTOR XUHT2 (UL 1449)。
• 其他如Melville , Camas,UL美華等也都可以提出 申請
THINKING GROUP目前UL安規的狀態
FILE NO CCN NO. STANDARD
PRODUCTS
E138827
E198385 (M/L) E173642
E186499 E245070 E229991
XGPU2
XGPU2 XUHT2
CSA的檢驗標準及CLASS NO.
PRODUCTS STANDARD CLASS
NTC
C22.2 NO.1
THERMISTORS
PTC
C22.2 NO.1
THERMISTORS
VARISTORS C22.2 NO.1
9073 31 9073 32 2221 01
UL-检验的具体项目和标准

UL817 工厂检验现场代表目击测试指引目录导线连接可靠性测试 (1)端子结实性测试 (3)绝缘皮结实性测试 (5)防拉力传入测试 (7)散丝与断丝目检 (10)软线连接器触片下陷深度检测 (11)插孔深度测量 (13)绝缘耐压测试 (15)极性与导通测试 (17)绝缘电阻测试 (19)突拉测试 (21)外被保持测试 (24)高温吊端子测试 (26)摇摆测试 (28)附录 (30)导线连接可靠性测试〔Conductor Secureness Test〕依据标准:,81.2)测试对象:插头的端子〔blade,pin〕或软线连接器的接触片〔female contact〕与电线连接好后,模塑或装配到插头或连接器之前。
样品数量:Normal:13 条Tightened:20 条Reduced:5 条测试方法:在电线与端子之间施加一个力〔电线大于或等于18AWG时为20磅〔89牛〕,电线小于18AWG时为8磅〔36牛〕〕,保持1分钟。
注意:该力可以由砝码〔dead weights〕或拉力测试仪〔tensile testing machine〕提供,但如果使用拉伸测试仪器,拉伸时速度不可超过1inch/min,拉力测试仪精度为磅牛),准确度应在读数值的±2%之内。
砝码与拉伸测试仪器均需要校验。
判定:连接处无断裂为合格。
端子结实性测试〔Security of blades or pin〕依据标准:UL817〔〕测试对象:插头/转换插头,装配好后。
样品数量:Normal:13 条Tightened:20 条Reduced:5 条测试方法:对于模塑后的插头/转换插头,在每个端子与插头本体之间可施加20磅〔89牛〕的力,保持2分钟;对于在现场装配的平行端子的插头/转换插头,除了每个端子单独测试外,两个端子还应同时做上述测试。
判定:移开砝码后,端子位移不超过3/32英寸(2.4mm)为合格。
绝缘皮结实性测试〔Security of Insulation Test〕依据标准:UL817〔〕测试对象:软线为平行线且名义绝缘厚度小于英寸(1.52mm)的插头/转接插头。
ul认证是什么(WhatisULcertification)
ul认证是什么(What is UL certification)What is UL certification?UL is the abbreviation of "Underwriter Laboratories Inc." in English insurance institution. The UL Security Institute is the most authoritative and civil institution in the United States that is engaged in safety testing and identification. It is an independent, non-profit, professional organization for public safety testing. It uses scientific test method to determine various materials, devices, products, equipment, construction etc. there is no harm and the extent of the damage to life and property; determine, write, issue the corresponding standards and help to reduce and prevent the loss of life and property caused by the data, and carry out the truth research business. In short, it is mainly engaged in product safety certification and management of safety certification business, its ultimate goal is to get the market with a security level of commodities, guaranteed to contribute to people's health and property safety. As far as product safety certification is concerned, as an effective means to eliminate the technical barriers to international trade, UL also plays an active role in promoting the development of international trade.UL was founded in 1894, and in the initial stage, the UL maintained its funding operations in the fire insurance department until UL was fully independent in 1916. After nearly a hundred years of development, UL has become a world-renowned certification body, which has a full set of strict organizational management system, standard development and product certification procedures. UL is managed by a Council of security experts, government officials, consumers,education, utilities, insurance and standards departments. The day-to-day work is handled by the president and vice president. Currently, UL has five laboratories in the United States, headquartered in Northbrook, north of Chicago, while setting up corresponding laboratories in Taiwan and Hongkong.UL signs and usesThe UL column name, classification, and approval mark used in the product or in relation to the product are the only methods specified by UL to distinguish between the products produced under the UL tracking inspection service. A company's name appears in the UL catalogue, does not mean that the company's products are UL listed, classification or recognition, only those who can be tagged with UL products that are produced in the UL follow up service products of the.According to the different types of UL service, UL markers can be divided into three in the class, are column names, classification and marking, the mark is the most important part of the UL pattern symbols, these symbols are registered trademarks of UL. The three symbols are used in three different service products, and can not be mixed, otherwise they can be regarded as fake products. Since classification marks are rare in our country, only two names of column names and recognition are introduced below. UL services are based not only on the US UL standards, but also on the Canadian Standards (C-UL). Thus, UL tags are also used for UL products and C-UL products, and both of them satisfy three kinds,Note: before January 2008, you can add both UL and C-UL tagsto products that are listed and recognized for both UL and C-UL, but by 2008 you must use the third column of the previous table.The inspection details indicate which type of mark you are permitted to use, and the sign that should be attached to the product.This sign shall be used only when the manufacturer meets the requirements of the inspection rules and the term "inspection and inspection service agreement". (second) unless you are permitted by the inspection rules, the UL mark cannot be used in any way in the product or packaging. (paragraph third).If your product is under a UL service, and meet the requirements of the UL, UL allows you to reference the UL logo and the name of the U in your promotion or advertising, but can not cause this reference to guide the public produced false impression.A simple quote is "Listed By UL" products or "Recognized By UL", or UL sign pattern is appropriate, as the service category; you are using the product mark phrases shall be stated and comply with the "rules for the inspection.". When your product belongs to the classification service of UL, in your advertisement, the reference words of UL must be quoted in the full text of the product classification sign, as stated in the inspection rules. Since UL may ask you to change the inappropriate place in your advertisement or promotional advertisement, you'd better contact your UL inspection representative in advance to inform him of the way you intend to quote the UL logo or name. This avoids misunderstandings and avoids the waste of advertising and promotional advertising that UL considers inappropriate in advertising. (paragraph fourth).UL ServiceThe types of UL certification and testing services can be classified into column name, accreditation and classification.1) name (LISTED): Generally speaking, the column name applies only to complete product and qualified personnel to replace or install various devices in the field, a variety of products belonging to the UL listing service include: all kinds of household appliances, medical equipment, electrical products, computer and business equipment in the building function, such as power distribution system, fuse, wires, switches and other electrical components etc.. Products that are listed by UL are usually marked with UL column names on each product. Use of column names.2) approval (Recognized): an accredited service is a project in the UL service whose identified products can only be used as components and raw materials on UL, column names, grades, or other approved products. The approved product is structurally incomplete or has limited use in order to achieve desired safety performance. In most cases, the tracking service of an approved product belongs to the R class. Recognized products belonging to the L class include electronic wire (AVLV2), processing wire (ZKLU2), wire harness (ZPFW2), aluminum wire (DVVR2), and metal flexible tube (DXUZ2). Approval products are subject to approval marks.3) classification (Classification): classification service only to evaluate the specific hazards of products, or otherstandard except for the implementation of UL standard (including the internationally recognized standards, such as IEC and ISO etc.) to evaluate the products. In general, most classification products are not consumer products, but industrial or commercial use of the product. The grading mark in the UL mark indicates that the product has certain restrictions and limits when it is identified by the UL. A chemical such as an industrial solvent,Assess the range of fires that may occur when the ignition temperature is reached. Some of the product classification service and listing service, but generally only on a certain product or certain aspects of evaluation, such as in the United States, medical X ray diagnosis instrument of this kind of equipment to comply with the national laws of the United States and the radiation emission and beam accuracy requirements, but because UL only the X ray as product classification so these aspects of its mechanical properties, electrical properties and other non radiative properties.4) multiple listing, recognition or classification of multiple multiple services: when a UL applicant in the name recognition or classification service, its products to another company in the name of production to meet the needs of sales, can apply for multiple listing, recognition of multiple or multiple classification services, in this case, get another company, name recognition or classification of manufacturers are allowed to use the product list in the name, but the product of the company name, product code or other features of UL company that can be accepted, must be with the original listing, recognition or classification of production line.5) "AL" column names, recognition or classification service: if the applicant UL didn't want to get a listing, recognition or classification service with the name of his company, he can apply for another firm (usually a retailer or wholesaler) in the name of the application name, recognition or classification, which is called "AL" column names, recognition or classification service. Its distinction from multiple column names, multiple recognition, or multiple grading services is that the applicant is not a column name.6) system certification service: as a member of the International Accreditation Committee, UL is widely involved in the ISO9000 quality system certification, ISO14000 environmental protection certification, QS9000 automotive industry quality system certification and AS9000 aircraft industry quality system certification services. So far, a total of 116 factories in China have obtained UL system certification, of which 21 are ISO9001 certification, 85 for ISO9002 certification, 1 for ISO14001 certification, 9 for QS9000 certification.7) other services of UL: such as certification service, inspection service, fact judgment service, investigation service, etc.. Don't make any introduction here.UL testingOnce UL gets all the data you can provide, UL can decide which department to test the product. UL's engineering department:. Make test plan,. Provide estimates of test costs,. Approximate test end time. Send application formAt this point, if you have any time limit, you should notify the UL so that it will be considered while arranging the test time. Once you return the application and provide the corresponding prepayment, and the UL engineer received the corresponding test samples, the UL engineer can begin to really test your product.Once the product test is over, your project engineer will notify you whether your product meets the requirements of UL. For products that meet the requirements of the UL, the project engineer will prepare a formal report based on the test data. Test data will also be used to track service and serve as a basis for tracking service details.The tracking service specification is a document that describes in detail the structure of the product that meets the requirements of the UL through the UL test. The site representative of the UL will use this document as a guide to implement periodic UL product inspections at the plant.Before the UL engineer sends the test report to you, you must agree to take part in the UL's tracking service plan. You must sign and return the tracking inspection report to indicate yourparticipation in the project. Usually, this document will be sent several days after the application form is sent.If for some reason your product does not meet the requirements of the UL, UL will notify you of the various items that do not meet the requirements. If you choose to change the product and be willing to repeat the test, you can contact the engineer responsible for your project and re test the necessary items.If you have questions about test results, requirements, or UL decisions, UL's complaint process allows you to let UL's management hear your advice without worrying about the relationship with UL.UL tracking serviceAs an integral part of UL certification, UL has developed a "tracking test" system to ensure that UL column names and approved products continue to meet UL standards and requirements. "Tracking inspection" is sent by UL, distributed around the World Site Representatives to the local factory production site, UL products tracking test. Its purpose is through the production process, inspection process and product control, UL standard and track inspection rules for verification, to ensure the factory production process, inspection process and products always meet the requirements of UL.In order to ensure the UL tracking inspection "in the implementation of the system, between the UL and the manufacturer has already signed a" inspection agreement ","according to the provisions of inspection agreement ", the site representative will be regularly and without prior notice to inspect factories, the factory may refuse site inspection representative.The on-site inspection shall be carried out after the representative has gone to the factory. "Tracking inspection rules" is prepared by the UL engineering department after testing the samples submitted, including a comprehensive description of the product, including photos, manuals, etc.. It also specifies the tests that are often performed during manufacturing, some of which require 100% of the product, such as pressure tests. Some tests can be carried out by sampling, and at the same time, the test items which must be checked by the on-site representative in the factory site inspection are also provided. The representative of the field shall determine the conformity of the inspection results in accordance with the detailed data and regulations of such tests. UL's trace checks are divided into the R class and the L class. Category L services are primarily for life safety related products such as fire extinguishers, smoke detectors, fire doors, and some very large output products, such as power equipment, wires, and circuit breakers. For products belonging to the L class, the manufacturing plant must order labels directly to the UL to be affixed to the product. Class R services are mainly used in electrical equipment such as fans, TV sets, hair dryers, ovens, and other products that are usually produced with corresponding linesUL inspector's inspection basically belongs to the mechanical work. According to different products, the inspector'sinspection according to the announcement (Bulletin), rules (Procedure), FUII (if any, included in the rules) and UL standards (if required in FUII).If the inspector visits the factory and the factory is producing UL products or UL products in stock, the inspector will take samples in one of the following ways:Each component is extracted from the production line, together with a complete product extracted from the warehouse.Extract components from the warehouse plus complete products on the production line.Extract the complete product from the warehouse for splitting.The exact number of samples is determined by the detailed rules, FUII (tracking inspection instructions), SAP (standard attached pages) or direct orders from the UL laboratory. The inspector may not inspect all the products per inspection, but they will try to inspect all the product categories or models within a year or at least two years. In general, the UL requirements of the production system is not too high, only once a year, the equipment requirement measurement, keep plant inspection records, and the unqualified products can have certain control means.During inspection, on-site representatives (UL inspectors) will focus their attention on the product itself. They will check the product structure, components and assembly according to the above inspection. For related to product safety parts,general rules will specify requirements for UL certified products, and will indicate the manufacturer and model for shield shell, etc.; injection molding parts, general rules will be specified in the raw material and size requirements. The on-site representative will check the UL mark as specified in the above and the detailed rules.In addition, if the detailed rules or FUII or standards require on-site testing of the product, the site representative will require the factory inspector to do the corresponding tests, while the on-site representative will witness it. If the detailed rules require that samples be sent to the UL for tracking test, the factory shall cooperate with the inspector to produce the corresponding samples. After the inspector has written the sample labels, the address will be supplied and sealed and sent by the factory to the corresponding UL laboratory.If the factory produced products fully comply with UL relevant inspection standards, no other violations of tracking service agreement in place, the inspector will issue inspection report (Inspection Report); the factory representative confirmed the content is accurate after should sign the report; a test is completed. If the inspection process does not meet the inspection standards, the inspector will issue a notice of change (Variation Notice), and in accordance with specific circumstances to take appropriate measures.For unauthorized products using UL markers, inspector will require removal of UL markers; for the product does not comply with the requirements of UL, the inspector will ask the factoryto remove UL tags or rework to comply with the requirements; if the factory does not agree to the above advice, you can temporarily retain the UL mark, but must stop shipments, the inspector will inform the relevant the laboratory, by the UL reply to decide whether can keep UL marker; if only some small problems, do not affect the safety of the product, the inspector will make a provisional decision to accept, and report to the relevant laboratory; if there is some obvious standard errors, such as typing errors or mistakes are not units. Effect of qualified product, but as a document of UL, inspectors also issued a notice of change. Normally, unless it is the responsibility of the UL company, the inspector will ask the factory to explain the non conformity to the appropriate laboratory, and UL will respond accordingly to your explanation.Of course, the inspector's judgment is only temporary,The final decision, of course, in UL labs. If the factory does not agree with the inspection method, it can be reflected to the corresponding laboratory, at this time, the inspector has the obligation to provide the corresponding contact and contact method. After confirming the contents of the notice of change, the representative of the factory shall sign the notice.。
UL测试方法及要求
2.5 功率限制电源测试 Limited Power Source Measurement LPS
判定:
2.10.5.2, 2.9.5 变压器/绝缘深度测试
初级绕组 to SELV绕组:3000Vac 60s, SELV绕组 to core: 3000Vac 60s, 单层绝缘胶带: 3000Vac 60s,
4.3.6 直插式设备插片恒定力测试
方法:三个样品分别进行以下试验:样品支撑 于钢板上,用一个9.1kg的重量压于每个插片 上2分钟,记录插片的位移,并在输入和输出 端施加4243Vdc及输入和外壳间施加3000Vac 1分钟。 判定:插片位移不超过2.4mm或被拔出且没有 爆裂痕迹。
4.3.6 直插式设备输入接触安全
2.10.2 工作电压判定-----工作电压测试
方法:样品接于240Vac 60Hz并正常工作,用示波器 测量并记录以下值。 A. 变压器:初级各PIN to 次级各PIN之间电压峰值及 有效值。 B. 光耦:初级各PIN to 次级各PIN之间电压峰值及有 效值。 C. Y电容:初级到次级脚之间的电压峰值及有效值。
1.6.2 输入测试
方法:样品接于不同的电压及频率下(如: 90,100,240,254.4Vac, 50/60Hz),在正常 负载下直至电流稳定并变热后,测试输入电流 及输入平均功率。
判定:稳定状态的输入电流不超过额定电流 (额定输入电压,最大正常负载下的输入电流) 的10%。
2.2.2, 2.2.3, 2.2.4 安全特低电压稳定性 测试。SELV reliability Test
4.5.2,4.5 球压测试
test method和testing method
test method和testing method 在软件开发中,"test method" 和 "testing method" 通常是指用于测试软件或系统的特定方法或技术。
这两个术语在某些上下文中可能被视为同义词,但在其他上下文中可能具有微妙的差异。
1.Test Method: 这个术语通常用来指一个具体的测试用例或一组相关的测试用例。
一个测试方法是为了验证软件或系统的一个特定功能或行为而设计的。
它详细说明了如何执行测试,包括输入、预期输出以及用于验证输出是否正确的步骤。
2.Testing Method: 这个术语通常用来描述一种测试策略或技术,而不是一个具体的测试用例。
例如,单元测试、集成测试、系统测试和验收测试都是不同的测试方法。
这些方法的选择取决于要测试的软件或系统的特性以及测试的目标。
简单来说,"test method" 关注的是具体的测试用例,而 "testing method" 关注的是整体的测试策略或技术。
不
过,在实际的软件开发和测试过程中,这两个术语有时可能会互换使用,这取决于上下文和所强调的焦点。
UL介绍及检验要点解析
正确使用UL标记--&g列名、分级、认可标记是UL指定 的用来区分在UL跟踪检验服务下生产的产品的唯一方法。某一公司的 名字在UL的产品目录上出现,并不表示该公司的所在产品都是UL列 名、分级或认可的,只有那些带有UL标记的产品才能认为是在UL跟 踪检验服务下生产的产品。 针对UL不同的服务种类,UL标记可以分为三在类,分别是列名、分 级和认可标记,这些标记最重要的组成部分就是UL的图案符号,这些 符号都是UL的注册商标。三种符号分别用于三种不同服务的产品上, 不能混用,否则可认为是假冒产品。由于分级标记在我国比较少见, 因而下面只介绍列名和认可两种标记。UL的服务不仅依据美国UL标 准,也依据加拿大标准(C-UL),由此,UL标记也分为用于UL产品 和C-UL产品以及两者都满足三种。
UL标记种类
标记种类 符合UL标准 符合加拿大标准 两都符合
列名符号
认可符号
注意:在2008年1月之前,对于同时为UL和C-UL列名或认可的产品,可以同时加贴UL和 C-UL标记,但到2008年,则必须使用上表中第三列的标记。
到厂拜访及后续检验 (Factory Visit and FUS Inspection)
检验要求 (Inspection Requirements)
5. 塑料类零件(Plastic Parts):
一般有两种方式: a. 由UL 合格的QMMY2 射出厂供应,并且有符合规定的标示如下: 1. 射出成型厂的公司名称(英文) 2. 射出成型厂的Assigned Code (如:T1234) 3. 产品料号 4. 塑料原料厂名(英文,如:GE) 5. 塑料原料品名(如:C-6200) 6. 制造日期 b. 若使用的零件不是由UL 合格的QMMY2 射出厂供应,则每批进料必须附有射 出厂填写的塑料材质保证书(Certificate of Compliance of Plastic Material), 并且要有符合规定的塑料材料管理追踪(Traceability) 的流程及记录。
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如需进一步了解请参阅UL94标准
这里所描述的阻燃测试是根据第8章,20mm垂直燃烧测试,94V-0;94V-1或94V-2 1.安全
测试结束后必须关紧甲烷气阀门。
每次测试结束后开启通风柜风机直至无异味。
2.测试仪器(参阅8.2.1)
—实验室通风柜(通风良好,黑背景)
—实验室燃烧器(本生灯)
—实验室支架,带有夹具(用来夹试棒、热电偶)
—计时器
—测量器具(20mm)火焰高度
—技术纯甲烷(纯度98%)
—棉花(约50*50mm,厚度<6mm,重量<0.08g) 使用前在干燥器中处理24小时. —装有干燥物质的干燥器(硅胶)
—通风炉(70+/-1℃)
—压力计
—流量计
—测厚仪
3初始化操作
3.1 开启甲烷钢瓶阀门.
3.2 打开进气开关.
3.3打开针孔阀,空气进口关闭,点燃气体.
3.4 以下操作与正常操作步骤相同.
4.正常操作
4.1测试样品
—注塑所需厚度(0.8mm或1.6mm)的试棒,每个测试需要30根试棒。
* 10根试棒在23+/-2℃,50%RH条件下预处理至少48小时(标准实验室条件)
* 10根试棒在70+/-1℃通风炉中预处理168小时,取出后至少在干燥器中冷却4小时。
* 10根备用,另外需储藏一些UL所列规格的试棒(各30根)以备复测或UL跟踪服务及其他一些情况下使用。
4.2 校正
20mm火焰必须根据ASTMD5207进行校正以得到所需的温度,此校正必须在每次测试之前进行。
—根据实际需要放好热传感器(铜块)及温度显示器。
(用于K型热电偶)。
传感器底部离本生灯顶部10mm
—把本生灯移开传感器,并开启气源,如果是甲烷,流量大约为105ml/min,压力大约为<1mbar —把针孔阀完全打开,空气进口关闭,并点燃气体。
—调节针孔阀和空气进口直到产生一个20mm顶部黄色的蓝色火焰,增加空气量直至黄色顶端消失。
—必要时火焰的高度必须重新测量并调整。
—火焰必须在满意的状态下燃烧5分钟。
—把本生灯放在传感器下,确认一下它们之间的距离仍是10mm。
—测量传感器从100℃上升到700℃所用的时间, 移开本生灯让传感器在空气中冷却至50℃以下,做这个测试三次。
—每次测量的数值应在44±2秒范围内。
—如时间不为44±2秒时,调节阀门(甲烷气流量)并重新做校正。
4.3测试步骤
火焰校正完以后就可做垂直燃烧测试了,每个测试需用每种条件下(70℃/168小时和23℃/48小时)处理的试棒各5根。
—如一组试棒5根中仅有一根不好,就必须做另外处理的一组试棒。
—对于V-0级的材料如果一组试棒5根试棒t1+t2之和在51s<t1+t2<55s范围内也必须做另外处理的一组试棒。
—对于V-1;V-2级的材料如果一组试棒5根试棒t1+t2之和在251s<t1+t2<255s范围内也必须做另外处理的一组。
—测试结果以第二套试棒测试的结果为准。
—控制火焰的颜色和高度,调整至火焰的黄色顶端刚刚消失。
—让火焰在完全无风的条件下在通风柜中稳定地燃烧至少5分钟。
—试棒必须夹在夹子上,并且试棒底部至棉花表面的距离是300±10mm,本生灯的顶部必须距试棒的底部10±1mm且火焰必须放置在试棒底端的中部。
—在测试中,如试棒变短,则跟着试棒的底部移动本生灯,如试棒上熔化或燃着的部分掉落,倾斜本生灯成45 以免样品滴进本生灯。
—燃烧过程必须如下:
1.置火焰于试棒下并开始计时(绿色按钮)。
2.10秒后(鸣叫)以大约300mm/sec的速度移开本生灯,至少要离试棒150mm。
3.试棒上火焰熄灭后,按下按钮并立即重新燃烧试棒。
4.10秒后(鸣叫)移开本生灯并在试棒上火焰熄灭时按下按钮。
—最多做三次测试后,打开风机排出烟气(也可以每次做完测试后排气)几秒种后稍许打开通风柜,每开始一次新的测试风机必须关闭。
—在计时器上可以读出燃烧时间t1和t2(或t2+t3)在表格上记录下这些时间(以秒为单位)和观察到的燃烧情况,
如试棒还在燃烧状况下,则根据所观察到的情况把时间t2+t3分为有焰燃烧t2和无焰燃烧t3 。
—按黄色按钮使计时器复位。
—每一完整的测试需5根试棒。
4.4结果:
在表格上记录下每一根试棒的以下结果
—有焰燃烧时间t1和t2。
—有焰燃烧加无焰燃烧时间t2+t3。
—每根试棒的t1和t2 之和。
—所有5根的t1+t2的总和。
—第一次和第二次燃烧所观察到的情况。
1.试棒燃烧至夹具。
2.试棒无任何滴落。
3.试棒有滴落但没有点燃棉花。
4.试棒有滴落并点燃棉花。
5.试棒有大块滴落并点燃棉花。
所测试材料(所测试厚度和预处理情况)的阻燃级别如下。
4.5分类标准
94V-0:
—每一试棒的有焰燃烧时间t1或t2 ≤10秒。
—5根试棒的t1和t2之和≤50秒。
—每一试棒的t2+t3 ≤30秒
—燃烧至夹具否
—点燃棉花否
94V-1:
—每一试棒的有焰燃烧时间t1或t2 ≤30秒。
—5根试棒的t1和t2之和≤250秒。
—每一试棒的t2+t3 ≤60秒
—燃烧至夹具否
—点燃棉花否
94V-2:
—每一试棒的有焰燃烧时间t1或t2 ≤30秒。
—5根试棒的t1和t2之和≤250秒。
—每一试棒的t2+t3 ≤60秒
—燃烧至夹具否
—点燃棉花是
如测试结果不符合这些要求则判为Non -94V-2。
5.临时性操作:该设备无临时性操作。
6.紧急关闭:当发现设备的运行发生异常,对设备将造成破坏时(如气体泄漏);或者当听到
任何警报后,QA的所有操作人员都能实施紧急关闭。
7.紧急情况下的操作:关闭进气开关,关闭甲烷气瓶阀门.
8.正常关闭:关闭进气阀门.
9.在关闭一段时间或紧急关闭后的重新启动:与正常操作步骤一样。
10.差错引起的后果:测试结果的不准确,测试设备的破坏。
11.纠正和避免差错的步骤:严格按照操作规程进行操作.
12.注:用测试软件进行UL94的步骤如下:
1.从电脑Start/Programs/UL94中进入测试软件。
2.用鼠标点击测试软件Start键,再点击Measure键开始测试。
3.用测厚仪测量试棒中间处的厚度(单位mm;精确到0.01mm),并在测试软件Sample
Thickness(mm)栏处记录。
4.置火焰于试棒下10mm处,同时右脚踩击右边按钮开始计时。
5.10秒后(鸣叫)以大约300mm/sec的速度移开本生灯,至少要离试棒150mm。
6.试棒上火焰熄灭后,右脚踩击右边按钮并立即重新置火焰于试棒下10mm处。
7.同4。
8.同5。
9.试棒上火焰熄灭后,右脚踩击右边按钮。
10.观察试棒上火星燃烧情况,火星熄灭后立即踩击右边按钮,测试结束。
11.在测试过程中,发现试棒下掉情况,立即踩击左边按钮,软件会记录下试棒下掉的时
间。
12.测试结束后,会自动弹出一个测试情况选择窗口。
可依据测试中所观察到的情况进行
选择。
13.选择结束后,点击OK键确定,点击Measure键进行下一根试棒的测试。
14.5根试棒测试结束后,软件会自动显示出测试的结果。
15.输入试棒的全部信息,点击Accept键确认,点击Print键打印报告。
(注:点击Accept
键后,测试结果将被确定,储存在C:DATA数据库中并且不可能修改。
)
16.在测试中,如由于人为原因或设备原因需要中断测试,可点击Stop键停止测试。
17.如要舍弃某根试棒的测试结果,可在选择其编号后点击Measure键,会弹出一个询问
窗口,Replace sample?点击OK键确定,Cancel键取消。
18.其余要求和步骤与旧测试仪相同。
13. 相关文件
QF-10-11 《Test Flame Calibrate》
QF-10-12 《UL94 Test Record》。