哈佛系统论文引用格式(harvard system)
哈佛文献参考格式
哈佛文献参考格式在学术研究和学术论文写作中，正确引用他人的观点和实验结果是非常重要的。
而哈佛文献参考格式是一种常用的引用格式，它可以帮助作者准确地引用其他文献，并提供必要的信息以便读者可以查找到原始文献。
一、基本要求1. 引用的文献应具有学术或专业性，可以是书籍、期刊文章、学位论文、报告等。
2. 引用应准确无误地表达出原文中的内容，使用者应注意避免歪曲引用的原意。
3. 引用时需要标明作者的姓名、出版年份以及相关信息（如书籍的出版社、期刊的卷号、页码等）。
4. 引用格式可以分为直接引用和间接引用两种方式，具体应根据情况选择。
5. 必要时，可以在引用的同时添加自己的评论或观点，但需明确标注。
二、书籍引用格式书籍引用的格式如下：作者姓，作者名/编辑者姓，编辑者名 (出版年份)。
书名。
出版地：出版社。
Smith, J. (2010). The Theory of Everything. London: Publisher.三、期刊文章引用格式期刊文章引用的格式如下：作者姓，作者名 (出版年份)。
文章题目。
期刊名，卷号（期号），起始页码-终止页码。
Johnson, A. (2015). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. Environmental Science, 10(2), 75-82.四、学位论文引用格式学位论文引用的格式如下：作者姓，作者名 (出版年份)。
论文题目。
学位论文类型，学位授予机构。
Brown, M. (2018). An Analysis of Market Trends. Master's thesis, Harvard University.五、报告引用格式报告引用的格式如下：报告机构或组织名 (出版年份)。
报告题目。
出版地：出版机构。
World Health Organization. (2012). Global Obesity Report. Geneva: WHO Publications.以上就是哈佛文献参考格式的基本要求和具体引用格式的示例。
文献格式 哈佛体系
Referencing - The Harvard System(Download pdf version)As a student, it is important that you identify in your assessment when you are using the words or ideas of another author. The most accepted way of acknowledging the work of another author is to use a referencing system. At the Department of Lifelong Learning you are required to use the Harvard referencing system.The following guide tells you why you need to use a referencing system, shows you how to insert references in the text of your assignments, and shows you how to compile a reference list. While there are many variations on the‘Harvard’ system, the one presented in this guide is the most simple. It does away with most usages of ‘p’ and ‘pp’ to signify page numbers and it replaces some of the commas with colons. Also, this guide is by no means an exhaustive list of all the referencing conventions that you will require in your academic life.As a part of an academic community, it is important that you show the reader where you have used someone else’s ideas or words. Failure to properly reference using the Harvard system may make the reader think that you are cheating by claiming someone else’s work as your own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very serious offence. Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from another student’s or expert’s work. Plagiarism also occurs when you re-word someone else’s ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source.Plagiarism can have disastrous consequences for students. If youare suspected of plagiarism you may find that your assignmentreceives a grade of zero. In extreme or repeated cases, you mayfind that your enrolment at the university is reviewed. For further information, please consult section 3 of the student handbook.On a more positive note, referencing is important for reasons other than avoiding plagiarism. When you reference correctly you are demonstrating that you have read widely on a topic. You are also supporting your hypothesis with comments from expert authors. This lends credibility to your own work. Also, by correctly referencing, you allow the marker or reader to follow-up yourreferences and to check the validity of your arguments for themselves. This is an important part of the academic process as it leads to student accountability.In order to have an accurate record of what you have researched and therefore an accurate reference, it is important that you write down the details of your sources as you study. When taking notes, use a separate page for each new book, journal article, or electronic source. At the top of each page, clearly record the following information for future reference.For books, record:∙The author’s or editor’s name (or names)∙The year the book was published∙The title of the book∙If it is an edition other than the first∙The city the book was published in∙The name of the publisherFor journal articles record:∙The author’s name or names∙The year in which the journal was published∙The title of the article∙The title of the journal∙The page number/s of the article in the journal∙As much other information as you can find about the journal, for example the volume and issue numbersFor electronic resources, try to collect the information on the left if it is available, but also record:∙The date you accessed the source∙The electronic address or email∙The type of electronic resource (email, discussion forum, WWW page, etc)In addition to these details, when you are taking notes, if you copy direct quotations or if you put the author’s ideas in your own words, write down the page numbers you got the information from.When you are writing your assessment, be sure to type in reference information as you add in the ideas of other authors. This will save you time and will ensure that you reference all sources properly. Whenever you use someone else’s ideas or wo rds, you must put in a reference. The only exception to this rule is when the information you have read somewhere is common knowledge or ‘public domain’ information. For example, you would not need to include a reference if you stated in an assignment that Shakespeare wrote plays and sonnets in Elizabethan times.Always reference:∙Direct quotations – this is when you copy anotherauthor’s material word-for-word. You should showthe reader that it is a direct quote by placing thematerial in inverted commas. Traditionally, doubleinverted commas have been used (“) but it is nowacceptable, and preferable to use single inverted commas (‘).Sometimes it is difficult to avoid the direct quotation as the author’swords may precisely describe the point you are trying to make.However, do try to avoid the overuse of direct quotations; try toparaphrase the author’s work where possible. Please note thatwhen you use direct quotations, you must reproduce the author’swords exactly, including all spelling, capitalisation, punctuation, anderrors. You may show the reader that you recognise an error andthat you are correctly quoting the author by placing the term ‘sic’ inbrackets after the error.∙Paraphrasing –this is when you take another author’s ideas and put the m into your own words. You are still copying someone else’swork, so you must reference it. You do not need to use invertedcommas when you paraphrase, but you must clearly show thereader the original source of your information.The following section shows you a number of different examples when quoting and paraphrasing in the text of your assessment. In all references, you will need to list the author/editor name/s and the year of publication. The year of publication can be found on the first couple of pages of the book, along with the other bibliographic information. Look for the author’s name, a copyright symbol and then a date. This will be the date of publication. In most references you will also need to list the page number/s where you found the specific information. The only type of reference where this is not required is when you paraphrase a summary of an entire piece of work. As a hypothetical example, fictitious author John Phillips might have written a history book in 1999 thatexamines generational changes. You might summarise and correctly reference the entire gist of his book in the following way.In all other circumstances, please follow the guidelines below and be sure to include the author, date and page number/s. The formats are similar for each example so please note the use of punctuation, spacing and the order of information.In these ex amples, ‘Adair’ is the author, ‘1988’ is the year of publication and ‘51’ is the page number where the direct quote can be found.In these examples, the quote went over two pages therefore the page numbers were represented as 69-70, rather than as a single number. Also notice from the examples so far, that when the quote ends the sentence, the full stop comes after the inverted comma.If hypothetical authors Morris, Ling, Brown, Smith, and Diaz wrote a book published in 2000, a direct quote would look like this. Note that in the next example, ‘et al’ means ‘and others’.When you paraphrase, it will look much the same as the direct quotation examples, but without the inverted commas. For example, if we paraphrased an example from the McCarthy and Hatcher book, it would look like this.When paraphrasing, use the same referencing style and conventions as you would for direct quotes, but with the material from the source put into your own words, and the inverted commas omitted. Below is another comparative example of the direct quote versus paraphrasing.You might also like to rearrange the quote so that the reference comes at the end, as you have been shown in previous examples.When you are researching, you may come across a situation where the same author has written two books in the same year. To distinguish one title from another in your referencing, place a lower-case letter after the publication date, with ‘a’ signalling the first reference, and ‘b’ signalli ng the second, and so on. Sometimes the author you are quoting from will quote another author to support his or her argument, much in the same way that you do when writing assignments. Sometimes you want to use the same quote that the author of the source has used. When you do this, use the format below.In the case above, Bolton in his 1996 publication has quoted Eisenberg’s and Smit h’s research to prove a point he was making about non-verbal communication.If the author of a source is anonymous, replace the author’s surname with the title of the work in the brackets containing the reference. Consider the following fictitious example.Reference newspaper and magazine articles in the same way you would for other books and journals. However, when the author is anonymous, use the system below (adapted from Lewis, 1999: 26).When you paraphrase, sometimes you might be rephrasing the words and ideas you have found in more than one book or journal article. If you find that a number of sources say similar things about a topic, an example of the correct referencing style is demonstrated below. Notice in the example below how the listed sources are separated by a semicolon.Sometimes you may wish to use material from lectures, discussio ns, interviews, or distance learning courses to supplement your assignments. Use the following conventions to ensure that your referencing is correct (adapted from Lewis, 1999: 26).Electronic sources such as WWW pages, electronic databases and electronic journals are cited in the text in much the same way as traditional print sources, with the exception of page numbers. The author’s name is followed by a publication date, but no page numbers are listed. If no publication date is available, and this might be the case for WWW pages, then where the date should go, insert (n.d.) which stands for ‘no date’. If no author is listed for an electronic source, use the title of the publication in the same way as you would for any other anonymous source.All of the sources you refer to in the main body of yourassignment need to be listed at the end of the assignment ina reference list. In a reference list, you only need to list thosesources from which you have either quoted or paraphrased.For example, you do not have to list books you used forbackground reading purposes.When creating a reference list, the sources should be listed alphabetically by author’s surname, should be left justified, and the references should never be preceded by a bullet-point or number. Where the author is anonymous or unknown for any one source, insert that source in the alphabetical list using the title of the source instead of the author’s name. All sources should be listed together; there should not be separate lists for books versus journal articles versus electronic sources. The reference list should be on a separate page from the rest of the assignment and should be simply titled ‘References’ or‘Literature Cited’ and the title should be in the same font and size as the other headings in your assignment.When you use the Harvard System, you are only usually required to produce a reference list. However, some lecturers and tutors may want you to produce a bibliography instead of a reference list. In cases where you are asked to produce a bibliography, you must list all sources you have consulted, regardless of whether you cited from them or not. Also, some lecturers or tutors may ask you to produce an annotated bibliography or reference list. This simply means that after each source listed, you write a couple of sentences that appraise the book’s usefulness in relation to the topic.The following is a guide to how to list references in a reference list. If you have an example that is not covered by the list below, please check with your tutor or the Student Support Officer regarding the correct technique.Unpublished, verbal sources such as interviews and lectures are not reproduced in the reference list. However, you must put any published course materials that you have used in the reference list using the conventions below.The conventions for listing journal articles are similar to books, but note the extra information required in the example below and apply this to all journal article listings.In this example, Muller has written the journal article ‘Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law, sexual identity’ and it has appeared in the jo urnal‘Australian Feminist Law Journal, in it’s 3rd volume that was published in August of 1994. The article appears on pages 103 to 107 of the journal. Please note that sometimes, instead of ‘volume’ there may be an ‘issue’ number, and instead of a month of publication, there may be a season. Sometimes there will be a volume number and an issue number. In those cases, list both the volume and issue numbers as has been done below.Electronic and web based references can be listed in the following ways.In this example, [Electronic] refers to the type of media that you found the source on. If you found the source on a CD-ROM, you would put [CD-ROM] in the square brackets instead of ‘Electronic’. As with a normal journal example, the volume number, issue number and page numbers are listed. At the end of this example, note that the name of the database has been listed, along with the identification/access number of the article, and an access date (in square brackets).Examples of other electronic references are listed in the box below.In the WWW page example, sometimes the author’s details or the date of publication/update might be missing. When the author’s name is missing, use the name of the web page to list the reference, as you would with any other anonymous source. If the date of publication or update is missing, omit this information, but be sure to still include in square brackets the date you accessed the information.It is extremely important that students correctly reference all paraphrasing and direct quotations. While there are many referencing rules and conventions under the Harvard system, in most cases it is generally important in the text of an assignment to show the reader the author’s name, date of publication and page numbers of the original source. In the reference list, it is important that the author’s name, the year of publication, relevant titles, and other access information is faithfully reproduced. At first, the referencing system may seem time-consuming and fussy but it will soon become second nature to you and will become part of the long list of skills you will have gained as a university student.The author would like to acknowledge that certain citation and reference examples were taken from the following publications and that these publications influenced that way in which the author arranged the document. Central Queensland University ESLS Unit (2001) Referencing: The Harvard referencing system, [Online], Available:.au/edserv/undegrad/clc/content/resources.htm [14 Aug 2001]Lewis, D. (ed.) (1999) The written assignment, Brisbane: QUT Publications. Wells, D. (2001) Harvard referencing, [Online], Available:.au/guides/handouts/harvard.html [14 Aug 2001]. (Samantha Dhann, 2001)。
论文哈佛大学引用标准格式
Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。
哈佛_论文引用格式!
哈佛_论文引用格式!1 A brief guide to the Harvard System The University of Greenwich as with all universities requires that students give credit to the authors of the evidence they use to support the arguments within their essays and other assignments. Most schools within the University require that students use the Harvard system of referencing citation. This is a guide to that system giving some useful examples to which you can refer when referencing yourself. Function A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used. It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work. The same set of rules and grammar colons and commas should be followed every time you cite a reference consistency. Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor normally the Harvard system. The components of the Harvard system The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is thein-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source a book a journal article etc. there is an entry that includes the author‟s family name and the year of the publication source that the information comes from. Note thatfor a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from. This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list sometimes known as a Bibliography. This is an alphabetical list by the author‟s last name which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the author‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below. Citations in the text in-text reference All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged whether the work is directly quoted paraphrased or summarised. Not referencing Plagiarism Plagiarism a fancy word for stealing Citations in the text should give the author‟s name with the year of publication then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the paper/dissertation as laid out below. 2 For a single author In a study by Murthoo 1999 treatment compliance was examined….. In a study Seedhouse 1997 treatment compliance was examined …. When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by addinglower cased letters after the year within the brackets. Beattie 2000a argued that public h ealth issues were ignored… Two authors: In the book by Kearney and Rainwater 2001 …. More than two authors: Singer et al 1996 contend that ….只写一个作者其余省略If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence list them all in the following form by date and then alphabetically: There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity Wybourn and Hudson 2002 Acheson 1998 Lewis 1998 Online sources: When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health 2006 the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities. Harvard method of quoting in the text: Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets. Short quotations up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn 1999 states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” p.19. Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:- Smaje 1995 when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas multiculturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding anti- 3 racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in society” If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje 1995 states “…the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” p.17 Secondary referencing Where one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget 2002 cited in Wybourn 2003. Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can. The Reference List – the Harvard method of listing references at the end of the text List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date earliest first If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter 1995a 1995b etc. Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover which may be different. Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. Author‟s forenames can be included if given on the title page but this is not necessary. The title of thepublication should either be in italics or underlined. A book by a single author: Baggini J 2002 Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. A book by two authors: Searle John and Chomsky N 1997 The meaning of sense: critique arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn. A book by more than two authors Singer Mandela et al. 1995 Health care in a multiracial society. London: Open University Press A book by a corporate author eg a government department or other organisation: Nursing and Midwifery Council 2003 Patient-centred care: a NMC position statement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. 4 An edited book: Baumeister R. ed. 1999 The self in Social Psychology: Key readings in social psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis. A chapter in a book Burnard P. 1997 …The self and self awareness.‟ In: K. Burns et al. eds. The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28. An article in a journal: Valkimaki A. 1993 …Patient information systems.‟ British Journal of Nursing 131 pp.43-5. An article in a newspaper: Sabo M. 2003 …Fear of gun crime rising.‟ Guardian 26 October 2003 p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead. Guardian 2003 Public health in decline. Guardian 24 October 2003 p11. An online source: Department of Health2006 Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHuman Rights/fs/en Accessed: 15 May 2006. A television programme Julie through the looking glass. 1992. BBC 2 4 July A video 12 Angry Men. 1957 Directed by Sidney Lumet Videocassette. Hollywood: MGM Entertainment CD ROMS Institute of Cancer Research 2000 A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide to managing breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. CD Rom. Sutton: Institute of Cancer Research Government publications White Papers contain statements of Government policy Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion. They are cited in the same way. A White paper Department for Education and Skills 2002 14-19 next steps: the future. Cm.3390. London: Stationery Office A Green paper Department for Education and Skills 2003 Extending Opportunities: raising standards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office. An Act of Parliament Great Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: The Stationary Office.。
哈佛制文献注引规范
文中的注引格式
• 直接引用书籍或期刊（两位作者） 直接引用书籍或期刊（两位作者）
• 董学文、伍蠡甫(2005: 76) 指出：卡斯特尔 董学文、伍蠡甫 指出： 从诗的题材、语言和效果等方面， 维屈罗 “从诗的题材、语言和效果等方面， 凸显出诗的自性特征。 凸显出诗的自性特征。” • 或 • “‘雷雨’作为一种‘郁闷、压抑、触目 “‘雷雨 作为一种‘郁闷、压抑、 雷雨’ 惊心’为特征的意象在《雷雨》 惊心’为特征的意象在《雷雨》中具有多 重象征意义。 陈霞、 重象征意义。” (陈霞、杨虹，2006) 陈霞 杨虹，
• When organising our time, Adair (1988: 51) states that ‘the centrepiece will tend to be goals and objectives’. • OR • When organising our time ‘the centrepiece will tend to be goals and objectives’ (Adair, 1988: 51).
查阅文献需记录的信息
• 电子资源
• 查阅或下载的日期 • 精确的 精确的UCL（网址）或email （网址） • 电子资源的各类（email、论坛、网页等） 电子资源的各类（ 、论坛、网页等） • 此外，阅读时对可能会需引用的内容应做 此外， 笔记，做笔记时应标明页码。 笔记，做笔记时应标明页码。
文中的注引格式
• 直接引用书籍（两位作者） 直接引用书籍（两位作者）
• McCarthy and Hatcher (1996: 69-70) insist that with presentations ‘structure must be clear and precise’. • OR • With presentations, ‘structure must be clear and precise’ (McCarthy and Hatcher, 1996: 69-70).
哈弗引文格式
哈佛引文格式通常被称为哈佛文献格式或哈佛注释体系(Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)。
这种引用格式在英国和澳洲等国家运用得比较多，
尤其在物理和自然科学领域。
哈佛引文格式包括直接引用和间接引用两种类型。
在文内
引用时，如果是作者姓名在句子中出现，应给出作者姓和出
版年份，出版年份放在小括号内。
而在全文最后的参考书目处，需要列出文中所有引用的完整信息，包括作者姓名/发表
年份/标题/城市出版/出版者/引用内容的页码。
请注意，哈佛引文格式有许多变体，您可能需要根据您所
在的特定课程或出版物的要求来调整格式。
此外，对于数字
资源如网站或数据库，可能需要根据数字资源的特性进行特
定格式的引用。
如果您不确定如何正确地应用哈佛引文格式，请向您的教授或导师咨询。
哈佛_论文引用格式
A brief guide to the Harvard System∙ A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used.∙It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work∙It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work.∙The same set of rules and grammar (colons and commas) should be followed every time you cite a reference (consistency).∙Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor, normally the Harvard system.The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source (a book, a journal article etc.) there is an entry that includes t he author‟s family name and the y ear of the publication (source) that the information comes from. Note that for a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from.This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list (sometimes known as a Bibliography). This is an alphabetical list (by the author‟s last name) which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the autho r‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then, the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below.∙All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.∙Not referencing = Plagiarism∙Plagiarism = a fancy word for stealingCitations in the text should give th e author‟s name with the year of publication, then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of thepaper/dissertation as laid out below.For a single authorIn a study by Murthoo (1999) treatment compliance was examined…..In a study (Seedhouse, 1997) treatment compliance was examined ….When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by adding lower cased letters after the year within the brackets.Beattie (2000a) argued that public health issues were igno red…Two authors:In the book by Kearney and Rainwater (2001) ….More than two authors:Singer et al (1996) contend that ….只写一个作者，其余省略If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity (Wybourn and Hudson, 2002; Acheson, 1998; Lewis 1998)Online sources:When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page, for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health (2006) the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities.Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn (1999) states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” (p.19).Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-Smaje (1995) when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas multiculturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding, anti-racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in society”If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje (1995) states “…the existence of different cultur al traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” (p.17)Secondary referencingWhere one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available.You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget, 2002, cited in Wybourn, 2003.∙Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can.∙List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date (earliest first),∙If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc.)∙Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.∙Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below.∙Author‟s forenames can be included if given on the title page but this is not necessary.∙The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined.A book by a single author:Baggini, J (2002) Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford:Oxford University Press.A book by two authors:Searle, John and Chomsky, N (1997) The meaning of sense: critique &arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn.A book by more than two authorsSinger, Mandela et al. (1995) Health care in a multiracial society. London:Open University PressA book by a corporate author (eg a government department or other organisation):Nursing and Midwifery Council (2003) Patient-centred care: a NMC positionstatement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.An edited book:Baumeister, R. (ed.) (1999) The self in Social Psychology: Key readings insocial psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis.A chapter in a bookBurnard, P. (1997) …The self and self awareness.‟ In:K. Burns et al. (eds.) The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28.An article in a journal:Valkimaki, A. (1993) …Patient information systems.‟British Journal of Nursing, 13(1), pp.43-5.An article in a newspaper:Sabo, M. (2003) …Fear of gun crime rising.‟Guardian, 26 October 2003, p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead.Guardian (2003) Public health in decline. Guardian, 24October 2003, p11.An online source:Department of Health (2006) Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHumanRights/fs/en(Accessed: 15 May 2006).A television programmeJulie through the looking glass. (1992). BBC 2, 4 JulyA video12 Angry Men. (1957) Directed by Sidney Lumet [Videocassette]. Hollywood:MGM EntertainmentCD ROMSInstitute of Cancer Research (2000) A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide tomanaging breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. [CD Rom]. Sutton:Institute of Cancer ResearchGovernment publications∙White Papers contain statements of Government policy∙Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion.∙They are cited in the same way.A White paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2002) 14-19 next steps: the future.Cm.3390. London: Stationery OfficeA Green paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2003) Extending Opportunities: raisingstandards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office.An Act of ParliamentGreat Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: TheStationary Office.。
哈佛体系
哈佛体系(论文引用)1．如果在研究报告中间接引用他人研究成果，需要列出作者姓名和发表年份，引用的方法有两种：∙Recent research (Smith 2003) states that yellow bananas have the effect of making you taller.或者∙Smith (2003) states that yellow bananas have the effect of making you taller.If you are going to make a direct quotation from the publication in your text, then you should state the page numbers of where you have extracted the reference from. This is done by separating the date of publication and the page numbers with a colon (:). The quotation itself should also be in quotation marks.2．如果是直接引用，且引文内容较少，引用格式如下：∙Smith（作者）(2003:10出版日期：引文页码) states that “In 86% of cases it was found that eating yellow bananas makes you taller.” This information is useful for marketingpurposes.如果内容较多则应成为独立段落，如：∙Bananas do appear to have unique qualities. Recent research has indicated that they have the ability to increase the height of a person. One of the most prevalent studies demonstrates this.“In 86% of cases it was found that eating yellow bananas makes you taller. The extent of the curvature of the banana seems to make no difference to the height, but the colour of the banana does seem to make a difference. Eating green bananas resulted in no or little change to people becoming taller.”(Smith 2003:10)3．在论文写作中，参阅或引用了书，期刊或其他资料，需要在文章后列出参考书目。
Harvard Syle 英语论文参考格式
Quote, Unquote.The Harvard Style of Referencing Published MaterialIncluding Electronic InformationContents Page Bibliographic References, Harvard Style 1Introduction 1 Language Explained: 1 Why is Referencing Necessary? 1 Why Harvard? 1 Citing in the Text 2 Direct Quotations: 3 Multiple Authors: 3 Citing in the Bibliography 4 Book References 4 Journal articles 5 Newspaper Articles 5 Exhibition Catalogues 6 Conferences 6 “In” References 6 Theses and Dissertations 7 British Standards Publications 8 Research Reports. 8 Citing Official Publications 9 UK Official Publications 9 EC UNION Publications 12 Citing Audio-Visual Sources 15 Film &Video 15 Citing Electronic Sources 17 CD-ROMs 17 Citing URLs (Uniform Resource Locator/Internet Address) in a Bibliography. 17 Electronic Journal Articles 18 OnLine Images 18 World Wide Web Documents 19 Email Discussion Lists 19 Sample Bibliography 20 Useful Hints and Common Conventions 21Bibliography 22 A printed version of this document is available in booklet form from LMU Learning Centres.Bibliographic References, Harvard Style IntroductionLanguage Explained:CITING means formally recognising, within your text, the resources from which you have obtained information.BIBLIOGRAPHY is the list of sources you have used.REFERENCE is the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your information.Why is Referencing Necessary?It is to acknowledge the work of other writers; to demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you have based your work; to enable other researchers to trace your sources and lead them on to further information.For these reasons it is very important that you think of the information needed to cite material correctly when you are carrying out a literature search. Always ensure that you record references to materials you consult precisely. Failing to do so could cause you additional work when you need to incorporate a reference into your bibliography.Without such discipline the ability for researchers to trace relevant information becomes impossible. You would suffer along with all other researchers if limited or partial information was used in research work. A standard system of citing these references ensures an easier system of tracing academic and other knowledge more efficiently. There are a number of systems for referencing but we recommend the Harvard System. The details are outlined in these pages.Your bibliography for your piece of work represents the results of your information/literature search and you may wish to discuss your search method in the text of your writing, e.g. in a …methodology‟ section.Why Harvard?This system developed in the USA and grew in popularity during the 1950‟s and 1960‟s, especially in the physical and natural sciences and more recently the social sciences.Over several decades it has become the most common system internationally and is frequently the standard house style for academic journals.The Harvard system has advantages of flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use both for author and reader. There is no third place to look, such as footnotes and chapter references, which are features of other systems.Citing in the TextThe Harvard system of citation is the most straightforward method of acknowledging other people's work, because initially all you need to do is mention the author and date of publication in the text of your work. So, at each point in the text which refers to a particular document, insert the author's surname and publication year.The reader can easily locate the full description of the item you have cited by referring to the alphabetical list of references (or bibliography) provided at the end of your report. The system has the advantages of showing at a glance the authority used, who may well be recognised, and how recent or contemporary the information might be.Note the following points:∙In the main text, initial letters are only used when two or more authors have the same surname and have published in the same year, in which case they should be identified by initials in order to avoid confusion.∙Use lower case letters after the date if referring to more than one item published in the same year by the same author.∙If the author's name occurs naturally in the text, the year follows in parentheses.Direct Quotations:If you are giving direct quotations you should identify the page numbers. If details of parts of the document are required e.g. page numbers, track or title numbers of sound recordings, these appear after the date within parenthesis. The abbreviations are: page (p.), pages (pp.), section (s.) or sections (ss.)Multiple Authors:∙In the case of three or fewer Authors to a source, list all the names (from the title page)∙In the case of four or more Authors to a source, use the name of the first author (from the title page) followed by …et al‟, or …and others‟∙When more than one reference is given at the same point in the text, they should be listed chronologically.Citing in the BibliographyThe bibliography appears at the end of your work, is organised alphabetically and is evidence of the literature and other sources you have used in your research. The first two elements of your reference, i.e. author and date, constitute the link you made in the text. Thus the reader can move between the text and the bibliography and trace a correct reference.There are three styles in common use as ways to highlight the key element of a reference; they are the use of bold text, underlining and italics. You should use one, and only one, of these techniques throughout your bibliography.Book ReferencesYou should use the title page (if any) rather than the document cover as your authority. Include the following information, the order is:(1)Author (s), editor(s) or the institution responsible for writing the document. (Note: ed. isa suitable abbreviation for editor.)(2)Date of publication (in brackets).(3)Title and subtitle (if any). Underlined or emboldened or in italics (be consistentthroughout the bibliography.)(4)Series and individual volume number (if any).(5)Edition if not the first.(6)Place of publication if known.(7)Publisher.Journal articlesWhen referencing Journals, include the following information in this order:(1)Author of the article.(2)Year of the publication in brackets.(3)Title of the article.(4)Title of the journal, underlined or emboldened or in italics.(5)Volume and part number, month or season of the year.(6)Page numbers of article.∙Where author(s) known:∙Where the article is anonymous:Newspaper ArticlesWhen referencing Newspapers, include the following information in this order:(1)Author of the article.(2)Year of the publication in brackets.(3)Title of the article.(4)Title of the Newspaper, underlined or emboldened or in italics.(5)Date of publication.(6)Page numbers of article.Exhibition Catalogues∙Where there is no author, use the Gallery or Museum.∙It is also the custom to capitalise the names of art movements.ConferencesYou should include the following information. The order is:(1)Name of the Conference.(2)Number (if appropriate).(3)Date.(4)Location (if appropriate).(5)Date of publication.(6)Title of published work, if different from the name of the conference. This should beunderlined, emboldened or in italics, and a consistent style should be used throughout the bibliography.(7)Author/Editor.(8)Place.(9)Publisher.“In” References∙ A Common mistake is to confuse the name of the contributor to a book of collected writings with that of the editor. Also used when citing a particular conference paper from the conference proceedings.The order is:(1)Author of Chapter/Section.(2)Date of publication.(3)Title of Chapter/Section.(4)“In” followed by a colon.(5)Author/Editor of collected work(6)Title of collected work, underlined, emboldened or in italics.(7)Place of publication.(8)Publisher.(9)Pagination of section referred to.Book of collected writing:Conference Paper from Conference Proceedings:Theses and DissertationsFor theses and dissertations, include the name of the awarding institution.(1)Name(2)Year of Publication (in parenthesis)(3)Title and subtitle (if any). This should be underlined, emboldened or in italics.(4)Type of document (i.e. Ph.D. thesis, Degree Dissertation).(5)Place of publication (if not clear from institution name, e.g. Birmingham, University ofCentral England.)(6)Awarding institution.British Standards PublicationsInclude the following information. The order is:(1)“British Standards Institution”(2)Date of publication (in parenthesis).(3)British Standard Number and Year (separated by a colon).(4)Title and subtitle (if any). This should be underlined or emboldened or in italics.(5)Place of publication (if known).(6)Name of publisher, which is the abbreviation “BSI”.Research Reports.No one example can explain the type and range of reports. However it is important to include the subtitle and series information:1.Author‟s Name.2.Date of publication (in parentheses).3.Title and subtitle (if any). This should be underlined or emboldened or in italics (beconsistent throughout the bibliography.)4.Research Report No.5.Place of publication, (if known).6.Publisher.Citing Official PublicationsUK Official PublicationsNon-Parliamentary PublicationsActsActs of Parliament are referenced by citing the title and including the Act‟s chapter number for clarity.Acts are organised numerically throughout the year. Public General Acts are given Arabic numerals. Local and Personal Acts are given lower-case roman numerals.N.B. Prior to 1963 a different system operated, based on the date of the Sovereign‟s accession to the throne and the dates of the Parliamentary session.Parliamentary PapersA range of subjects as well as Select Committee proceedings are covered under Parliamentary Papers. They are organised numerically according to which House they originate from.House of Commons Papers have a serial number printed on the bottom left of the title page. House of Lords Papers are identified by a serial number in the same place but enclosed within round brackets.Include the following information:-(1)abbreviation of the House - HC/HL(2)Paper number.(3)Parliamentary Session.References to reports issued by Joint Committees of the House of Lords and the House of Commons should include both serial numbers followed by the Parliamentary Session.Parliamentary BillsParliamentary Bills are organised numerically and according to which House they originate from.Each Bill has a number in the lower left hand corner of the title page.House of Commons Bills enclose the number in square brackets.House of Lords Bills used to have their numbers enclosed in round brackets but now are designated …HL Bill‟ followed by a number without a bracket.References to a Parliamentary Bill should include the following:(1)Parliamentary Session in round brackets.(2)The Bill‟s serial number.N.B. A Bill is renumbered whenever it is reprinted during its passage through Parliament.Statutory InstrumentsInclude the following information:(1)Title, underlined or emboldened or in italics (be consistent throughout the bibliography.)(2)The abbreviation “SI”.(3)Year of publication.(4)Number.(5)Place and publisher.Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)Include the following information:(1)Abbreviation of the House of Lords or the House of Commons - HL/HC.(2)The abbreviation “Deb”.(3)Parliamentary Session in round brackets .(4)Volume number.(5)The abbreviation “col”.(6)Column number.Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates in Standing CommitteesInclude the following information (note that the first three elements should be considered part of the title, and highlighted accordingly):-(1)The abbreviation …Stg Co Deb‟.(2)Parliamentary Session in round brackets.(3)Standing Committee identifying letter.(4)Title of legislation under discussion.(5)The abbreviation “col”.(6)Column number.Command PapersCommand Papers are presented to Parliament …by command of her Majesty‟. There are a number of different types, including -∙Statements of government policy —often referred to as …White Papers‟.∙Discussion or consultation documents —often referred to as …Green Papers‟, but not all Green Papers are published as Command Papers.∙Reports of Royal Commissions.∙Reports of Departmental Committees.∙Reports of tribunals or commissions of enquiry.∙Reports of permanent investigatory bodies such as the Law Commission and the Monopolies and Mergers Commission.∙Treaties and agreements with other countries or international organisations.∙Annual accounts.Command Papers are numbered sequentially regardless of Parliamentary session. The running number and prefix is on the bottom left hand corner of the cover and the title page.The prefix has changed over the years, and you need to be careful in citing this abbreviation correctly.The series of Command Papers published so far have been numbered as follows-1st series [1]-[4222] 1833-18692nd series [C. 1] - [C.9550] 1870-18993rd series [Cd. 1] - [Cd.9239] 1900-19184th series [Cmd. 1] - [Cmd.9889] 1919-19565th series Cmnd. 1 - Cmnd. 9927 1956-19866th series Cm. 1 - 1986 -Include the following information:-(1)Title.(2)Command Paper number.(3)Year of publication.EC UNION PublicationsThe guidance on citing European Documentation will not necessarily conform to the Harvard system because of the particular methods employed to organise the range of publications. The following is for your guidance only in order to aid some form of consistency.An example of a comprehensive citation for an EC regulation:COM documents.COM documents are proposals for new legislation put forward by the European Community. The final versions are only published after much discussion with interested parties - earlier drafts are not generally publicly available.Include the following information:∙The last two digits of the year in round brackets∙The serial number∙The word …final‟ to indicate that it is in fact, the final version and not one of the earlier drafts.Secondary LegislationInclude the following information:∙Its institutional origin — Commission or Council.∙Its form - Regulation, Directive, Decision.∙Its unique number.∙Its year of enactment.∙Its institutional treaty under which it was made — EEC/EC, ECSC, Euratom.∙The date it was passed.∙Optional information can include the title of the legislation and a reference to the issue of the Official Journal of the European Communities in which it was published. Regulations are normally cited with the name of institutional treaty, followed by the legislation number and the year of enactment.A shorter version would be cited as follows:Directives and Decisions are cited by the year of enactment, the legislation number and then the Institutional treaty.Shorter Versions would be cited as follows:Official Journal ReferencesReferences to the Official Journal should include the following information:-(1) OJ series L (Legislation)C (Communications and Information)S (Supplement)(2) issue number.(3) date of issue.(4) page number.Citing Audio-Visual SourcesFilm &VideoGuidance for the referencing of videos, off-air recordings and film seems to be fairly relaxed. However it is important to bear in mind the needs of the researchers following you. In the case of audio-visual sources they are not only going to need as much information as possible to trace the recording but they may also need to know the formats if they are actually going to be able to play it back. Where possible quote the format, such as VHS Video; 35mm Film etc.FilmYou should include the following information, in this order:(1)Film Title (underlined or emboldened or in italics; be consistent throughout thebibliography.)(2)Date of Release (in parentheses.)(3)Director's name.(4)Place of publication.(5)Production company name.(6)[Medium:Format]VideoIt is important to include the transmission date, especially for series which are transmitted throughout the year.You should include the following information, in this order:(1)Series Title.(2)Series Number.(3)Programme Title, underlined or emboldened or in italics.(4)Year.(5)Place of publication.(6)Publisher.(7)Date of transmission.(8)[Medium:Format].Off-Air RecordingCommercial RecordingCiting Electronic SourcesCD-ROMsThe citing of information from computer databases varies. If you have, for example, been using a CD-ROM to obtain journal references you only need to cite the journal as your source of information, not the CD-ROM.If the information you are using is only available as a computer database you should cite it as follows:Citing URLs (Uniform Resource Locator/Internet Address) in a Bibliography. There are a number of approaches to citing work from the Internet. We have chosen a style which fits with the Harvard style in order to maintain consistency. The following points should be noted:∙Be consistent throughout. Fit with the Harvard style.∙Cite enough information for the reader to locate the citation in the future. Occasionally, the URL for an electronic journal article may be excessively long as it will contain control codes. It is sufficient in such cases to just include enough of the URL to identify the site from where the journal came.∙Many Web documents do give an author. If the information is not explicit you may find it in the header of the HTML encoded text (although that may reflect who “marked up” the document, rather than who actually wrote it.) You can view the header by choosing the option to view document source (a choice available from the view option in Netscape).Otherwise use the title as the main reference point as you would with any anonymous work.∙If a document on the web is a series of linked pages — what is the title of the document?Do you cite the main contents page, or a particular page you are quoting from? This is a grey area.∙You should cite the date the document was last updated if this is apparent, or the date when you accessed it if not.In Internet addresses punctuation is important and the stops and commas in a bibliographic citation may confuse the reader; hence the common convention of using < and > to delineate the start and end of an URL.Electronic Journal ArticlesInclude the following information. The order should be:-(1)Author(s)/ Editor(s).(2)Year.(3)Title of Article.(4)Title of Journal, underlined or emboldened or in italics (be consistent throughout thebibliography.)(5)[type of medium].(6)Date of publication.(7)Volume number (issue number), pagination or online equivalent.(8)Availability statement. Note general points about URLs.(9)[Date of accession if necessary].OnLine ImagesInclude the following information, in the following order:-(1)Title of Image, or a description. Underlined or emboldened or in italics (be consistentthroughout the bibliography.)(2)Year.(3)[OnLine image].(4)Available from <URL>. Note general points about URLs.(5)Filename including extension.(6) [Date accessed].World Wide Web DocumentsInclude the following information, the order should be:(1)Author/Editor.(2)Year.(3)Title. Underlined or emboldened or in italics (be consistent throughout thebibliography.)(4)[Internet].(5)Edition.(6)Place of publication:(7)Publisher (if ascertainable).(8)Available from: <URL>. Note general points about URLs.(9)[Accessed date].Email Discussion ListsInclude the following information in the order indicated:-(1)Author/Editor.(2)Year.(3)Title of message.(4)Discussion list name and date of message, underlined, emboldened or in italics.(5)[medium] — Internet discussion list.(6)Available from: <e-mail list address> [accessed date].Sample BibliographyBennett, H., Gunter, H. & Reid, S. (1996) Through a glass darkly: images of appraisal. Journal of Teacher Development, 5 (3) October, pp.39-46.Conference on Economic Crime, 2nd. 1977. London School of Economics & Political Science. (1980) Economic crime in Europe Leigh, L.H. ed. London, Macmillan.Fragile Earth, 5. (1982) South American wetland: Pantanal. Henley on Thames, Watchword Video, [video:VHS]Holland, M. (1996) Harvard system[Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: </servicedepts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html> [Accessed 22 August, 1997.]Now Voyager (1942) Directed by Irving Rapper. New York,Warner [Film:35mm].Porter. M.A. (1993) The modification of method in researching postgraduate education. In: Burgess, R.G. ed. The research process in educational settings: ten case studies. London, Falmer Press.Spence, B. ed. (1993) Secondary school management in the 1990's: challenge and change. Aspects of Education Series,48. London, Independent Publishers.Whitehead, S.M. (1996) Public and private men: masculinities at work in education management. Ph.D. thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University.World in Action. (1995) All work and no play. London: ITV, 21st January, [video:VHS]Useful Hints and Common ConventionsIbid. (Latin) is used as a ditto instead of repeating the previous reference.Op. Cit.(Latin) is used after an author‟s name to mean the same work as last cited for this author.Et al (Latin) commonly used as an abbreviation for “and others”.BibliographyBooth, W.C., Colomb, C.G. & Williams, J.M. (1995)The Craft of Research. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.British Standards Institution. (1990) BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes, BSI.The Chicago Manual of Style. (1993) 14th ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Fisher, D. & Hanstock,T. (1994) Citing References: a guide for users. 2nd ed. Nottingham, Nottingham Trent University.Fletcher, G. & Greenhill, A. (1995) Academic Referencing of Internet-based Resources. Aslib Proceedings, 47 (11/12) November/December, p.245-52.Holland, M. (1996) Harvard System [Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: </service-depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html> [Accessed August 22,1997]Li, X. & Crane, N. (1993) Electronic Style: a guide to citing electronic information. Westport, Conn., Mecklermedia.Rudd, D. (1994) Cite Me, I‟m Yours or References, Bibliogr aphies, Notes, Quotations ...etc. Harvard Version. Bolton, Bolton Institute of Higher Education.Rudd, D. (1995) Writing a Dissertation. A Brief Guide to Presentation & Literature Searching. Bolton, Bolton Institute of Higher Education.Shields, G. & Walton, G. (1995) Cite Them Right: How To Organise Bibliographical References. 3rd ed. Newcastle, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Information Services.Turabian, K.L. (1987) A Manual for Writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. 5th ed, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Turner, B. ed.(1996) The Writer‟s Handbook 1996. London, Macmillan.。
中国文献的哈佛格式
中国文献的哈佛格式
在中文文献中，哈佛引用格式通常按照以下规则进行引用：
1. 文末引用格式：作者姓，作者名。
出版年。
书名。
出版地：出版社。
2. 内文引用格式：（作者姓，出版年）在句子的后面，与引用内容直接相接。
例如，对于李明在2020年出版的《社会学研究》一书，可以按照以下方式进行引用：
文末引用格式：李明，2020. 社会学研究. 北京：人民出版社。
内文引用格式：（李明，2020）在句子后面，与引用内容直接相接，如“根据李明（2020）的研究，……”
需要注意的是，哈佛引用格式的规则可能因学科、出版物或地区而异。
因此，在撰写论文或学术文章时，最好仔细阅读相关文献和规范要求，以确保正确使用引用格式。
1。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Information Resources Harvard systemIn-text references,reference lists and bibliographiesStyle manual for authors,Harvard SystemContentsDefinitions4 Annotated bibliography4 Bibliography4 Citation4 Endnote4 Footnote4 In-text reference4 Periodicals5 Reference list5 Introduction5Steps to referencing6Organising a bibliography or reference list7 Writing a bibliography or reference list7 Collecting references7 In-text references8 Using volume and page numbers8 Dates8 One author or one organisation as author8 More than one work9 More than three authors9 Parts of a work written by someone other than the author9 More than one work by the same author9 No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisation10 One author citing another author10 Encyclopedias and dictionaries10 Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs10 Web pages10 Unpublished works11 Personal communications,including email11Reference lists and bibliographies11 Books111.Book with one author122.Book with two or three authors123.Book with organisation as author124.Book with government department as author125.Book with more than three authors126.Book with no author127.Book with an editor138.Book in a series139.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson report1310.More than one place of publication1311.Chapter or article from a book1312.Entries in an encyclopedia13Periodicals141.Articles with an author142.Articles with no author143.Individual volumes/issues14plete run of a periodical155.Newspaper articles156.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.157.Annual reports16Conference papers—published proceedings16 Australian Bureau of Statistics documents16 Acts of Parliament16 Standards17 Audiovisual material171.Videorecording e.g.videotapes172.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettes173.Slides174.Kit binations of media such as audiocassette plus printed material185.Radio and television broadcasts18Pamphlets,leaflets etc.18 Unpublished sources of information191.Unpublished documents:diaries,personal papers,reports etc.192.Personal letters,interviews,conversations19Electronic resources20 Page numbers on the web20 Dates20 Articles in online databases201.Article with an author212.Article without an author213.Conference paper21Articles from online journals21 Reports from online databases22 Articles from online encyclopedias22 Extract from an online book22 Table from an online book22 Web pages221.Web document with an author232.Web page without an author233.Web page of a company or organisation234.Australian standards online235.Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online23Email241.Email with permission to cite the email address242.Email without permission to cite the email address24Other electronic resources24 Personal bibliographic software25 Cite while you write25 Webpages25 Management of qualitative data and electronic text25 Nvivo home page25 Further reading26 Standard abbreviations used in referencing27DefinitionsAnnotated bibliographya bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes,explains orevaluates the publication referred to.Annotations may cover such characteristics as scope, level,bias,style,relevance and credibility.Bibliographya list of books,articles and other sources of information having some relationship to eachother—usually those which you have consulted and found useful in your research.It mayinclude items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.Citationformal description of a book,article or other information source containing all details essential for correct identification of the item.Sometimes called a ‘reference’ by the Harvard system.Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.Endnotelike a footnote,but placed at the end of the essay,report or chapter.Footnotea note placed at the bottom of a page on which a reference or citation occurs in the text.A number is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the samepage in front of the footnote.In the Harvard system footnotes may be used for explanatory additions to the main text but are not used to give bibliographic information.In the Footnote/endnote system,footnotes are used to acknowledge the sources of specific pieces of information,both direct quotations from the source or statements in your own words that paraphrase the author’s ideas.In-text referenceused in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay or report.It may be placed in bracketsimmediately following the relevant passage,or fully integrated into the text.In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list giving complete details of the works cited.Periodicalspublications that are produced at regular intervals,such as magazines,journals and newspapers.Reference lista list of books,articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited)in the text of your essay or report.This is used with the Harvard system.No additional items are included in a reference list,even those you found broadly relevant to your research.Note:Sometimes you may provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotatedbibliography) with your essay or report.IntroductionThis guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for yourassignments.The style used in this guide is the Harvard system,which is also sometimes called the author-date system or the name-year system.It is based on the AustralianGovernment style guide,Style manual for authors,editors and printers2002,revised bySnooks and Co,6th edn,John Wiley & Sons,Milton,Qld which can give you furtherinformation and more examples.There are many different citation styles.You can viewa guide to some online resources on the Library’s infogate Styles for reference lists andbibliographies at:.au/lib/infogate/citing.htmYour department may give you instructions about how to cite resources,but if not,you can follow the guidelines given here.There are several important reasons for citing sources of information you have used:1.You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers.If you do not let your reader know that ideas or information presented in your workare actually the work of other people,this is plagiarism for which you can bepenalised.2.Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you tosubstantiate the statements you make in your assignment.3.Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by readingsome of the books,articles and other information sources you have used.Steps to referencingStep 1:When you are collecting information,you should record all bibliographic details.In the case of a book,bibliographic details refer to information like author or editor,date of publication,title,edition (if not the first),volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place of publication.In the case of a journal article,it refers to author of the article,year of publication,title of the article,journal title,volume number,issue number and page number on which the article appears.Step 2:Cite the reference at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment.Step 3:Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment.Steps 2 and 3 involve listing citations using an accepted format.This guide tells you which information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information (books,articles,audiovisual material,web pages etc.) and how to set out that information by following the examples given.One widely used format,the Harvard system,is described in this guide.Ask your instructor if your school or department prefers this system.Remember,if you are having any problems with writing reference,ask for help from:I the librarian at the Consultation DeskI your teacher or supervisor in the relevant subjectsI language support teachers at the Access Department.Organising a bibliography or reference listWriting a bibliography or reference listAlways be consistent.The following points may seem pedantic details but they can beimportant in interpreting a reference.a)Always assemble the information (e.g.author,title,publisher etc.) in the same order.b) Be consistent in your use of punctuation.c)Be consistent in your use of capital letters.d)Observe the conventions on italics,underlining etc.which help to distinguish booksfrom articles:I italics for the title of a book (or videotape,periodical or recording)I enclose the title of an article in single quotation marksNote: Underlining may be used instead of italics,however,using italics is now usuallypreferred because of the predominance of wordprocessors and personal computerswhich produce clear unambiguous italics.Underlined references can be confused withhypertext links on the Internet.Underlining is mostly used with handwritten ortypewritten material.e) Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order.A single sequencearranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (author’s name or title) is themost common.Alternatives include:I alphabetical within groups according to subject (e.g.a bibliography on mass mediadivided into general,television and radio)I alphabetical within groups according to form (e.g.books,periodicals,audiovisual)Collecting referencesAs you find your information sources it is a good idea to record the references in full.It takes less time to write out the reference in full the first time,even if you decide not to use it,than to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due.If you have used several libraries it is a good idea to note where you found your source,as well as its call number in that library.This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment,but will help you to find the material again if necessary.Staff and post-graduate students should read about Personal bibliographic software on p.25,and Management of qualitative data and electronic text on p.25.In-text referencesIn the Harvard system,you place brief references in the text of your essay or report toacknowledge the source of the information you have quoted or discussed.These briefreferences are called in-text references,or sometimes they are called in-text citations,textual references or textual citations.In-text references must be accompanied by areference list that gives full details of the works cited.The reference list comes at the end of your essay or report and is headed ‘References’.Generally,an in-text reference comprises the author’s surname and the year of publication.Additional details such as page numbers,volume numbers and authors’ initials should be used when necessary to avoid confusion.Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number.e.g.David Miller asks,‘what does each of us,individually,owe to other human beings,regardless of their cultural make-up,or their citizenship,or their place of residence?’(Miller 2000,p.174)Using volume and page numbersIf it is necessary to specify a volume or page in an in-text reference—for example if the work is very long,these may be useful for a reader—add these details after the publication year: (Barr 1977,p.77)Barr (1995,p.29) described…(Russell 1969,vol.3,p.138)See note on Page numbers on the web on p.20.DatesSometimes a publication year cannot be found.As the Harvard system is based on thecombination of author and date,one of the following substitutes should be used:n.d.=no known datec.1995 = circa 1995 (i.e.an approximate date)?1995 = a dubious dateforthcoming = a work to be published shortlyOne author or one organisation as authorThe name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.e.g.These changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995).Alternatively,the author’s surname may be integrated into the text,followed immediately by the year,in brackets.e.g.Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes.If the author is an organisation,use the name of the organisation.e.g.The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities receivedgreater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).More than one workMore than one work may be cited in a single reference:(Parsaye & Chignell 1988; Simons 1985)Note the authors are presented in alphabetical order—P before S.or Parsaye and Chignell (1988),and Simons (1985) describe how…Note that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text the word ‘and’ is used rather than an ampersand (&).More than three authorsWhen a work has more than three authors,the in-text reference shows the name of the first listed author and then the abbreviation ‘et al.’,which means ‘and others’:(Gajski et al.1993)However,the names of all the authors should be given in the reference list.Parts of a work written by someone other than the authorWhen someone other than the author writes part of a work,such as a preface or introduction, give both names.Block (in Gallway 2000) claimed…(Block,in Gallway 2000)In the reference list show details of the work in which the contribution,or part of the work, appeared.In this case it would be:Gallway,WT 2000,The inner game of work,Random House,New York.More than one work by the same authorWhen you refer to more than one work by the same author,list the publication years in chronological e lower-case letters to distinguish between works published in the same year (also include these in the list of references).e.g.(Barr 1977,1995)(Robertson 1988a,1988b)Robertson (1984,1988b) showed that…No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisationSometimes a work has no identifiable author.In this case,substitute the title of the book, article or web page for the author’s name—don’t use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon’.e.g.…in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London1683)(Age11 Oct.1989,p.10)Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee (Drugs and the law,2002)In Drugs and the law(2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws…One author citing another authorWhen one author cites another author’s work,use all the authors’ names.e.g.Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported…(Chambliss & Ryther,cited in Liazos 1985)‘English as Charlton Laird has noted,is the only language that has,or needs,books of synonyms like Roget’s Thesaurus.“Most speakers of other languages are not awarethat such books exist.”’ (Laird cited in Bryson 1990)In the reference list give details of the citing author:Liazos A 1985 Sociology:a liberating perspective,Allyn and Bacon,London.Encyclopedias and dictionariesIf there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia,use the author-date method already described.For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author,provide in-text information like this:The Macquarie dictionary(2001) defines it as…(The Australian Oxford English dictionary1999)Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs Provide the title of the item in italics and the datee.g.(Japanese language and people1991)In the film Charlotte Grey(2002) the French Resistance fighters were portrayed…Web pagesIf there is an author for a web page,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Done 2002)If there is no author,use the title of the web page.e.g.(The senior dogs project2002)Unpublished worksIf there is an author for an unpublished work,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Florey 1925)If there is no author,use the title of the unpublished work.e.g.(Using online databases 2002)Personal communications,including emailPersonal communications include conversations,interviews,telephone calls,emails andletters.As personal communications may not appear in a reference list unless your essay or report is based mainly on personal communications,your in-text reference should make it clear what kind of communication you have usede.g.In a letter dated 29 May 1986,AD Francis,wrote…The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis1986,pers comm.,29 May).In an email dated 15 January 2003,Annette Steere wrote…The pie eating competition was a great success (A Steere 2003,email,15 January)Reference lists and bibliographiesIn the Harvard system the author and the publication year form the link between in-textreferences and the reference list.In the list of references the same citation details as in a bibliography are included.The citation details are arranged to clarify the link with in-textreferences.BooksFor books,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)—either a person or an institution—or editor(s)b) Year of publicationSee note on Dates on p.8c) Title—plus the subtitle if there is oned) Title of series and volume number—if applicablee) Edition—if it is not the firstf) Publisherg) Place of publication—cityYou can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e.the page immediately following the title page) or from the entry in the library catalogue.The following examples illustrate how to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list or bibliography.Usually the author’s name comes first.Put the family name (surname) first,then initials of the given or personal names.No full stops and no spaces are used with people’s initials.Book titles are e minimal capitalisation for book titles.You should use only the author’s initials in your reference list,regardless of how his or her name is presented in the book.Sometimes you can use an author’s full name if it will help your readers to recognise the author e.g.Phillip Adams could appear in a reference list as Adams,Phillip.Use an ampersand (&) between two authors’ names rather than the word ‘and’.If you know some information for a reference,but it is not on the item itself,you can include it in a square bracket e.g.[Sydney].You may find this sort of information in a library catalogue.1.Book with one authorler,D 2000,Citizenship and national identity,Polity,Cambridge.2.Book with two or three authorse.g.Brown,PH & Broeske,PH 1996,Howard Hughes:the untold story,Dutton,New York.3.Book with organisation as authore.g.Australian Society of CPAs 1993,Accounting software in Australia 1993:the CPAsguide to accounting software,Prentice Hall of Australia,Sydney.4.Book with government department as authore.g.Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002,Australia-China:a photographic record:to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relationsbetween Australia and the People’s Republic of China:1972–2002,Department ofForeign Affairs and Trade,Canberra.5.Book with more than three authorsNames should be cited in the order they appear on the title page.Gajski,DD,Vahid,F,Narayan,S &Gong,J 1994,Specification and design ofembedded systems,PTR Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey.6.Book with no authorUse the title of the work.Training Australians:a better way of working:27 case studies from leading Australian organisations of their best training strategies1990,Business Council of Australia,Melbourne.7.Book with an editore.g.Brown,C (ed.) 1996,Indonesia:dealing with a neighbour,Allen & Unwin in associationwith Australian Institute of International Affairs,St Leonards,NSW.8.Book in a seriesList the name of the series after the title of the work.Stoddard,KM 1983,Saints and shrews:women and aging in American popular film,Contributions in women’s studies,no.39,Greenwood Press,Westport,Connecticut.9.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson reportThe reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work,and the full document information must be given under the formal entry.e.g.Henderson report—see Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975,Poverty in Australia,first main report,(Prof.RF Henderson,chairman),Australian Government Publishing Service,Canberra.10.More than one place of publicationIf more than one place of publication is listed,use only the first-listed place.11.Chapter or article from a bookGive the details of the chapter or article first,then the details of the publication in which it appeared.Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.e.g.Hesketh,B & Rounds,J 1995,‘International cross-cultural approaches to careerdevelopment’,in WB Walsh & SH Osipow (eds),Handbook of vocational psychology:theory,research,and practice,2nd edn,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.,Mahwah,New Jersey.12.Entries in an encyclopediae.g.Tran,M 2001,‘Swedish massage’,The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine,vol.4,Gale Group,Farmington Hills,Michigan,pp.1668–1670.‘Puma’ 1998,The new encyclopaedia Britannica,15th edn,vol.9,EncyclopaediaBritannica,Chicago,p.796.For an example of an article in an online encyclopedia see p.22.PeriodicalsMaximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals.For all other titles,capitalisationis minimal.Periodical titles are italicised.In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number.An issue number or the name of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume.Inspect the periodical carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.1.Articles with an authorFor articles in journals and magazines,include the following information:a) Author(s)—if givenb) Year of publicationc) Title of article—enclose title in single quotation marksd) Title of periodicale) Place of publication (city)—only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same titlef) Volume and/or issue numberg) Day,month and season—if applicableh) Page number(s)e.g.Salusinszky,I1995,‘Thomas Keneally:my part in his downfall’,Quadrant,vol.39,no.10,October,pp.23–26.2.Articles with no author‘Calcium levels control human vision’ 1988,New Scientist,no.1636,29 October,p.34.3.Individual volumes/issuesFor a single issue or a limited run,the following details are sufficient:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Year of publicationc) Volume and/or issue number(s)d) Month and day of month or season—if applicablee.g.Overland,1983,no.93,December.Futures:the Journal of Forecasting and Planning,1986–1989,vols.18–21.plete run of a periodicalIf you need to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published periodical, include the following information:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Date(s) of publicationc) Name of publisherd) Place of publication (city,state)e) Volume and/or issue number(s)f) Frequency of publicatione.g.The Australian Accountant,1936–,Australian Society of Certified PracticingAccountants,Melbourne,vol.1–,Monthly.‘1936–’ and ‘vol.1–’ means that the first issue appeared in 1936 and the periodical is still being published.5.Newspaper articlesReplace the volume/issue number by the day and month:e.g.Hogan,R1996,‘Investors weigh implications for $A’,Australian Financial Review,1August,p.6.‘A welcome lowering of rates’ 1996,The Australian,1 August,p.10.6.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.Include:a) Name of reviewerb) Yearc) Title of the reviewd) Description of what is being reviewed and its authore) Periodical in which the review appearedf) Day and month—if applicableg) Page numberse.g.Carroll,S 2002,‘The stuff of theatre’,review of Double act:a life of Tom Stoppardby Ira Nadel,The Age,28 September,Saturday Extra,p.8.‘Saturday Extra’ before the page number indicates a special independently numbered section of the newspaper.7.Annual reportsThese are not periodicals in the usual sense,but are important regular publications ofgovernment bodies,companies and other organisations.A reference for an annual report should include:a) Name of organisationb)Date of publication—if applicablec)Short descriptive titled)Year(s) coverede.g.Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001,Annual report 2000–2001,Canberra.Foster’s Brewing Group 1998,Annual Report 1998.For an example of an online annual report,see p.23 under 3.Web page of a company or organisation.Conference papers—published proceedingsPapers presented at conferences and similar gatherings are often collected and published by the organisation that arranged the conference.A reference to a published conference paper is similar to one for a chapter or article from a book.Note that the place and year that the papers were published is included,while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted (unless these form part of the title of the proceedings).DuPont,B 1974,‘Bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency with an unrelated MLC compatible donor’,Proceedings of the third annual meeting of theInternational Society for Experimental Hematology,International Society for Experimental Hematology,Houston,Texas,pp.44–6.Pockley,P 1987,‘National programs for promoting public understanding of science and technology:progress,problems and prospects’,ANZAAS Congress Papers,no.56,paper 76.Australian Bureau of Statistics documentsInclude the ABS catalogue number after the title.Australian Bureau of Statistics 1991,Work patterns of women,cat.no.6204.2,ABS,Canberra. For examples of Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online see p.23.Acts of ParliamentAdd the name of the jurisdiction in brackets after the title of the act.Electoral Act 2002(Vic).StandardsStandards Australia defines a standard as ‘a published document which sets out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended to do’.For standards,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)b)Year of publicationc)Titled)Standard Numbere)Publisherf)Place of publicatione.g.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987,IEEE standard for software userdocumentation,(ANSI/IEEE 1063–1987),IEEE,New York.Standards Association of Australia 1992,Marking of overhead cables for low-levelflying,(AS 3891.2–1992),Standards Australia,Homebush,NSW.For an example of an online Australian standard see p.23.Audiovisual materialYou may need to write a reference for a videotape,DVD,TV program etc.It is similar to a book e the label on the item or the library catalogue to find the information you need. Include the following details:a) Author (if there is one)b) Year of productionc) Titled) Format (use a general term such as ‘sound recording’)e) Name of producer/directorf) Place of production1.Videorecording e.g.videotapese.g.Murnau,FW 1984,Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula)[videorecording],Video Yesteryear,Sandy Hook,Conn.2.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettese.g.Jane Knowles1996 [sound recording],ABC Radio Tapes,Sydney.3.Slidese.g.Birnstihl,H 1980,Emotions[slide],Northside Productions,North Melbourne.。