《高级英语阅读》英语历史介绍
《高级英语》中的修辞论析——以“The Trial That Rocked the World”为例
2017年4月第36卷第4期黑龙江教育学院学报Journal of Heilongjiang College of EducationApr. 2017Vol. 36 No.4doi：10. 3969/j.issn.1001-7836. 2017.04.038《高级英语》中的修辞论析-------以“T h e T ria l T h at R o c k e d the W o rld”为例吴旻昊(无锡太湖学院外国语学院，江苏无锡214174)摘要：以张汉熙主编的外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》（第三版）第一册第四课“The Trial That Rocked the World”一文为例，通过分析文中出现的十五种修辞手段，分别从音韵修辞、语义修辞和结构修辞三个方 面进行论述，阐明修辞教学在《高级英语》教学过程中的必要性，以期提高英语专业高年级学生的篇章阅读鉴赏能 力和写作能力。
关键词：高级英语;修辞；“The Trial That Rocked the World”中图分类号:H314 文献标志码:A文章编号=1001-7836(2017)04如2-03引言根据《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》（000版），《高 级英语》是一门训练学生综合英语技能尤其是阅读理解、语 法修辞与写作能力的课程。
课程通过阅读和分析内容广泛 的材料,包括涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等 方面的名家作品，扩大学生的知识面,加深学生对社会和人 生的麵,培养学生对名篇的分析和欣赏能力、逻辑思维与 独立思考的能力，巩固和提高学生英语语言技能。
《高级英语》课程的教学离不开修辞的教学，以张汉熙 主编的外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》（第三版）第一册为例，计15个单元，在每篇文章中少则有五种不同的 修辞（如第一课“Face to Face with Hurricane Camille”），多则 达十五种（如第四课“The Trial That Rocked the World”。
高级英语教学中的主述位推进模式——以《中东集市》一文为例
示已知信息 ， 述位表示未知信息 。韩礼德对这一理
论进 行 了发展 和创新 ， 进 一步 把 主 位划 分 为 单 项 主 位、 复项 主位 和小句 主位 。韩礼德认 为 ， 主位概 念 大 于话 题 ， 它不仅 能引 出话题 ， 还包 含其他 位于句 首 的 成 分 。他 的这 一观点 使我们 可 以对较 为复 杂的句 子 主位成 分进行 分析 。
每个句子都有 自己的主位结构 ， 当某个句子单
独 存在 时 ， 它 的主位 和述 位 是 固定 的、 孤立的、 没 有 发 展 的 。但 是 ， 我们 分析语 篇 时会发 现 ， 语 篇 中前 后
理解和把握。经位存在某种联系。前一个句子的述
收稿 日期 ： ２ ０ ｌ ３ —０ ５ 一ｌ ７ 作者简介 ： 腾智敏（ １ ９ ８ ５ 一） ， 女， 重庆江津人 ， 郑州大学西亚斯国际学 院， 助教 ， 硕士。研究方向： 翻译理论与实践 。 ５ ４
关键词 ： 主位 ； 述位 ； 主述 位 推 进 模 式
中图分 类号： Ｇ ６ ４ ２
文献标识码 ： Ａ
文章编号 ： １ ６ ７ ｌ 一１ ５ ８ Ｏ （ ２ Ｏ １ ３ ） ０ ９ —０ ｏ ５ ４ —０ ３
一
、
引 言
能语法中的主述位结构相关理论进行了解后 ， 笔者 认为， 应用 主述位推进模式对文章进行分析 ， 不仅可
２ ０ １ ３年第 ９期 第２ ９卷 （ 总３ ２ １期）
吉林省教育学院学报
Ｊ ＯＵＲＮＡＬ ＯＦ ＥＤＵＣＡＴＩ ＯＮＡ Ｌ Ｉ ＮＳ ＴＩ ＴＵＴＥ ＯＦ Ｊ ｌ Ｌ ＰＲＯＶＩ ＮＣＥ
Ｎｏ ． ９， ２ ０ １ ３ Ｖｏ ｔ ２ ９ Ｔｏ ｒ ａ ｌ Ｎｏ ． ３ ２ １
建构主义理论关照下《高级英语》的课堂设计——以《The Sad Young Men》为例
- 18-校园英语 / 高等教育建构主义理论关照下《高级英语》的课堂设计——以《The Sad Young Men》为例邵阳学院外语系/杨柳 刘丽华【摘要】《高级英语》教学中，最有难度的事情是将冗长的课文变成生动的富有启发性的课堂体验。
《The Sad Young Men 》是一篇史诗般的文章，需要运用到丰富的文化历史知识，需要学生的独立思考和动手搜集资料解决问题的能力。
在建构主义的关照下，将教师从课堂的控制者变为学生学习的协助者，按照一定的步骤完成任务型、互动式的教学。
【关键词】建构主义 高级英语 课堂设计 The Sad Young Men前言《高级英语》课程是英语专业三年级最重要、最有挑战性的课程。
分为上下两册，共30篇文章，篇幅一般是基础英语的数倍。
课文来源于名家名篇：有美国总统演讲、小说无删改节选、科学读本等等，内容丰富、选材广泛、语言风格不一、形式多样，富有养分。
如何在课堂上处理这些语言材料，使课堂精彩动人而非拖沓冗长，变成教师一人的阵地，课堂的教学改革势在必行。
采取何种方式进行改革、如何改革、怎样才能使学生成为课堂的中心达到培养的目标和任务都是《高级英语》课堂教学设计的内容。
建构主义理论与课堂教学建构主义学习理论是历经对皮亚杰、布鲁纳、维果茨基、维特罗克(M.C.Wittrock)等人的早期建构主义思想的不断发展，同时伴随着对认知心理学的批判和发展，于20世纪90年代出现在心理学领域中的一股强大“洪流”。
建构主义学习理论的基本内容可从“学习的含义”(即关于“什么是学习”)与“学习的方法”(即关于“如何进行学习”)这两个方面进行说明。
认为“情境”、“协作”、“会话”和“意义构建”是学习环境的四大要素。
构建主义在西方已经成为广泛使用的一种教学理论。
弘扬学生的主体性、主动性、发展性是建构主义教学观的主旨。
教学过程的重心不是教师，而是学生，这是学生的学习。
建构主义教学四要素较传统的作用有了新的内容。
《高级英语》教学大纲
《高级英语》教学大纲一、课程信息课程名称（中文）：高级英语（一、二）课程名称（英文）：Advanced English课程类别：学科基础课课程性质：必修课计划学时：112 （其中课内学时：112 ，课外学时：0 ）计划学分： 7先修课程：《综合英语》选用教材：《综合教程》第五、六册，何兆熊主编，2013；非自编；教育部规划教材开课院部：外语学院适用专业：英语专业、“E+”双专业课程负责人：杨志课程网站：无二、课程简介（中英文）高级英语是一门训练学生综合英语技能尤其是阅读理解、语法修辞与写作能力的课程。
通过阅读和分析内容广泛的材料，包括涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文化、教育、哲学等方面的名家作品，扩大学生的知识面，加深学生对社会和人生的理解，培养学生对名篇的分析和欣赏能力、逻辑思维与独立思考能力，巩固和提高英语语言技能。
每课都应配有大量的相关练习，使学生的英语水平在质上有较大的提高。
Advanced English is aimed at training students’integrated English skills, especially their reading, grammar, rhetoric and writing ability. Students are expected to, through reading and analysis of materials of various fields including politics, economy, society, language, culture, education, philosophy of famous works, expand their knowledge scope, deepen their understanding of society and life, cultivate their analysis and appreciation, logical and independent thinking, consolidate and improve their English language skills. And each lesson should be equipped with a number of related practices, to make the students’English level substantially improved.三、课程教学要求序号专业毕业要求课程教学要求关联程度1 英语语言知识H2 英语文化知识M3 （相关）专业学科知识4 英语语言技能H5 跨文化交际能力M6 （相关）专业方向技能7 学术能力M8 终身学习能力9 沟通能力M10 行业素质11 思想道德素质12 身心素质注：“课程教学要求”栏中内容为针对该课程适用专业的专业毕业要求与相关教学要求的具体描述。
高级英语阅读课文1-4
Unit1 sports Beyond BeckhamBy Malcolm BeithNursing a broken foot, Wayne Rooney limped off the football field just 27 minutes into England's Euro 2004 quarter-final against Portugal. His tournament was over, but what a hard game it had been: Rooney had shot four goals and given his team the hope David Beckham had failed to provide. Surely the 18-year-old Rooney was the One, thought the football experts from Birmingham to Bangkok, the golden boy who would replace Beckham as the new face of football. But the hype died down as soon as the question of dollars translated into sense. Sure, Rooney is a very good player, declared one commentator, but what could he possibly sell---"potatoes?"In the Age of Beckham, it takes more than football skills to become a global football icon. A player's ability to sell team shirts, shaving cream and everything has become ever more crucial to a football club's ability to establish itself as a global brand. At the top of the food chain stands Beckham--the sarong-wearing star whose good looks, family-man image and celebrity status have helped sell everything from Gillette razors in the United States to Meiji Seika chocolates in Japan.But all good things must come to an end, and the Age of Beckham is no exception. At 29, Beckham is entering the twilight of his career; the football industry is beginning to contemplate how to fill the void that hisdecline as a player and eventual retirement will create. Indeed, that question was on the minds of many of the world's club bosses and marketing executives who attended the annual football trade fair in Dubai, United Arab Emirates in early December 2004. Newcastle United chairman Freddy Shepherd declared frankly that Manchester United had lost some of its "stardust" since letting Beckham transfer to Real Madrid in 2003. Now the whole industry is worried about losing its brightness.There is no obvious candidate to fill Beckham's Gucci shoes. Rooney, 19, is too uninspiring off the field; the pug-faced Liverpudlian has only local appeal and lacks a celebrity reputation. The same goes for Real Madrid's Michael Owen, although he's cute enough to female fans. Other stars, like Manchester United's Portuguese passionate Cristiano Ronaldo, Italian Francesco Totti of AS Roma, Argentine wonder boy Javier Saviola of Monaco and Arsenal's No. 1 Frenchman Thierry Henry have potential. But their global range is limited by one important factor: "They don't have the English-language feature," says Dominic Malcolm, a sports-economics lecturer at the University of Leicester and author of The Future of Football. Speaking English has come to be regarded as a vital asset for any footballer hoping to win over fans from Buenos Aires to Bangkok. It is generally believed that the next Beckham may well have to be English or American, just as most global pop icons are.The lack of such a figure is leading European club executives andsponsors to concentrate on filling region-specific marketing needs, particularly in Asia, which is now seen as the merchandising gold mine that could help bring Europe's ailing teams out of the red. When Crystal Palace signed Chinese stars Fan Zhiyi and Sun Jihai in 1998, the club's products flew off shelves across China, and created instant brand-name recognition. Tottenham enjoyed a similar effect with Japanese striker Kazuyuki Toda last year, as did Parma with Japanese star Hidetoshi Nakata, who is now at Fiorentina. "We're seeing players signed in Europe because of the commercial opportunity they open up," says Malcolm. "It enables a football club as a brand to expand into a market." Consider this: When Chinese star Li Tie's Everton plays against Manchester City, where Sun Jihai now plays, an estimated 300 million Chinese watch the match (less than 1 million Brits tune in--and that's if Rupert Murdoch's BSkyB chooses to broadcast it).Some critics argue that teams are sacrificing quality in this quest to build international brands. Many of the Asian players transferred to Europe have failed dismally on the field--Toda, for instance, played just four games before being sent back to a Japanese club. This prompted Mohammed bin Hammam, the head of the Asian Football Confederation, to accuse European clubs of exploiting Asian players as "slaves" for commercial purposes earlier this year, demanding instead that they hire Asians on playing ability alone. Nevertheless, some teams are going outof their way to help raise player quality along with their reputations; Stockport County FC in Britain's Division One plays annual exhibitions in China and offers training scholarships to local players. "Recruiting players has to be purely about talent," says a former executive of one big-name English club. "If the player has marketing value, it's a bonus--but not the reason. If you do that you start to endanger the integrity of sporting principles."Perhaps, but these principles have largely died in recent years, as satellite television dragged football from its local, small roots and transformed it into a multibillion-dollar industry that favored branding over ball skills. As the footballing world moves into a new era, desperately seeking its new cash cow--or cows--few clubs or sponsors are listening to the old timers. Some still dream of finding the One, perhaps in an American like Washington DC United's 15-year-old Ghanaian born Freddy Adu, who has endorsement deals with everyone from Nike to Campbell's soup, and has helped raise attendance at his games this past season to 50 percent above average. "It may be that the person who rivals Beckham is going to be the person most closely linked to the American team when it eventually wins the World Cup," speculates Malcolm.Others think that's not likely ever to happen. So, when Beckham finally fades into the history books, as Bill Gerard, a professor of sports management and finance at Leeds University Business School, puts it, "itwill be a case of 'The king is dead. Long live the king.'" The new ruler may face an altogether different kind of kingdom.Unit2 MoviesA Critic Review of The Terminal(Adapted)By A. O. ScottSteven Spielberg's new film, The Terminal, opens nationwide today. An airline terminal is, by definition, a place a traveler passes through on the way from one place to another. It is a place where one wants to spend only as much time as is absolutely necessary. However, the word "terminal" also has some darker connotations that challenge its modest, everyday meaning.The Latin origin of the word, termini, refers to the local gods, whose shrines served as boundary markers in ancient Rome. It suggests a frontier between worlds. The modern medical usage of "terminal" is associated with death. Therefore, to be trapped indefinitely in a terminal, without any opportunity to escape, brings to mind a kind of living death, a frustrating state of perpetual imprisonment.With this scenario in mind, it makes Steven Spielberg's transformation of this typical modem nightmare of interrupted air travel into a vision of earthly paradise much more remarkable. The director (Steven Spielberg) has repeatedly shown in his other movies how romantic flying can be. Steven Spielberg's interest in flying could be seen in the flashing spaceship lights at the end of Close Encounters (1977), inthe soaring bicycle of E. T. (1982), and Empire of the Sun (1987). The Terminal still shows Steven Spielberg's fascination with air travel, but it is also a direct contrast to his previous depictions of flight at the same time. This movie is about the romance of being stuck on the ground.The plot of the film begins with Viktor Navorski (Tom Hanks), who flies to New York from the imaginary eastern European republic of Krakozia. Viktor arrives at J.F.K. International Airport just as a military coup abolishes his country's government and renders him without a home.A large amount of complicated (and somewhat unrealistic) bureaucracy and regulations strand him at the airport, where he remains for nearly a year. He is unable to board a flight home or even take a cab into Manhattan. However, he is innocent of anything that would warrant his detention by the airport authorities. He is utterly trapped and completely free at the same time. (This movie is loosely based on the real experience of an Iranian traveler who was abandoned for a much longer period in a Paris airport after the fall of the Shah).Steven Spielberg and the screenwriters, Sacha Gervasi and Jeff Nathanson, emphasize freedom rather than constraint. They focus on the humor of Viktor's situation rather than on its seriousness. What sounds like a scenario out of a horror story turns into an innocent fairy tale of friendliness and pleasure. The troubles that afflict Viktor's home- land are safely confined to cable news broadcasts on airport television monitors.Real-life shocks of loneliness and displacement melt away into the atmosphere of the terminal.Even the cheeriest fairy tale must have a villain. In The Terminal, the villain is an ambitious, humorless Homeland Security official named Frank Dixon (Stanley Tucci), who is about to get a big promotion. With pursed lips and narrowed eyes, he regards Viktor not as a person in distress, but as a procedural inconvenience. When he fails to scare Viktor into leaving the airport, Dixon becomes obsessed.In the comical world of The Terminal, Dixon's vindictiveness is an anomaly. Before long, Viktor finds himself welcomed into an easygoing, multi-cultural tribe of nongovernmental airport employees. Among them are a dustman from India named Gupta (Kumar Pallana), a baggage handler named Joe (Chi McBride) and a sweet-faced restaurant worker named Enrique (Diego Luna).At first the lightheartedness of The Terminal may seem false. At time the story offers nothing special, and the filmmakers seem uncomfortable with characters that are anything more than simple and kind.Catherine Zeta-Jones is as spirited and lovely as ever, but the movie is content to use her for her beauty rather than for the humor that is her greatest attribute as a comic actress. In her other movies, this quality has been used in Rob Marshall's Chicago and Joe Roth's America'sSweethearts. Other directors, Steven Spielberg included, seem uncomfortable by the idea that a woman of such regal beauty could actually be funny. As for Stanley Tucci, he is an obvious choice to play an authoritative bureaucrat, but his performance is not inspired. If he were a less technical actor, Dixon's coldness and malice might be psychologically interesting.Dixon and Amelia (Zeta-Jones) are there to serve the plot. The story is sweet and humorous, but Steven Spielberg has made it tolerable. Rarely have I been so acutely aware of a movie's softness and sentimentality, and rarely have I minded less. Some of the credit goes to Tom Hanks. He is a man with nothing left to prove. His performance is so friendly that its nuances emerge only in retrospect.At first Viktor seems like a holy fool with a funny accent, but the pouches under his eyes and the determination of his attitude tell another story. In time we learn that Viktor is a skilled carpenter and a devoted son. However, before we learn this and before he learns enough English to tell us, we understand that he is resourceful and stubborn as well as generous.There are some similarities between Viktor and the character, Chuck Noland, which Tom Hanks played in Cast Away. However, there are many differences. Viktor's character is already stoic when the film begins, where Chuck takes four years of living on a desert island to become as stoic. In some ways Viktor's journey is the reverse of Chuck's.Chuck was cast out of modem consumer society and learned to make do with very little. Viktor is coming from circumstances of relatively little material wealth and must adapt to a scene of surrealistic and enormous abundance.I'm guessing that Viktor's homeland was originally an eastern European underdeveloped country. Someone from that region might point out that The Terminal presents a charming fantasy of global capitalism, which is not always so benevolent. Fair enough, but another way to say this is to notice that the film changes an alienating commercial environment into a place of utopian possibility, in the same way E. Z transformed a monotonous, sprawling suburb into a realm of enchantment. The appeal of both of these movies is due to the desire and ingenuity of the characters, who reflect the mind of Steven Spielberg.The magic of The Terminal is a bit forced, perhaps because it is more urgently needed. Air travel, once a symbol of freedom and mobility, is now often associated with frustration, anxiety and terror. Steven Spielberg, assisted by the music of John Williams, the cinematography of Janusz and the set designs of Alex McDowell, makes the audience forget their ideas of a real airline terminal with effortless grace and optimism. The Terminal changes the scary modem world into a friendly, artificial garden of escalators and restaurants and expands toward the farthest horizon of the human imagination. ( 1,157 words )unit 3 Chinese CultureChinese Religions and CultureEarly Chinese religion belongs to the mythical and prehistoric period. Tradition speaks of the origins of Chinese culture lying in the 3rd millennium B.C. with the Xia Dynasty. As of yet no historical evidence has been found for such a dynasty, and all references to it are mythical. It is only with the Shang Dynasty, which is traditionally dated from 1766 B.C. to 1122 B.C., that we find evidence of a developing culture and religious practices. The religion of the Shang was principally characterized by the use of oracle bones for divination and the development of the cult of ancestors. It was believed that the cracks that resulted from burning ox bones or tortoise shells represented messages sent from the gods about a variety of matters such as illness, weather or hunting.Belief in deities and the practice of the worship of ancestors have persisted in Chinese life, and have come to form the basis of what has broadly been termed popular religion. Popular religion in fact represents a mixture of early religion and elements of the three great religions: Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. At the heart of popular religion is the worship of deities and veneration of ancestors at shrines in the home or temples. There are many deities associated with this form of religion, but the best known are Yu Di, the supreme ruler of heaven, and Guan Yin,the goddess of mercy and protector of women and children.In the Zhou Dynasty a more structured form of religion developed. This is associated with the teaching of Kung Fuzi (551 B.C.-479 B.C.), whose Latinized name is Confucius. Confucius sought to establish a socio-political ethical system, with theological beliefs concerned with human destiny and the conduct of human relationships in society, based on a belief in the goodness of human nature. He believed in a providential Heaven (tian) and in prayer which encouraged him in his mission. He emphasized the five relationships--namely, father-son; ruler-subject; husband-wife; eldest son-brothers; friend-friend--to be expressed by li (correct ceremony) to bring he (harmony). Such relationships were rooted in family piety which came to give a prominent place to ancestor worship and to respect for deified men, which came to find expression in the Sacrifices of the State religion. The Confucian canon can be divided into two parts: the Four Books and the Five Classics. The Four Books consist of The Analects (Conversations of Confucius); The Book of Mencius; The Great Learning,' and The Doctrine of the Mean. The Five Classics were handed down from earlier times and emphasized by Confucius. These are The Book of Change; The Book of History; The Book of Odes; The Book of Rites; and The Spring and Autumn Annals.Out of the teachings of Confucius emerged various schools each associated with a master. Notable was the work of Mengzi (or Mencius)(371 B.C.-289 B.C.) and Xunzi (c. 313 B.C.-238 B.C.). Mengzi and Xunzi formed rival schools whose doctrinal differences were based ina fundamentally different conception of human nature o. Mengzi thought that people were fundamentally good and that what made them bad was their environment. Consequently, Mengzi emphasized the importance of education as a means for bringing out the innate goodness of people. By way of contrast, Xunzi had a more pessimistic view of human nature. Xunzi thought that people were inherently evil, and that they could only be taught to be good through training.The brief rule of the Qin had a devastating impact on Confucianism, whose scholars it persecuted and whose books it destroyed. Fortunately for the tradition, Confucianism received official acceptance of the Han Dynasty and flourished during the Han period. Under the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.), the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), and the Song Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.) Confucian teaching was used for public examinations. In 631 A.D. the Confucian canon was made the sole subject for the examination of aspirants to official positions, so Confucianism came to be known as "the doctrine of the learned".During the Song Dynasty Neo-Confucianism emerged as a distinct movement in response to Taoism and Buddhism. Two traditions of Neo-Confucian thought emerged: the School of Principle, represented by Zhu Xi (1130-1200 A.D.), and the School of Mind, represented by LuJiuyuan (1139-1193 A.D.) and, later, Wang Yangming (1472-1529 A.D.). Zhu Xi sought to provide a metaphysical explanation of the nature of reality as well as an ethic for human conduct. For Zhu Xi the basis of all reality was the Supreme Ultimate (Taiji). In order for people to live properly they had to purify their qi (vital energy) through taming their desires so that they could be united with the Supreme Ultimate. In reaction to Zhu Xi's dualistic perception of reality, Lu Jiuyuan presented a monistic picture of the universe. He claimed that the universe and the mind are one. Therefore, through understanding one's own mind one could understand the nature of the cosmos. This was developed by Wang Yangming. Wang Yangming believed that individuals could perfect themselves through moral self-cultivation. This involved returning to an original mind whose principal quality was love (ten).Also of ancient origin is Taoism--whose classic text, the Daodejing, is attributed to a supposed contemporary of Confucius, Laozi. This text has had many interpreters whose works have developed in various sects, some of which have been very influential. There are two streams of Taoism: Religious Taoism, which is represented by the many sects concerned with the quest for immortality; and Philosophical Taoism, which was concerned to explain the human condition.The major imported religion is Mahayana Buddhism which is believed to have entered China in the 1st century B.C. An important earlyBuddhist teacher was An Shih Kao who founded what came to be known as the Dhyana School, characterized by its emphasis on meditation. Another major early school was the Prajna School whose doctrines were based on the interpretation of the Perfection of Wisdom. It was, however, between the 5th and 8th centuries that Buddhist schools flourished and developed in China. The great persecution of Buddhism in the middle of the 9th century led to its rapid decline, and by the time of the Song dynasty only the Chan and Chingtu schools remained significant.Recent changes have been profound, strengthening agnostic tendencies for many in the population. Traditional practices are still continued in many homes in China and among overseas Chinese. In recent times relaxation of restriction has given fresh opportunity for religious activity. Many Taoist and Buddhist temples, as well as mosques and churches, are reopened. Greater openness to the West has been accompanied by renewed conversion to Christianity; the government has encouraged the rediscovery of traditional religious values.(1,115 words)Unit4 Cultural DifferencesThe Cultural Differences Between the European Union andNorth America and Their Impact on Transatlantic BusinessBy Lionel Laroche , Ph.D.Progress in telecommunications and transportation technologies has resulted in unprecedented growth in international trade in general and transatlantic trade (between the European Union and North America) in particular. As a result, Europeans and North Americans interact routinely to negotiate and implement business agreements. For North Americans and Europeans, doing business with one another is considered easier than doing business with the third major trading block, namely the Far East. Indeed, European Union and North American countries share common historical and religious roots; as a result, most North American people traveling through the European Union and most European people traveling through North America experience culture shock to a much lesser extent than North American or European people traveling through the Far East. Unfortunately, the apparent similarities between countries of the European Union and North America mask significant cultural differences. Business people from either side may be lured into a false sense of familiarity when they cross the Atlantic Ocean. Taking these cultural differences into consideration increases significantly the probability of success of one's professional endeavors.The weight and importance of history are very different depending on which side of the Atlantic Ocean you are. On the North American side, history is much shorter: the U.S.A. started its existence as a country in 1776, Canada in 1867. By contrast, the history of most European nations goes back much further in time. This difference translates in the business world in the amount of background information needed to introduce a company or project~. For most North Americans, events that took place more than three to five years ago are considered irrelevant to the current situation, and background information on a project is usually limited to the latest developments. By contrast, many Europeans go back much further in time and often start the description of their company or project at the conception stage, no matter how long ago that event took place. This often results in miscommunication during joint meetings where people from both sides make presentations: North American audiences often find European presentations uninteresting, because they contain much superfluous background information (by North American standards), while European audiences often find that North American presentations lack key background information, making these presentations difficult to follow.In North America, English is the language for business. The only significant exception is Quebec where, while many Quebecers speak both English and French, the exclusive use of English may create somedifficulties. In the European Union, while English is generally accepted as the international language of business, the ability to speak English is not ubiquitous. Furthermore, the ability to speak English is not uniform across generations. Indeed, the acceptance of English as the international language of business is relatively recent. As a result, you may find that, outside the British Isles, young Europeans speak and understand English much better than their older counterparts. This difference can create tension, particularly when these people come from countries where hierarchy is important (such as France, Italy, and Spain). In some cases, good cases may be rejected because senior decision-makers do not understand them and may not want to acknowledge their lack of understanding in front of their younger colleagues.Both the U.S.A and Canada were built on the assumption that land, energy and resources (such as water, minerals, wood, etc.) are always available. If there is not enough available where you are, go somewhere else (west, in most cases) and you will find it. In North America, energy, land and resources are considered available in virtually unlimited supply; the only commodity that is continuously in short supply is time. By contrast, space, energy and resources are all in visibly limited supply in Europe. The need to conserve them is always present in European minds, particularly those who have experienced the damages of World War II. This results in very significant business practice differences between theEuropean Union and North America: the size of cars and equipment (from refrigerators to office equipment), the use of lighting, the use and whiteness of paper (North American documents are often single-sided and contain much blank space, for example) are daily examples of this difference in approach. Similarly, North American businesses tend to prefer building new, flat buildings on large pieces of land rather than revamp existing buildings.One common oversimplification made by people on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean consists in viewing the other side as relatively homogeneous from a cultural standpoint. For example, with the notable exception of Quebec, many Europeans tend to view North America as a continuum, with little difference from one location to another. Similarly, many North Americans tend to think of Europe as the British Isles and the rest of the continent. Europe itself is very diverse, and the UK is culturally closer in many respects to the U.S.A. and to English Canada than to Italy or France. Similarly, there are major regional differences within North America: English Canadians and Americans hold very different values on many social issues (including guns, health care, and education). Within the U.S.A., there are significant differences between the Northeastern States, the South, the Midwest, and the Southwest.Cultural differences between North America and the European Union can be quite significant and need to be taken into considerationwhen doing business with people on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. It is also important to keep in mind that neither North America nor the European Union is culturally uniform entities: there are significant variations within each trading bloc, and very few generalities can be stated about one trading bloc versus the other. Furthermore, the differences between European and North American countries depend on the countries considered on each side of the Atlantic Ocean: for example, Swedes can tolerate significantly more risks and uncertainty than Americans, but French people need far more structure and rules than Americans.(980 words)。
高级英语1第三版第一课课文
高级英语1第三版第一课课文
摘要：
1.课文概述
2.课文主题
3.课文结构
4.课文亮点
正文：
1.课文概述
《高级英语1 第三版第一课课文》是一篇针对英语学习者的课文，旨在帮助学生提高英语阅读和理解能力。
本课文以英语为教学语言，附有词汇、注释和练习，适合有一定英语基础的学习者学习。
2.课文主题
本课文的主题为英国文学作品《哈姆雷特》中的一段经典台词，通过这段台词的学习，可以让学习者了解英国文学的特点，提高阅读理解和欣赏能力。
3.课文结构
课文共分为五个部分，分别为：引言、台词背景介绍、台词原文及注释、台词赏析和课后练习。
（1）引言：简要介绍《哈姆雷特》及其作者莎士比亚，激发学习者的兴趣。
（2）台词背景介绍：介绍台词发生的场景和涉及的人物关系，帮助学习者更好地理解台词。
（3）台词原文及注释：呈现台词原文，并对生词和难句进行注释，方便学习者阅读。
（4）台词赏析：分析台词的语言特点、象征意义和情感表达，提升学习者的欣赏能力。
（5）课后练习：设计一系列问题和活动，帮助学习者巩固所学内容，检查学习效果。
4.课文亮点
本课文的亮点在于将英国文学名著《哈姆雷特》的精彩台词引入教学，使学习者在学习英语的同时，能够欣赏到优秀的文学作品，拓展文化视野。
此外，课文的结构设计合理，有助于学习者系统地学习和掌握所学内容。
总之，《高级英语1 第三版第一课课文》是一篇富有教育意义的英语教学课文，适用于有一定英语基础的学习者。
高级英语阅读试题及答案
高级英语阅读试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分，每题5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
AThe Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. It has transformed the world into a global village where people can connect and share ideas instantly. With just a few clicks, one can access a vast amount of knowledge and resources.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A) The history of the Internet.B) The impact of the Internet on communication.C) The global reach of the Internet.D) The ease of accessing information through the Internet.2. According to the passage, what is the Internet's primary function?A) To connect people.B) To share ideas.C) To provide access to knowledge.D) All of the above.BIn recent years, there has been a surge in the popularity ofeco-friendly products. Consumers are becoming more aware of the environmental impact of their choices and are opting for products that are sustainable and have a lower carbon footprint. This trend is driven by a growing concern for the environment and the desire to reduce waste.3. What is the main idea of the passage?A) The increase in eco-friendly product popularity.B) The consumer's awareness of environmental impact.C) The benefits of sustainable products.D) The driving force behind the eco-friendly trend.4. What is the reason behind the trend mentioned in the passage?A) Government regulations.B) Consumer demand.C) Environmental concerns.D) Economic incentives.CArtificial intelligence (AI) has made significant strides in recent decades. It is now capable of performing tasks that were once thought to be the exclusive domain of humans, such as driving cars, diagnosing diseases, and even composing music. The advancements in AI have the potential to greatly improve our lives, but they also raise ethical and societal questions.5. What is the focus of the passage?A) The history of AI.B) The capabilities of AI.C) The ethical implications of AI.D) The societal impact of AI.6. What is one of the tasks AI is now capable of performing?A) Driving cars.B) Composing music.C) Diagnosing diseases.D) All of the above.二、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the most suitable word from the options provided.The rise of social media has had a profound effect on society. It has provided a platform for people to express theiropinions and share their experiences. However, it has also brought about a new set of challenges, such as the spread of misinformation and the potential for cyberbullying.7. The rise of social media has had a _______ effect on society.A) negativeB) profoundC) minimalD) temporary8. Social media has provided a platform for people to _______ their opinions.A) suppressB) expressC) ignoreD) challenge9. One of the challenges brought about by social media is the _______ of misinformation.A) promotionB) preventionC) spreadD) limitation10. Cyberbullying is a potential _______ of social media.A) advantageB) challengeC) benefitD) solution三、翻译（共20分，每题10分）Translate the following sentences into English.11. 随着科技的发展，我们的生活变得越来越便利。
高级英语教学——王立礼
《高级英语》的教学目的与特点 《高级英语》的课堂教学 突出人文精神与思辨能力培养
总目的是提高阅读原文的理解能力。具体目标为： 扩大词汇 增加对语言现象及写作风格的敏感性 扩大知识面、扩大视野，挖掘课文人文精神的深刻内涵 在细读和分析性阅读的基础上加强思关注当今世界重要话题，挖掘课文的人文 精神的深刻内涵 培养学生独立自主学习，在细读和分析性 阅读的基础上提高思辨能力
Read, Think, and Comment：
第三版为培养思辨能力专门设计的新环节 特点： 1. 表面上语言简单，少有生词或难句，但却有深 刻的思想内涵 2. 旨在通过阅读、思考和评论这三个连续的步骤， 提高学生阅读理解和思辨的能力
Background information：
背景难点，如人物、地点、历史事件、文化典故等 帮助学生更好地理解课文，扫除理解障碍 Notes： 1. 背景信息应与主题密切关联，切勿转移或分散学 生阅读的注意力 2. 勿另立新题，加重学习负担
例：Book1第4课 “The Trial That Rocked the World” 课文中很多细节、对话和幽默点，如果对事件发 生的背景不了解，将很难理解。因此，介绍历史 背景十分重要，包括美国20世纪20年代的特点， revival of fundamentalism，审判涉及的主要历史 人物，美国的法律程序等等。
The End
Thank You！
@北外王立礼
根据课文，教师可以提很多发人深省的问题，如：
Why does Haji Ali (the village head) explain the meaning of three cups of tea to the author? Does drinking three cups of tea have a symbolic meaning? If so, what is it? Why does Haji Ali say, “We have lived and survived here for a long time?”
高级英语Ⅰ第三版复习资料
Lesson1 topic1.Hurricane Katrina2.My experience of an earthquake(or a flood, or a typhoon, or a bad accident, etc)Lesson3 topicDescribe and comment on one of the three characters in the text.Write an essay titled Reflections on “Blackmail” with300 words in English.You can approach the essay from the following perspectives.•The characterization of the three characters.•The preparation for the climax of the story.•The morality or immorality of the Duchess.Lesson41.William Jennings Bryan and the fundamentalist movement in the 1920s2.the effects of the Scopes ”Monkey Trial”Lesson61.Mark Twain’s life2.My favorite book by Mark Twain3.The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn(or Tom Sawyer)Lesson71.Alice Walker and her workpare the two sisters Dee and Maggiement on the character of Mrs.Johnson•Vocabulary Test•Lesson 1 book 11.The crew had been mustered to______the hatches.a. batten down 板条钉住b. sit outc. come byd. trail away•The crew had been mustered to batten down the hatches.•所有船员被集合起来进行封舱以防暴风雨袭击.2. If clouds______along, they move quickly and smoothly through the sky.Scramble爬 b. clutch抓住 c. scud疾行 d. perish死亡•If clouds scud along, they move quickly and smoothly through the sky.•(云彩)掠过3. He received a_______of her hand on his cheek.a. swathb. lash 抽打c. slashd. pitch•He received a lash of her hand on his cheek.•他突然被她打了一记耳光.4. The thief was pushed and________ by an angry crowd.a.raged 动怒b. lapped包围c. cowered畏缩d. pummeled击打The thief was pushed and pummeled by an angry crowd.一群人推搡并痛打小偷。
中英=高级英语1-何兆熊-Unit-5-conservatives-and-liberals
中英=高级英语1-何兆熊-Unit-5-conservatives-and-liberalsUnit 5 conservatives and liberals保守派和革新派Conservatives and LiberalsRalph Waldo Emerson1. The two parties which divide the state, the party of Conservative and that of innovation, are very old, and have disputed the possession of the world ever since it was made. This quarrel is the subject of civil history. The conservative party established the reverend hierarchies and monarchies of the most ancient world. The battle of patrician and plebian, of parent state and colony, of old usage and accommodation to new facts, of the rich and, of the poor, reappears in all countries and times. The war rages not only in battlefields, in national councils, and ecclesiastical synods, but agitates every man’s bosom with opposing advantages every hour. On rolls the old world meantime, and now one, now the other gets the day, and still the fight renews itself as if for the first time, under new names and hot personalities.这个国家存在着两个政党，保守党和革新党。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
How Has English Language Developed From Early Times
How has the English language developed into what it is today? To answer this question, we must
go back to early times.
You must all have heard of a European city called Rome, which is the capital of present-day Italy;
the people of Rome are sometimes called Romans. In very early times, about the middle of our
Han dynasty, ancient Romans built a very powerful empire. For several hundred years, almost the
whole of Europe and even parts of Asia and Africa were under the rule of the Romans.
In the year 55 BC. the Romans crossed the sea and invaded what is now England. They remained
there until the 5th century. Before the Romans came, a people called the Celts lived in the island.
People often speak of these Celtic people as Britons.
After the Romans left, the country was attacked by invaders from the north and northwest of
Europe. These invaders are called Anglo-Saxons.
The Anglo-Saxons settled down in England and drove the Celtic people northwards into Scotland
and westwards into Wales and Ireland. The present-day English people come mainly from these
early Anglo-Saxons.
In the 9th and 10th centuries, Britain was frequently attacked by invaders from Denmark or the
Danes, who came and settled in different parts of the land. We must realize, therefore, that the
present inhabitants of Britain have had Celts, then Romans, Anglo-Saxons and Danes as their
forefathers.
In 1066, England was attacked by a new group of invaders called Normans. The Normans came
from Normandy, which was then a province of France. Once more a different people had come to
stay, and they had brought with them many new influences. The Normans spoke French and the
native English spoke Anglo-Saxon. Gradually, out of these two languages, grew the English we
know today.